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Antarctic Raised Beaches: Insight on Geochronology, Relative Sea Level, and Coastal Processes Lauren Miller Simkins

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Antarctic Raised Beaches: Insight on Geochronology, Relative Sea Level, and Coastal Processes Lauren Miller Simkins UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara ANTARCTIC RAISED BEACHES: INSIGHT ON GEOCHRONOLOGY, RELATIVE SEA LEVEL, AND COASTAL PROCESSES A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Geological Sciences BY LAUREN MILLER SIMKINS Committee in charge: Professor Alexander Simms, Chair Professor Regina DeWitt Professor Syee Weldeab Professor Edward Keller September 2014 The dissertation of Lauren Miller Simkins is approved. __________________________________________ Regina DeWitt __________________________________________ Syee Weldeab __________________________________________ Edward Keller __________________________________________ Alexander Simms, Committee Chair August 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank the National Science Foundation (grant OPP-0838781) awarded to Dr. Alexander Simms and Dr. Regina DeWitt for providing financial support for the projects completed for my dissertation. Without the funding, sample collection and dating measurements of Antarctic beach deposits would not have been possible. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Alexander Simms, for encouraging and inspiring me throughout my graduate school career. I must also thank him for the countless hours spent revising manuscripts. From the first drafts completely covered in red ink to the finished products, it is only through his meticulous review of my writing that I have a better understanding of how to convey research to a wide-range of audiences. I must thank Dr. Regina Dewitt who was my mentor in the laboratory where I conducted the geochronology for my dissertation. I remember the first month or so I was in the lab thinking I would never understand optically stimulated luminescence, but through her patient guidance and encouragement I was able to learn a wealth of information necessary for the completion of this project. I would like to thank Daniel Livsey for numerous fruitful discussions and assistance in the field. I thank Hanna Alexander, Laura Reynolds, Elisabeth Steel, and Carlye Peterson, Christopher Pynn for support, encouragement, and always being available to discuss questions and issues regarding my research. I would like to thank Chris Denker of Raytheon Polar Services for assistance in the field and Edison Chouest for logistical support during the NBP10-02 cruise. I thank UNAVCO supported by the National Science Foundation and National Aeronautics and Space Administration under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EAR-0735156 for lending a Trimble differential GPS for field surveying. I thank Robert Turner at the University of Oklahoma and Brett Bonotto and Hanna Alexander at the University of California Santa Barbara for assistance in crushing samples, Joe Pettit at UNAVCO for GPS training, and Eduardo Yukihara at the Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory at Oklahoma State University for the use of dating equipment. I thank Sophie Briggs and Gareth Seward at the University of California Santa Barbara for providing valuable help with petrographic analysis of thin sections and running elemental analyses on samples, respectively. Thanks to Deborah Khider for assistance in running Monte-Carlo simulations. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Stephen and Teresa Miller, and sister Hannah Miller for support and encouragement throughout not only graduate school, but over a lifetime to guide me to where I am today. I would like to thank my husband, Walt Simkins, for supporting me emotionally and listening to me talk about Antarctic beaches and optically stimulated luminescence for countless hours. It is only through the support and guidance of my mentors, family, and friends mention here that I was able to complete my dissertation research and develop as a person and a geologist. iii VITA OF LAUREN MILLER SIMKINS June 2014 EDUCATION Bachelors of Science in Geology and Spanish, Oklahoma State University, December 2009 Doctor of Philosophy in Geologic Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, July 2014 (expected) PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2008-2010: Research Assistant, Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University 2010: Research Assistant, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University 2010-2014: Research Assistant, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California 2012: Summer Mentor, Internships in Nanosystems Science, Engineering and Technology, University of California Santa Barbara 2013: Summer Mentor, Jack Kent Cooke Bridges and Condor Tech Programs, Internships in Nanosystems Science, Engineering and Technology, University of California Santa Barbara 2013-2014: Teaching