~ " ~-I concentrate primarily on the question of na separate development, it was necessary to of the war, both beyond the borders of the concept of people's education, trying to tional oppression. allow some space for the Black population country and within them, against the South use elements of Black history and popular The attempt to modernise the syllabus, to develop separately, with institutions hav African people, and because of the falling culture in its school syllabuses in an attempt and to make it more efficient in contributing ing a limited degree of what was termed rate of wages, which means a smaller to rob the concept of its radical trajectory, to economic growth, led to the techno community control. Within this space, the revenue base. These shortfalls have to be and uncoupl~ it from the concept of peo cratic concern of reformers (like those education system became a relatively pro reconciled with the growth of the largely ple's power. In many of the new non-racial whose views were expressed in the De tected sphere, where, given the severe state-financed service sector, the sector private schools, there is a similar concern Lange Commission of 1980) with an educa repression of the 1960s, ideas and organisa . that has to expand if a Black middle class with using more popularly acceptable tion that fitted in neatly with the demands tions of opposition could continue to is to be kept in employment. Because of its curricula. of international capital. This view of the flourish. fiscal crisis, the regime is trying to shift to content of education was quite at odds with It appears to me that it was the failure of the private sector the costs of many social the development of oppositional ideas bantu education as an instrument of repres services, of which education is one. Liberation of Education within the trade unions, the community sion that led to the very severe attack by A third problem for the regime is that, organisations, the student movement and the regime on the educational organisa despite the unprecedented level of repres the units of the ANC underground. The tions of opposition. In the period from 1984 sion in the country, it has been unable to All these policies have inherent dangers for mismatch between the new ideas about to the present, students, schools, univer extinguish the opposition forces of the the regime, and may backfire, but their suc curriculum and the aspirations of the mass sities and educational organisations have mass democratic movement, the trade cess or failure depends crucially on the democratic movement contributed to the been attacked by detentions, bannings of unions and the J\.NC underground. Partly condition of the forces in opposition. On an development of demands for a wholly new organisations, murder of leaders, outlaw this is because of the desire of the regime assessment of the limited material available kind of education, people's education in ing of activities, the presence of the military to retain some degree of international from the press, it appears there are some the service of national liberation, an educa in schools and on campuses. Many of the credibility in .a period when there is con problems within the education organis tion for people's power. These demands terms of the emergency regulations apply cern among all the major powers to see ations of the opposition. While demonstra were crystallised in the resolutions on peo specifically to control on schools. some form of:~nd to apartheid. Partly it is tions and school boycotts continue, and ple's education at the NECC conferences This leads to the second question I pos because the organisations of opposition underground organisations are clearly of 1985-86. ed. Do the problems for the regime in us have become deeply embedded in local managing to survive, these struggles ap ing bantu education as an instrument of communities, both ideologically and pear more fragmented than before, less Reminders of Oppression coercion still exist? Put another way, will organisationally, and even the detention of able to survive on a national basis. the education struggle continue to pro leaders and the banning of certain While there are important initiatives in building up people's education in institu While many of the failures of bantu educa gress despite the present repression? organisations is. unable to dislodge this mobilisation. tions like UWC, the mass-based structures tion as an instrument of oppression were of the NECC had hardly any time to estab inherent in its early successes, the seeds Black Education Expands Strategy of the Regime lish themselves before the organisation was of failure lay within the very notion of a banned, and they still exist on a very segregated education system. Residential precarious basis. It appears there is a lack areas in South Africa were segregated; What are the conditions of the regime at Given these conditions of the regime, what of national strategy in the education strug segregated schools and universities replic present? To mention a few - the downturn is its strategy in education? It appears to be gle, partly because the leadership con ated, in the poverty or wealth of their of the economy is long-term and structural. attempting to divide and co-opt teachers tinues in detention, and the organisations facilities, the degrees of oppression of the South Africa is heavily indebted to foreign even more extensively than before. now banned are still struggling to re population. This meant there was no way banks, sanctions are causing a drastic Teachers known for their commitment to establish themselves. Moreover, while im- Black children at school or students at reduction in foreign investment, and high the mass democratic movement have been . portant initiatives have been taken by the university could fail to be reminded of the interest rates in many countries mean fall suspended or detained; other teachers trade union movement in developing work conditions of national oppression, the ing gold prices. The regime and its sup have generous pensions to look forward to, er education, this seems to be running at poverty and struggle of their parents and porters now accept that economic growth assistance with buying the leases on their a tangent to the work of the educational community. These facts were made sharply cannot occur, and cannot be the engine of houses, and equal pay with White teachers organisations, and important collaborative and painfully apparent to them every day. 'political stability,' but they continue to according to qualification. work does not seem to be taking place on With this awareness, it was no accident that hope that the creation of a Black middle The regime is trying to divide schools. a large scale. the student movement easily and naturally class with an economic stake in the con Some schools in Soweto and Tembisa, Thus, while conditions within the ruling made contact, and worked, with the other tinuation of the present system will form a . known for their radical student population, bloc mean that fruitful ground for struggle organisations of the mass democratic brake on demands for political change. have been closed down in recent weeks. continues to exist, there is a great need Cor movement. This means that there is a continued com The regime is also trying to shift the costs the ANC and the mass democratic move Secondly, the regime itself, from the mitment to the expansion of Black educa of education to big business, encouraging ment to formulate a creative strategy that 1950s on, propounded the doctrine of tion, believed to be the most important in the growth of private schools, many overt can exploit the weaknesses and contradic separate development, of which the grow strument for the creation of that class. ly non-racial but clearly elitist, in luxurious tions in the position of the regime, and ad ing Department of Bantu Education was However, the regime faces a consider buildings and attractive surroundings. vance the struggle for people's education one manifestation. To protect and advance able fiscal crisis, because of the heavy cost Lastly, the regime is trying to co-opt the for people's power.
