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International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies Volume 7, Issue 6, 2020, PP 8-16 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online)

The Role of Civil Society inPeace Building in

Abdifatah Abdi Hared Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey *Corresponding Author: Abdifatah Abdi Hared, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.

ABSTRACT The role of civil society organizations in peacebuilding and reconstruction has gained significant attention over the last fifty years. Today, the main question is whether civil society organizations have an impact on peacebuilding efforts in the world, especially in countries or not. It is within this context, that this paper examines the role of civil society in peacebuilding in Somalia. It provides a better understanding of the roles of civil society, its functions, and its involvement in peacebuilding and reconstruction. The study argued that civil society in Somalia contributes to supporting peacebuilding process in a variety of ways, including advocacy, facilitation, resolution, protection, , service provision, and implementing an awareness campaign to promote a culture of . This study employs a qualitative data research method and official document analysis from government institutions, international organizations, and scholarly publications. The study further discusses the important role that civil society plays in and peacebuilding efforts in Somalia. Keywords: Somali, civil society, , election, development, civil , peacebuilding.

INTRODUCTION (1992) Linack and Jefrey (1982) Salamon and Anheier (1997) and many other scholars who In past centuries, the world has experienced view civil society organizations as a critical civil and enormous against human actor in peacebuilding, human rights promotion, being and the intensity of these civil wars and and enforcing democracy in post-conflict conflicts have often been very dramatic societies. It's is within this context that, this (Kayamibwa, samul 1998). Also, the last fifty study examines the role of civil society years of 20 centuries an estimated 86 million organizations in peacebuilding and people have been killed in conflicts and civil reconstruction in Somalia by giving attention to wars (Bassioni, 1994) Moreover, a review of the how civil society's involvement in literature shows that at the beginning of the 20th peacebuilding, human rights, protection, service centuries, nearly 60 countries are either in provision, accountability, transparency, conflict or have recently come out of conflicts. participation, education, women empowerment, Many of these countries are under the category democracy and promoting good governance of “developing or third world countries”. practices, are crucial for Somalia's willing to Somalia, for example, is one of the countries in archive peace and stability. Likewise, the study the world that recently come out a that pays attention to civil society‟s activities and the destroyed all the necessary institutions, the basic result they have achieved for the last 20 years. infrastructure and caused the loss of public property. Thus, states fail when they cannot be According to Harpviken and Kjellman 2004 and able to provide basic services to their citizens Barnes 2005 stated that promoting peace, and lose legitimacy. (Bizimana, 2013) reconciliation, organizing forums, building bridges, trust and Despite these challenges civil society has been interdependence between conflict groups and contributing to the peacebuilding process, promoting human rights and social justice are reconstruction efforts in Somalia for the last 20 the basic identities and contribution of civil years. Today, civil society is a crucial actor in society towards building peace. peacebuilding efforts in the world, especially in post-conflict societies. This has been reflected in According to when states lost its the scholarly work by Lewis (2002), Seligman control and were unable to provide basic service