Assistant, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara 2014: Teaching Assistant, Department of Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Barbara PUBLICATIONS Simms, A., Aryal, N., Miller, L., and Yokoyama, Y., 2010, The Incised Valley of Baffin Bay, Texas: A Tale of Two Climates: Sedimentology 57, 642-669. Simms, A., Ivins, E., DeWitt, R., Kouremenos, P. and Simkins, L., 2012, Timing of the Little Ice Age in the Antarctic Peninsula from optically stimulated luminescence of cobble surfaces within raised beaches: Quaternary Science Reviews 47, 41-55. Simkins, L., Simms, A., Cruse, A., Troiani, T., Atekwana, E., Puckette, J., and Yokoyama, Y., 2012, Correlation of early and mid-Holocene events using magnetic susceptibility in estuarine cores from the Gulf of Mexico: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 346-347, 95-107. Simkins, L., DeWitt, R., and Simms, A., 2013. Methods to reduce sample carrier contamination for luminescence measurements: Ancient TL 31 (1), 19-27. Simkins, L., Simms, A., and DeWitt, R., 2013, Relative sea-level history of Marguerite Bay derived from optically stimulated luminescence-dated raised beaches: Quaternary Science Reviews 77, 141-155. iv Simkins, L., and Simms, A., in review, Assessing the link between coastal morphology, wave energy, and sea ice throughout the Holocene from Antarctic raised beaches. AWARDS University of California Santa Barbara-National Science Foundation Bridge to Doctorate Fellowship, 2010-2012 Coast Geological Society Scholarship, Ventura, California, 2013 Philip and Aida Siff Educational Foundation Graduate Fellowship, University of California Santa Barbara, 2013-2014 Research Excellence, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, 2014 FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: Antarctic beaches Study of relative sea-level history of Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula with Dr. Alexander Simms and Dr. Regina Dewitt Study of improvements for luminescence dating of cobble surfaces with Dr. Regina Dewitt and Dr. Alexander Simms Study of coastal morphology, wave energy, and sea ice throughout the Holocene from Antarctic raised beaches with Dr. Alexander Simms and Dr. Regina Dewitt v ABSTRACT ANTARCTIC RAISED BEACHES: INSIGHT ON GEOCHRONOLOGY, RELATIVE SEA LEVEL, AND COASTAL PROCESS BY LAUREN MILLER SIMKINS Beaches are preserved above sea level along ice-free portions of the Antarctic coastline due to post-glacial rebound associated with glacial isostatic adjustment since the Last Glacial Maximum. The ages and elevations of these beaches provide relative sea-level constraints for glacial isostatic adjustment models and ice-sheet histories. Due to harsh field conditions and difficulty dating Antarctic materials, a lack of geochronological constraints on raised beaches limits our understanding of relative sea level around Antarctica. The focus of the studies discussed here is on Antarctic raised beaches with goals to improve the methods of dating cobble surfaces from raised beaches using optically stimulated luminescence and use the dated beaches to reconstruct relative sea level and better understand Antarctic coastal processes throughout the Holocene. Through a series of cleaning methods applied to sample carriers used for optically stimulated luminescence measurements of sediment, the contamination of dose-dependent, variable signals from sample carriers previously assumed to have neutral signals is eliminated through a series of cleaning methods (Chapter 2). An analysis of optically stimulated luminescence characteristics of quartz from cobble surfaces vi with sample petrology and cathodoluminescence provides insight on the suitability of Antarctic materials for optically stimulated luminescence dating (Chapter 3). The limited amount of quartz (<10%) found in the majority of the samples often occurs as intergrowths in feldspars characterized by irregular, anhedral crystal form. A lack of discernible relationship between optically stimulated luminescence and cathodoluminescence properties and petrology suggest that cathodoluminescence behavior and petrology are not responsible for the poor luminescence characteristics observed from quartz extracted from cobble surfaces. A relative sea-level history of Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula derived from optically stimulated luminescence-dated beach cobble surfaces further constrains post-glacial rebound since the Last Glacial Maximum (Chapter 4). New ages suggest the Holocene marine limit for Marguerite Bay is 21.7 masl with an age of ~ 5.5-7.3 ka. Our favored hypothesis for the ages of the beaches from 21.7-40.8 masl at Calmette Bay is that the beaches formed prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. The temporal distribution of circum-Antarctic raised beaches throughout the Holocene is utilized to determine the relationship between wave-energy, sea ice, and coastal evolution (Chapter 5). The distribution of raised
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