.-.~ "L_ ~ _. 4J ------~ - ~
ly hates us," Jerry Thlopane, a Sebokeng "He is an important part of our history," says .- 1-0DAY'S GENERATION activist the state could find no evidence Lekota. against, said during the trial. Thlopane's ex pected acquittal could scarcely raise his THE UDF TREASON TRIALISTS spirits, while he watched a bungling pro Ban the Regime secution suggest that the efforts of the UDF '. By N Mosikare and the Vaal Civic Association and other The defence gave the judge a few head bodies to mobilise township residents aches and the defendants' some cause to against unfair rent increases and poverty smile. For instance, on the question of fur was part of a Communist-inspired plot to thering the aims of the ANC, Arthur reduce South Africa to chaos. The state Chaskalson pointed out that sharing the at The Pretoria regime tells the world that it is reforming. It has released held that the campaign 'People's Education titudes of another body was not the same for People's Power' was not a programme as sharing its objects; if it was, then Harry Gwala and Zeph Mothopeng; it 'released' Govan Mbeki, only to to enable Black people to acquire educa similarities between the Conservative Party place him under restrictions, and has transferred Nelson Mandela from tional skills to equip them to contribute in and the "hypothetical" ultra-right-wing prison to the isolation of a prison house. At the same time, it has gaoled a free South Africa, but was rather a recipe paramilitary group that likes to dress up in for violent revolution. neo-Nazi uniform and bomb non-racial four of the leaders of today - those whom its courts found guilty in the No violence could be proved on the part restaurants would mean that the banning of U DF treason trial. This fact further exposes the worthlessness of the claims oC the accused, and the judge in the Moses one should dictate the banning of the other. at 'reform.' Mayekiso trial had just ruled violence a Van Dijkhorst buried his face in his hands precondition oC a conviction Cor high as Chaskalson said that, if the judge wanted "We are the generation spawned by their organisations. Even when the death treason. That didn't deter Van Dijkhorst, to apply the logic of similar attitudes, the Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo. No penalty still seemed appealing to the even after the prosecu~ion had finished desire for racial segregation put the Na price that we are called upon to pay can Broederbond judge, Van Dijkhorst, and his summing up. He frequently interrupted tionalist government in the same camp as be above the value of our freedom. " Broederbond assessor, Krugel, the defen defence counsel summing up for the the neo-Nazis. and it must also be banned. dants showed only strength, dignity, com defence, to make points or ask questions The judge had presided over a trial that passion and wit. the prosecution had forgotten or iqnored. had lasted more than three and a half years, Patrick 'Terror' Lekota, formerly national Lekota seemed to regard appearances in All those on trial sustained the tribulations and yet he set a deadline on oral defence publicity secretary of the United the dock as simply a different way of do they faced in or out of court with courage argument. Prejudice and injustice aside, Democratic Front, spoke these words in ing his job. He continued to reassure and goodwill. The 16 on bail had been forc this was what most distressed the accused. court, as the prosecution began to sum everyone outside, spread the word about ed to live away from home, travel to Pretoria When Terror Lekota heard the judge rule marise its argument. the irresistible nature of the struggle, and every day the court was in session, report that the defence of 19 people must be sum The apartheid regime argued that worried about where momentum was lack to the police twice a day on other occasions marised in 15Vz days, he said, "We are not Lekota, his comrades ofthe UDF, and 15 of ing. His message to the world was: and restrict their activities to those approv at all happy about this ... we shall lose the their 16 co-accused were responsible for ed by Van Dijkhorst. persuasion element which is such an in bringing South Africa to a state of insurrec "We carry no regrets nor bitterness for For most, this meant separation from their those who choose to be the obstacles on tegral part of the debate. ~ tion, under the auspices of the African Na families, no chance of a job, and financial tional Congress and the South African our path to liberty. " reliance on Dependents' Conference and Communist Party. Of course, iCtruth or justice or greatness of well·wishers - a hard transition for those Political Verdict The court found Cour of the accused guil spirit retained any currency under apart used to leading and supporting others. But ty of treason - Lekota, aged 40; Popo heid, the Delmas trialists, the 911 others the trial has opened up other possibilities The accused devoted much time to analys Molefe, 36, formerly general secretary oC named as co-conspirators, and the Rivonia - several trialists are studying law with the ing the external political factors which the UDF; Moss Chikane, 40, Cormerly Trans tria lists, who sat in the same courtroom in University of South Africa as a direct result would influence the outcome of the trial. vaal secretary; and Soweto church worker, the Palace of Justice in Pretoria in 1964, of the need to unravel the legal complex They noted drily that the judge had "lost Tom Manthata, 48 . It found that seven co would have had no occasion to oppose the ities of the case. In terms of documentation, no opportunity to remind us of his eager accused had committed acts of 'terrorism.' regime. However, the extrerne prejudice this was the longest trial in South African ness to take his seven months' leave," but Long before this verdict, though, the of the judge, who saw the UDF Three and history - 25 000 pages of documents and objectively assessed all other reasons for Delmas trialists had been prepared for their all who associated with them as personal 14 000 exhibits were presented. Defence a hurried end to the trial - the impact of dynamic role in the struggle, one that might enemies, was an extra burden. counsel had to work twice as hard as would the municipal elections, the need to give lead them even unto death. have been necessary if there had been a signs to the South African and international Lekota, Molefe and Chikane had been in Biased Bench jury and an honest prosecution. However, communities that the regime was in control prison for three and a half years by the time counsel like George Bizos are used to this. but was reforming. they were convicted and sentenced to 12 "This is a very terrible judge; the man real- - his background is the treason trial of the· Lekota managed to keep sight of the ex more years away Crom their families and 1950s, and the Rivonia trial, among others. treme possibilities of the conviction and ex-
~·I • . - ~> 25 .-:> ------I ------~ - ~ .~ ~ ecution of the UDF leaders, or their release Africa, II said one attorney, nAIl I know . LEnER to THE EDITOR , '. _ to win 'goodwill.' Whatever the outcome, about is this trial. /I (In a sense it's the same the Delmas 19 had prepared themselves for thing,) One young woman immersed her it, and the UDF Three typified the group's self in the case at the expense of the varie SEizURE OF POWER ty of legal experience vital to her law ex tHE concern for all but themselves. ams. And of course there are the activists "It would be good for our families and our who keep the organisations going. organisations if we could be released. But The Editor vances and their superior political positions that is no longer our immediate concern. Sechaba Our detennination is to see our people against the murder squads, tribal impis, Human Energy Wasted vigilantes and kitskonstabels of the regime. take part in the government of our coun Dear Comrade Editor try. It is irrelevant whether we are in or out, The enemy has exploited this weakness for we shall just keep relentlessly pushing for At the trial, it was this paralysis of human too long. victory. There can now be no interest, task resources that could otherwise be building What has the Botha regime to show except _ The