Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7

CHANGE IN LAND USE, DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE, INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTES

7.1 Change in Land Use Following the floods in 1961, the old face of the City was greatly changed. The city had suddenly broken its bounds. Therefore, it became absolutely essential to control and channelizes the growth of the City. On the one hand, middle-class residential areas were moving outwards, while the flow of rural migrants was moving into slums which came up on the peripheries of the middle-class localities along railway tracks, river banks, hill slopes and in the interstices of developed areas. There were large settlements in Mangalwar, Bhawani and Nana Peths and also Yerwada. But as the waves of rural poor from draught - stricken Eastern came in, they settled in the area north of . Shanty settlements also came up at Erandawane and where many - workers settled after beginning of industrialization at and . These enclaves became the starting point for further growth in the old low- income localities in the City and in the incorporated villages and older settlements of brick-kiln and quarry workers and other labours. Usually, land cast aside by building rules - as unsuitable or unhealthy for better class housing - is where the poor settle. The unhealthy conditions - lack of clean drinking water or sewage systems - made these areas highly prone to disease. Most epidemics started in the slums.

In the Revised Development Plan (1991 - 2000), the land declared surplus under the ULC (Urban. Land Ceiling Act) was earmarked for slum rehabilitation programme and economically weaker section housing schemes. But nothing much happened till the end of last decade of 20th Century. The first master plan (1952) for greater Poona was a thoughtful document, laying down the norms of planning for the City. Its main points related to zoning and reservation of land

191 for public use; building bye-laws; widening of roads and streamlining of traffic and improvement of water supply as well as slums. Here zoning of land was to be followed, land demarcated for various types of residential patterns (chawals, group-housing, tenements and bungalows); for industries of all kinds (small, medium and heavy); educational institutions, markets, administrative buildings and also for parks and gardens. It was also recommended that land should be kept aside, in the areas which would be urbanized soon, for roads, water supply and drainage schemes. Building Bye-laws were to be strictly implemented and elevations of buildings were to be aesthetic. The plan recommended that land demarcated should be immediately frozen, especially the road sites.

The planners also felt that the then existing laws for town planning were inadequate and that help from State Government was needed for successful development. It was necessary to formulate appropriate planning standards so that development benefits could reach the lower-income groups if slums were not to engulf the City. However, all the efforts put into this plan were wasted before it could even be commissioned; it was superseded by a new law, The Bombay Town Planning Act, 1954. The new law thus required the preparation of a fresh development plan for . This took ten years to finally become operative in 1966.

7.2 The Development Plan of 1966 This had two parts : 1. Dealt with the problems of the old city - its traffic conditions, the need for widening of its roads, and the creation of open spaces to serve as green lungs for the congested core. Slum improvement and slum clearance was one on its major concerns. 2. The second part dealt with the problems of controlling development in the areas around and outside the old city. Since this area had more open space, it was felt that controlling growth of slums and planning of roads should be easier here. It also suggested that the authority which should implement this plan should be the Corporation. However, the ground reality was that the

192 funds required for implementing both the above parts of the plan were not available. The Corporation realized the great difficulty in acquiring so much land in the first place. It was therefore, important to prune the Plan to a more realistic level and only implement the priority schemes.

Soon, however, the Old Bombay Town Planning Act (1954) was replaced by the Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act of 1966 (MRPT). This was in a response to the unrestricted industrial growth in the Bombay - Pune Region and the felt need to have a more integrated and coordinated development of the metropolitan region falling within the influence of Bombay. Under the Chairmanship of Dr. D. R. Gadgil, a new plan was formulated which became law as the MRTP Act. Under this new law, the State Government established a special area known as Poona Metropolitan Region (PMR), and setup a planning authority board for another plan. This time the plan was for a much wider area than the previous attempts. At last it was understood that planning had to take place in not only the town itself but the hinterland as well.

7.3 : The Regional Plan for Pune was finally ready in 1970 and sanctioned in 1976. The PMR included the Pune Municipal area, Pune, Khadki and Dehuroad Cantonments; the three municipal towns of , - , Alandi and 127 villages - a total area of 1605 Sq. Km. and a projected population of two million six hundred thousand by 1991. However, over thirty years have passed since the first regional plan was sanctioned; there has been very little progress on its recommendations. Till 1992 only 18% of the plan was implemented. The problem was that these plans created programmes in only in physical terms and did not lay down measures for raising funds to implement them. The sums required ran into many millions with no means to raised the money in ten or twenty years. Actually the whole planning and re-

193 •I c « "co -e

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e ex u. planning exercise has been upside down. The regional plan should have come first, followed by the development plan for Pune, with smaller sector-wise plans and other separate plan for the towns included in the PMR.

There after the Government appointed working group under the chairmanship of Dr. K. G. Parnjape, former chief secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, to review the problems of implementation, particularly in the provision of infrastructure. The working group in its report reiterated the need for a Metropolitan Authority for Pune since the scope of planning had vastly increased with the inclusion of 36 fringe villages within the PMC. Micro-level surveys and detailed plans are required for each of these villages if haphazard development is to be avoided. This task was well beyond the then existing infrastructure available within the town planning department and the PMC. The planning process was further plagued by frequent and sudden de-reservation of plots, changing their land use from what it had been originally earmarked for. This tendency was on the rise since the mid 1980s. The urban land values started escalating to dizzying heights and land-sharks and builders manipulated the land market. The builder lobby with its political connections often made a mockery of plans, with land use colours changed over night with a mere signature. Private greed at the cost of public good made open spaces disappears; road widening measures became a farce, as vehicle parking spaces were used up for commercial gains, often with the connivance of politicians and public servants. There seemed a total lack of political will to safeguard the urban environment, as well as apathy to tap any resource, human or economic, to positively affect the city's development.

As of 2001, total area under the PMR covers new PMC limits, including the 23 fringe villages added to the PMC limit, Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal limits, Khadki, Dehuroad Cantonments, Talegaon Dabhade Municipal Body and neighbouring urban areas. In this the share of PMC is around 59% and the share of PCMC. Thus industrial and commercial development epicenters in the PMR are Pune City and Pimpri-Chinchwad MIDC. Since the urbanization impacts of

195 industrial and commercial development spread to neighbouring areas as well, it made sense from a planning perspective to have a development plan for a larger area. The PMR is thus, an area within the that encompasses both the PMC as well as the PCMC. The Puhe district, shaped like a shoe as shown below is divided into 13 talukas. These are Junnar, , Khed, Shirur, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli, Daund, Velhe, Purandar, Baramati, Indapur and Bhor. The Pune Metropolitan Region lies in the Haveli Taluka and is the most developed part of the district.

Fig. 7.2 : Map of Pune District

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Table 7.1 : Area Expansion Pune City and Pune Urban Areas Year Area![Sq . Km) Reason of Expansion Pune City Urban Area 1860 7.36 34.71 Formation of Pune Municipality, Establishment of Pune and Khadki Cantonment. 1940 18.84 81.95 Establishment of Dehuroad Cantonment 1950 125.75 188.86 Pune Municipal Corporation 1970 138.76 266.88 Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Council 1982 146.00 314.11 Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Council Formed 1997 440.00 700.00 Merging of 38 & 18 villages into Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad Corporations respectively.

196 Table 7.2 : Population Growth of Pune City and Pune Urban Area Population (in Lakh) Year Pune City Area Pune Urban Area 1901 1.53 1.64 1911 — 1.72 1921 ~ 1.98 1931 — 2.50 1941 . — 3.24 1951 4.81 6.00 1961 — 7.37 1971 -- 11.35 1981 12.03 16.86 1991 15.67 24.94 2001 25.40 42.00 (estimated)

Table 7.3 : Land use change at the level of Pune Metropolitan Region Area under Each Category (%) Land use Category 1967 1998 Settlements 17.33 41.00 Agriculture 61.26 42.11 Water Sheets 2.25 2.25 Hills & Forest 7.64 7.64 Grassland and Scrub 11.52 7.00 Total 100.00 100.00 (Source Fig. 7.1, 7.2 and Table 7.1 to 7.3 - An Intelligence Report on Growth of Pune Industries, Published by MCCIA (February 2008)

Category wise land use figures are not available either for Wards in Pune City or for Pune City as a whole. Therefore, we have to resort to the above mentioned table. The statistics are also not available in ESR Report (Environment Status Report 2007-2008) published by AQM Cell of Pune Municipal Corporation.

