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The Biological Evidence of the San-Pau-Chu People and Their Affinities

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The Biological Evidence of the San-Pau-Chu People and Their Affinities University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2009 The iologB ical Evidence of the San-Pau-Chu People and Their Affinities Hsiu-Man Lin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lin, Hsiu-Man. "The ioB logical Evidence of the San-Pau-Chu People and Their Affinities." (2009). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ anth_etds/43 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SAN-PAU-CHI PEOPLE AND THEIR AFFINITIES By Hsiu-Man Lin B.A., Anthropology, National University of Taiwan, 1993 M.A., Anthropology, National University of Taiwan, 1997 M.S., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2001 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May 2009 ii @ 2009, Hsiu-Man Lin iii DEDICATION To my family, who always stay with me during my sickness I gratefully thank Dr. Tsang Chen-hwa for permission to use samples from the San- Pau-Chu, Wu-Chien-Tzuo South, and Nan-Kuan-Li Eeat sites. Thanks to my committee members for their supports, patient, and helpful comments. I am gratefully to Dr.Marie Lin’s team at Mackay Memorial Hospital. Also thanks to Dr. Cecil Lewis for the independent ancient DNA tests for 14 San-Pau-Chu bone samples. Last, I would like to thank friends who encouraged me in past ten years. This dissertation cannot be done without all these helps. This project has been founded by Graduate Research, Project, and Travel Grants from the University of New Mexico (2002), Chiang-Ching Kuo Foundation Dissertation Fellowships for ROC Students Abroad (2003), NSF Dissertation Improvement No. #0321795 (2003), DAAD Graduate Scholarship for Study and/or Research in Germany (2004), and Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork Grants No. 7323 (2005- 2006). iv THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SAN-PAU-CHI PEOPLE AND THEIR AFFINITIES By Hsiu-Man Lin Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University o f New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May 2009 v THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SAN-PAU-CHU PEOPLE AND THEIR AFFINITIES By Hsiu-Man Lin B.A., Anthropology, National University of Taiwan, 1993 M.A., Anthropology, National University of Taiwan, 1997 M.S., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2001 ABSTRACT Austronesian is one of the major language groups spoken. It is believed that Taiwan, Indonesian (east of Wallace line), or Bismarck Archipelago is the star point for Austronesian migrations. It is also suggested that prehistoric cultures of Taiwan were established by the ancestors of the modern Taiwanese indigenous populations, who are also Austronesian speakers. The goals of this project are to estimate biological relationships of the San-Pau-Chu (SPC) to other Asian populations (especially Polynesians) and to evaluate if Taiwan indeed plays a major role in the history of Austronesian migrations by using both dental morphological data (metric and nonmetric dental traits) and genetic evidence. This dissertation is divided into six chapters. In chapter one, models of Austronesian dispersal are introduced. Additionally, hypotheses and significance of this study are emphasized. In chapter two, the linguistic, archaeological, osteological and genetic evidence for different models is reviewed. Chapter three provides a brief introduction to Taiwanese cultural history, and describes archaeological sites at the Tainan Scientific- vi Based Industrial Park. In chapter four, a case study of dental variation from the SPC, Wu- Chien-Tsuo South (WCTS), and Nan-Kang-Li East (NKLE) sites are presented. In chapter five, genetic diversity and maternal ancestry in the SPC people is evaluated by using ancient DNA. Finally, in chapter six the biological evidence of the SPC people and their affinities is summarized. This research is the first study in Taiwan trying to combine both morphological and genetic evidence to explore the biological nature of one prehistoric population. Because the dental morphological study and ancient DNA analyses seem to suggest a Northern Asian origin for the SPC people, it is proposed here that approximately 2,500 BP, some prehistoric Taiwanese came from mainland East Asia. However, the WCTS people, contemporaries of SPC, show a closer relatedness with the Namu from the Hawai’i. Therefore, a multiple set of models must be considered. Studies with larger samples sizes and wider range of archaeological sites in the future will also help to gain insights. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 WHY STUDY PREHISTORIC TAIWANESE?.................................. 1 Hypothetical Models for Austronesian Dispersal........................................... 2 Hypothesis....................................................................................................... 6 Study Area....................................................................................................... 8 Archaeological Sites ................................................................................ 9 Avenues for Future Research ........................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2 EVIDENCE FOR WESTERN ORIGINS IN AUSTRONESIAN DISPERSAL ............................................................................................................. 15 Distribution of the Austronesian Languages..................................................... 15 Experimental Voyages...................................................................................... 17 Archaeological Evidence .................................................................................. 17 Skeletal Comparison ......................................................................................... 20 Genetic Evidence .............................................................................................. 24 Genetic Evidence from Indigenous Taiwanese Populations............................. 28 Ancient DNA Studies ....................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3 CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAIWAN ............................................ 35 viii Introduction ................................................................................................... 35 Archaeological Chronology of Taiwan ......................................................... 36 The Early Neolithic Age......................................................................... 38 The Middle Neolithic ............................................................................. 39 The Late Neolithic Age............................................................................ 41 The Iron Age............................................................................................ 45 A microcosm of Taiwan southwest prehistory in the Tainan Science-based Industrial Park ....................................................................................... 49 Indigenous Taiwanese Today........................................................................ 51 Chapter 4 Dental Variations of the Prehistoric Peoples in Southwest Taiwan........ 54 Materials and Methods.................................................................................. 55 The SPC, WCTS, and NKLE samples in General.................................. 55 Principals for Observations and Measurement of the Dental Morphology ............................................................................................................... 66 Nonmetric Traits ..................................................................................... 64 Metric Traits............................................................................................ 66 Comparative Populations ....................................................................... 67 Statistical Computations ......................................................................... 68 Results ........................................................................................................... 72 Nonmetric Traits ..................................................................................... 73 Metric Traits............................................................................................ 74 Population Comparisons......................................................................... 75 Simulation Test........................................................................................ 80 ix Discussions and Conclusions ........................................................................ 83 CHAPTER 5 MITOCHONDRIAL DIVERSITY AND MATERNAL ANCESTRY IN THE SAN-PAU-CHU PEOPLE ....................................................................
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