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The United Democratic Front As Exponent of Mass-Based Resistance and Protest, 1983 - 1990

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The United Democratic Front As Exponent of Mass-Based Resistance and Protest, 1983 - 1990 THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT AS EXPONENT OF MASS-BASED RESISTANCE AND PROTEST, 1983 - 1990 by KEITH VINCENT CLARKSON Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of D. LITT. ET PHIL. in HISTORY in the FACULTY OF ARTS at RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY Promotor : Prof. Dr. L.W.F. GRUNDLINGH NOVEMBER 1997 Expression of thanks I would like to thank the following persons for their contribution to this thesis : My wife Martsan for her support, understanding and patience. My parents for their support of my studies through the years. My colleagues, friends and co-students for their support and encouragement. Thank you Gerrie Terblanche, Beer Duvenhage, Louis Siebrits and Willie Bernard. The library personnel who was always willing to unearth another source. Thank you Christine Prinsloo, Alta Strauss and Nicolene Lubbert. Karien Allers for the editing of the thesis. i CONTENTS i LIST OF ACRONYMS vii SUM MARY x OPSOMMING xii INTRODUCTION 1. Approach to the study 3 2. Focus and aim 5 3. Background of the history of mass-based resistance 7 4. Structure of the thesis 11 5. Historiography 12 6. Methodology and sources 19 6.1. General sources 6.2. Primary documents 6.3. Other sources CHAPTER 1 : THE CONCEPT OF MASS-BASED PROTEST Introduction 26 Defining non-violent mass-based protest 30 11 3. Non-violent protest action 31 3.1. The nature and characteristics of non-violent protest action 32 3.2. Characteristics of protest 33 3.3. The roots of political power 37 3.4. Motives, methods and leverages 43 4. The methods of mass-based resistance and protest 45 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Mass-based protest and persuasion - Strategies and tactics 45 4.2.1 Political protest 4.2.2. Social protest 4.2.3. Symbolic protest 4.2.4. Economic protest CHAPTER 2 : THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF THE UDF Changing circumstances favouring mass-based action in the 1980s 80 1.1. Internal conditions 80 1.2. External conditions 85 Origin of the UDF 87 2.1. The run-up to the founding of the UDF 87 2.1.1. The Transvaal Anti-SAIC Committee 2.1.2. The Koornhof Bills 2.1.3. Increased activism by trade unions and students 2.1.4. The Tricameral system 2.2. The founding of the UDF 92 2.3. Launch of the UDF 94 2.4. Issues 95 2.5. Leadership - organisational set-up and profile 97 2.5.1. Leading personalities 111 2.5.2. Sectors and organisations involved 3. Character of the UDF 106 3.1. Background 106 3.2. The amorphous character of the UDF 108 3.3. The influence of the concept of "People's Power" 109 3.4. The UDF as an organisation 111 3.5. The UDF as a protest group 113 3.6. The UDF as a united resistance front 117 3.7. The UDF as a mass democratic movement 123 3.8. Ideology and its influence on the character of the UDF 126 3.8.1. Background 3.8.2. Ideological character of the UDF 3.8.3. Defining the ideology of theUDF 3.8.4. Ideological groupings within the UDF CHAPTER 3 : THE RESISTANCE BASE OF THE UDF 1 Background 149 2. The UDF's resistance base 150 2.1. Youth and student groups 150 2.1.1. Defining terminology 2.1.2. Background 2.1.3. Composition of the UDF's youth resistance base 2.2. Civic organisations 159 2.2.1. Background 2.2.2. Origin and development 2.2.3. Membership, strength and support 2.2.4. Leadership 2.2.5. Problems iv 2.2.6. Impact, role and importance 2.3. Churches and religious associations 164 2.3.1 Background 2.3.2. Types of church groups 2.3.3. Role, impact and importance 2.4. Women's organisations 170 2.4.1. Background 2.4.2. Types of organisations 2.4.3. Leadership 2.4.4. Role, impact and importance 2.5. Trade Unions 174 2.5.1. Background 2.5.2. Types of trade unions 2.5.3. Leadership 2.5.4. Role, impact and importance 2.6. Racially-based organisations 181 2.6.1. Background 2.6.2. Types and groups of organisations 2.6.3. Leadership 2.6.4. Role, impact and importance 2.7. Academic, research and educational groups 189 2.7.1. Background 2.7.2. Types of organisations 2.7.3. Role, impact and importance CHAPTER 4 : THE UDF's STRATEGIC APPROACH TOWARDS MASS PROTEST AND RESISTANCE 1 Introduction 200 2. Background to the protest and resistance from 1983 onwards 204 v Factors influencing the UDF's strategic approach 208 3.1. General factors 209 3.2. The dynamics of the UDF's strategic approach 212 3.2.1. Leadership and decision making 3.2.2. Process to formulate strategy 3.3. The ability to adapt 213 3.4. Government initiatives which influenced the UDF's strategic approach 214 The UDF's strategic approach 217 4.1. Introduction 217 4.2. Permanent strategies 219 4.2.1. Mass-based approach 4.2.2. Anti-constitutional reform and pro-democracy strategies 4.2.3. Strategies aimed at socio-economic and civic