Even the analysis of area under settlements between residential, commercial, industrial etc. categories is not available from published sources.

197 Built up Areas in Study Villages

Table No. 7.4 : Village wise built up areas - (Comparison between planned built up area as per Development Plan 2002 and actual as per Satellite Image on May 2009.) Sr. Village Total Built up Area Proportion to Total No. Area Area Km2 Planned Actual Planned Actual 01 4.52 0.32 0.32 7% 7% 02 7.34 6.91 2.8 94% 38% 03 Dhanori 8.61 5.12 1.8 59% 20% 04 Ambegaon Kh. 0.21 0.21 0.17 100% 81%

Observations on built up areas : 1. In case of Balewadi it is observed that planned area as per DP 2002 was 0.32 km2 and actual built up area is 0.32 km2 as per satellite image. That means the plan is totally executed. In other words there is no scope left for built up area in future. 2. In case of Kharadi, out of total area of 7.34 km2,6.9 lkm2 was proposed for built up in DP 2002. As per May 2009 satellite Image built up area shown is 2.8 km2. This is 38% of total area. In other words, plan in respect of built up area is executed to the extent of 40.5%). This is also confirmed by Fig. 7.5 Here southeast, east & the northeast part of the village shows open pockets. 3. In case of Dhanori, built up area image of May 2009 is 1.8 km . This is approximate 21% of the total area. DP 2002 shows planning of 5.12 km2 built up area. Therefore, we can say that 35% of the planned built up area has been covered. There is scope of another 65% growth. This fact is also supported by the Fig. 7.7. The open pockets could be viewed in the north & east of the village area. 4. Now if we consider Ambegaon Kh., we must note that this village is only partially merged in PMC limit. 100% of total area seen to be planned for built up area in DP 2002. The May 2009 image reflects that 0.17 km2 is the built up area. This works out to 81% of the planned built up area. Scope to built up remains only to the extent of1.9%. ( Fig. 7.3 : Built up Area in Balewadi - May 2009

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206 7.5 Pune as an Industrial Hub Tracing the history of Pune in a business context is like witnessing the story of a metamorphosis: A metamorphosis from a traditional agro-based economy to a knowledge led system and from a conventional, traditional society to a modern cosmopolitan one. This metamorphosis has come with its associated set of challenges and socio-cultural-economic problems. However, even with all the modern hustle-bustle that defines Pune, today, one still finds the unique charm of the city intact.

Earlier, Swadeshi and other attempts had been made to start modern industries in Pune. One or two factories were started, but these remained sporadic attempts and did not set into motion any continued industrial growth. The decision to restrict industrial growth in Bombay, which had reached saturation point, pushed Pune towards industrialization, as the spill-over units were attracted to the City. Another reason was division of erstwhile Bombay state into two new states, viz. Gujarat and Maharashtra. The third event that initiated industrialization in Pune was the establishment of Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). This institution was to develop an industrial estate of 4,000 acres in , 14 km away from Pune. This area was chosen as the best to locate future ones. It soon extended in a linear direction. Pimpri- Chinchwad-Bhosari industrial complex is today the largest in Maharashtra.

Today, the four business segments that dominate Pune are a. Auto b. Auto Components c. Agro and Food Processing d. Information Technology and Bio-Technology

7.5.1 Pune as Auto Cluster Pune as an industrial township really came into its own only with the Explosives factories that were set up during the World War II in Khadki. The next milestone was the entry of Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., which signed an

207 agreement with Associated British Oil Engines Export Ltd., UK, in the mid forties with which Pune started developing its strengths as a hub for engineering. Some years later, Finolex and the JN Marshall groups also chose to set up their manufacturing units along the -Pune belt.

These developments led to a mushrooming of industrial growth along the Pune- Mumbai corridor and especially in the Pimpri-Chinchwad area. At that point in time, the State Government of Maharashtra had imposed some restrictions on industrial growth in Greater Mumbai; Pimpri-Chinchwad thus proved to be the logical area for accommodating the spill-over of the industrial activity. In 1956, the Pune Municipal Corporation set up the Hadapsar Industrial Estate and gave octroi exemption on the raw materials and machinery required for the units established therein. Thus, some industries started operations in Hadapsar as well.

Industrial revolution in Pune was started with the setup of Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. at Khadki in the year 1946. In few years thereafter, the public sector company Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. started operations at Pimpri in 1953.

This was followed by a spate of auto and auto-component manufacturers, including Alfa Laval, Atlas Cop-co, Sandvik Asia - Swiss companies and SKF, Backau Wolf - German Companies were some of the early birds, made Pune the hometown for production. Even as an eco-system of SSI suppliers started developing in Pune, other bigger companies such as Ruston and Hornsby, Premier Automobiles (Machine Tool Division), KSB Pumps, Bajaj Auto and TELCO also set their manufacturing plants in Pune. Philips Ltd., Century Enka, Morris Electronics (now Mahindra Hinoday Industries Ltd.), Garware Nylon, Indian Card Clothing, Dai-Ichi India, Forbes Marshall etc. are other companies in Pimpri-Chinchwad-Bhosari industrial belt.

The development of Pune as an auto-hub has been particularly evident in the period 1960-1990. The importance of Pune as an auto-hub lies in the fact that it produces different ranges of vehicles from 2, 3 and 4 wheelers to trucks,

208 tractors, buses, luxury cars etc. There are a large number of ancillary units that supply components, assemblies and sub-assemblies to these automobile manufacturers. One finds huge amount of businesses happening within the small units based in Pimpri-Chinchwad. Right from metal cutting, coating, nitrating, fabrication, machining to manufacturing of press components and chassis building, the Pune auto-components industry has it all.

Even as the auto-industry boomed between 1960 and 1990, the decade of the nineties witnessed consolidation and rationalization in the industry. This was largely co-incident with the introduction of economic reforms in the country, with which competitive forces made Indian industries more cost-conscious. This implied that the OEMs would now work only with select few Tiers I suppliers, who would be responsible for delivering a range of quality products at optimum costs. This "tier-ization" process was never as evident as in the 1990s, which is also when many second and third tier vendors closed down operations. The 1990s was thus a period which perhaps brought out the best in the industry; there was a new recognition of optimizing on man-power costs, putting in quality systems, increasing cross-segment exposure and strategizing to adapt to the changing times. This was also a tough time for the many small & medium scale industries in Pune, who were facing a set of challenges hitherto unknown to them.

While these new survival norms were being decided, the global recession set in by 1998. India, which was by and large immunized against huge capital outflows of the kind witnessed by South East Asia. However, industries here did have to contend with reduced orders from the world and hence overall sluggishness in domestic sales and growth as well was observed. Pune Mfg. Inc., like all other industries in India, was also affected by this sluggishness. Smaller players, with exposures to limited number of clients and only in select sectors, had to simply shut down operations due to lack of orders. The bigger auto- players in Pune too were affected pretty badly. In some instances, the

209 working days/hours were reduced in the factories; retrenchment was witnessed in many industries.

2 Growth Phase No. 2 After Recession 1998-2001 However, as the growth phase started in 2002, the bounce-back has been incredible. Indirect evidence to the growing interest in Pune from 2002 onwards is an MCCIA study conducted in 2005. This study documents the number of proposals that came in from medium and large industries from 2002 onwards to set up manufacturing operations in Pune. The study revealed that whilst there were only 5 such proposals in 2002, the number grew to 54 proposals in 2005. The study also finds that nearly 65% of the total new proposals that came from medium and large scale units were either for setting up auto-component units or for setting up engineering, polymer, rubber parts, machine tool units, all of which derive their applications in the automobile industry. More than 5000 SMEs have registered with the District Industries Centre, Pune between 2001 and 2005 for manufacturing auto-related products.

Today, there are 9,500 industrial units that are live and busy with increasing orders from domestic and foreign clients, creating employment for lakhs of people in Pune District. There are global companies that are looking at Pune with a lot of interest, for sourcing components for world-wide operations.

The increase in the number of industrial units operating in Pune is indicative of a huge business confidence that the region enjoys. Some of the reasons as to why Pune became increasingly attractive for industries to setup their operations are : • Proximity to Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, Uran. • Center of Prosperous urban markets in Maharashtra such as Mumbai, Aurangabad, etc. • Well developed engineering supply base. • Availability of manpower at reasonable competitive wages • Competitive property rates.

