DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sadf Conscript Generation and Its Search for Healing, Reconciliation and Social Justice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE SADF CONSCRIPT GENERATION AND ITS SEARCH FOR HEALING, RECONCILIATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the Practical and Missional Theology department Faculty of Theology and Religion University of the Free State Pieter Hendrik Schalk Bezuidenhout Study leader: Prof. P. Verster Bloemfontein January 2015 Translated by Suzanne Storbeck (June 2020) DECLARATION (i) I, Pieter Hendrik Schalk Bezuidenhout, declare that this thesis, submitted to the University of the Free State in fulfilment for the degree Philosophiae Doctor, is my own work and that it has not been handed in at any other university or higher education institution. (ii) I, Pieter Hendrik Schalk Bezuidenhout, declare that I am aware that the copyright of this thesis belongs to the University of the Free State. (iii) I, Pieter Hendrik Schalk Bezuidenhout, declare that the property rights of any intellectual property developed during the study and/or in connection with the study, will be seated in the University of the Free State. i ABSTRACT The former (Afrikaner) SADF conscript generation is to a large extent experiencing an identity crisis. This crisis is due to two factors. First of all, there is a new dispensation where Afrikaners are a minority group. They feel alienated, even frustrated and confused. Secondly, their identity has been challenged and some would say defeated. What is their role and new identity in the current SA? They fought a war and participated internally in operations within a specific local, regional and global context. This identity was formed through their own particular history as well as certain theological and ideological worldviews and frameworks. The Tempe shooting incident in Bloemfontein in 1999 was due to the clash of two ideological worlds. It showed that peace and relationships between different diverse groupings were still very fragile. The responses to a questionnaire completed by this generation, indicate a certain degree of confusion, woundedness, ignorance and an unwillingness to embrace the changes taking place in this country. This Afrikaner identity (beliefs, attitudes, worldview), as argued in this study, should be Biblically and Christologically reoriented. The Church as an agent is in the unique position to facilitate a spiritual process of taking responsibility for its part in the past and present, to confess to it and thus starting the process of being healed of the scars of the past, experiencing forgiveness and being in the position to make a positive contribution to our country. It is the only way to adapt, survive and make meaningful contributions towards the new South Africa. A spiritual process, their own ‘TRC’, can contribute to real reconciliation in the country. ii SUMMARY The SADF conscript generation, as Afrikaners, is experiencing an identity crisis due to the changes that have taken place in South Africa since the early 1990s. They fought within and outside its borders against an enemy who now governs in Namibia and South Africa. The current government does not perceive the SADF in a positive light; an example would be the omission of the names of fallen SADF soldiers from the wall at Freedom Park. The SADF conscript generation participated in an armed conflict with a specific identity (image of itself as Afrikaners). This identity was formed based on certain historical events such as the Great Trek, the battle of Blood River and the Anglo-Boer War, to mention a few. Theological and ideological influences contributed to this world paradigm. This identity was strengthened during the Bush War. This identity has been challenged, some might even say defeated, in the new democratic administration. Furthermore, Afrikaners are often at the receiving end of affirmative action. This, coupled with crime and corruption, contribute to their feeling of alienation from the current administration. They might argue that they were only obedient children and soldiers during a local struggle for freedom in South Africa, a regional anti-colonial conflict in South West Africa/Namibia, as well as the global Cold War that partly took place in Angola. The SADF conscript generation, however, contributed to the maintenance and extension of apartheid. Afrikaans churches condemned this system and guilt was confessed. However, it seems like very few Afrikaners fully grasp the horrific impact the system had on the majority of South African citizens. In order to live peacefully with compatriots, it is therefore important to face this reality. This study requests a Biblical approach where responsibility for past actions is taken, remorse shown, confession made, forgiveness given and received, and restitution understood and implemented. This is true conversion. Furthermore, the Afrikaner’s opinion of others needs to be reoriented Christologically. Their current view is based on an identity, which is self-righteous and somewhat