Luís Batalha is Associate Professor of Social Anthropology at the Edited by Technical University of Lisbon and author of The Cape Verdean luís batalha and jørgen carling Diaspora in Portugal: Colonial Subjects in a Postcolonial World (2004). Jørgen Carling is Senior Researcher at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), where he does research on migration and transnationalism. Transnational Archipelago Transnational Migration has been essential to Cape Verde since the birth of the na- tion, and connections to faraway places continue to dominate daily life on the islands. This book makes a signifi cant contribution to the study of international migration and transnationalism by exploring the Cape Verdean diaspora through its geographical diversity and with a range of thematic perspectives. The fi rst part of the book is a journey to eight Cape Verdean emigrant communities, from Argentina in the South to Sweden in the North. These chapters testify to the strikingly diverse outcomes of migration from a single, small country. The second part of the book explores selected themes in Cape Verdean migration and transnationalism, including music, language, the Internet and gender relations. This comprehensive account of Cape Verdean migration traces intriguing routes of travel, explores little known destinations in four different continents and uncovers a variety of expressions of belonging and longing. By looking beyond the main migratory routes to major destinations, investigated in most migration research, it opens up for important new horizons of research and insight. Karen Fog Olwig, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen A unique strength of this book is to show how the same group becomes part of a new country and stays connected to its homeland in different contexts. Few books offer such a valuable carling and batalha comparative perspective. Peggy Levitt, Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Wellesley College This book brings together a new generation of scholars of Cape Verdean migration from Transnational Archipelago around the world and from various disciplines. Batalha and Carling have given us an indispensable new resource for anyone interested in Cape Verde and for students of migration in general. Deirdre Meintel, Director, Groupe de recherche Diversité Perspectives on Cape Verdean urbaine (GRDU) , University of Montreal Migration and Diaspora www.aup.nl A U P A U P aup_transnational_def.indd 1 03-06-2008 09:41:26 Transnational Archipelago Perspectives on Cape Verdean Migration and Diaspora Edited by Luı´s Batalha and Jørgen Carling Cover design: Neon, design and communications, Sabine Mannel Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 90 5356 994 8 NUR 741 / 763 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2008 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright re- served above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or in- troduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Contents Foreword 5 Notes on contributors 7 1. Cape Verdean Migration and Diaspora 13 Jørgen Carling and Luı´s Batalha SECTION I – DIASPORA COMMUNITY PORTRAITS 33 2. Cape Verdeans in the U.S. 35 Marilyn Halter 3. Cape Verdeans in Argentina 47 Marta Maffia 4. Cape Verdeans in Sa˜o Tome´ and Prı´ncipe 55 Augusto Nascimento 5. Cape Verdeans in Portugal 61 Luı´s Batalha 6. Cape Verdeans in Spain 73 Rocı´o Moldes Farelo and Luzia Oca Gonza´lez 7. Cape Verdeans in Italy 81 Jacqueline Andall 8. Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands 91 Jørgen Carling 9. Cape Verdeans in Sweden 101 Lisa A˚ kesson SECTION II – MIGRATION AND TRANSNATIONALISM 111 10. Making Waves: Cape Verdeans, Whaling and the Uses of Photography 113 Memory Holloway 11. And When the Women Leave? Female Emigration from Boa Vista 131 Andre´a de Souza Lobo 12. Cape Verdean Tongues: Speaking of ‘Nation’ at Home and Abroad 145 Ma´rcia Rego 13. Cape Verdean Transnationalism on the Internet 161 So´nia Melo 4 TRANSNATIONAL ARCHIPELAGO 14. Images of Emigration in Cape Verdean Music 173 Juliana Braz Dias 15. Cape Verdean Migration, Music Recordings and Performance 189 Rui Cidra 16. Diasporic Networks, Political Change, and the Growth of Cabo-Zouk Music 205 JoAnne Hoffman 17. Managing Work and Care for Young Children in Cape Verdean Families in Portugal 221 Karin Wall 18. Cape Verdeans’ Pathways to Health: Local Problems, Transnational Solutions 237 Huub Beijers and Cla´udia de Freitas 19. Cape Verdean Diasporic Identity Formation 255 Gina Sa´nchez Gibau 20. The Resilience of the Cape Verdean Migration Tradition 269 Lisa A˚ kesson Subject Index 285 Foreword This is the first book to present a comprehensive exploration of Cape Verdean migration and transnationalism. It is also one of very few an- thologies that presents a range of geographical and thematic perspec- tives on any single diaspora. The book emerged out of a conference or- ganised at the Centro de Estudos de