210 • Good communications infrastructure. • Existence of huge talent pool in form of good engineers and entrepreneurs produced by a number of educational institutes in and around Pune. Table 7.5 : EOUs from Pune in various sectors : Sector No. of Units Engineering 60 Agro-based 08 Chemicals, Plastic and allied industries 14 Electronics and Hardware 04 Food, Agriculture and Forest Products 09 Garment and Textiles 02

7.6 Pune as an Agro and Food - Major

7.6.1 Agricultural Produce and Food Processing Pune has been traditionally known for its agriculture and agro-business. Sugar, grapes, horticulture and floriculture products in and around Pune are known for their distinctive features. Agri-businesses have also been on the rise. Wineries are seen to be the fast growing activity in the agri-business domain. There are twelve wineries in Pune; with United Breweries entering the Pune wineries business at Baramati, the sector is suddenly getting set into a formal, organized mode. There are four more proposals seeking permission to establish wine making units in Baramati. If these are approved by the authorities, the total number of wineries in Pune would go up to sixteen.

Another agro-based activity that is earning accolades is the floriculture industry from Pune. Other agro-processing businesses and food-processing businesses are also doing pretty well in the district. Pune district, with its vast tracts of arable agricultural land lends itself easily to rapid development of the food- processing industry. In addition to the supply dynamics, the region is in the center of prosperous markets such as Mumbai, Pune, Nasik, Aurangabad,

211 Nagpur etc. These markets as also the export markets have been responsible for the spate of demand-driven growth experienced recently.

The food processing industry has been growing rapidly in Pune. From a mere 78 units that were formally operating in Pune in 1978, a total number of formal sector units in 2007 has shot up to 500. These units operate in a variety of segments such as spices, dairies, fruit and vegetable processing units, cereal processing, bakeries and confectioneries, ready-to-cook and ready-to-eat foods, snack foods etc. Today, nearly 70 units export a variety of products to world­ wide destinations and account for Rs. 150 crores of exports i.e. 2% of national exports of processed food. The units selling in the home territory are also aggressive about achieving a national presence through sales and distribution networks throughout the country.

The local market in Pune itself is expanding rapidly, creating a huge demand for convenience foods. Factors such as migration of IT-workers from other states, a change in the eating habits of local inhabitants as well as the tendency to experiment with different kinds of food are gradually paving the way for high- margin convenience foods being accepted in the local market itself. The food- processing industry in Pune today is a Rs. 1,800 crore segment, contributing to nearly 1% of the total national food-processing turnover. There are 30,000 people directly employed by this sector.

Market Yard, Pune: Whilst on this, it is necessary to take cognizance of the activity of Market Yard at Pune. This is managed by Pune District Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (5^ fae?T ^fa 3rq?r ^RR ^facft, Tjofy The market Yard has occupied 126 acres of land in Gultekadi, Pune. The market committee has recently celebrated 50th year of its activity. It is reported that some 30,000 people visit Market Yard everyday and do sizable business. The market cess collected by the committee could be an indicator of the business transacted.

212 Table 7.6 : Market Cess Collection Year Collection Rs. in Crores 1997-1998 6.85 2000-2001 8.63 2004-2005 10.25 2006-2007 15.40

7.7 Pune : New Growth Pole in India In 1991, the Central Government started to establish the scheme "Software Technology Park of India" in Pune to support the economic growth in the information technology sector. In due course, the private sector followed, building others IT parks: thus contributing to the rapid growth of the city. Indeed, these parks covered multi-spatial realities, ranging from a simple tower to a township.

7.7.1 IT-BT Parks a. The promotion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has been one of the ways chosen by India since the economic liberalization in 1991 to attract foreign investments and enterprises, with a view to develop its export oriented economy.

b. India is specialized in the final services provided to companies abroad: data processing, transmission of information, telecommunications, edition of software, installation, maintenance of the computing systems and the telecom networks. All these kinds of services are diffused by cable and hot-line services (Fache, 2002; Saxenian, 1994).

c. The Infotech Services are classified according to their added value (Testard, 2006).

c.l "ITES" (IT Enabled Services) are back-office operations, which do not demand a very specialized knowledge (Call Centers, Business Process Outsourcing).

213 c.2 The "software" services contain Knowledge Process Outsourcing (Consulting and Engineering) and the Research and Development. India accommodated these activities in successive waves in a movement of expanding productive range.

7.7.2 Worldwide Market of Information Technologies : Nowadays, more than one quarter of the worldwide market of information technologies is acquired by India, with a growth rate of 30 percent per annum for several years, thanks to leading software companies like Infosys, Wipro, and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). Ninety percent of the turnover of these companies is achieved through export, in particular towards the United States and Great Britain (Arora and Gambardella, 2005). This economic strategy politically and spatially translated from the national to the urban scale through IT parks, public or private, which are the evident manifestation of this "Cluster Policy". Large multi-realities cover Pune, and the whole city is undergoing rapid changes due to IT. That gives a new deal to the local scale, and the problems going with it.

7.7.3 IT-BT Segment - Economic Development: The Information Technology and Bio-Technology segments have emerged as the new drivers of the economic development of Pune. The IT-BT sector has grown from Rs. 250 crores to over Rs. 6,500 crores in the last 8 years. The IT sector is also emerging as a major employer, with total employee strength of nearly 2,00,000 people working in it, from which around 40,000 have been added in 2006-07. With around 600 IT companies operating in it already, Pune exports software services worth nearly $3.49 billion, accounting single- handedly for 10% of national software exports.

7.7.4 Software Technology Parks : Pune has the distinction of hosting one of the first Software Technology Parks in the country. The development of the IT Park at Hinjewadi got a tremendous response from the IT companies in India and abroad. Today, the Hinjewadi skyline flashes top IT banners like Infosys Technologies Ltd., Wipro Info tech,

214 Tata Technologies, KPIT Cummins, Geometric Software Solutions Co. Ltd., Mahindra British Telecom Ltd. and many others.

7.7.5 Special Economic Zones : There is also a lot of interest in establishing IT-ITES Special Economic Zones in and around Pune. Of the 21 SEZs notified so far in Maharashtra, 10 are in Pune. Of these, 8 are in the IT-ITES segment alone. Out of remaining two, one is Pharmaceutical Bio-Technology Park and one is in Electronics and Hardware.

Table 7.7 : Special Economic Zones There are 10 notified SEZs in Pune. The details are as follows : Sr. No. Developer Location Type 01 Serum Bio-Pharma Park Hadapsar Pharmaceuticals and Bio-Technology 02 EON Kharadi Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. MIDC, IT-ITES Kharadi 03 Wipro Limited Hinjewadi IT-ITES 04 InfoSys Technologies Ltd. Hinjewadi IT-ITES 05 Syntel International Pvt. Ltd. Talawade IT-ITES Software Park 06 Stud Farm Pvt. Ltd. Fursungi IT-ITES 07 MIDC Rajiv IT-ITES Gandhi Infotech Park- Phase III, Hinjewadi 08 Township Development Magarpatta Electronics, Const. Co. Ltd. City, Hardware and IT- Hadapsar ITES 09 DLF Akruti Info Park (Pune) Ltd. Rajiv IT-ITES Gandhi Infotech Park- Phase II, Hinjewadi 10 Flagship Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. Hinjewadi IT-ITES

According to profile and analysis of Pune Mfg. Inc. Report the future is bright. There is tremendous scope, upbeat throughought the different industry segments

215 and small and large companies alike when it comes to future predictions. The following are few highlights : • • 40% of the industry has expansion plans. • Of these, 80% plans focus around Pune itself. • Pune Mfg. Inc. ranks Pune at 3.06 on a scale of 1 to 4.

7.8 Hospitality Industry A host of factors have set the hospitality industry in a whirl, the main propellants being flourishing information technology and allied sectors. The hospitality industry in the city is bustling with unprecedented activity and spirit. A variety of constructions is visible everywhere.

Table 7.8 : Hotel Projects in the pipeline in the study areas are listed below: Location Hotel Chain Rooms Hyatt Regency 250 Kharadi Radisson 150 Balewadi Inter Continental 250 Hinjewadi Lemon Tree Hotel Not available Source : Tables 7.5, 7.6, 7.7 and 7.8 - An intelligence Report on Growth of Pune Industries - Published by MCCIA, Feb. 2008.

Service Apartments : With budget hotels and service apartments supporting the software sector and the frequent travelers the concept of customized service and comfort has gained prominence.