arrogant. They live in denial and withdrawal to an extent. With this identity it will be very difficult, if not impossible, for them to survive in the country. They will have to ask themselves whether they are willing to make patriotic and constructive contributions to iii the country. Too many are standing on the side-lines criticising, not really believing that an African can govern successfully. They need to realise that they too are Africans. One of the consequences of the new SANDF was the integration of former forces. On 16 September 1999 eight Whites were killed by an integrated member of the former Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA). This incident was in essence the result of a long and sad history of conflict and distrust between two ideological enemies, which never had the chance to fully come to know each other. Today, in the midst of diversity, the same challenges persist. SADF members indicated in the survey that they are willing to contribute positively towards the country, if given a chance. They have, however, certain conditions, perceptions and baggage from the past. It seems as if they have a longing for healing and closure. The Church has a huge role to play in this regard. It will not be easy though, as the Church itself lost credibility because of the role it played in the past. It seems that the SADF conscript generation in particular and the Afrikaner in general has not yet come to terms with their loss; they need their own ‘truth and reconciliation’ process. This study pleads for a spiritual process where the Triune God leads them, like in the past, to find direction and meaning again. iv KEY TERMS SADF-CONSCRIPT GENERATION IDENTITY CRISIS; QUEST FOR HEALING AND CLOSURE; SWA/NAMIBIA BUSH WAR; TOTAL ONSLAUGHT AND COMMUNISM; ‘BOETMAN’ DEBATE; TRC AND SADF; FW DE KLERK AND THE ‘NIGHT OF THE GENERALS’; BIBLICAL RECONCILIATION, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND PATRIOTISM; TEMPE SHOOTING INCIDENT; SADF RESPONSES RE QUESTIONNAIRE: AFRIKANERSHIP, NEW SOUTH AFRICA, APARTHEID, FUTURE, RECONCILIATION, ROLE OF CHURCH; SPIRITUAL PROCESS AS MODEL FOR HEALING v FOREWORD This study was emotionally more challenging and draining as was intended originally. In fact, very early on I doubted whether this research should be continued. This field of study was not the first option. But Providence guided differently. My concern as to proceed or not I shared with one of the women who lost a husband in the Tempe shooting. She encouraged me with the words she herself wrote as part of her own process of healing: ‘God will show the way, it is a huge theme, emotionally laden, full of chisels that will sand and shave the soul in order to be formed into His image’. He did indeed show the way, I received an abundance of grace with a lot of things that fell into place. To Him alone the glory! To my promotor, Prof Pieter Verster to whom I have been a newcomer, my sincerest appreciation and gratitude. His guidance and style suited me as he did not interfere continuously. He ‘left’ me to work on my own, but influenced me subtly, giving advice, commenting, suggesting material and lending me some of his books. It has been a privilege to work under you. Also, to his wife who helped me with technical aspects. My father in law, emeritus professor Hattingh (University of Pretoria-Geography) assisted me invaluably. He was for all intents and purposes a co-promotor. I had many stimulating discussions over 25 years with him, tapping into his knowledge of academic, church and geography in the old and new South Africa. He worked through the writings and manuscript throughout, commented and corrected. His encouragement and support helped me to pull through. My wife Lynette supported me enormously. She showed understanding for the topic and the many hours I worked. Maybe as her own father was ‘absent’ during some of his studies. She worked through the books of Bonhoeffer which also enriched her and helped me saving time. She is in fact a more natural reader and researcher than me! Thank you for journeying with me. To my children Nicolette, Niel and Andrea. Thank you for your understanding. To my own parents who laid the foundation in my life. I will always honour you for encouraging me to obtain a good academic qualification. To the ladies at the library, Mmes Hesma van Tonder, Annamarie du Preez, Estie Pretorius and Malefu Moposho who assisted in getting material and literature, references as well as insightful discussions. Your help made the load a lot easier. Nola Redelinghuys at the Department of Sociology assisted in creating the questionnaire. Then also to Deidre van Rooyen and Amanda who helped with the processing of the data. Monique who showed me how to create a questionnaire on the internet. It was intimidating at first as I am of the technologically disadvantaged generation. To Chaplain General who supported me and who was willing to give postponement for an Army course in order to finish my research.
Recommended publications
  • Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962

    Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962

    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael R. Hogan West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons Recommended Citation Hogan, Michael R., "“Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962" (2021). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 8264. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/8264 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael Robert Hogan Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Robert M.
  • Unimagined. Unexpected. Unexplored

    Unimagined. Unexpected. Unexplored

    Unimagined. Unexpected. Unexplored. OFFERING AN UNEXPECTED, OTHER- WORLDLY EXPERIENCE BOTH IN ITS LANDSCAPE AND THE REWARDS IT BRINGS TO TRAVELLERS, THE ARID EDEN ROUTE STRETCHES FROM SWAKOPMUND IN THE SOUTH TO THE ANGOLAN BORDER IN THE NORTH. THE ROUTE INCLUDES THE PREVIOUSLY RESTRICTED WESTERN AREA OF ETOSHA NATIONAL PARK, ONE OF NAMIBIA’S MOST IMPORTANT TOURIST DESTINATIONS WITH ALMOST ALL VISITORS TO THE COUNTRY INCLUDING THE PARK IN THEIR TRAVEL PLANS. The Arid Eden Route also includes well-known tourist attractions such as Spitzkoppe, Brandberg, Twyfelfontein and Epupa Falls. Travellers can experience the majesty of free-roaming animals, extreme landscapes, rich cultural heritage and breathtaking geological formations. As one of the last remaining wildernesses, the Arid Eden Route is remote yet accessible. DID YOU KNOW? TOP reasons to VISIT... “Epupa” is a Herero word for “foam”, in reference to the foam created by the falling water. Visit ancient riverbeds, In the Himba culture a sign of wealth is not the beauty or quality of a tombstone, craters and a petrified but rather the cattle you had owned during your lifetime, represented by the horns forest on your way to an on your grave. oasis in the desert – the Epupa Waterfall The desert-adapted elephants of the Kunene region rely on as little as nine species of plants for their survival while in Etosha they utilise over 80 species. At 2574m, Königstein is Namibia’s highest peak and is situated in the Brandberg Mountains. The Brandberg is home to over 1,000 San paintings, including the famous White Lady which dates back 2,000 years.
  • Economic Ascendance Is/As Moral Rightness: the New Religious Political Right in Post-Apartheid South Africa Part

    Economic Ascendance Is/As Moral Rightness: the New Religious Political Right in Post-Apartheid South Africa Part

    Economic Ascendance is/as Moral Rightness: The New Religious Political Right in Post-apartheid South Africa Part One: The Political Introduction If one were to go by the paucity of academic scholarship on the broad New Right in the post-apartheid South African context, one would not be remiss for thinking that the country is immune from this global phenomenon. I say broad because there is some academic scholarship that deals only with the existence of right wing organisations at the end of the apartheid era (du Toit 1991, Grobbelaar et al. 1989, Schönteich 2004, Schönteich and Boshoff 2003, van Rooyen 1994, Visser 2007, Welsh 1988, 1989,1995, Zille 1988). In this older context, this work focuses on a number of white Right organisations, including their ideas of nationalism, the role of Christianity in their ideologies, as well as their opposition to reform in South Africa, especially the significance of the idea of partition in these organisations. Helen Zille’s list, for example, includes the Herstigte Nasionale Party, Conservative Party, Afrikaner People’s Guard, South African Bureau of Racial Affairs (SABRA), Society of Orange Workers, Forum for the Future, Stallard Foundation, Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB), and the White Liberation Movement (BBB). There is also literature that deals with New Right ideology and its impact on South African education in the transition era by drawing on the broader literature on how the New Right was using education as a primary battleground globally (Fataar 1997, Kallaway 1989). Moreover, another narrow and newer literature exists that continues the focus on primarily extreme right organisations in South Africa that have found resonance in the global context of the rise of the so-called Alternative Right that rejects mainstream conservatism.
  • Afrocentric Education: What Does It Mean to Toronto’S Black Parents?