Antropologia Social (CEAS), at the Instituto Superior de Cieˆncias do Trabalho e da Empresa (ISCTE), in Lisbon, April 2005. The conference comprised forty presentations by researchers from a dozen different countries. The chapters in this book include substantially revised versions of selected conference papers, chapters that merged individual conference papers, as well as newly written chapters. The conference itself was trilingual (Portuguese, Spanish and English) and several chapters have been translated into English. While there is a growing literature on Cape Verdean migration in Portuguese, our ambition with this book was to make high-quality research on Cape Verdean migration accessible to an international Eng- lish-speaking audience. Most of the research presented in this book would not have been possible without the contributions of Cape Verdean informants in- volved in the diaspora and on the islands. We are all grateful for the willingness of so many Cape Verdeans to generously share their experi- ences for the benefit of our research. There are, unfortunately, no aca- demics from Cape Verde among the contributors to this volume. How- ever, it is promising to see that higher education and research is devel- oping rapidly in Cape Verde, and that increasing numbers of Cape Verdean students overseas are doing graduate research linked to migra- tion. The conference in Lisbon was supported by the Fundac¸a˜o para a Cieˆncia e a Tecnologia (FCT), and the Fundac¸a˜o Luso-Americana (FLAD). We are also grateful to Anto´nia Lima, who while acting as Chair of the CEAS, promptly agreed to discuss with the board the orga- nisation of the conference as part of its annual programme, and for Isabel Cardana’s contribution to the organisation of the conference. The chapters in the book have been peer reviewed and commented upon by several anonymous referees, whose efforts we greatly appreci- ate. We would also like to thank our editor at the University of Amster- 6 TRANSNATIONAL ARCHIPELAGO dam Press, Erik van Aert for his encouraging support, and Achim Le- wandowski for permission to use the cover photograph of children playing in front of the old secondary school in Sa˜o Vicente. Lisbon and Oslo, December 2007 Luı´s Batalha and Jørgen Carling Notes on contributors LISA A˚ KESSON is Director of Studies in Social Anthropology at the School of Global Studies, Go¨teborg University. Her PhD in Social Anthropol- ogy addressed the meanings of migration in Cape Verde and was based on extensive fieldwork in Sa˜o Vicente during the period 1996–2003. She is currently doing research on remittances to Cape Verde with a fo- cus on rural Santo Anta˜o. She has also done fieldwork among Cape Verdeans in Sweden. Her research, teaching and supervision also cov- ers family and kinship, ethnic and cultural diversity, and human traf- ficking. JACQUELINE ANDALL is Senior Lecturer in Italian Studies at the Depart- ment of European Studies, University of Bath. Her research interests are on labour migration, female migration, second generations and Ita- lian colonialism/postcolonialism. She is author of Gender, Migration and Domestic Service (Ashgate, 2000), editor of Gender and Ethnicity in Contemporary Europe (Berg 2003) and co-editor (with Derek Duncan) of Italian Colonialism: Legacy and Memory (Peter Lang, 2005). Her current research is on Ghanaian migration to Italy’s industrial districts. LUI´S BATALHA is a social anthropologist and Associate Professor at the In- stituto Superior de Cieˆncias Sociais e Polı´ticas, Universidade Te´cnica de Lisboa. He has done ethnographic work among Cape Verdeans in Portugal, the U.S. and Cape Verde exploring issues relating to ethni- city, race and identity construction. He has published a book about the presence of Cape Verdeans in Portugal, The Cape Verdean Diaspora in Portugal: Colonial Subjects in a Postcolonial World (Lexington Books, 2004) as well as several articles and book chapters on related issues. He is currently working on the presence of the Cape Verdeans in Mo- zambique’s late colonial period as middle-men civil servants. HUUB BEIJERS is manager of transcultural psychiatry for Symfora group Mental Health Care in the Netherlands. He has a background in medi- cal anthropology and social psychology. He was responsible for the de- velopment of the Apoio project, a community mental health care initia- tive for Cape Verdeans in Rotterdam. His research in the Cape Verdean community in Rotterdam focused on experiences of psychosocial dis- 8 TRANSNATIONAL ARCHIPELAGO tress, explanations of distress, pathways to health, and experiences of exclusion and discrimination in mental health care. He is currently de- veloping research on experiences of Cape Verdean girls sexually abused by relatives. JØRGEN CARLING is Senior Researcher at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) in Norway. He holds a PhD in human geogra- phy based on a case study of Dutch-Cape Verdean transnationalism.