Service apartments today give a whole new meaning to the extended hospitality service industry. They are modeled on the global concept of executive service apartments, apartment hotels or just apart hotels are providing the luxury, privacy, conveniences and comforts of a home away from home.

Royal Orchid, Oakwood Residence, Golden Nest, Grand Reeves, Beverly Hills, Bel-Air, Ganga Collidium and Seasons are major service apartments.

Service apartments together cater up to 500 rooms in the city today. Their tariffs range from Rs. 6,000 per night to Rs. 1,00,000 a month, depending upon the

216 size of the accommodation. They boast of 80 percent occupancy. The ability to accommodate a family, especially children, makes it an attractive proposition.

7.8.1 Hospitality Training Institutes : The growth of the hospitality industry has spun off a spate of employment opportunities in various departments. With the boom, industry experts expect a whooping 15 million new jobs to be created in this sector by 2010.

And, to cater to this specialized form of employment; a host of Institutes providing training of hotel management have sprung up. In addition, hospitality related courses are now being introduced and offered by other academic institutes as well. There was time, four decades ago, when the Food Craft Institute at Shivajinagar was the only recognized and favoured destination for hotel management and catering. Today there is BV Institute, D.Y. Patil Institute, Institute, All India Shri Memorial Institute and Dina Institute, to name a few, all offering short and long term courses. Even the Lavasa Corporation Limited (a company set up to develop a luxurious hill station near Pune) has signed an agreement with the prestigious Ecole Heteliere de Lausanne of Switzerland to start a hospitality learning center in Lavasa Hill Town, near Pune.

7.8.2 Pune's Industrial Sprawl - Diversified Structure : Pune's industrial development has some special peculiarities. It has a diversified structure and is not dependant on one type of manufacture alone. The following table supports this observation. Sr. Products Units Manufacturing the Products No. 01 Diesel Oil Engines & Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., Khadki Generating Sets Cummins India Ltd. 02 Antibiotics Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd., Pimpri Serum Institute of India Ltd. 03 2 & 3 Wheelers Bajaj Auto Limited, Kinetic Engineering Ltd. 04 4 Wheelers Telco Limited Cars and Commercial Jay Hind Sciyaki Ltd. Vehicles

217 05 Basic Metals Kalyani Steels Ltd. Mahindra Sintered Products Ltd. 06 Electronics Philips India Ltd. Tata Honeywell Ltd. Ador Powertron Ltd. 07 Chemicals Sudarshan Chemical Industries Ltd. Dai-Ichi Karkaria Ltd. Dr. Beck India Ltd. Borachem Industries Pvt. Ltd. Nuchem Limited 08 Paper Pudumji Paper and Pulp Mills Ltd. Indo Afrique Paper Mills Ltd. 09 Plastic Finolex Industries Ltd. Mahindra Composites Ltd. 10 Glass JG Glass Industries Ltd. 11 Nylons Garware Nylons Ltd. Century Enka Ltd. Garware Wall-Ropes Ltd. 12 Rubber Products Swatik Rubber Products Ltd. Precision Seals Manufacturing Ltd. 13 Cables and Wires Finolex Cables Ltd. 14 Forgings Bharat Forge Ltd. Trinity Forge Ltd. 15 Pipes Indian Hume Pipes Ltd. 16 Laminated Sheets Formica India Ltd. 17 Construction B.G. Shirke Group of Companies Equipments Universal Construction Machinery and Equipments Pvt. Ltd. 18 Sugar Padamjee Agro Industries Ltd. Yeshwant Saha. Sakhar Karkhana Ltd., Theur Sant Tukaram Saha. Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. 19 Agro Equipments Kirloskar Brothers Ltd. KSB Pumps Ltd. Mather & Piatt Pumps Ltd. 20 Agro Products Venkateshwara Hatcheries Ltd. Poona Dal and Oil Industries Ltd. 21 Engineering Atlas Cop-co India Ltd. Thermax Limited Kirloskar Pneumatics Ltd. Sandvik Asia Ltd. CTR Manufacturing Industries Ltd. 22 Textile Machinery Sulzar India Ltd. 23 Pharmaceuticals Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Location wise, the factories are uniformly distributed on all side of Pune in well define pockets. To the north-west of the city lies a Pimpri, Chinchwad, Bhosari, A 218 Chikhali, Dehuroad belt, in a liner stretch along the Pune - Mumbai Highway; to the east on the road to is the Sanaswadi and Ranjangaon complex, in the south, industries have come up along road and Parvati Industrial Estate, while within the city they are existing along Karve Road, Kothrud as well as Shankar Sheth Road and Gultekadi Industrial Estate.

7.9 Observations about Study Areas Referring to the specific four fringe villages of the study area the following observations are offered.

1. Out of four study villages, viz. Balewadi, Dhanori, Kharadi and Ambegaon Kh., it is observed that village Balewadi has come in to the limelight because of the Hinjewadi IT Park. In the form of aids to trade, the following types of service organizations have come up in the vicinity of Hinjewadi. Hotels and restaurants, security services, catering services, cleaning and housekeeping services, banking services. Number of educational institutes, schools, colleges, business management institutes have come up alongside the Mumbai - Expressway passing through its vicinity. 2. Next is Kharadi village. There are few prominent IT Parks in this area. Hayat Regency Hotel is under construction. However, other small hotels and restaurants are already in service for the IT industry. Few malls, requisite educational facilities, all commercial utilities, banks and ATMs have come up alongside the Pune - Nagar Road. There is a small industrial area at the junction of the Viman Nagar Road, where small and medium size industries like Baker Gauges India Pvt. Ltd., CTR Manufacturing, RSB transmissions (I) Ltd. are located. In both the above villages, the number of housing complexes, catering to the needs of top-notch executives from IT and other businesses, IT personnel, business men and higher income group people, have sprung up. 3. Dhanori is a different type of settlement. There are no industries, either small or medium scale in this area. This is mainly an area predominantly

219 occupied by Defence establishments. However, new settlements in the form of ownership flat townships are slowly coming up in the area. 4. Ambegaon Kh. is quite cutoff from the hustle and bustle of the main Pune City. This is at some distance from Pune - Satara Road with no direct approach road to this village. Except for small fabrication shops and lathe works, there is no sign of any significant activity in this village. As already mentioned earlier, the village serves as dormitory to the migrants to the city. There is no potential for growth visible at the present.

7.10 Infrastructure Development: The City Profile: In the last 50 years, the city's population has grown by more than five times and the projected population of the city will be around 41 lakh by 2011. Large scale population growth envisages problems in urban development and sustainability. This is witnessed in Pune too. The infrastructure and amenities have been found to be a constraint in development and investments.

7.10.1 Demography and Education : Pune being referred to as the educational capital of India harbors a number of educational institutes with national and international university recognition. Today the city boasts of 9 universities under which there are over 600 functional colleges and post-graduates departments. Pune is home to nearly 5 lakh students. An outstanding fact is'that 3 out of the 11 universities that have been identified by the Government of India to be education - exporters lie in Pune,

The city has a literacy rate of 77% (2001 Census). Literacy percentage is more in males 55% and in females 45%. The student : Teacher ratio is 49 : 1 (expected standard is 40:1).

Pune, the city of Gennext: This is a city of the young, a city that celebrates youth like no other. As an education hub, Pune has a greater students share and are mainly in the age group

220 of less than or equal to 30 years. And indeed, the intercollegiate cultural activities like Verve, Quicksilver, Transcend, Gandhar, Neev are carried out with religious fervor by the youngsters! The Purushottam and Firodia performing arts intercollegiate competitions with over 50 years tradition are recognized breeding grounds for the future star performers in Indian film industry and theater.

Pune is a place where you find state of the art recreational centers, 18 shopping malls, increasing number of multiplexes and a number of film societies and libraries. The youthful streets of Deccan and Camp are now dotted with Baristas, Cafe Coffee Days and Malls laden with young, branded goods.