    Afrocentric Education: What Does It Mean to Toronto’S Black Parents?

    Afrocentric Education: What does it mean to Toronto’s Black parents? by Patrick Radebe M.Ed., University of Toronto, 2005 B.A. (Hons.), University of Toronto, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Educational Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2017 Patrick Radebe, 2017 Abstract The miseducation of Black students attending Toronto metropolitan secondary schools, as evinced by poor grades and high dropout rates among the highest in Canada, begs the question of whether responsibility for this phenomenon lies with a public school system informed by a Eurocentric ethos. Drawing on Afrocentric Theory, this critical qualitative study examines Black parents’ perceptions of the Toronto Africentric Alternative School and Afrocentric education. Snowball sampling and ethnographic interviews, i.e., semi-structured interviews, were used to generate data. A total of 12 Black parents, three men and nine women, were interviewed over a 5-month period and data analyzed. It was found that while a majority of the respondents supported the Toronto Africentric Alternative School and Afrocentric education, some were ambivalent and others viewed the school and the education it provides as divisive and unnecessary. The research findings show that the majority of the participants were enamored with Afrocentricity, believing it to be a positive influence on Black lives. While they supported TAAS and AE, the minority, on the other hand, opposed the school and its educational model. The findings also revealed a Black community, divided between a majority seeking to preserve whatever remained of (their) African identity and a determined minority that viewed assimilation to be in the best interests of Black students.
  • University of the Witwatersrand

    University of the Witwatersrand

    UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented in RW 4.00pm MARCH 1976 Title: Liberalism and Ethnicity in South African Politics, 1921-1948 by: Paul Rich No. 040 Liberalism and ethnicity in South African politics. 1921-1948 One of the main problems confronting liberal ideology in the South African context is the nature and role of group identities. This has been no small question because liberal theorists have tended to be hide-bound by a reliance on the inherent rationality of a free market that specifically excludes the role of group interests from its sphere of operations. Thus, while twentieth century liberalism has made a number of important revisions in the classical laissez-faire model of the nineteenth century (I), it still places a considerable emphasis on the free market sector even though, as Professor John Kenneth Galbraith has observed, this now typifies only a minority sector in western capitalist economies (2). It is this dependency on the free- market model, however, that restricts the liberal view of rationality to one of economics. The most rational figure in this view remains the classic homo economicus. the child of the Eighteenth Century Enlightenment, who buys in the cheapest market and sells in the dearest. The implications of this model are far-reaching in terms of J social values. If the basis of society is seen to rest on free- floating individuals motivated by a high degree of psychological hedonism then the basis of society's values rests on individual ones to the neglect of the wider community.
  • Afrikanerbond

    Afrikanerbond

    AFRIKANERBOND AFRIKANERJEUGVERSLAG Junie 2008 AFRIKANERJEUGVERSLAG INHOUDSOPGAWE AFRIKANERJEUGVERSLAG ...................................................................................................1 INHOUDSOPGAWE............................................................................................................... i AFRIKANERJEUGVERSLAG ...........................................................................................1 1 AGTERGROND ..............................................................................................................1 2 NAVORSINGSMETODOLOGIESE ASPEKTE VAN DIE VERSLAE...........................3 3 BEPERKINGE.................................................................................................................4 4 KONTEKSTUALISERING .............................................................................................5 4.1 Omskrywing van jeug...............................................................................................5 4.2 Populêre jeugkultuur.................................................................................................7 4.3 Afrikaans en jeugkultuur...........................................................................................9 4.4 Die samelewingskonteks van die Afrikanerjeug......................................................10 4.5 Samevatting............................................................................................................11 5 BEVINDINGE...............................................................................................................12
  • South Africa: Afrikaans Film and the Imagined Boundaries of Afrikanerdom

