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(Basidiomycetes) in Taiwan The Corticiaceae (Basidiomycetes) in Taiwan Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fachbereich 18 Naturwissenschaften am Institut für Biologie der Universität Kassel vorgelegt von I-Shu Lee aus Taiwan 2010 Tag der Mündlichen Prüfung: Kassel, am 26. Mai 2010 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ewald Langer 2. Berichterstatter: PD Dr. Roland Kirschner 3. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Kurt Weising 4. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Friedrich Schmidt Acknowledgement i Acknowledgement It was Prof. Dr. Chee-Jen Chen who introduced me to fungal field, and sent me to Germany for learning further knowledge. I am greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. Ewald Langer, the leader of Ecology department in Biology institute, Kassel University. He taught me the principles and fundamentals of mycology, and has concentrated my attention towards the Corticiaceae in Taiwan. I own them both much thankfulness for their support and teaching during all these years. I also want to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Clovis Douanla-Meli, who has willing to guide me on fungi determination. Moreover, thanks to Torsten Bernauer, who with Dr. C. Douanla-Meli together helped me correct this thesis. We have discussed several collections and text descriptions. My special thanks go to all members of Ecology department. Carola Weißkopf, Inge Aufenanger, and Ulrike Frieling taught me the skills of fungal cultures and related molecular technology. I am also grateful to be the partner with them in this department. Collections came available for study thanks to the kind help of Prof. Dr. C. J. Chen, Prof. Dr. E. Langer, and Dr. Gitta Langer. I render my thanks to Dr. Sheng-Hua Wu in National Museum of Natural Science in Taiwan, for providing many suggestions and ideas to investigate Taiwanese species. I would like to thank Dr. Roland Kirschner in Frankfurt University; he kindly helped me improve this dissertation. My warmest thanks go to my family, whose patience, steady encouragement and charitable support helped me during all the research and write this manuscript. Thanks to my best friends, without your companionship, I could not keep to finish. Contents ii Contents 1. Introduction……………………………...…………………………………..1 1.1 Geography and topography of Taiwan……...…………………………..3 1.1.1 Location………………………………………...………………………….3 1.1.2 Climate………………………………………...…………………………..4 1.2 Vegetation and biodiversity of Taiwan……...…………………………..6 1.2.1 Vegetation………………………………………...………………………..6 1.2.2 National parks…………………………………...……………………….14 1.2.3 Biodiversity……………………………………...……………………….17 1.3 The family Corticiaceae………………………...………………………..19 1.3.1 Macromorphology………………………………...……………………...20 1.3.2 Micromorphology………………………………...………………………24 1.4 History of research about Corticiaceae in Taiwan………...…..……..29 1.5 Purpose of the study…………………………………………...………….33 2. Materials and methods…………………………………...……………34 2.1 Research material……………...………………………………………….34 2.1.1 Sampling method………………….……………………………...………34 2.1.2 Specimens treatment and preservation……………………...……………34 2.2 Collection sites……………………………………………………….……36 2.3 Examination of specimens………...…………………………………….38 2.4 Measurements of micromorphological characters……….…..……...38 3. Results……………………………….…..……………………………………40 3.1 General results…………………...………………………………………...40 3.2 Taxonomic part……………...……………………………………………..41 3.2.1 Keys……………………………………………...……………………….41 3.2.2 Description of species……………………………………………………43 A. Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex Schroet. in Cohn……………………………….43 Aleurodiscus amorphus (Fr.) Schroet……………………………………….….43 B. Athelia Pers. em. Donk………………………………………………...…..46 Athelia bombacina Pers. ………………………………………………...……..46 C. Botryohypochnus Donk.……………………………………………………49 Botryohypochnus isabellinus (Fr.) Erikss. ……………………………..………49 D. Gloeocystidiellum Donk……………………………………………………51 Gloeocystidiellum luridum (Bres.) Boid. ………………………...……………51 Contents iii E. Hyphoderma Wallr. em. Donk.……………………………………….……54 Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk.…………………………………….…55 Hyphoderma mucronatum (Furukawa) S. H. Wu..………………………….…57 Hyphoderma nudicephalum Gilb. & M. Blackwell……………………………59 Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk.……………………………………………61 Hyphoderma subpraetermissum S. H. Wu………………..……………………65 F. Hyphodontia Erikss. ………………………………….……………………68 Hyphodontia alutaria (Burt) Erikss. …………………………………..………70 Hyphodontia cineracea (Bourd. & Galz.) Erikss. & Hjortst. …………….……72 Hyphodontia crustosa (Fr.) Erikss. ……………………………………………75 Hyphodontia fimbriata S. H. Wu.……………….…..…………………………78 Hyphodontia flavipora (Cooke) S. H. Wu…………………………..….………80 Hyphodontia formosana S. H. Wu & Burds. ……………………………..……83 Hyphodontia microspora Erikss. & Hjortst. ……………………………...……86 Hyphodontia mollis S. H. Wu.……………………...