7.10.2 Pune Today: Changing Demography, Emerging Diversity As a result of industries having flourished in Pune, Pune has started attracting a lot of manpower from the rest of the Country. Even as more and more people migrate to Pune looking for better job opportunities and better quality of life, the impact of these events are being felt on the demography and the diversity of Pune. Pune is probably one of the only cities in India that boasts of a very favourable demography pattern where in nearly 46% of population lies in the age group 10 and 30. The diversity found within the Punites also is increasing day after day with more and more non-Punites within the fold of the city. Students from all over the country as well as abroad come to the education - friendly and safe city and stay on to become the feed stock required by the local industries to grow. Increasing number of vegetable sellers in Pune are from UP and Bihar. The omni-present rickshaw drivers do not necessarily converse in Marathi. Foreign students and business executives from all over the country and the world are mixing with the locals as equally important consumers in the city population. The city looks ready to break out of its traditional mould and grow rapidly. In fact a simple comparison with the development of any other metro such as New York would also suggest that unless a healthy level of diversity develops so as to reduce the percentage of the original inhabitants, the city

221 cannot really spread its wings. Pune is thus a growing, happening and a vibrant city - a city that is really ready for the take-off.

7.10.3 Socio Economic Growth : Pune's per capita income is Rs. 46,000 which is also 50% higher than the county's per capita income. Table 7.9 : GDP growth rate of Pune Region and India Description Pune Region India GDP (Rs) 9963.9 Cr 36917.2 Cr GDP Growth Rate Over 15% 9% Per Capita Growth 6% 5.5% Population 5 Million + 1120 Million Population Growth 9% 2.2% Source : An Intelligence Report on Growth of Pune Industries, MCCIA, February 2008

7.10.4 Infrastructure and Communication : The Growth Engines The State realizes that Infrastructure and Communication are key drivers of industrial growth and will therefore focus on the following : • Evolving innovative financing systems and forward - looking public private partnerships for funding requirements of infrastructure projects for the construction of roads, flyovers, bridges, power plants, airports and ports. • Taking adequate complementary measures to gain maximum advantage of the Central Government's industrial and infrastructure development schemes. • Providing 4 lane connectivity between Mumbai - Nashik, Pune - Nashik and Mumbai - Aurangabad to provide faster and efficient connectivity. A new Special Purpose Vehicle will be set up to conceptualize, plan and implement the Mumbai - Pune - Nashik - Aurangabad Quadrangle Infrastructure Development Project. • Making Special efforts to provide faster connectivity between distant areas like Nagpur / Nanded and Mumbai. • Establishing the Natural Gas Grid and Distribution Network in the State.

222 • Developing Special Economic Zones and Designated Areas across the State to provide hassle free environment and world class infrastructure. • Effective liaison with Central Government's Infrastructure and Communication utilities. • Broad Band connectivity and expansion of communication network across the whole State to ensure effective communication infrastructure. • Power generation through aggressive Public Private Ventures, greater recognition / incentives to energy conservation and non-conventional energy initiatives. • Setting up of a Committee under chairmanship of the Chief Secretary with members from concerned Departments for attending to infrastructure issues concerning industries.

7.10.5 Institutes in Pune : There are a multitude of premier defense institutes in the City that are grooming thousands of personnel to serve as leaders in the National Defense Forces. Equipped with sprawling campuses, modern infrastructure, highly qualified faculty and a broad spectrum of disciplines, students are given training for life in these institutes. Since detail list is already given in Chapter 3, only brief information is provided below about these institutes.

National Defence Academy NDA was launched on January 16,1955. NDA is situated on 7015 acres of land where cadets undergo rigorous training in various disciplines.

Armed Forces Medical College When it comes to medicine, be it research or treatment of patients, the AFMC is among the finest in the Country. This was established in 1948.

Army Institute of Physical Training Established in 1947, the AIPT recognized as pillar of physical and recreational training in the Army. The school conducts a total of 36 physical training and sports coaching courses to selected candidates from all ranks of the Army.

223 College of Military Engineering The best technical training comes to the Army from the CME. CME's responsibility includes training, advisory, projects, research, and experimentation for combat engineers, military engineering service, and border roads organization. The college offers B.Tech and M.Tech in combat, civil and electrical engineering.

Defence Institute of Armament Technology It began as the Institute of Armament Studies in 1952. This is a deemed university now. The institute conducts courses to meet requirements from the Indian Armed Forces, The DRDO, Defence Quality Assurance, and Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance. The institute has the distinction of training scientists for Indian Army, Navy and Air Force.

Army Institute of Technology This is founded in August 1994. The first batch of engineering graduates passed out of the institute in 1998. The institute has acquired accreditation of NAAC, and ISO 9001 : 2000 certification. Recently it has obtained National Board of Accreditation for Mechanical, Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunication Departments.

High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) The history of this laboratory dates back to 1908 when it started as the Chemical Examiner's Office at Nainital. It underwent a series of changes in its name and location. In 1960, it was renamed as Explosives Research & Development Laboratory (ERDL) and was located in at Pune. ERDL was renamed as High Energy Materials Research Laboratory in March 1995, a name which encompasses all aspects of high energy materials research being carried out in the Laboratory.

Deccan College The Deccan College has been distinguished by its position in Asia with its breakthrough research and excavations. The Deccan College Post-graduate and

224 Research Institute at Yerwada, internationally acclaimed for its PG courses in Archaeology and linguistics, continues to nurture its patrimony right from its inception in 1821.

Institute's famous students include : Freedom fighter , Social reformer G. G. Agarkar, Philosopher R. D. Ranade and Indologist R. G. Bhandarkar.

College of Engineering, Pune (CoEP) Established by the British in 1854. It is one of the oldest engineering colleges in Asia. It has evolved as one of the most prestigious engineering institutes in the Country for its academic brilliance, great infrastructure and teaching facilities. Although civil engineering was its core earlier, today there are 9 undergraduate and 18 post-graduate engineering programmes which are equally popular. Being more than 150 years old, the college boasts of a long list of vary successful alumni. The most prominent among them is Sir M. Vishweshvarayya, Bharat Ratna and one of India's greatest engineers.

Maharatta Chamber of Commerce Industries and Agriculture (MCCIA) The Mahaiatta—Chamber of Commerce and Industries was founded by Late Shri A R Bhat in 1934 to accelerate the industrial growth in and around Pune. Shri Bhat was a journalist and an economist.' In 1947 the Chamber moved from "Kesari" premises to its own premises on Tilak Road, Pune. In 1998, agricultural actives were also included in the scope of the Chamber's activities and therefore, MCCI became MICCIA. In 2006 Chamber occupied modern office at the MCCIA Trade Tower on Senapati Bapat Road, Pune.

MCCIA has played a stellar role in the development of Pune that we see today. It has been a useful platform between the Industry and the Government. The MCCIA has played a policy initiating role, has been involved in critical training programmes, advisory councils, infrastructure development and of course, information dissemination. There are very few regions of India that can boast of 20 years of documented industrial development history. Pune boasts of it and

225 that is due to concerted efforts at the Chamber through its periodic surveys and directories published.

7.11 Healthcare: The city is well equipped with an impressive multi-disciplinary advanced health care service centers that can take care of the complete physical, mental and social health of all its citizens. The hospitals are state-of-the-art and the doctors and medical fraternity are highly qualified to take challenging medical situations and undertake pioneering work. 1. Cardiology: Dr. R. B. Gulati, Cardiologist - "Our hospitals can now treat any kind of heart disease."

2. Ophthalmology: Dr. Jeevan Ladi, Ophthalmologist and Ophthalmic Surgeon - "Punekers need to be more proactive about their eye health. If you are over 40, you should see your eye doctor for eye problems that creep in insidiously like glaucoma and cataract that render you blind, if ignored."

3. Gynecology: Dr. K. A. Rao, Obstetrician and Gynecologist - "We are capable of giving world class healthcare to our women." The awareness levels in ourl women are abysmally low. No one really knows the importance of a regular pap smear or mammogram.

4. Orthopedics: Dr. Kiran Kharat a Orthopedic Surgeon says - " In orthopedic healthcare, there are two vital issues. The first one is public awareness and the second is insurance."

The healthcare sector in Pune offers a wide spectrum catering to all classes.

226 5. Nature's Treatment: Dr. Prakash Kalmadi - Rejuvenating the Art of Nature's Treatment. KARE - The Kerala Ayurvedic Rejuvenation and Research Establishment, at Mulshi.

Ayurvedic Treatment is about rooting out the cause of ailments, by addressing the mind, body and soul, simulteniously.

6. Yoga: Healing the world - Shri BKS Iyengar is the founder of Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute, Pune (RIMYI), Pune 16.

Dr. Sunita Tandulwadkar, Chief of IVF at Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune & Dr. Parag Sancheti of Sanchek Hospital - "Whether it is cancer or cosmetic surgery, medical tourism is a growing phenomenon in the city."