    South Africa: Afrikaans Film and the Imagined Boundaries of Afrikanerdom

    A new laager for a “new” South Africa: Afrikaans film and the imagined boundaries of Afrikanerdom Adriaan Stefanus Steyn Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology in the faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr Bernard Dubbeld Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology December 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The Afrikaans film industry came into existence in 1916, with the commercial release of De Voortrekkers (Shaw), and, after 1948, flourished under the guardianship of the National Party. South Africa’s democratic transition, however, seemed to announce the death of the Afrikaans film. In 1998, the industry entered a nine-year slump during which not a single Afrikaans film was released on the commercial circuit. Yet, in 2007, the industry was revived and has been expanding rapidly ever since. This study is an attempt to explain the Afrikaans film industry’s recent success and also to consider some of its consequences. To do this, I situate the Afrikaans film industry within a larger – and equally flourishing – Afrikaans culture industry.
  • Ons Sal Antwoord Op Jou Roepstem: Steve Hofmeyr and Afrikaner Identity in Post-Apartheid Afrikaans Cinema1

    Ons Sal Antwoord Op Jou Roepstem: Steve Hofmeyr and Afrikaner Identity in Post-Apartheid Afrikaans Cinema1

    C Broodryk Ons sal antwoord op jou roepstem: Steve Hofmeyr and Afrikaner identity in post-apartheid Afrikaans cinema1 1 ABSTRACT This article argues that Steve Hofmeyr’s Afrikaner identity, an identity he performs across various media platforms, including a selection of feature length Afrikaans films, is a paradoxical hybrid of Afrikaner exceptionalism and claims to victimhood. The exceptionalism and self-imposed victimhood are engaged in an across-media dialogue, as Steve Hofmeyr’s social media and political activist persona speak to his participation in three Afrikaans language films: Pretville (Korsten, 2012), Platteland (Else, 2011) and Treurgrond (Roodt, 2015). Hofmeyr’s presence foregrounds and exacerbates an already problematic ideological context in which attempts at multiculturalism are rendered moot by the conservatism in these films, especially where land – the farm – is concerned. While Pretville invents a 1950s South African town that fails to correspond to any inhabited reality of that time, Platteland offers an Afrikaans musical-western wherein Hofmeyr dominates as patriarch. Finally, the attempts of Treurgrond at raising farm murder awareness are nullified through casting Hofmeyr as a farmer facing a land claim, given Hofmeyr’s active campaigning against an alleged Boer genocide.2 Chris Broodryk lectures Drama and Film Studies at the Drama Department of the University of Pretoria. He has published and delivered conference papers on contemporary Afrikaans and South African cinema. His research interests include the intersection of psychology and film, and the Digital Humanities. 1 The phrase ons sal antwoord op u roepstem (“we will heed your calling”) is taken from the apartheid-era South African national anthem, “Die Stem”, and reflects both Afrikanerdom’s Christian foundationalism as well as a response to the land, the South African soil, calling out to Afrikaners.
  • A Teachers Guide to Accompany the Slide Show

    A Teachers Guide to Accompany the Slide Show

    A Teachers Guide to Accompany the Slide Show by Kevin Danaher A Teachers Guide to Accompany the Slide Show by Kevin Danaher @ 1982 The Washington Office on Africa Educational Fund Contents Introduction .................................................1 Chapter One The Imprisoned Society: An Overview ..................... 5 South Africa: Land of inequality ............................... 5 1. bantustans ................................................6 2. influx Control ..............................................9 3. Pass Laws .................................................9 4. Government Represskn ....................................8 Chapter Two The Soweto Rebellion and Apartheid Schooling ......... 12 Chapter Three Early History ...............................................15 The Cape Colony: European Settlers Encounter African Societies in the 17th Century ................ 15 The European Conquest of Sotho and Nguni Land ............. 17 The Birth d ANC Opens a New Era ........................... 20 Industrialization. ............................................ 20 Foundations of Apartheid .................................... 21 Chapter Four South Africa Since WurJd War II .......................... 24 Constructing Apcrrtheid ........................... J .......... 25 Thd Afriqn National Congress of South Africa ................. 27 The Freedom Chafler ........................................ 29 The Treason Trid ........................................... 33 The Pan Africanht Congress ................................. 34 The
  • Botho/Ubuntu : Perspectives of Black Consciousness and Black Theology Ramathate TH Dolam University of South Africa, South Afri

