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.( .( $4 ) * !" 3%, % 4 : ( ): (5 After: Peta G. Sanderson and Ian Eliot, 1996, p. 765.
) * !" 7* * 8 -, 4 4)
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.
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: .
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)-% - , a 9% D $ 1 " ( f + 1 < Z- ! ( B5 ; . 1 $ d% . *= %$ % **, (5 "
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. . 2#7* 17 : F#
- Andrew S. Goudie (2004): Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Routledge, London, Volume 2. - Derek Flinn (1997): The Role of Wave Diffraction in the Formation of St. Ninian's Ayre (Tombolo) in Shetland, Scotland, Journal of Coastal Research, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
$! ! ! " #"
- Easterbrook, Don T. (1999): Wave diffraction & refraction, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Second Edition. Prentice Hall Inc. - Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences (1957): The American Geological Institute, USA. - Harri Tolvanen, Samu Numminen, and Risto Kalliola (2004): Spatial Distribution and Dynamics of Special Shore-Forms (Tombolos, Flads and Glo- lakes) in an Uplifting Archipelago of the Baltic Sea, Journal of Coastal Research, West Palm Beach Florida. - Hearn, C.J., Hatcher, B.G., Masini, R.J. and Slmpson, C.J. (1986): Oceanographic Processes on the Ningaloo Coral Reef, Western Australia. Centre for Water Research, UWA, Environmental Dynamics Report ED. - Helen M. Tribe and David M. Kennedy (2010): The geomorphology and evolution of a large barrier spit: Farewell Spit, New Zealand, Earth Surface Process and Landforms, Vol. 35, USA. - Hsu, J.R.C. and SILVESTER, R. (1990): Accretion behind single offshore breakwater. Journal Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 3. - King, C.A.M. (1972): Beaches and Coasts. Edward Arnold, London. - Mark Bromley (2010): Tombolo How do they form? St. Ninian's Isle, Scotland, Jesus college, oxford, London. - Maurice L. Schwartz, Olavi Grano and Mauri Pyokari (1989): Spits and Tombolos in the Southwest Archipelago of Finland, Journal of Coastal Research, Charlottesville, Virginia. - Neal, William; Orrin H. Pilkey; Joseph T. Kelley (2007): Atlantic Coast Beaches: A Guide to Ripples, Dunes, and Other Natural Features of the Seashore. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing. - Pethick, J., (1984): An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. Lon-don, UK, Edward Arnold. - Silvester, R. and Hsu, J.R.C. (1993): Coastal Stabilization: Innovative Concepts. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 578 p. - Sunamura, T. and Misuzo, (1987): A study on depositional shore-line forms behind an island. Ann. Rep., Inst. Geosci., Univ. Tsukuba. - Zenkovich, V.P. (1967): Processes of Coastal Development. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, London.
0 .
Geomorphology of The Tombolo on The Northwest Coast of Qatar Peninsula
ABSTRACT
This study looks at tombolo phenomenon, depositional coastal landforms forms on shallow straits between islands and the mainland. Tombolo is a spit of sand or shingle which joins an offshore island to the mainland. This study uses case studies from Qatari Coasts to show the difference between tombolo, and to identify the reasons of tombolo development.
Tombolo forms result of wave refraction and diffraction processes and longshore drifts in the lee of an island. Where wave refract around the island which is as an obstacle and deposit material behind island. Tombolo forms when the offshore distance between island and shoreline is less than 1.5 times the island's length.
Keywords: Tombolo, wave refraction, wave diffraction, Morphometric Analysis, Statistical Analysis