Table 7.10 : Health Facilities in PMC Area Description of Facilities 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 No. of Private Hospitals 513 528 530 Registered with PMC 513 528 530 Family Planning Centers 7 7 7 Maternity Homes 15 14 15 Vaccination Centers 61 61 61 Family Welfare Centers 19 19 19 Matabal Sangopan Centers 7 7 7 I.C.D.S. 7 7 7 O.P.D. 29 29 43 Source :

7.12 City Roads, Flyovers etc.: Pune is one of the first cities to benefit from the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) funding project of the Govt, of India. A sum of Rs. 2,000 Crores was sanctioned for various works in the city for undertaking various works in the city before commencement of the

227 Commonwealth Youth Games held in October, 2008. Some of works executed under this project are :

Strengthening of the roads, including development of new roads and asphalting existing one. Strengthening of link roads, to provide alternative routes for smooth flow of traffic and reduce congestion and travel time. Reinforcement of public transport system - Bus Route Traffic (BRT) on corridors in the city and purchase of 200 new CNG Buses for PMPL. Promotion of non-motorized and non-polluting transport by providing cycle tracks and foot paths on highly populated roads, especially on main routes to sports complex at Balewadi from Air port, Pune Station and Main PMPL Bus Depots. Flyovers, tunnels and subways to ensure smooth flow of traffic Development and beautification of junctions and roads with building medians, flower beds, sign-ages, lighting and sculptures depicting the Youth Games as legacy for the city. Creation of new gardens and face-lifting of existing gardens; bio diversity parks, showcasing the diversity in the flora of the city Maintenance and upkeep of public areas River beautification Sewage treatment plants

7.13 Legacy of Commonwealth Games - October 2008 : An international game of the stature of the Commonwealth Youth Games resulted in a number of significant economic, social and other benefits for the host nation & the host city - an opportunity to showcase the country, regeneration and improvement of its civic infrastructure and public amenities, direct and indirect job creation, intense exposure through media resulting in a boost to tourism, improvement in the environment profile of the city, to name a few.

228 This was the underlying objective of successfully bidding for the Commonwealth Youth Games 2008. Studies have shown that the period of economic impact traditionally lasts for a period of 10-14 years, starting 6-8 years prior to the games. Games Legacy encompasses the values of Games facilities and improvements to community facilities that are turned over to communities or sports bodies, after the Games are over. These legacies are the gifts of the Games to the communities.

Some gifts that the Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) left behind for future generations are : CYG aims at encouraging a healthy lifestyle and developing a grass root participation in sports so that India develops a strong sports culture. Promoting Olympic Sports : Events like the Commonwealth Youth Games will expose the youth to sports other than cricket and develop curiosity and increase level of interest in them. The youth need not be just spectators in the games and events but should also be participants in the same. CYG will develop organizational capabilities and train technical staff for sports events in Delhi 2010 and future international sports events in India and abroad. Shiy Chhatrapati Sports City, which can compare with any international sports facility, will become a training centre for Indian and international sports persons. International sports events can also be held here, generating revenue for the state. Sports Sciences Centre, which is a centre of excellence which deals with human performance evaluation and enhancement in a comprehensive manner. It is also responsible for prevention of sports related injuries in addition to early and prompt rehabilitation of injured sports persons.

7.14 Challenge of Road Transport: Pune's area is 244 km at present. Population today is 25 lakhs plus. The density of population is 10245 per km . The population density is highest in Bhawani

229 Peth and lowest in Aundh. The total length of all roads in Pune city is 1,800 Km. This is inclusive of State Highways and Express Highways in the city. This accounts for only 6% of the total area as against 13% supposed to be earmarked at planning stage. Referring to the width of the roads only 25% of roads are more than 24 meter width. Here again this includes the 50 km. National jHighwayi s passing through Pune city.

Two years before amalgamation took place of transport undertakings of PMC and PCMC and company titled PMPML was formed to undertake responsibility of total city bus service of the Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR). The Bus Rapid Transit System is being tried on Hadapsar bus route since couple of years. For this special grant was received from JNNURM. The efforts put in on this scheme by the PMPML have been widely discussed in news papers. Still it as not successful in implementation for this reason or the other. In spite of this PMPML is proposing to implement it on other bus routes, e.g. Dhayri bus route on Road. Here again, since there is no public participation, or rather they are not taken into confidence before trying this scheme on Sinhagad Road, one doesn't know what will be the end result. The present fleet of buses available with PMPML is also not adequate enough to take the load of increased traffic to and from all the fringe villages of Pune.

Naturally the citizens have to rely on other transport modes available to them including their own vehicles.

7.15 Environmental Status of Study Area : 1 1 Preparation of Environment Status Report, as an annual document, under the 74th amendment of 1992 to the Indian Constitution, Section 234, Para 12, Subject No. 8, has been mandatory. (Maharashtra State Municipal Corporations and Municipal Council Act 1994, Section 67A, refers). PMC came into existence in 1950. Started preparation of ESRs since 1995-96. ESR for the Year 2007-2008 is the 12th Report is succession.

230 The Iconcept of sustainable indicators has been adopted from Cities Environment Reports on Internet (CEROI) that has been accepted worldwide as a standard and one of the best known indicator systems. The CEROI system includes 196 indicators to define sustainability. However, it is considered impossible to deal with all these indicators for evaluating Pune's wards, due to limitations of baseline data.

[Therefore, most of the evaluation has been based on available data source rather than the significance of the indicators. Another constraint is the availability of standards at the local level to affix the safe levels. These standards though I I available for few indicators such as 1. Air Quality 2. Water Quality 3 Green Cover 41 Public Transport etc. there remains still a constraint in terms of development, demography and others. Each of the above indicators is further classified into few other sub-indicators, based on available information, such that the sub-indicators are ranked according to their importance to make a total of 100 points for that indicator. The ranking though arbitrary is based on logical engineering estimate considering the standard concept of AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) developed by Sir Thomas Satty, an American mathematician. This is subject to further modifications in due course of time. I Now the city has been divided into 14 Administrative Zones in total. We have chosen only 4 Zones in which 4 fringe villages of the study-area, as stated in Table 7 .11 below. Since the statistics is also collected on Zone basis and not on village basis, we have no option but to accept the available data.

231 Table 7.11 :1 List of Four Wards relating to Four Study Villages with areas coverd.

Sr. 1 Code No./Zone Areas Covered Study Area Village No. ' 1 01 01Auhdh Aundh ITI, Rajbhavan, Pashan, Balewadi Sutarwadi, - Balewadi, Aundhgaon, Pune University, Bopodi, 1 ! Sanjay Gandhi Hospital. 02 |07 Sangamwadi Dhanori, Vidyanagar, Lohgaon, Dhanori 1 Tingrenagar Pumping Station, Kalas, 1 i Vishrantwadi, Nanasaheb Paralekar Vidyalay, Prizon Press, Phulenagar - Yerawada, Netaji 1 Subhashchandra Vidyalay, 1 I Yerawadagaon, Parna Kuti, Yerawada \ \ Hotmix Plant, Deccan College. 03 06 Yerwada Lohgaon Air Port, Kharadigaon, Kharadi i 1 Kharadi Infotech Park, Sundarabai 1 Marathe Vidyalay, Vadgaon Sheri, Ramwadi, Agakhan Palace, Don Bosco 1 \ High School, Nagur Chawl. 04 14l Dhankawadi Chavannagar, Dhankawadi, Ambegaon Ambegaon Kh. i Pathar, Dhankawadigaon, Chaitanyanagar - Dhankawadi,

1 Balajinagar, Katrajgaon, Rajiv Gandhi 1i Prani Sahgrahalaya, Bharati Vidyapeeth, 1 1 Aagam Mandir -Katraj

Since the present report deals with ward level analysis. Only a few of the sub-indicators have been selected depending again on the data availability and the significance there as contemplated in Table 7.12 below.

Table 7.12 : Significance of parameters for Development. I l Parameters \ Significance Household Density It signifies number of houses in the specified area. It reflects the development pattern of the city and specifies the overall pressures I on confined resources leading to concentrated pressure on ' resources. Electricity 1 lAll technologies & development is related to electricity. (Electricity consumed impacts air quality as well as green house gas emissions. Tax Dues 1 This parameter indicates willingness of people to pay the Tax / recovery mechanism / lack of adequate facility and mechanism. Storm Line \ It is a measure of infrastructure availability in the city.