    Botho/Ubuntu : Perspectives of Black Consciousness and Black Theology Ramathate TH Dolam University of South Africa, South Afri

    The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan Botho/Ubuntu : Perspectives of Black Consciousness and Black Theology Ramathate TH Dolam University of South Africa, South Africa 0415 The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2013 Official Conference Proceedings 2013 Abstract Botho/ubuntu is a philosophy that is as old as humanity itself. In South Africa, it was a philosophy and a way of life of blacks. It was an African cultural trait that rallied individuals to become communal in outlook and thereby to look out for each other. Although botho or ubuntu concept became popularised only after the dawn of democracy in South Africa, the concept itself has been lived out by Africans for over a millennia. Colonialism, slavery and apartheid introduced materialism and individualism that denigrated the black identity and dignity. The Black Consciousness philosophy and Black Theology worked hand in hand since the middle of the nine- teen sixties to restore the human dignity of black people in South Africa. Key words: Botho/Ubuntu, Black Consciousness, Black Theology, religion, culture. iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org 532 The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan 1. INTRODUCTION The contributions of Black Consciousness (BC) and Black Theology (BT) in the promotion and protection of botho/ubuntu values and principles are discussed in this article. The arrival of white people in South Africa has resulted in black people being subjected to historical injustices, cultural domination, religious vilification et cetera. BC and BT played an important role in identifying and analysing the problems that plagued blacks as a group in South Africa among the youth of the nineteen sixties that resulted in the unbanning of political organisations, release of political prisoners, the return of exiles and ultimately the inception of democracy.
  • 2001 Lecture

    2001 Lecture

    THE JAMES BACKHOUSE LECTURE 2001 RECONCILING OPPOSITES: REFLECTIONS ON PEACEMAKING IN SOUTH AFRICA Hendrik W van der Merwe The James Backhouse Lectures The lectures were instituted by Australia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) on the its establishment of that Yearly Meeting in 1964. James Backhouse and his companion, George Washington Walker were English Friends who visited Australia from 1832 to 1838. They travelled widely, but spent most of their time in Tasmania. It was through their visit that Quaker Meetings were first established in Australia. Coming to Australia under a concern for the conditions of convicts, the two men had access to people with authority in the young colonies, and with influence in Britain, both in Parliament and in the social reform movement. In meticulous reports and personal letters, they made practical suggestions and urged legislative action on penal reform, on the rum trade, and on land rights and the treatment of Aborigines. James Backhouse was a general naturalist and a botanist. He made careful observations and published full accounts of what he saw, in addition to encouraging Friends in the colonies and following the deep concern that had brought him to Australia. Australian Friends hope that this series of Lectures will bring fresh insights into the Truth, and speak to the needs and aspirations of Australian Quakerism. This particular lecture was delivered in Melbourne on 8 January 2001, during the annual meeting of the Society. Colin Wendell-Smith Presiding Clerk Australia Yearly Meeting © Copyright 2001 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia Incorporated.
  • SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE in the UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel

    SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE in the UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel

    SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel INTERNATIONAL VICTIMOLOGY (co-editor) South African Political Exile in the United Kingdom Mark Israel SeniorLecturer School of Law TheFlinders University ofSouth Australia First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-14925-4 ISBN 978-1-349-14923-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14923-0 First published in the United States of Ameri ca 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division. 175 Fifth Avenue. New York. N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22025-9 Library of Congre ss Cataloging-in-Publication Data Israel. Mark. 1965- South African political exile in the United Kingdom / Mark Israel. p. cm. Include s bibliographical references and index . ISBN 978-0-312-22025-9 (cloth) I. Political refugees-Great Britain-History-20th century. 2. Great Britain-Exiles-History-20th century. 3. South Africans­ -Great Britain-History-20th century. I. Title . HV640.5.S6I87 1999 362.87'0941-dc21 98-32038 CIP © Mark Israel 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1999 All rights reserved . No reprodu ction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publicat ion may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provision s of the Copyright. Design s and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency .