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Magisterarbeit MAGISTERARBEIT „Demokratisierung in Taiwan am Beispiel der Dao. Menschenrechtsentwicklung und Gegenwartsprobleme einer Indigenen Bevölkerungsgruppe“ eingereicht von Rosa Enn angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.a phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 307 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie Betreuer: Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. Hermann Mückler Dank Dank gebührt allen, die mich während meines Studiums begleitet haben und die vergangenen Jahre zu einer unvergesslichen Zeit werden ließen. Nur durch ihre Unterstützung kann auch eine solche Arbeit gelingen. Darüber hinaus waren das ehrliche Interesse und die Unterstützung, die mir Prof. Hermann Mückler als mein Diplomarbeitsbetreuer entgegenbrachte, Motor dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. Bei meinen Interviewpartnern, meinen taiwanesischen Freunden und ganz besonders meiner Gastfamilie auf der Orchideen Insel bedanke ich mich für die vielen, tollen, anregenden Gespräche und die persönliche Unterstützung. Durch ihre Gesprächsbereitschaft und die Zeit, die sie sich für mich genommen haben, konnte ich einen tiefen Einblick in die Thematik der Menschenrechte in Taiwan bekommen. Sie haben meine Taiwanaufenthalte zu einzigartigen Erlebnissen gemacht. Nicht in Worte zu fassen ist der Dank, der meiner Familie und meinen Freunden, insbesondere meiner Oma, meiner Mutter, meinem Vater, Madeleine und Felix gebührt. Sie haben mich stets unterstützt und mir Mut gemacht, eigene Wege zu gehen. Es schlummern Ideen, Phantasien, Entdeckungen und Visionen in jedem von uns. Doch sie wären wertlos, wäre niemand da, mit denen wir sie teilen könnten! 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Dank ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................. 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ 5 1. Prolog ................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Ziel der Forschung und zentrale Fragestellung ............................................................ 8 2.2. Bezug zur Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie .................................................................. 9 2.3. Erklärungen .................................................................................................................. 9 2.4. Datenerhebung und Methodologie ............................................................................. 11 3. Taiwan – ein historischer Überblick .............................................................................. 12 3.1. Die Insel Taiwan ......................................................................................................... 12 3.2. Die Indigene Bevölkerung .......................................................................................... 15 3.3. Die Sonderstellung Taiwans - Austronesische Sprachfamilie .................................... 16 3.4. Die Dao ...................................................................................................................... 17 3.5. Taiwan als Kolonie ..................................................................................................... 22 3.5.1. Europäische Kolonialmächte ............................................................................... 22 3.5.2. Asiatische Kolonialmächte ................................................................................... 23 3.5.3. Die Indigene Bevölkerung in der Kolonialzeit ...................................................... 27 3.6. Herrschaft der Guomindang ....................................................................................... 30 4. Demokratisierung und Entwicklung der Menschenrechte .......................................... 34 4.1. Menschenrechte: die UDHR und die UDRIP .............................................................. 34 4.2. Exkurs: Taiwan und die UNO ..................................................................................... 36 4.3. Demokratisierung ....................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1. Theoretischer Zugang .......................................................................................... 40 4.3.2. Dangwai (党外) Bewegung .................................................................................. 42 4.3.3. Die Aufhebung des Kriegsrechts ......................................................................... 43 4.3.4. Taiwanisierung ..................................................................................................... 44 4.4. Die Protestbewegung der Indigenen Bevölkerung ..................................................... 45 4.5. Chen Shui- bian (陈水 扁) und die DPP ..................................................................... 48 4.6. Die Widererlangung der Präsidentenschaft der GMT unter Ma Ying- jiu (马英九) ..... 49 5. Methodologie ................................................................................................................... 50 5.1. Literaturrecherche und Forschungsvorbereitung ....................................................... 50 5.2. Zugang zum Feld ....................................................................................................... 51 5.3. Angewandte Forschungsmethoden ............................................................................ 51 5.3.1. Teilnehmende Beobachtung ................................................................................ 51 5.3.2. Leitfadeninterviews .............................................................................................. 52 5.3.3. Experteninterviews .............................................................................................. 52 5.3.4. Analyse und Auswertung ..................................................................................... 52 5. 4. Meine Rolle als Ethnologin / Forscherin .................................................................... 53 5.5. Erfolge und Herausforderungen im Feld .................................................................... 54 6. Die Indigene Bevölkerung und ihre menschen- rechtliche Situation ........................ 55 6.1. Pluralismus ................................................................................................................. 55 6.2. Assimilation, Diskriminierung und Affirmative Action ................................................. 59 6.3. Self- empowerment .................................................................................................... 64 6.4. Der Menschenrechtsstaat Taiwan .............................................................................. 67 7. Die Geschichte der Dao .................................................................................................. 70 7.1. Die radioaktive Mülllagerung auf Lanyu ..................................................................... 72 7.2 Protestbewegung der Dao ........................................................................................... 75 7.3. Assimilation, Diskriminierung und weitere Menschenrechtsverletzungen .................. 78 7.4. Self- Empowerment der Dao ...................................................................................... 83 7.5. Die Moderne hat die Orchideen Insel erreicht ............................................................ 87 8. Resümee .......................................................................................................................... 94 Anhang ................................................................................................................................. 98 Literaturverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... 101 4 Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abb. Abbildung ATA Alliance of Taiwanese Aborigines, Allianz der Taiwanesischen Urbevölkerung bzw. beziehungsweise ca. circa CIP Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan d.h. das heißt DPP Democratic Progressive Party, Demokratische Fortschrittspartei ebd. ebenda Ed. Editor, edited by, Herausgeber, herausgegeben von etc. et cetera GMT / KMT Guomindang, Nationale Volkspartei Hg. Herausgeber Jhd. Jahrhundert o.A. ohne Angabe OHCHR Office of High Commission of Human Rights, Hochkommissariat der Menschenrechte S. Seite u.a. unter anderem UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Universelle (Allgemeine) Deklaraton der Menschenrechte UDRIP Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, Universelle Deklaration der Rechte von Indigenen UN / VN United Nations, Vereinte Nationen UNO United Nations Organization usw. und so weiter vgl. vergleiche VRCh Volksrepublik China WHO World Health Organization z.B. zum Beispiel 5 1. Prolog 6 1. Prolog Im Jahr 2007 war ich das erste Mal in Taiwan. Es war eher ein zufälliger Zwischenstopp, als ein geplanter Aufenthalt. Meine Reise führte mich von Ho Chi Minh City / Vietnam über Taipei zurück nach Wien. Da ohnehin meine leeren Teedosen zu Hause aufzufüllen waren, beschloss ich auf der Heimreise einen dreitägigen Stopp in der Hauptstadt Taiwans einzulegen. Mit diesem kurzen Aufenthalt begann eine enge
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