…..………………………89 Hyphodontia nespori (Bres.) Erikss. & Hjortst. ………………………….……91 Hyphodontia niemelaei S. H. Wu.…………………………………...…………94 Hyphodontia palmae Rick ex E. Langer………………………….……………96 Hyphodontia rimosissima (Peck) Gilb. …………………………..……………99 Hyphodontia sambuci (Pers.: Fr.) Erikss. …………………….………………102 Hyphodontia serpentiformis E. Langer.………………………………………105 Hyphodontia subpallidula S. H. Wu…………………………….……………107 Hyphodontia tropica S. H. Wu……………………………..…………………110 Hyphodontia sp. nov. 1..………………………..……..………………………112 Hyphodontia sp. nov. 2.….……………………………………………………114 Hyphodontia sp. nov. 3.…….…………………………………………………117 Hyphodontia sp. nov. 4.…….…………………………………………………120 G. Hypochnicium Erikss. ……………………………………………………122 Hypochnicium vellereum (Ell. & Crag.) Parm. ……...………....…………….122 H. Merulius Fr. ………………………………………………………………125 Merulius tremellosus Fr. ………………………….…………………………..125 I. Metulodontia Parm. …………………………….…………………………128 Metulodontia nivea (Karst.) Parm. …………………………………...………128 J. Paullicorticium Erikss. ………………………………………...…………131 Paullicorticium ansatum Liberta.…………………………………..…………131 K. Peniophora Cooke……………………………………...…………………134 Peniophora cinerea (Fr.) Cooke……………………………..………………..135 L. Phanerochaete Karst. em. Karst. …………...………………...…………137 Contents iv Phanerochaete aculeata Hallenb. ……………………………………………138 Phanerochaete albida S. H. Wu.……………………………………...………140 Phanerochaete sordida (Karst.) Erikss. & Ryv. ………………………...……143 M. Phlebia Fr. em. Donk……………………………………………….……146 Phlebia radiata Fr. …………………………………………………...………146 N. Phlebiella Karst. …………………………………………….……………149 Phlebiella ardosiaca (Bourd. & Galz.) Larss. & Hjortst. ……………………149 O. Pulcherricum Parm. ……………………………………………..………152 Pulcherricium caeruleum (Fr.) Parm. ……………………………...…………152 P. Schizopora Velen. em. Donk………………………………………………154 Schizopora paradoxa (Fr.) Donk.………...………………...…………………155 Schizopora sp. nov. 1.…….………………...…………….……………..….…158 Schizopora sp. nov. 2.…...………………...………..…...………….…………161 Schizopora sp. nov. 3.….…………………...…………………………………163 Schizopora sp. nov. 4.….…………………...…………………………………165 Q. Stereum Pers. ……………………………………………………..………168 Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) S. F. Gray…………………………….……….168 R. Subulicystidium Parm. ………………………………………...…………171 Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) Parm. ………………………...…………171 S. Trechispora Karst. …………………………………………………..……174 Trechispora sp. nov. 1.…….………………………………….…….…..…….174 T. Tubulicrinis Donk…………………………………………………………177 Tubulicrinis sp. nov. 1.…….……………..………………....………..….……177 U. Xylobolus Karst. ………………………………………….………………180 Xylobolus frustulatus (Pers.: Fr.) Boidin……...…………..….……….………180 4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………..183 4.1 General discussion………………………………………….……………183 4.2 Methods……………………………………………………………………184 4.2.1 Sampling method…………………………………………..……………184 4.2.2 Treatment and preservation of samples…………………………………184 4.3 Novelties………………………………………………….….……………185 4.3.1 New species………………………………………..……………………185 4.3.2 Species group………………………………………...…………………186 4.3.3 New records……………………………………………..………………189 4.4 Distribution…………………………………………….…………………190 4.4.1 Corticiaceae in temperate climatic type…………………...……………191 4.4.2 Corticiaceae in warm-temperate-subtropical climatic type………..……192 Contents v 4.4.3 Corticiaceae in subtropical-tropical climatic type………………………192 4.4.4 Geographical distribution…………………………………….…………193 4.5 Future challenge and conclusion………………………..….…………195 5. Summary………………………………………………….………………..197 6. Zusammenfassung………………………………………….…………..201 7. References……………………………………………………...…………..206 Figures 1. Geographical position of Taiwan……………………………….………………….3 2. Altitudinal zones of Taiwan…………………………………….………………….4 3. The average annual temperature distribution map………...………………………5 4. The annual rainfall distribution map………………………...…………………….5 5. Five major types of vertical biotic zonations………………...……………………6 6. Highland snowfield……………………………………………….……………….7 7. Highland meadow……………………………………………...………………….8 8. Subalpine coniferous forest…………………………………….………………….9 9. Cold temperate coniferous forest……..………………………………………….10 10. Temperate coniferous forest…………………………………..………………….11 11. Deciduous forest………………………………………………………………….12 12. Tropical forest………………………………………………………...………….13 13. Locations of National Parks in Taiwan………………………………………….14 14. Global biodiversity……………………………………………………………….18 15. Types of hymenium surface.………………………………………..…………….21 16. Effused-reflexed basidiocarp in Xylobolus frustulatus..…………………………21 17. Anatomy of a resupinate fruitbody (Hyphodontia)..………………..……………23 18. Anatomy of a spine from a hydnoid fruitbody (Hyphodontia).….………………24 19. Types of spores.….……………………………………………………………….25 20. Types of basidia…….…………………………………………………………….26 21. Types of cystidia.…….……………………………………..…………………….28 22. Types of septation….…………………………………….……………………….29 23. The collecting sites and corresponding
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