South African working class must a free South Abica which seemed so tragic, or obligation which can or will be allow puppets and collaborators wrestling take its leading role in our armed struggle. No one gave up or was destroyed. Most among themselves for power and loot? In It has demonstrated its revolutionary poten ed to supersede this one goal. /I made medicine out of poison - whether the most recent nation-wide municipality tial, and its willingness to engage the While Lekota, Molefe and Chikane show it was Simon Nkoli winning half-marathon elections, Umkhonto We Sizwe, our peo- enemy at whatever cost. A significant pro ed themselves ready to sacrifice, they did medals while out on bail, or Jacob Hlanyane pIe's army, demonstrated that it is well and portion of our people's revolutionary army not want martyrdom, seeing their removal feeding the Pretoria pigeons with the left alive; our people boycotted the elections, • has to be based in the factories, hostels, and from their communities as a waste for overs of the trialists' Black Sash lunches, or once more sending a message to the townships, where the history-makers of our everyone. In a letter written towards the Jerry Thlopane using his free evenings to regime that nothing short of people's country live and work. end of the trial, they said: collect details of street children in JOhan· power will satisfy them. _ Farm workers should be drawn in. The nesburg, or all the bailed trialists taking on ''It brings us little comfort to go on sitting This is the time for the liberation move- rural areas must also constitute revolu their legal team in football matches here all the time. We are losing golden op ment to consolidate its political superiori- tionary zones, so that the enemy forces can It is a tragedy that so much energy is forc ty, and creatively lead our people in a new be stretched between the urban and nual portunities to help advance the struggle ed out of the struggle, yet it is a victory that ... When this witch-hunt has passed, lVe era of heightened armed struggle towards revolutionary bases . cannot be destroyed. Terror Lekota said at the cherished goal of our revolution, the _ The propaganda organs of the libera shall re-start like turbo-charged engines. /I the end of the trial that the prosecution seizure oC political power in South Africa. tion movement should be co-ordinated, to The sentences were declared in the media simply couldn't understand the depth of Our position on armed struggle and talks give concrete and creative guidance, with to be 'lenient,' much lower than expected, the 'Delmas type' of commitment. Perhaps is clear, and whether we enter Pretoria with data, strategies and slogans. Organs of the as if one should be grateful for liberal think· that is why he is still able to look at recon tanks, mortars and bazookas, or whether it movement must share information without ing and an 'independent' judiciary. The ciliation with AfrikaRerdom, to try to is done via a negotiated settlement, the op- undermining security, keeping our cadres, kind of thinking that asserts 'it could have remove the ignorance oC the oppressors. tion is left to the enemy to decide. both at home and in exile, well informed. J been worse' obscured realisation oC the After the injustices of this trial, such While continuing to isolate the regime at _ The wrath of our people's war must be . _ completeness of this travesty of justice; in absence of malice, such concern as the home and abroad, calling Cor increased in- directed at the personnel of the enemy.(;; {If) between the II individuals deprived of trialists showed Cor their own righteousness ternational pressure, sharpening our ideo- Collaborators, puppets, informers and I I, their liberty and the millions of South in the face of bigotry and bias, is rare. logical weapons and equipping ourselves enemy personnel must not be spared the \: /. Africans deprived of their rightCulleaders Before the verdict was delivered, one oCthe with the skills for waging an underground wrath of the people. Let them pay dearly I' are the hundreds of people whose lives attorneys confided: struggle, the liberation movement must for the blood of our combatants and patriots' ~ have been swallowed into this trial. "There should be another Nuremburg gather the total of its forces for war. on death row_ There are the families of the convicted when this is a1l over. And I would like to _ There must be enthusiastic discussion _ The skills of underground cadres Popo Molefe's wife gave birth to their be on the prosecution team, calling for the at all levels of the liberation movement at should be strengthened. They must be able daughter just a month before his arrest, yet death penalty. For the people who preside home and abroad, on the revolutionary ar to address a meeting, lead a demonstration, the family has har41y seen each other. Moss over this evil system deserve to hang. " my and escalating the people's war for the raise our revolutionary banners, attack Chikane's wife and Cynthia Lekota both seizure of power. This discussion must be known collaborators in the daytime. had children after their husbands were So 1989 has begun, with another II South - Planning and strategy must be outlined, charged. Cynthia maintained her teaching Africans gaoled for their efforts to bring characterised by openness and frankness concerning the expectations, responsibil so that all sectors can be clear allout their job and her family in Durban, using all her peaceful change. And the apartheid tasks and responsibilities. Lagging sectors leave days to visit her husband. She is a regime has begun another year apparent ities and tasks of the liberation movement at home and in exile. Differences,miscon should stand out clearly, so that attention resourceful woman but she is tired. ly ignorant that it is cutting off every hand can be directed towards finding solutions. There are the attorneys, their assistants that could bring such change about. But, as ceptions and problems must be sorted out. and their families, who have eaten, drunk another attorney said wearily as he left the _ The arming of the liberation forces in Yours in the struggle and slept of Delmas these past years. court after the summing up: "They learn side the country is long overdue. They Pascal Vivani must be capable of defending their ad- "Don't ask me what's happening in South nothing; they forge t nothing." Harare
. . .. oc. > ~ , 27 - -26 -~ ------...! ------• o -Sb Aot This view seems to be influenced by ex peasants with state help. .. periences from the failure of the different Current trends suggest that should a new ~ REVIEW ARTICLES economic strategies adopted by the na government take power tomorrow in South tionalist movements in post-independent Africa, it would inherit a declining Central American and Southern African economy. Cassim's article suggests that the countries, where, as the editors put it, hard economic strategies ofthe regime have so ECONOMIC_FUTURE political decisions often had to be made far failed to bring positive results. Attempts which popularly elected politicians would to (a) control money supply with the aims rather avoid. of reducing inflation, and (b) control gov Terence Moll contrasts monetarist argu ernment expenditure to reduce the deficit ments with structuralist strategies in Latin before borrowing, have failed. Instead, he America. The monetarists, he says, argue argues, reducing the growth of the money that lack of monetary restraint and, in par raises the cost of borrowing. The bank rates ticular, government budget deficits often increased from 9.5% to 17% during the financed by foreign loans or printing new course of 1981, rose immediately to 18% money, led directly to inflation and balance and subsequently to 20% through most of 0/ payments deficits which served to pre 1982, reaching an unprecedented rate of vent economic development. Hence the 25% in August 1985. assertion that strict control over the money This has affected many companies that supply, domestic credit and government could not cope with the impact of interest expenditure would best control inflation. rate increases. Among other things, com On thE! other hand, it is argued that devalua panies faced wage and salary costs that af tion, lower