International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies V7 ● I6 ● 2020 8 The Role of Civil Society in Peace Building in Somalia to their societies it promotes civil society collapse of the central government of Somalia in organizations to fill that space and to support the early 1990s. their societies most effectively and efficiently. (World Bank, 2005) Nonetheless, civil society PURPOSE OF THE STUDY has grown to become a prominent global The Purpose of the study was therefore to practice and research theme and has widely been examine the role of civil society organizations in admitted in boosting accountability and fostering peacebuilding in Somalia. transparency of governments, strengthening The study is guided by three main questions: public engagement towards the development of effective institutions. Moreover, civil society 1. What is the concept of civil society? How continues to risk their lives in sustaining it's defined from practitioner perspectives. peacebuilding in post-conflict societies 2. What is peacebuilding? How it's defined including Somalia. According to (Ibeanu, 2006) from different perspectives. stated that civil society has been in the frontline in searching for peace and conflict resolution. 3. What is the role of civil society Few studies have examined the role of civil organizations in peacebuilding in Somalia? society organization and peacebuilding these Conceptual Framework include: the literature work by Douma and Klem (2004), Arbind K. Chaudhary (2016) David M. Conceptual framework is a system of concepts last (2008) and others. This paper finds that and assumptions that supports scientific studies. promoting peace culture, reconciliation, This study therefore, conceptualizes that civil mediation, conflict management, promoting society organizationsplays a key role in human rights and state-society relations are the peacebuilding and reconstruction efforts in most important contributions of civil society in Somalia. The conceptual framework in this peacebuilding in Somalia. Accordingly, this study also hypothesizes that, civil society‟s paper tries to discover the involvement of civil activities such as facilitation, intermediation, society organization in peacebuilding in Somalia promoting peace culture and monitoring and by addresses two main issues (1) to examine the evaluation in conflict management efforts have concept of civil society organization in Somalia. a positive impact on peacebuilding and Somalia (2) Discusses the role of civil society reconstruction. These relations are therefore, organizations in peacebuilding since the illustrated in the below Figure 1.

Figure1.Paradigm showing the relationship among the variables in the study The Concept of Civil Society Haberman (1929) and most recently World bank (2006), Markel and Lauth (1998). The concept Civil society is a concept with a long history is still under researchable topic however, it‟s a dating back to the scholarly work by John Locke recent strong resurgence in political circles that (1632-1704), Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755), has been tied to the tumultuous political events Alexander de Tocqueville (1805-1859), beginning in the late 1980s that witnessed the Antonio-Gramsci (1891-1937), Jurgen

9 International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies V7 ● I6 ● 2020 The Role of Civil Society in Peace Building in Somalia rise of political and social revolutions in Eastern state, civil society was left to play a major role Europe spreading to Africa and other regions of in the search of peace and service provision in the Third World. (Bebbington, A. and Riddell Somalia, and they continue to play now. Civil 1997) For instance, in Europe and North society offered valuable lessons to Somalia and America, the concept of civil society come to contributed the socio- in present due to the high demand for civil rights in the country. Additionally, Shuke claims that the late 19th and 20th century. This has also led civil society has played an important role in the creation of societal based actors including local governance through mobilizing student unions, women, farmers and working community ownership and enhancing the classes, social movements, and civil rights. All responsiveness and accountability of local these social unions have been addressing public government to community needs. Nonetheless, opinions against the injustice and human rights the role of civil society in peacebuilding in conditions. Thus, the development of civil Somalia has been important since the colonial society is structured by political development in period. Today, civil society engagement in Europe. Whereas in Latin America, military and peace advocacy towards the areas of conflict denial of basic rights pushed people to develop brought a positive impact across Somalia, their unions to search their rights jointly. involvement in peacebuilding, negotiation, Additionally, to establish a democratic culture mediation has received recognition. where all people can enjoy their basic rights and to overcome authoritarian regimes shaped the Meaning of Civil Society emergence of civil society organizations In The definition of civil society remains elusive, Eastern Europe (Markel, 1999) Thus, civil complex and contested. This studyconceives the society has been against the military and socio- definition of civil society as the “arena of un- economic exclusion. (Birle, 200) and they coerced collective action around shared managed to have a diversity of actors made up interests, purpose and values (Markel and Lauth, of all types of unions independent from the 1998).According to Paffenholz and Spurk state. (2010) defined civil society as associations that In the case of Somali is not an exception operates the space between the state, family and meaning, there are different arguments and the business groups. It characterized by a debates about the emergence and the modern organization which is registered for the development of civil society in Somalia. purpose of promoting peace, democracy, Historical taking into account the role of civil culture, and development. (Civicus, 2011)Other scholars like Salamon and Anheir (1996) society has been there since 1925 (Badiyo, consider civil society as the “third sector” 2008). Civil society was not encouraged by the meaning, an independent structure that differ colonial power, Italy and Britain in 19th from the state and other profit-making sectors. centuries, the Somalia Youth League emerged in Moreover, civil society can further be given a the 1950s when the time of national broader definitionsto includeall organizations consciousness was increasing. Thus, civil that have a presence in public live and society in Somalia has a long history. However, development-oriented organizations such as: there are different arguments on the emergence Non-Governmental Organizations, (NGOs) of civil society in Somalia. The first argument is sports claps, community based organizations, based on that civil society in Somalia has been women groups, disability associations, labor and introduced by the British and Italy colonies business unions, journal and media group during the early 1940th. Some various clubs for unions, youth groups, charitable organizations, sports, women, student unions, elders, has been and other associations that interact with people formed aimed at searching the Somali so as to express the interest of the public and independence. Therefore, the development of their membersis considered as a civil society. the concept of civil society organization in The next section of this paper looks at the Somalia was motivated by ruling out the concept of civil society and its role in colonial rules and establishing a nation with a peacebuilding efforts. democratic structure. The second argument claims that after the military takeover in 1969, The Concept of Peacebuilding only state-sponsored civil organizations have The concept of peacebuilding has grown over been allowed to operate and many others had time to assume different meanings from been created by the regime. Nevertheless, after different organizations and policy practitioners the fall of the regime and the collapse of the in different situations. According to (Galtung,