232 Tabje 7.13 : Parameter rating & Ward level evaluation for development indicator Household Development Ratilig -*| Electricity Tax Dues Storm Line Density Level Ward 1 11 1 30 20 30 20 100 Aundh \ 22 8 11 6 47 Sangamwadi \ 27 17 03 15 62 Yerwada ' 22 02 03 8 35 Dhanl^awadi 21 12 07 14 54

Table 7.14 : Significance of parameters for Demography.

Parameters Significance Population Density The population density is an indicator that measures the pressures on the environment including exploitation of natural resources, such as water and land; contamination of a city and its surroundings; air pollution by traffic and manufacturing industries. Density of population affects human health in general by spreading diseases quickly. Increased or decreased pressure on an urban environment illustrates population density growth over time. Ward Population! It signifies the population living in slum with their densities Ratio 1 compared that represents the pressures on the local resources as well as envisaged equivalent environmental and health issues if extended to other factors. The slum density shall also help indentify quality of life in poor and access to municipal services at large.

Table 7.15 \: Parameter rating & Ward level evaluation for Demography indicator Population Slum Population to Rating -rt Demography Density Ward Population Ratio Ward 1 30 40 100 I \ • 1 Aundh \ 57 22 79 Sangamwadij 54 05 59 Yerwada \ 5,6 24 80 Dhankawadi \ 5,3 01 54

233 Table 7.16 : Significance of parameters for Water.

Parameters Significance Water Density It signifies the availability as well as consumption pattern and 1 T thereby revealing the life style and importance of water. Waterl Tax 1 It is necessary to know revenue generated through water connections as well as reasons for dues / adequate mechanism and value of water.

Table 7.17 : Parameter rating & Ward level evaluation for Water indicator •1 1 O 1 Water Rating —+ Water Tax Water Recovery Consumption Ward 41 70 30 100 Aundh \ 39 14 53 Sangaimjvadi | 26 03 29 Yerwadal \ 39 15 54 Dhankaw^di \ 42 07 49

Table 7.18 : Significance of parameters for Waste Water.

Parameters 1 Significance Waste Wafer 1 Signifies the resource utilization and lifestyle approach of the Density population also correlated to the water consumption and respective use. Chambers 1 1 Conveyance of Sewage to facilities signifying infrastructure availability. Length of Sewer 1 It indicates effective sewage collection and safe conveyance of Lines | | sewage.

Table 7.19 : Parameter rating & Ward level evaluation for Waste Water indicator Sewage Rating —1\ Chambers Sewer Lines Waste Water Generation Ward 1 1 50 25 25 100 4 1 1 Aundh \ 28 25 18 71 I Sangamwadi 1 ilf 07 09 30 Yerwada 06 04 09 19 1 Dhankawadi 1 23 07 04 34

234 Table 7.20 : Significance of parameters for Environment.

Parameters Significance Air (Duality 1 Bad quality of ambient air deteriorates quality of health, 1 1 vegetation and property. Noise Level 1 Noise level leads to hormonal imbalance and various 1 1 concentration related temporary threshold shift. Gardens 1 Signifies great recreational value / open space / aesthetic value / potential for air quality improvement / health and carbon 1 \ sequestration benefits etc.

Table J7.21 : Environment Quality Indices 1 1 Noise Rating Excellent | Better Good Bad Worst 4) 1 (2) (3) (4) (5) 1'8 I 36 55 73 91 I 1 BOD Rating (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) 33| | 66 100 133 166 1 -1 7TDS Rating (Total Dissolved Solids) 80| 160 250 330 410 1 | TSS Rating (Total Suspend ed Solids) 651 | 130 200 265 330

Table 7.22 : Parameter rating & Ward level evaluation for Environment indicator Water Quality in |Air Rating *•"•*• Noise Level Rivers Total Quality BOD TSS TDS Ward 1 * 1 40 20 20 10 10 100 Aundh | 125 04 0 06 08 43 1 Sangamwad} 01 02 12 06 04 25 1 Yerwada | 11 04 12 06 04 37 1 Dhankawadi| 30 12 16 06 04 68 1

235 Table 7 .23 : Significance of parameters for Solid Waste Generated

Parameters Significance Waste! Generation Amount of waste generated signifies the resource utilization as well as culture. It also reflects the need for infrastructure 1 1requirements . Infrastructure 1 Collection and transport potential related to the waste generation availability is important from point of view of management and resource in terms of allocation ratio with that of generation determines the planning Vehicles and Staff needs. (Hotel Gadi, 1 Society Gadi, BRC, Cycle, Rickshayv, Dumper Placer, Tipper) 1 Sweepers, 3.8 containers 1 1 Vermi Composting Signifies segregation and management at source through people Pits | I involvement.

Table 7.24 : Ward evaluation for Solid Waste indicator 1 Infrastructure Rating -k Genera­ Sweep­ Pits MSW Vehicles Sevak Container tion ers Ward! * 1 40 10 10 10 10 20 100 Aundh \ |33 05 09 02 04 20 73 Sangamwadi 23 07 07 05 02 06 50 Yerwada \ |33 06 08 01 02 04 54 Dhankawadi 22 07 09 04 02 06 50

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239 7.16.1 Innovative Planning Tools : (Introductory Note) 1. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in urban planning. In the late 1980s, with the advent of Geographic Information Technology like (a) Geographic Information Technology (GIS) and (b) Remote Sensing Technology (RS), the process of urban planning in India received a new impetus.

In the mid 1980s, Global Positioning System (GPS) technology brought a new dimension to the spatial data collection methodologies. GIS is a system of integrated computer based tools for end-to-end processing (Capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display) of data using location on the earth's surface for interrelation in support of operations management, analysis and decision making.

Geographic Information System, at a minimum, comprises a capability for input, storage, manipulation and output of geographic information required for planning process.

Remote Sensing Technology involves the use of satellite or aircraft to capture information about the earth's surface. Capturing spatial information based on remote sensing, either through satellite's imagery or aerial photographs, or organizing that data with corresponding attribute , data using GIS technology offers tremendous ease in understanding many urban planning activities.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system of earth orbiting satellites which can provide precise (100 meter to some cm) location on the earth's surface (in latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates or equivalent).

A well planned and well developed GIS can significantly improve the decision making and planning of the professionals, who rely on accurate, readily available data.

240 This eliminates conventional manual surveying and therefore, is faster. It is a very sophisticated technology aided by computer software.

The ability of GIS to combine information stored in separate map layers is extremely useful in urban planning and other disciplines.

In India ISRO (India Space Research Organization) Bangalore, designs, launches and manages the satellites. NRSA (National Remote Sensing Agency) Hyderabad, under Department of Space, Government of India, collects and distributes the satellites images data in digital and analog format.

Today, GIS has been used in India by many Government departments and in various places, out of which ISRO itself has regional centers in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Deharadun, Nagpur, Kharagpur, Shilong etc., besides State Remote Sensing Application Centrers.

GIS is used in geology, agriculture, forestry, defense, flood management, transportation, urban & regional planning etc. Where spatial information is needed.

It is the most essential tool in planning for identification terrainj environmentally sensitive areas, site selection, existing road identification, \ finding the optimum road, route between two pints, analyzing transportation issues, finding buildings affected by a road widening , project, monitoring development permits, land use mapping and changes, preparing zoning atlas, identifying urban sprawl(s), determining feasibility of a project, measuring population density taking land inventory etc.

It can also help in dividing alignment of water, sewer and electric lines on site and indentifying individual property for tax collection. Almost anything can be identified in a GIS map. Spatial Decision Supports System (SDSS) is specially designed for site analysis.