real wages and fewer cOlltrols fected profits. The result was mergers, and would improve the structure of relative a rise in speculative activity. Recent prices and balance of p:ayment. mergers have enhanced monopoly in the Underlying this argument is the assump South African economy, making even more tion that the economy has a dynamic of its complex the economic structure a new own. However, the truth is that where some government will inherit. of these measures have been implemented Examining what might happen in the min without regard to social factors, the results ing industry, Peter Robbins looks at the have been disastrous. . case of Zambia and Zimbabwe after in dependence, and concludes that: John Suckling and Landeg White (Ed), After tempt to rescue the economy. The articles The basic structuralist argument, on the Apartheid: Renewal of the South African also demonstrate how structural changes other hand, as Moll put it, was that "... any country which is determined to Economy James Currey, London, 1988, have exacerbated the crisis. economies were far more complex than the bring its mining industry under the control £8.95. The book shows how government sub monetarists tend to suggest. In the case of of its government will face three main sidies to farmers led to increased mechan South Africa, according to Fuad Cassim, problems: subversive activity from the The wide range of articles here seeks to isation, and thus displacement of thousands the economic managers of the state ex multinationals; finding the necessary quan emphatically place on the agenda of the . of workers; it also reflects on the state of pected that liberalisation of the domestic tity and quality of skilled engineers and liberation movement the issue of a post resistance within the rural areas. For in financial market, accompanied by gradual managers. loyal to the cause of in apartheid economy in South Africa. The stance in Transkei, people in some villages opening of finance to the external sector, dependence; and corruption. H contributors have focused on a broad spec have started self-help projects in defiance would lead to an increase in saving and in trum of issues covering land distribution, of the Bantustan authorities. vestment. The reverse has been true. The Robbins' assertion implies that if an ANC agricultural policies, the position of African The introduction indicates what the financial reforms, argues Cassim, are at the government considers nationalisation of women in the economy, the socialist alter editors consider a fundamental economic heart of the subsequent crisis. the mining industry in the future it may not native, the economic clauses of the problem which a post-apartheid govern A number of factors have been identified be in a position to escape these problems. Freedom Charter, and so on. The articles ment will face, namely that popular with respect to Latin American economies, According to Stoneman, half or more of also draw iessons from the experience of demands on that government will exceed which, as many writers argue, led to slow the wage and salary bill in South Africa is countries in Latin America and in Southern the resources available to it. It states: growth, inflation and balance of payment the costs of skilled labour and professionals Africa, thus enabling the authors to arrive disequilibrium, via 'structural' channels at near-international rates, and the benefit at an informed conclusion in their analysis Hln making immediate decisions under ex which 'freer' markets could not remedy. to capitalists of even the cheapest of un of the South African economy. treme pressure to alleviate equally im Some of these factors may be detected in skilled labour is marginal. These factors, The first part of the book examines mediate needs, the (post-apartheid) the South African economy; for example, plus the Latin American experience and aspects of the current economic crisis in Government will be setting precedents large farms !eft idle might have to be taken the experience of countries like Zimbabwe South Africa, the response of the regime and establishing institutions perhaps con by the state and redistributed among the and Mozambique in Southern Africa, lead and the measures it has adopted in an at- tradictory to its long-term aims. • (p.x)
29 28 .... ~ ~ ." ------~ I ~ ! - : -st ~ ' ;:':'/,\. I \ ~, , ;- their contextual circumstances is an essen is him to the conclusion that unless all fects of western pressures on the econom dous in world history happening in South tial element in any revolution (whether ex Africa right now. Within all the suffering employment costs are kept down, capital ies of newly independent countries often pressed in theistic or agnostic terms) and intensity is forced even higher, and the leads analysts to place the blame for the and struggle, liberation is coming. This is our struggle has never accepted it when the Good News, the gospel of God in South mass of the population becomes per post-independence economic crisis on the religion acquiesces with oppression. What manently excluded from the job market. policies of the new government. Africa, that the time is ripe for liberation, ever our religious bent, we rejected any no and we have to seize that time and take it. If this were to prove true in post The other weakness of the contributors tion that God in South Africa could support apartheid South Africa, the workers would The gospel is about the meaning of the to this book is that they tend to centre their the system or keep quiet in the face of it. present, not a set of ethics from the past: feel independence had brought them on arguments around the major contending We felt in our guts that God was part of the ly misery instead of freedom. However, classes, the capitalists and the working struggle, that the church should go beyond "The gospel for us today is what God is do some assumptions underlying the argu class. There is little analysis of the different tut-tulling into proclaiming a thrusting ing in South Africa today in the light of wha t ments raised here need careful social groupings and the institutional revolutionary faith that would set us all on God has done in the past. " examination: framework upon which the economy is fire . But it didn't, and lacking the theolog Theological reflection is a rotating involve • The assumption that there will b'e a structured. Failure to analyse the state in ical skills to do it for ourselves many of us merit in which practical action (what God peaceful transition with fewer disruptions stitutions which are an expression of capit drifted away from the church because the is doing now) meshes with historical and in the economy that a post-apartheid alist culture and defenders of the system church seemed to have drifted away from scriptural study (what God was doing in the makes this collection of articles lean more faith, though we couldn't quite put a finger government will inherit. on it. . past), and each helps the other in discover • The assumption that western in towards an economistic approach. The ing lithe role of God in the situation." dustrialised countries, upon which the book does not fully analyse the different Nolan can. In recent years, skilled peo economy largely depends, will support the forces seeking to transform the society. ple have started doing theology from inside "The gospel is the news about our time and economic strategies of the post-apartheid However, this book remains significant, the struggle .. and one of them is Albert country that God is revealing to us today government. as it raises fundamental economic issues Nolan. He was born to White working class through the signs ofour times, but this sub However, experience of other Third which the liberation movement and the en parents in a mixed area of Cape Town, jective experience ... is shaped by all that World countries tells us that economic sup tire democratic mass movement can only became a priest, scholar, student, pastor, is revealed about God in the Bible ... the port is dependent on the ideological orien ignore to the detriment of the future of our and widely travelled political and theolog anger of God has become visible for all to tation of the incumbent government in the country, and helps to provoke more