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1976) peace is the absence of widespread root causes of conflict and then adopting physical violence. It became popularized during approaches and strategies to peacebuilding. the work of J. Galtung in 1975, where he studies Considering the definition of International “three approaches to peacebuilding such as: alertprovidesa meaningful why people fight in peace keeping, and peacebuilding” the first place, and approaches to peacebuilding. Galtung, argued that root the causes of all conflicts is linked to the nature of social and “Peacebuilding is about dealing with the economic structure. He uses the term “social reasons why people fight in the first place and structure” to further explain the conflict that supporting societies to manage their differences rises due to social, and institutional structure. and conflicts without resorting to violence.It Thus, peacebuilding is a set of programs to aims to prevent the outbreak, escalation, promote and sustain a peaceful society continuation and recurrence of violence, so can characterized by structures that promotes justice take place before, during and after conflicts. It and diversity. (National steering committee on is a long-term and collaborative process, as it peacebuilding, 2009) According to paffenholz involves changes in attitudes, behaviours and defined peacebuilding as the process of norms”. (International Alert) achieving peace. Likewise, peacebuilding aims Nevertheless, due to the impacts of the any to respond to the continued injustice and armed conflicts in the world and to promote peace conflicts civil society organizations play a through peacebuilding activities. (Schrich, critical role during rebuilding and reconstruction 2014) process in post-conflict societies. However, during peacebuilding efforts effective It was 1992 whenthe first institutions for conflict resolution must be discussed an agenda called “the agenda for established so as to enhance culture of peace peace” this also makes the first time that the and economic development. concept of peacebuilding was writtenin to the United Nations language. The secretary General According to (Elmi, Barise 2006) where he Boutros Ghalip presented the need of studied the root causes of the Somali conflict peacebuilding strategies so as to enhance the argued that competition for natural resources, United Nations and peacemaking political power and the colonial legacywere the efforts. (UN Secretery-General, 1992) Today, main causes of the prolonged conflicts in peacebuilding effort is essential about the Somalia. Other root causes might include: process of achieving sustainable peace in the apoliticized clan identity, availability of world. In this paper, peacebuilding refers to weapons, large numbers of unemployed youth, activities aimed at dealing with crisis and/or and certain aspects of the Somali culture that conflict management in order to mobilize the sanctions the use of violence in terms of state institutions to achieve peace at national defending their resources (Elmi, Barise 2006) level. According to Stephen J. Stedman and thus, the conflict in Somalia has deep political Donald Rothchild defined peacebuilding as “a and socio-economic roots that go back decades. strategy designed to promote and secure and Thus, most peacebuilding activities has been stable lasting peace in which the basics of focusingfrom top-level approached. Meaning, people‟s needs are met and violent conflicts do little attention has been given in addressing the not recur” (Stedman et al 200) Moreover, root causes of the conflict mentioned earlier. Waldman defined peacebuilding as an approach Therefore, peacebuilding in Somalia is that primely focuses on post-conflict settings understood within the context of top-leveled that recognizes the need for reconciliation, based approach and/or political agreements and developing a capacity for conflict resolution, therefore not yet fully institutionalized. What is and working towards a sustainable peace. needed is bottom up approach to peacebuilding (Waldman, 2009) such as: creating institutions, organizations or social groups dedicated to promoting peace and The definitions of peacebuilding by some stability in the country, and making employment scholars and practitioners emphasize addressing creation a priority in the peacebuilding agenda. Table1: Somali: Peace Index Somalia – Global Peace Index Date Global Peace Index Global Peace Ranking 2020 3.302 158º 2019 3.300 158º