241 7.16.2 Planning Elements : a) Environmental Protection Element: Environmental degradation may occur from : (i) Air pollution. (ii) Disposition of chemicals. (iii) Disposition of sewers in open pits and drains. (iv) Mud sliding (v) Trash deposited in open pits. Thus environmental hazards care respiratory diseases, cancer ana bacterial infection, premature death, deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, land degradation. The obstacles, which will comes on the way : (i) Private ownership of land. (ii) Lack of political muscles or willingness to take right steps, (iii) Lack of regulatory control, (iv) Lack of wise technical advice, (v) Financial difficulties or any combination of the above.

b) Historic Preservation Element: The obstacles to historic preservation are : (i) Lack of historical value j udgment of the trustees. (ii) Lack of revenue to support the preservation, (iii) More construction of income producing structures on the site by/ trustees.

c) Housing Element: India has severe housing storage : Need for accommodation Different Income Groups - different requirements Availability of Houses - Ownership or rental Unfair laws such as landlord - Tenant Acts - Rent Control Act

242 Housing sector is a big employer in building construction £nd manufacturing building materials and components. Development of housing sector is good for economy, employment and organized urban development. Therefore, need for right policies. d) Office Element : Categorization of Offices. (i) Public Offices, Banks, Post Offices, Hospitals, Movie Theatres (ii) Corporate Offices, Consulting Firms, Client Services Cell(s' (iii) Commercial and Business Offices.

e) Wholesale and Retail Business Element: (i) Central Business District (ii) Sub-Business Centers / Districts (iii) Neighborhood Shopping Centers (iv) Convenience Stores

f) Industrial and Economic Development Element: Economic prosperity is sought by all communities. Primarily employment is created by various industries. Government's education, Research, Trade and Commerce construction and Healthcare. j i These employers create secondary and tertiary employments in service sector and retail mercantile. The planner's role is to facilitate land and infrastructure.

g) Transportation Element: (i) Streets to more traffic. (ii) to provide access, light and air to buildings. (iii) to provide for street parking.

243 h) Public Utilities and Sanitation Elements : (i) Sewage System and Sewage disposal, (ii) Solid Waste disposal.

i) Storm Water and Drainage Element j) Gas Supply k) Electricity Supply 1) Recreation, Open Space and Play Gardens Element m) Civic Facilities Element n) Educational Element o) Public Health Protection Element p) Public Safety Element q) Post and Telegraph Offices Element r) Property Identification and Address Element

7.16.3 Public Participation in Urban Planning (City Development)

Consensus Building: Urban planning is a local government function. For any urban planning effort to be successful, partnership between the planning function of the government and the local community is a must. The collective wisdom of the planning agency converge to produce a desirable city. Once the public partnership is accomplished, the rest of the planning solutions will fall in line.

In the democratic sense, planning is for people and by the people. Therefore, in a democratic society, citizens must express their desire through community associations. Conflicts will arise but most be resorted in the spirit of greater community interest and not in the interest of influential groups.'

244 Disadvantages : 1. A pitfall of the democratic process is that often the majority is wrong, because they are guided by sentiments, wrong information and short sightedness.

2. The problem of reaching a just solution multiplies, because there are too many agencies, departments, jurisdictions. Public participation is necessary in both plan formulation and implementation stages. Public participation is accomplished by public hearing and encouraging individual citizens, civic clubs, neighborhood associations, business and professional organizations to participate in planning commission ! discussions. Civic leaders should be included 'in the planning \ commission and advisory committee. Such participation shall lead to intelligent understanding of pubic problems. They should be informed of planning objectives, procedures and method of accomplishing\them. Unless public understands and is prepared to accept planning objectives, they will not conform to public control and public policies cannot]be successfully enforced. / There are three important factors in public participation. / ' . / 1. People will be interested in planning if they understand the basic essential characteristic of objectives, methods and large planning. 2. They will take action if they feel a sense of personal participation and responsibility. 3. Some people are interested in some special aspects of city'development. i If they are made aware of the inter relationship between their special interest and the city development plan, they may be supportive of planning decisions. < | Civic education in planning is, therefore, very important) Residents may become informed through news, media and public meetings in neighborhood. Maintenance of public relation with news' media such as news papers, radio, television, news reporters,, feature writers and

245 programme directors, therefore, is a necessary part of any planning effort.

The purpose of public participation is coalition building. A coalition is a' set of diverse groups working together to form an alliance to accomplish a set ,bf goal and objectives, formulate policies, and accomplish them. While the goal'may be the same or similar, the objectives and methods of accomplishing them may be / different. In such situations, skillful and effective leadership of the/'mediation, / conflict resolution and decision - making capabilities are needed. The coalition must sustain its vitality, recruit new members, train new members and prepare current members for future leadership roles.

Citizen groups, community activities and special interest groups are interconnected but none of them has enough authority, influence or respurce to arrive at just solutions.

3. The necessity of a catalytic leadership is realized in this situation. A leader who will take charge like a corporate leader and dictate yisionary solutions is needed. He forges active partnership, gives hope, inspiration and spirit to the citizens. He is an expert on conflict resolution; his style is artistic and organic rather than mechanical. J. Luke in his book "Catalytic Leaderships" listed four tasks to have a catalytic impact: { 1. Focus attention by elevating the issue to the public and policy agency agendas. 2. Engage people in the efforts by covering the diverse set of individuals, agencies and interests needed to address the issue. 3. Stimulate multiple strategies and options for action. 4. Sustain action and maintain momentum by managing the interactions through appropriate institutionalization and rapid information sharing and feedback.

246 It must sustain hype and momentum surrounding target activities. The coalition members must have patience, because they will be dealing with long term plans. The land survey methodology of going from whole to parts is applicable in case of planning. That is going from broad planning to details.

Demonstration of success on a small level creates public interest and has ripple effect. For example, start a renewal project in one neighborhood and provide wider roads, drainage, water, solid waste collection, park community gathering, facilities etc. Seeing the success of this project the public would give land for road widening. Other small projects like parks and play grounds, parking garage, school relocation, drainage etc. will get public attention and create faith in the planning effort.

A group of people like retirees may be most useful and effective in citizen partnership. They have plenty of active life left, have a wealth of knowledge in the real world, and have plenty of time and desire to engage in social activities. They should be encouraged to join the better city building effort. However, they must be progressive and imaginative. Albert Einstein said "Imagination is more important than knowledge."

7.17 What Industry Expects : Here are the two narratives of industry representatives published in Lokmat - special issue on Pune, on Sunday, 28th December 2008, which are self explanatory.

Mr. P.P. Chabriya, Chairman, Finolex Groups of Companies, also lays stress on public participation in urban planning.

He referred to the development of 'Counties' in UK and USA. He added the locals' there participate in urban planning and also look after the administration of the counties. People there find that their expectations and dreams of a planned city are reflected in the urban planning and also in the administration.

247 Why it is not possible in Pune? We find that there is lack of vision, thoughtful efforts in detailing long term planning and implementation thereof with a view to get money's worth. We failed to make use of coastal Kokan in planning of new ports with a view to facilitate imports and exports and even for setting up manufacturing industries along the costal belt; and unnecessarily concentrated pur attention on already crowded and congested cities like Pune, Thane, Nashik, Nagpur and Aurangabad in interiors of the State.

He also expressed that even today there is no expected transparency in planning sharing of ideas and experience freely among planners, industries and executive bodies keeping in sight a common goal of achieving balanced growth everywhere.

Mr. Amit Kalyani - Executive Director, Bharat Forge Ltd., Pune He admitted that because of unprecedented growth in Pune's population and increased density of population, especially in the core city and select pockets of the fringe villages, the pressure on the civic amenities like water supply public transport, roads and other basic utilities is considerably increased. Although there has been some improvement in the city's infrastructure, especially select I roads, flyovers, approaching to Balewadi Sports Complex from Air Port, Pune Station and a few important PMPML bus stands in the City, the work is still going on. But people would have the benefits of upgraded urban facilities in a year or two.

What are necessary today in Pune is concentrated efforts in long term planning for PMR, with active participation of all the civic bodies, viz. PMC & PCMC, Khadki, Dehuroad & Pune Cantonments, Industries and NGOs with special interest in planning and preservation of Pune's environment. The growth should be rriultifaceted, balanced, integrated and implementation of plans should be time bound and to the international standards of totally well-developed country. A glaring omission is the absence of a Regional Planning Authority like the Bombay Metropolitan Regional Development Activity (BMRDA) for Pune, in spite of a demand from all quarters. Why the Government has failed to

248 constitute such a body to oversee Pune's development needs to be questioned as all political parties so far have only made statements regarding its desirability, without actually taking any concrete steps.

One refers to Electricity, Rail, Roads and Air transport, and water supply as hard infrastructure; whereas Education, Public Sanitation and Healthcare, Entertainment and Cultural facilities are considered as social infrastructure. Therefore, what is the best is a balanced combination of both hard and soft infrastructure, systematically monitored with the help of latest technology ensuring accuracy and reliability of the results, keeping in mind the needs of fast growing Pune, to make it a global center of the 21st Century.

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