discus ical observer, but turned down a high post see, in the anger of the people. " sion on these issues. But it would be country concerned. If a post-apartheid in the Vatican to continue his work in the You can start at either end, but Nolan starts government in South Africa pursues the dangerous if the discussion were to ignore struggle in Soweto. He is now engaged at analysis of the process by which freedom by examining several key bibilical con socialist path of development, as the book the Institute pf Contextual Theology, which cepts, and then interprets them in terms of might be achieved, and a careful analysis seems to suggest, there is every reason to helped produce the Kairos Document. the struggle. Gospel, sin and salvation are believe that there will be economic pres of the social and economic costs of redress Bringing these influences together in ing the inequalities created by the apart evaluated in a highly relevant and enlight sures from western countries. Analysis of God and South Africa produces a manual ening fashion, and then examined in terms heid state and how this might affect a post what such an economic squeeze might do for Christian revolutionaries, a sort of of the recent political history of the strug may be essential for a future government. apartheid government. theological MK, demolishing the symbols gle. The meaning of sin and salvation in Thozami/e Botha Failure to acknowledge the devastating ef- and systems of the oppressor, and reveal South Africa reveals a crucified people, un ing the liberating God in the heart of the masks the system of what he calls 'racial people's struggle. capitalism' and leads to salvation, and "The youth of the townships have lost pa hope. tience with the Churches and with all the N I remember a Mass in Sebokeng ... at the A SORT OF confused and contorted interpretations of height of repression in that township in the gospel ... it is out of the purifying fires 1985 ... the people presented to their of this challenge that a new understanding bishops the instruments of their repres of the gospel is emerging - an under sion: rubber bullets, teargas canisters, rent THEOLOGICAL MK standing that is more faithful to Jesus bills and chains ... the modem crosses, the Christ. " Albert Nolan, God in South,Africa, David every aspect is brought under review, in symbols of repression that were being Nolan's book is a SCholarly work, yet he transfonned like the cross in to sacred sym Phillip, Cape Town; Wm B Berdmans, cluding politics, economics, the law, pro writes: Grand Rapids, Michigan; Mambo Press, cedures of government - and belief and bols of our hope and liberation." Gwem; CIIR, London. behaviour. This is particularly necessary in "I have learnt more about what it means to Much of the book is: South Africa, where the apartheid system be a Christian from the people ofmy coun is promoted as 'defending Christian try, and especially from the youth in the Nan attempt to liberate people from the The liberation of religion is part of our strug civilisation,' and acceptance of the ruling townships, that I have ever learnt from alienating fonns of religion or Christiani ty that are an obstacle in the way of God's gle. When a social transformation occurs power is demanded as a sign of religious books. " orthodoxy. plans and purposes for peace in South in which a people are freeing themselves His basic thesis is that something stu pen- Africa." from oppression in an inhuman system, The ability of human beings to transcend . . ... <--> :l()~ "\ * ------~ · ...... /. ' " - - ':. ' -. ,J .'. ' . " ' . ' . . ' . . '
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--_.. . ('1"\ ....J) .- J: \\1" '; /\ . ~- APRIL 1989 EDITORIAL ISSN:0037-0509 SECHABA Volume 23 No 4
/ . . ( ~.,) CONTENTS: EDITORIAL THE RACISTS The Racists Have Problems ...... I ANC STATEMENTS HAVE PROBLEMS Mandela Football Club-Mission That Failed-ICAAS and SANROC ...... 2 JOURNALISTS IN THE FRONT LINE The apartheid regime is in disarray, and tions against the use of inflammable By Brian Bunting. '. ' ...... 8 pulling in different directions. The racists materials down the mines, and there has CENTRE PAGE don't want to relinquish their privileges, but been another rue fed by polyurethane. The The Name of a Hero ...... 16 can't agree on how to cling to them. The realities of exploitation are still there. BIRTH or THE FEDERATION followers don't know what leader to follow, Political opponents of the regime are still By Sara ...... 18 with P W Botha refusing to go, and Heunis, arrested, detajned, tried and sentenced. De Klerk and others taking their tum to talk The oppressed people of South Africa ANC INTERNATIONAL of 'reforms. .' While White local councils are know these realities, and are never deceiv Nicaragua-London-West Berlin-Pioneers ...... 22 segregating amenities and putting up ed by the double-talk of the racists. Today, .REVOLUTION OR NEGOTIATIONS? 'Whites Oflly' signs, Heunis says he wants the country is alive with political activity By Neil Zumana ...... 26 to repeal petty apartheid legislation, and and political struggle. take the 'Whites Only' signs down. On our cover this month we salute the de OBITUARIES When they speak to their followers, it tainees who went on hunger strike. They Hector Sikhumbuzo Nkula ...... 30 seems that not Botha, not De IQerk, not knew what they wanted: they wanted to be Graphic design by Hylton Alcock Heunis, dare address the real problems free. They declared that nothing could be ! looming behind their 'leadership crisis' worse than the life they were leading, and and their confusion. They don't talk about they were prepared for death. They were I. their defeat at Cuilo Cuanavale. They are in prison, so they turned the prisons into quiet about their attitude to the elections theatres of struggle, and they used the on in Namibia. They avoid mentioning the cor ly weapon available to them. Their action ruption in their own corridors of power; in was planned, disciplined and united. the Department of Education and Training, They typify the majority of the South for example, and in their bantustan govern African people today. Everywhere in Ihe ments. They don't comment when their land the right for freedom goes on. Wher LISTEN TO RADIO FREEDOM own courts find the system of rents in ever our people are becomes a theatre of Voice of the nfrican National Congress Seweto to be illegal. They keep orrthe sub struggle, and in resistance they use what And Umkhonto We Sizwe, the People's Army ject of the economy - profits are slowing weapons they have. Students are taking Ihe down, interest rates are going up, and the police to court for assault; women fast (or Radio LU8aka Radio Madaga8car time is approaching when foreign loans 24 hours in front of the cathedral in Johan Daily 1.00 pm : Monday·Saturday 7.00·9.00 pm : must be repaid. nesburg; White mothers unite to oppose Wednesday 10.15·10.45 pm: Sunday 1.00-8.00 pm: The regime goes on passing repressive conscription; the residents of Carletonville Thursday 9.30' 10.00 pm: Short wave 49mb 6135 KHz laws, like the law to control overseas fun conduct a consumer boycott that paralyses Friday 10.15·10.45 pm: Radio Ethiopia ding ofSeuth African organisations, and the the town; workers go on strike, or negotiate Short wave 31 mb 9505 KHz Da ily, 9.30-10 .00 pm: law against school'disruptors.' The police better agreements, or work (or greater Sunday 8.00·8,45 am: Short wave 31 mb 9595 KHz continue to break up student meetings. The trade union unity. Short wave 25mb 11080 KHz killing in Natal hasn't stopped, and Inkatha Radio Tanzania There is no confusion here; only political Radio Luanda Monday Wednesday Friday 8.IS pm: still follows no laws but its own. Lives are clarity, planning, discipline, and a deter Monday·Saturday 1.30 pm: Tuesday Thursday Saturday 6.15 am: still being wrecked by forced removals. mination to be free. It is the democratic Sunday 8.30 pm: Short wave 31mb 9150 KHz Profit is still valued above human life; three forces that hold in their hands the (uture o( Short wave 31mb 9535 KHz years after the disaster at Kinross, the our country; and that is the racists' most and 25 mb The above are South African times regime has still failed to enforce any regula- serious problem of all.
.. - ~ --=. ."- ----~ ------~ ..:::;. . . ~ ~ . - ~/... : ! We firmly believe, without prejudging all proach.to the problems that have arise .,' the issues which have been raised in rela The ANC, for its part, will continue t ANC STATEMENTS tion to the problem, that whatever mistakes work for the unity of our people, and w were made should be viewed against the have no doubt that all those who have p background of her overall contribution on ticipated in attempting to solve this pro the one hand, and the activities of the lem have done so in the best interests of 0 "'. .; enemy on the other. Viewed in this light, struggle. from the activities of the Mandela Football we consider it important that the movement THE MANDELA as a whole should adopt a balanced ap- Club can and must be resolved within the ANC, Luaka, February 18th 1989 FOOTBALL CLUB ambit of the democratic movement as a whole, both at local and national levels. Recently there have been serious develop This must be done in the shonc~t possible ments pertaining to the activities of the time. was sent to spy on her masters. group known as the Mandela Football Club To realise-this, it is necessary that Com OLIVIA FORSYTH Her return to South Africa was viewe which have raised. great concern within the rade Winnie Mandela is helped to find her with consternation by the authors of the I mass democratic movement and struggling way into the structures and discipline of the A MISSION filtration plan, for it spelt nothing but failur people as a whole. The ANC shares the Mass Democratic Movement. It will be of her cover had been blown, and the v concern of the people, and has, all the time, paramount importance that she COO ' THAT FAILED resources, time and energy expended 0 tried to intervene to find an amicable solu operates with all those involved in the her mission had proved valueless. Th tion to the problem. resolution of the problem. What is the real truth about the Olivia For ANC, by sending her back to South Afric In the light of reports about its activities We are confident that the Mass Demo syth saga? The facts speak for themselves, had confounded their attempts to base he in the recent past, our organisation, com- cratic Movement will open its doors to her' and show quite clearly that her mission to in the Front Line States. Consequently, b . plementing the initiatives of leading per in the interest of our people and the strug infiltrate 'fhe ANC was a pathetic flop. The June 1986, after many sleepless days an -/ sonalities of the Mas!: Democratic Move gle. There is a need to create a climate in so-called • . - -=--» ~ - .. 2~------.. 3 \...... ~ ' - '? :l tacular press event in an effort to cover up racists will reject this with the contempt it in this regard Forsyth is spewing out a I am in South IIfrica he spends most of his their bungled operation. They have in deserves. tissue c! lies about alleged ANC brutality. free time with me. He has often told me that vented a preposterous story claiming that Once Forsyth had been debriefed, her Her state of good health when she presen I am the only person he can speak to about Forsyth's confession to the ANC was a only value to us was in a prisoner ex ted herself at the British Embassy in Luan his personal problems or to whom he can brilliant ploy pre-planned by their top change. She was moved from our detention da is proof of this. In fact, at the time when boast about successes which make him ex brains in order to penetrate our organisa centre to a security house in Luanda, not the story was put out by some British news cited. He has also told me that he does not tion to the highest: levels. Stretching in because she had passed a test of trust papers and the BBC that she had been sub regard himself as working primarily for the credulity to the limits, the astonishing claim worthiness but because' at that point the ject to harrowing torture, she issued a state South IIfrican government or any noble is made that even her imprisonment was handful of women prisoners who were ment through an official of the British em patriotic notions; his motivation is 80% pro sought after by her handlers. This is in the there were all being transferred. bassy in Luanda, denying this. Forsyth was fessional and only 20% ideological. He is nature of the Hitler technique - the bigger Pretoria's claims that she was able to ob satisfactorily treated by us. She was never very racist. He has a sensitive ego, and is the lie the more readily it will be believed. tain sensitive inlom"lation are laughable, the beaten as she claims. very conscious ofhis self-image; after 1 told The terms the police are using to charac figment of the imagination of her handlers. him he was getting fat, he lost about eight terise Forsyth's role, such as "false Her value to her masters whilst in ANC kilograms. " defector" and "double and triple agent," detention has been negligible. Her tasks, Forsyth Talks Abo~t the Police Apart from providing the most intimate are dubious words in the world of in according to her press statement, telligence. Such individuals, as everyone details concerning Craig Williamson, she included: The extensive information Forsyth supplied reported that: knows, are always regarded with deep "investigating specific aspects SACP/ANC to the ANC in her confessions has been a scepticism, and are never trusted. The false major setback to the apartheid security H ... once he had resigned from the SliP, version of how she became a prisoner, alliance; the internal leadership conflict; senior officers began to question what he the disillusionment of cadres wishing to police as well as a serious embarrassment. trusted by the ANC and thus able to gather They have 'therefore gone to extraordinary had done in Gl (the section of the Security sensitive information, is nothing more than return to South Africa; ANC installations Branch headed by Williamson) in the years and facilities in the neighbouring states; lengths to distort the truth and pretend that a desperate attempt to tum a disastrous and the ANC !las been provided with delib in which he controlled it. II embarrassing mission into a glorious making contact with other police agents in order to activate sleepers; to undergo erate misinformation. Forsyth betrayed Forsyth continued: triumph for the apartheid regime. many of her close colleagues, such as Joy political and military training; to in "There seems to be a growing opinion that vestigate conditions in the camps; to Harnden, Billy van Zyl, Patricia and John Adams, who are based in Brussels, Gilbert he had ridden on his credibility gained in recruit principal agents; to spread disin the field, and that Gl had in fact Pretoria's Errand Girl formation ... " Strauss, James Smith, Gawie Vorster, An drew Hockley, John Handan, Janet Knight, squandered hundreds of thousands of De!ention is hardly the place for the ac Louise Vincent and so on. Billy van Zyl, rands on operations which had failed. This bizarre story, made up of the juicy in complishment of such elaborate tasks. Yet thanks to Forsyth, has been in ANC custody There was also criticism of frivolous spen gredients of the spy tales that are current the police persist in their fiction that For since 1986. ding on items like a fancy red BMW which' ly so popular, is meant to distract public syth was successful in het mission, that she She has also given intimate details of the was supposed to be an operational car ... and press attention from the stupendous was able to successfully report on all the inner workings of the South African securi Personal gain seems to be his overriding degree of bungling and incompetence all above tasks and many more besides, even ty apparatus with all its incompetence and motive, and this includes financially. While the more unexpected from a state body to the extent of learning about ANC rivalries. These rivalries include those bet he was in the SliP, he was involved in pro with enormous financial resources and ullderground structures and units inside ween police and military and between perty speculation and other business boasting a high level of professionalism. South Africa. government leaders and the security estab deals. While in the Force, there wine a Apart from covering up a botched opera Obviously the long list of her 'achieve lishment. Lengthy profiles of scores of number of occasions when he threatened tion, this version se(:k<; to spread lies and ments' has been invented for publication police officers from the lowest ranks to to resign if he did not get promotion ... " disinformation about the ANC whilst at by her police masters. Forsyth was simply gellerals have been provided, listing their Forsyth has been even less kind concern tempting to undermine the value of the vast not free to do any of these things. She was strengths and weaknesses, their home ad ing her relative, Major Derek Brune, who infomlation provided to us by Pretoria's lit being prepared for a possible prisoner ex dresses, vehicle registration numbers, look over Gl when Williamson resigned: tle errand girl. change. This makes the claim that she was details about their families and so on, giv FOlsyth's allegations that the ANC is able to obtain sensitive information from ~ ing us a valuable insight into the seams and • Brune is fairly bright, quite sly and very divided by tribal and personal power strug senior ANC officials quite ludicrous. She cracks of the security system and its per ambitious. He is quick to claim a successful . gles, that there is d~morali5<"ltion within our was givell some wor~ to keep her oc I operation as his, but will always blame i sonnel. Such information was confirmation ranks, that we are ambivalent about the cupied, such as translating Afrikaans ar oC data already in our hands from other failures on his subordinates. His major pro release of Nelson Mandela, and so on, is ticles and making newspaper cuttings. This sources. fessional weakness appears to be a lack of nothing but the stale stories that have been was what is now being theatrically describ Forexample, of her chief handler, Major field experience. He is regarded as a com circulated by Pretoria's disinfonnation ed as "sensitive work for a senior secunty Oosthuizen, she writes: pulsive Jiar. He is married, but has affairs machine for many years. This old garbage oCf;cer. H ... Ego is definitely a factor which could be is being paraded as proof of Forsyth's suc The only information detainees are able n He is basically ambitious ... feels extreme exploited in his case ... to the extent that cessful mission. Anyone but Unmitigated to provide is about their own detention, and ly guilty about neglecting his family. When he wiJI not hesitate to slander colleagues • . - -=.. > 4 .-:=. 5 - - -\.f ------.------"'- ~..:r " ... f;' who threaten to undermine him or ofGl, and Oosthuirenhas pointed out thai from Luanda and safely delivered her via she has behaved in a totally Immoral wai '-f' S Sl ,~ . 1 'challenge' his expertise in any way. If this conflict is due in large part to the fact London to her handlers, who were waiting Falsehood and betrayal have become to receive her at Jan Smuts Airport in cond nature to her. Her behaviour durin Of Warrant Officer Palko, alias Gina: that I am at present GJ's 'trump card' and ... with their credibility at stake, GI December 1988. From the beginning to the the period In our hands is best left Ul If... she is ambitious but not very bright, a desperately needs to claim a success ... If end, the whole project hinged on a series mentioned, but clearly reinforces the wa plodder who is given more secretarial than of British passports. . progressives in South Africa have charal operational responsibilities, a fact which There are many other concrete gains from There is a growing number of South terised her. Forsyth has not simply been iI she resents ... She has expensive clothing Forsyth's confessions to us. For instance, African agents using British passports to volved in some glamorous game belove ta.stes which Bpolice salary cannot easily she enabled the ANC to alert endangered cany out subversive missions in the Front by the writers of spy thrillers. She has fc activists inside the country before the cater for ... If Line States. Amongst them are Steve years been engaged in despicable acts I security police could pounce. Her ex Burnett, arrested in Botswana for attemp the service of an evil regime which is COl Forsyth provided us with the following in posure has seriously hampered the demned by humanity. . sight into the rivalry surrounding her own ting to assassinate an anti-apartheid activist. regime's nefarious attempts at infiltrating Burnett has confessed to being an agent not Olivia Forsyth is not the flISt nor the till mission, which is eloquent testimony to the anti-apartheid ftirces, and served to alert In a long line of apartheid spies. Her so shambles that it had been reduced to by the only for South Africa but for Britain's MI6. and teach people in the mass democratic Other un savoury characters of this type are did career is a testament to the desperat time the ANC had sent her back to South movement about the devious nature and regularly being exposed in the region. By efforts of a minority racist regime to clin Africa in May/Juno 1986: tactics of the enemy. their assistance to Forsyth, the British to power in the face of inevitable defeat i nOperation Olivetti (the code name of her The role of the British government in the government has shown that it condones all the hands of a movement leading the pec mission) ha.s been run by a team consisting whole Forsyth affair leaves a lot to be these activities. pie of South Africa to their liberation. of people from john Vonter branch and desired. They bear a heavy responsibility ' Olivia Forsyth is incapable of disting GI. Prior to Olivetti, antagonism had been concerning the return of Pretoria'slitUe er uishing fact from fiction_ The truth is alien ANC, Lusua building up between them, more or less rand girl to South Africa. All along, they to her. 1n her eight years as a police spy. February 14th, 1989 since Brigadier Erasmus and Major were informed of the fact that she was a , Oosthuizen had been in johannesburg. The South African police officer of the rank of .. reasons for this included the fact that the lieutenant who had been spying on the had given implicit approval for a change bi successes of the john Vonter branch had ANC as well as the Front Line States, in JOINT the boycott policy. The ANC maintains con· begun to show up the inadequacies and cluding such Commonwealth countries as ' tact with SANROC through its Executive lackofres,llts on the part ofGJ. Whenjohn Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia and Zim- . COMMUNIQUE: Chairman, Sam Ramsamy, and with the non Vonter began to involve itself in opera babwe. Nevertheless, they continually in ANC-ICAAS-SANROC racial sports movement inside South Africa tions like Olivetti, wliich reached over the sisted on treating her as a British subject, on all matters relating to sport. borden of South Africa and into GJ's of disregarding her criminal activities. The meeting also recorded its gratitude The ANC met with the International Cam to the many international organisations, ficial terr.lin, Gl beqan to feel tlireatened paign against Apartheid Sport (ICAAS) and (Derek Brune in particular) ... GJ has con governments, anti-apartheid, movements the South African Non-Racial Olympic and individuals who have contributed to sistently tried to wrest control of the opera British Travel Documents Committee (SANROC) at its headquarters tion and claim the successes for itself. the present isolation of apartheid sport. Ap in Lusaka on February 23rd and 24th. Pre preciation was also extended to the Inter Brune has used all sorts of tactics in Ihese They put pressure on the Angolan govern sent at the meeting were the Chairman of a/lempts, from manipulating Brigadier national Olympic Committee for streng· ment to secure her release. The passport ICAAS, Fekrou Kidane, and Sam Ramsamy, thening its stand against apartheid sport by Stae/tler to slandering Oosthuizen .1t they issued to her, enabling her to leave Executive Chairman of SAN ROC. eStablishing ihe commission, n Apartheid Security Branch headquarten, and Oost Luanda, was the third British document The main focus of the meeting was the . I h !Iizen h.1S countered these with tactics of and Olympism. n they presented her with in a short space of international isolation of apartheid sport, However, the meeting observed that his own ... time. Forsyth was instructed by her con and how to assist the non-racial sports BefoIT! my trip to Lusaka .. . there was a there are countries which still maintain trollers to apply for a British passport in movement inside South Africa. sports links witt) apartheid South Africa. It, showdown meeting at Security Branch Cape Town early in 1905 for the purpose The meeting paid tribute to the various lieac/quarten which illustrnted this in therefore, examined various ways of apply· of her mission, and a second in Harare in organisations inside South Africa for their ing pressure on these countries to end their competence. The meeting wns forced by October the same year enabling her to commendable efforts to establish non Gl and included Brigadien Erasmus and ., collaboration with apartheid sport . travel throughout the region without the racial sport in the country. However, the The three organisations also met with the Stadtler, Mnjon Brune and Oosthuizen and taint of the South African connection. She meeting re-affirmed the policy agreed other senior officer.; cI.,iming expertise in non·racial South African Amateur Athletics had received three British passports in as upon with the non-racial sports bodies in Board and discussed the further develop external operations as well as asserting many years. This raises serious questions side South Africa, that the creation of non that external ops were their domain. GJ ment and consolidation of non·racial sport about the ease with which the notorious racial sports organisations does in no way in South Africa. said Olivetti should fall under theircon/rol South African secret police have been able impl\' their immediate entry into inter ... This showdown was foJ/owed by further The ANC, ICAAS and SANROC agreed to use the British government for their national sports competitions. to maintain regular contact. al/empts by GJ to shunt John Vonter out sinister work. It is worthy of note that Bri The ANC was accordingly outraged by of the operation ... As an RS agent, Jam part tain lifted this known South African agent suggestions made by Dennis Brutus, that it Lusaka, February 24th 1989 6 • . - c..:» --=- 7 \.t . . ------• c-l ~ 1.' _:BUr ;~ ('V\ S .:.a.c:.E• I ~ SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNALISTS " ...... 0'0 •• .-.- . ...('1 '1 IN THE FRONT LINE K~', ; By Brian Bunting ;;'.~~r..;.!' (~V~l;l,I ,:: '~~'t,.. {:,_(,:,1.ji"v ' ll~' "" "",,;::rr:"i", •.,... .tt:-..)) 1 h ", .r~~: " ~;~~jl:' f5lI;)~:; t On The Eve Of May Day ..· ;':'1~/.i ~.~"f" i:~;~~~. WORI{ERS' PA~ ii.~_tp._4\1r M 120 Delegate! i~ 0"·-;:::-::=,.::-."" .... ,,"- r-~ .. ~ ...... •...... 0' ...... - .... I A"::--...... --. I . - s ..... ~- .... I ~,;~\,,~,i;l~'~:~\if(~i~\ fti~~~!i~~;~'::::~::~,::': :.:~:' _=":':M~":~=='_~~':"':':": ':-t' ~ :::'=!- .--...... L"'~_"T""'~ -... -...... _ ...... Premier • ,~-., ~~.!:.:.:-!! ...... '- .O::::"""'.--.,...,.... ___::-"1..,IE:"1 .... ,., -:...~_:=:.. I' African Embassy in London, that in a pam· Fascist Draft Constitution • ...... ~ fill phlet on the South African Press, Radio and .!.::...... , ....::; ...... _ ...... ,.."" ....- .... _'""-_--_...... _ t '. Television issued by the Embassy a few ~. . ~ §~:~~e~ years ago he claimed that this ordinance: The idea of censorship continued to ;. simmer in the Nationalist mind. The dralt ~:!..fV.!.-:..::",-== _ "was greeted as the Magna Carta of the constitution, which was adopted by the ~~E-"C:.~~-; ~ Press in South Africa; (and) made the ~...... ______.. /0 .. Nationalist Party during the war in the '::;....'7: h~ :;..:.:! ;: arbitrary suppression of papers a thing of 1Ir-.l __ " t expectation that the Nazis would be victor the past. ~ ious, provided for "the total abolition of the Tell that to Zwelakhe Sisulu, who was British IGngship, n the installation of a detained without trial for over two years; or president with dictatorial powers, and the the other journalists languishing in gaol designation of Afrikaans as the "first official under the emergency regulations; or the language" of the country, with English Above: Editors of the Weekly Mail address '-"" "-~ •.-=::::-- - _ .... Catholic bishops responsible for the relegated to the status of "second or the press after the pi/per is suspended, production of New Nation; or the director supplementary official language. H November 1988 Freedom lind Work and staff of South; or Dr Jon Lewis, editor In the sphere of human rights, the draft Right: Progressive pi/pers of the .sixties, In Tanganyika of the South African Labour Bulletin, who constitution declared that the state would '_1. .. 1_ .... _ . _ ..... _ .. also victims of censorship. .\...... ,.... .'-"--'-...- was deported from South Africa in 1987. have power to make sure that: ~ ,:~'.'::::::,:::::-~ ~ ~ :~~:~~:~:.=;::~ There were others after Lord Charles Hindividual citizens, as well as the organs :::::.:;..... "~ "' f"'::. •.. :: I . .... 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