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2018 3.367 159º 2017 3.387 158º 2016 3.414 159º 2015 3.307 157º Source: Global Peace Index (2020 - 2015, 2015) The abovetable shows Somalia's poor position at Protection: The Somali state is weakened by the global peace index. It also shows, that armed conflict, terrorism, civil war, banditry and Somalia to be considered one of the most famine in the last 30 years. In the civil society dangerous countries in the world to live in. Lack discourse protection of citizens against the of peace, corruption, weak institutions, lack of absolute power and/or autarchy of the state is capacity to enforce peace are among the hinders one of the core functions of civil society. of creating save environment. The next section Another aspect of protection is linked to of this paper discusses the role of civil society provision of basic services such as shelter, food organization and their contribution towards and water. States tends to provide in general, but peacebuilding efforts in a country with such civil society become active in this role. crisis. Accordingly, this role has been considered as an important contribution to peacebuilding. This The Role of civil society in Peacebuilding paper argues that civil society protected and Civil society is widely understood to play an defended the rights of Somali people against the important role in reducing violence, promoting attacks from “war lords” andother conflicting peace and stability, and in facilitating the groups by addressing the root cause of the conditions necessary for building a sustainable conflict, especially those motivated by clan and peace. (Paffenholz, 2008) Also, civil society clannism. Thus, civil society provided played a key in ensuring the resolutions of facilitations in solving the crisis. Nevertheless, conflict and strengthening good governance during conflictsbetween armed groups and/or practices, civil society organization in Somalia between two clans civil society not just facilitate continue to hold the government and state conflict resolution and management, but also institutions accountable to the people. Thus, the provides humanitarian and social assistances. In week democratic practices, such as holding this regard, civil society takes some elections, respecting freedom of speech and responsibilities over the state in supporting the human rights achievements in Somalia have population especially those who are in need by been largely due to pressure from the civil providing basic services. Civil society services society organizations towards the government in Somalia also addresses the root causes of and federal member states. For example, in conflict, challenges to god governance, and 2004, Somalia‟s old historical unitary system is promoting people‟s participation in decision to be replaced federal system of government. making process. The civil society engaged government Monitoring: Monitoring peacebuilding efforts institutions, international donners in demanding is a prerequisite for peacebuilding and reforms, organizing platforms to discuss the new precondition for the protection of the public. federal system can be adopted and put in to Consequently, holding state accountable, effective. This pressure followed an important advocating democratization, human rights step to peacebuilding, and aided reforms monitoring and early warningis essential in necessary in building culture of peace and creating peaceful environment. According to political pluralism. Thus, civil society actively Paffenholz and Spurk stated that monitoring is involved in peacebuilding and reconstruction in crucial during conflict situation and human Somalia. A review of literature has shown that, rights violations. (Paffenholz&Spurk, 2013) So, civil society in peacebuilding process has taken monitoring in peacebuilding efforts remains a to functions. One focus is the actors and the key input to peacebuilding as well as holding other being the performance of the actors and governments accountable. In Somalia, civil their functions. The following are some society cooperate with the local institutions, and functions that civil society in Somalia has other international organizations for creating an operated towards advocacy for peace and human environment where local people can discuss rights as well as service provision to make policies that affects their lives and to fulfil their access for peacebuilding. participation, motoring, and evaluation tasks.