issues 4.2.4. Strategies aimed at the youth and education 4.2.5. Non-violence as a strategy 4.3. Mobilisation strategies 223 4.4. Strategies to neutralise state power 225 4.5. Pro-active strategies 227 CHAPTER 5 : IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGIES - THE UDF's MASS-BASED TACTICAL APPROACH 1 Introduction 234 Background 235 Tactics employed by the UDF 237 3.1. Mobilisation and organisation tactics 237 3.1.1. Tactics to mobilise support base 3.1.2. Mobilisation around tactical issues vi 3.1.3. Sensitising tactics to widen the Front 3.2. Protest and pressure tactics 247 3.2.1. Boycotts 3.2.2. Psychological and symbolic tactics 3.2.3. Pro-active, attacking tactics designed to discredit the government 3.2.4. Tactics aimed to build People's Power 3.2.5. Openly challenging the government through mass-based protest CONCLUSION 299 SOURCES 309 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ADD Association of Durban Democrats AFRC Anti-Forced-Removals Committee ANC African National Congress ANCYL African National Congress Youth League AZAPO Azanian Peoples Organisation AZASO Azanian Students' Organisation BC Black Consciousness BCM Black Consciousness Movement BLA Black Local Authority CAHAC Cape Areas Housing Action Committee CAL Cape Action League CCB Civil Cooperation Bureau COSAS Congress of South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions COSAW Congress of South African Writers DHAC Durban Housing Action Committee DPSC Detainees' Parents Support Committee ELAC East London Action Committee FFF Five Freedoms Forum FOSATU Federation of South African Trade Unions FRA Federation of Residents' Association (Western Cape) FSAW Federation of South African Women GAWU General and Allied Workers Union GWU General Workers Union GCD Grahamstown Committee of Democrats GRADAC Grahamstown Democratic Action Committee JODAC Johannesburg Democratic Action Committee MCCD Mission of the Churches for Community Development MFCC Mass Funeral Coordination Committee NAYO National Youth Organisation NIC Natal Indian Congress NOW Natal Organisation of Women NP National Party NUSAS National Union of South African Students PAC Pan Africanist Congress PEAC Port Elizabeth Area Committee RMC Release Mandela Committee SAAWU South African Allied Workers' Union SACBC South African Catholic Bishops Council SACC South African Council of Churches SACTU South African Congress of Trade Unions SAIC South African Indian Council SAMA South African Musician's Alliance SANCO South African National Civic Organisation SARHWU South African Railway and Harbour Workers' Union SASM South African Students Movement SASO South African Students Organisation SAYCO South African Youth Congress SPCC Soweto Parent's Crisis Committee SOYCO Soweto Youth Congress SSRC Soweto Students Representative Council SUCA Students Union for Christian Action TAPCC Transvaal Anti-President's Council Committee TASC Transvaal Anti-SAIC Committee TIC Transvaal Indian Congress TYO Transvaal Youth Organisation UCC United Committee of Concern UDF United Democratic Front UDFWC UDF Women's Congress WARC World Alliance of Reformed Churches ix WCC World Council of Churches WFP Women for Peace WPCN Women for Peaceful Change Now YCS Young Christian Students YCW Young Christian Workers SUMMARY Non-violent mass-based protest and resistance by liberation groups have a long history in the South African context. Prior to the 1980s, they had achieved only minor and isolated successes. The formation of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983 and its successful mass protest action against the state to 1990, changed the equation, however. The UDF's origin could indirectly be traced back to attempts from the 1950s to launch mass-based protest and resistance against the apartheid state. Calls for the formation of a united front against the South African State were made by various persons and organisations since the 1950s, but it was only by the 1980s that circumstances allowed the formation of a united front. Demographic realities, urbanisation, the legalisation of black trade unions, an educated leadership, the growth of a grassroots-based civil society among blacks, all contributed to make the formation of the UDF a reality. Protest against the government's tricameral system, initially provided the direct stimulus for the formation of the UDF during 1983 to 1984. By the end of 1984, the UDF had built up a wide support base to directly threaten the government's position. The result was several states of emergency through which the state endeavoured to crush the UDF-led opposition. The UDF's unique structure, which consisted of affiliates from all sectors of civil society, including black trade unions as an alliance partner, managed to survive the state's repressive measures, continued to pressurise the state so that by 1989, under a new head-of-state, the National Party "capitulated" and opened the door to real elections for a democratic South Africa.
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