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Advocacy:Advocacy is very important and a states and organizations and on different levels core function within the civil society discourse of the society. Thus, intermediation on as well as peacebuilding efforts.Civil society in peacebuilding effort is one of the original Somalia advocacy issues include (clan conflict, functions of civil society in democratic land, civil war, child soldiers, women societies. In this context the activities that civil empowerment, elections. and promoting shared society contribute during mediation and interest.Civil society also contribute for national intermediation is formal facilitation initiatives agenda sitting, public awareness, and between armed groups and development participating in peacebuilding negotiations in organizations. However, the contribution of civil the country. Additionally, they can effectively society to diplomatic conflict mediation put pressure on the negations parties to reach a activities are limited (Aall, 2001) since conflict mutual beneficial agreement and also advocate management is more government related including specific concerns on the agreements. functions. However, civil society organizations (Paffenholz, 2013) thus, advocacy is the central in Somalia facilitate disagreement between function for civil society in Somalia. For conflicting groups through research and warning example, civil society have been successful in to the society. Civil society representatives have advocating specific challenges that Somalia successfully attended and contributed 1996 and faces including, the recent local elections in 1997 mediation and peace efforts aimed at some federal member state, such as Jubbaland, creating an interim government of Somalia. Galmdug, and the continues disagreement Civil society also alarmed to the international between the central government and the federal communities when needing humanitarian member states on like national elections, assistance and service delivery. constitution, and natural resource sharing. Service Delivery Therefore, civil society in Somalia advocated with the objective of making people aware of Service delivery is an important and the need for peaceful environment where people precondition for peacebuilding. According to can discuss countries national agenda from (Paffeholz 20110) argued, that provision of bottom-up solutions. services to the society is one of the most important activities of civil society Social Cohesion: Enhancing social cohesion is organizations, especially when the state a centralpartof civil society organization in institutions is unable to provide basic services. Somalia since peacebuilding efforts requires Somalia government for instance, has been social cohesion. In this context, civil society unable to provide basic services such as, health, organizations strengthen bonds among citizens education, security, and employment creation to of Somalia, building social capital and refreshed people for the last 30 years. Thus, service trust between and among Somali people. provision as a basic function of civil society Considering North Somalia (Somaliland) have organization becomes an effective contribution successfully escaped civil war and instability. to strengthening of stability in the country. This is the result of national reconciliation Furthermore, civil society has given priority to between and among the clan members of health and educational infrastructure to train Somaliland who build peace from the bottom up local communities, women and government approach. Moreover, many state institutions officials. Also, civil society continue to support have been createdfrom the scratch aimed at local communities by offering educational peace promoting peace and unity of the people. In programs, civic education and women addition, civil society become an important empowerment as part of their yearly activities. factor in Somaliland peacebuilding project while Thus, the service delivery of civil society promoting people to participate development, organizations in Somalia supports local human rights and political participation. Thus, communities to realize dreams and/or reduces promoting peace culture, reconciliation, suffering, which is needed to achieve during mediation, conflict management, promoting peace efforts. There is no doubt these efforts are human rights and state-society relations are the important step to development and a vehicle for most important contributions of civil society in peace. peacebuilding in Somalia. Intermediation and facilitation Demobilization of Armed conflicts In a peacebuilding context facilitation and The term armed conflict has different meanings intermediation is an important function that in the literature. This paper perceives the takes place between different groups, between definition of Upsala Conflict Data Program

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(UCDP) which defines armed conflict an CONCLUSION incompatibility that concerns government where This study presented the analysis of the role of the use of armed force between two parties lead civil society organizations in peacebuilding in into a battle which results in at least 25 death. Somalia. The study examined the historical Thus, armed conflict is one of the background of the concept of civil society in biggestchallenges to development (Paffenholz, general and Somalia in particular. The study Spurk 2006) and leads to forced immigration, found out thatcivil society organizations in long term refugee problems and the destruction Somalia have an important role in peacebuilding of infrastructure. For instance, the number of on local levels. This role includes the struggle internal displaced person in Somalia increased for demilitarization as well as promotion rule of from 1.1. million in 2016, to 2.6 million 2019, law, peace advocacy, monitoring peacebuilding almost two third of whom were children. (UN, efforts, and facilitating conflict resolution and 2020) The main causes of the internal management tools. The study also found that displacement were insecurity, armed conflicts, while the Somali government approaches national disasters and fear of violence. conflicting parties and sign the peace agreement, Furthermore, In Somalia the militant group Al- it is the civil society organizations that Shabaab remains the main threat to security and undertake the implementation of such peace the stability of the country. The group continue agreement. Thus, this study argued that civil to exert effective control over large parts of society organizations in Somalia is the leading Somalia and continuously attacks military structure to alarming national disasters, raising installations, government buildings, and hotels, leading to many civilian causalities.International the voice of the people, and advocating a zero- community has witnessedthe crisis of Somalia tolerance of corruption and nepotism. The study which brought numerous civil wars and also argued that civil society meets a conflicts demanded peacebuilding and constructive role in peacebuilding in Somalia to reconstruction efforts to Somalia. This led to a create a peaceful environment. huge rise in civil society adopting peacebuilding RECOMMENDATION programs and initiatives. To date, civil society 1. The recommendations given are that are involving in all aspects of conflict Somalia should focus on creating an resolution, peacebuilding and reconstruction environment that enables civil society to efforts in the conflict hit-country. Organizations operate smoothly and thus promote peace such as SOSCENSA, brings together the and stability. conflicting parties to hold broad-based consolations which form the basis of policy 2. Civil society organizations ought to work recommendations aimed at sorting out of their and devolve their activities and programs to differences. SOSCENSA, also provides Somalia cover a wider geographical stretch to situational analysis on issues such as human contribute to newly established federal rights, children and armed conflicts, member states in sharing knowledge, humanitarian crisis, and disasters. Additionally, providing vital experiences through this organizations brings women and youth seminars, workshops, and events. activists to discuss how to promote women's 3. Civil society organizations need to create an political participation and decision making in online platform that enables university Somalia. Furthermore, SOSCENSA, advocates students to easily access documents relating minimum of 30% quota to be allowed to to civil society's engagement in Somalia women under the new electoral bill. peacebuilding, their activities, the The 2021 elections women will be allowed to challenges they face, and the policy have a quota system in the parliament elections. recommendations provided by civil society. Hence, the role of civil society organizations towards peacebuilding, reconstruction and 4. Civil society actors need to be included demobilization of armed groups in southern from the very beginning and all phases of Somalia has received the support and attention conflict to peace transition, and both in Somalia and in the neighboring implementation of the agreement to post- countries. conflict peacebuilding.

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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY policies, identity and politics and knowledge use to inform practice. Abdifatah Abdi Hared is a PhD candidate in Political Science. He is a graduate of Ankara His previous publications are featured in the Yildirim University and ADMAS University Journal of Law, Policy, and Globalization, where he received his first degree in Research on Humanities and Social Sciences Development Studies and his Masters degree in journal and the International Journal of Political Science, respectively. Abdifatah Research in Humanities and Social Studies. Hared‟s research and teaching interests include: peacebuilding, conflict resolution, public

Citation: Abdifatah Abdi Hared, “The Role of Civil Society in Peace Building in Somalia “, 7(6), 2020, pp. 8-16.

Copyright:© 2020 Abdifatah Abdi Hared, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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