DOCSLIB.ORG

South-East Asia Second Edition CHARLES S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South-East Asia Second Edition CHARLES S Geological Evolution of South-East Asia Second Edition CHARLES S. HUTCHISON Geological Society of Malaysia 2007 Geological Evolution of South-east Asia Second edition CHARLES S. HUTCHISON Professor emeritus, Department of geology University of Malaya Geological Society of Malaysia 2007 Geological Society of Malaysia Department of Geology University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Geological Society of Malaysia ©Charles S. Hutchison 1989 First published by Oxford University Press 1989 This edition published with the permission of Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 978-983-99102-5-4 Printed in Malaysia by Art Printing Works Sdn. Bhd. This book is dedicated to the former professors at the University of Malaya. It is my privilege to have collabo­ rated with Professors C. S. Pichamuthu, T. H. F. Klompe, N. S. Haile, K. F. G. Hosking and P. H. Stauffer. Their teaching and publications laid the foundations for our present understanding of the geology of this complex region. I also salute D. ]. Gobbett for having the foresight to establish the Geological Society of Malaysia and Professor Robert Hall for his ongoing fascination with this region. Preface to this edition The original edition of this book was published by known throughout the region of South-east Asia. Oxford University Press in 1989 as number 13 of the Unfortunately the stock has become depleted in 2007. Oxford monographs on geology and geophysics. It It is too important a book to let go. A thorough was originally planned by me to include a section on revision would be beyond my time constraints. I have economic deposits. However, the editor in Oxford revised only those sections that have become instructed that this should be more comprehensively absolutely necessary because of important new data. covered in a subsequent book. It appeared under the Petaling jaya CSH title 'South-East Asian oil, gas, coal and mineral 2007 deposits' in 1996 as number 36 of the Oxford mono­ graphs on geology and geophysics. Number 36 is still available from Oxford because it has been included in their new 'print when required' system. Number 13, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS unfortunately preceded this new system, and it is no longer available from Oxford. I am grateful to the former President, Professor Lee With the permission of Oxford University Press, Chai Peng, for support and considerable help in the 'Geological Evolution of South-East Asia' was bringing this new edition into publication, and to reprinted in Kuala Lumpur, without any revision, and Mrs Anna Lee for her friendly assistance. Many published by the Geological Society of Malaysia in thanks are due to Dr. Ng Tham Fatt for designing 1996. This blue paper-back edition became well the book cover. Preface to the original Oxford book My in volvement in South-east Asian geology began in Earth history of Australia, edited by J. J. Veevers 1957 with systematic studies on the granite and (1984), and No. 3 The Geology of China, by Yang gabbro-norite of Singapore Island. Gradually, these et al. (1986). studies were extended throughout the Malay Penin­ The present volume will I hope appeal to regional sula and into Thailand and South China. My interests stratigraphers and students of the great Tethyan broadened to the volcanic rocks, stratigraphy, struc­ province. The inclusion of Tertiary oil and gas basins ture, and economic deposits of the region. may result in the use of this book by exploration After completing the Geology of the Malay companies. Unfortunately, mineral deposits have been Peninsula with D. ]. Cobbett in 1973, it became my excluded due to length constraints. desire to write a book on the greater region, for no This volume is the outcome of courses I have regional geology had ever been written on South-east taught to my students at the University of Malaya Asia. Warren Hamilton completed his landmark over the past 5 years. By the time it is published, Tectonics of the Indonesian region in 1979, pavi ng I will have closed my own books and- with regret­ the way for the present book. have left the region after 30 enjoyable years of Professor P. H. Stauffer and I made initial plans for involvement in the geology of South-east As ia. It is a book under the title South-east Asia: geology and my earnest hope, however, that this volume will environment. Unfortunately, the compilation of this remain open on the desks of my graduates and future book had to be abandoned in 1983 when Professor generations of geology students to stimulate their Stauffer left the region. better understanding of th is complex and fascinating An enquiry from the Oxford University Press for a region. book under my sole authorship conveniently arrived Exeter C.S.H. in 1984, and was readily formalized. 1987 This is not a standard regional geology, and the selection of the title allowed me to emphasize tectonic models, but at the same time to document the strati­ graphy and igneous events. I have always taught my ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS students that every aspect of geology involves inter­ pretation. From thi n sections to hand specimens, to The compilation of this book has benefitted from col­ maps, and thence to regions there is an increasing laboration and discussions with many colleagues. In order of interpretation. Although it has greatly particular, I would like to single out P. H. Stauffer, benefited from and has been influenced by numerous I. Metcalfe, K. R. Chakraborty, andY. G. Gatinsky. discussions with colleagues, the mistakes are mine Many of their ideas have been crystallized, albeit alone. imperfectly by me, in the pages of this book. Ian This book gives more of a bird's-eye view of the Metcalfe kindly critically read the manuscript. region, for much field and laboratory work remains Thanks are due to ]. K. Blake for help in compiling before a definitive account can be written. There Table 5.1. remains great scope for high-quality palaeomagnetic S. Srinivass, Ching Yu Hay, and Roslin Ismail research to refine the Phanerozoic plate motions formed my sketches into the final illustrations. Jaafar modelled in the fol lowing pages. The granites have Abdullah and Lee Kok Eng gave me photographic been reasonably well dated, but there is still a lack of assistance. Rujiraporn Polchai helped in compiling radiometric dates for volcanic and metamorphic for­ the index. Zaimah Ahmad Saleh and Fauziah Han.im mations in addition to granites in critical tectonic Saidi helped with the typing at various stages. My son regions. Good structural geological analysis is a lso Timothy helped in the final stages of the manuscript. lacking, but lack of continuous outcrops will severely I wish to thank the editors and staff of the Oxford hamQe.r: Qrogress. University Press for their help in producing this book. The present volume links two major regions A debt of gratitude is expressed to the University of included in the present Oxford Monographs on Malaya for facilities to carry out m y res-earch and Geology and Geophysics Series: No. 2 Phanerozoic writing throughout the years. Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 . General 1 1.2. History of geological studies 3 1.2. 1. Thailand 3 1.2.2 . M ya nmar 4 1.2.3. Indochina (Ca mbodi a, Laos, Vietnam) 4 1.2.4. Indones ia 5 1.2.5. Philippines 5 1.2.6. Peninsu lar Mala ys ia and Singapore 5 1.2.7. Sarawak, Saba h, and Brunei 6 1.3. T he Modern Era of Geologica l Co-operati on 6 2. LATE MESOZOIC AN D CAINOZOIC TECT ONIC FEATURES 2.1. General 8 2.2. Wall ace's Line and its mea ning 8 2.3. T he Indian Ocean and margin al seas 10 2.3.1. Okinawa Trough 10 2.3.2. Western Philippine Sea Basin 10 2.3.3. Pa lau Ridge and Ay u T rough 12 2.3.4. Banda Sea 13 2.3.5. Celebes Sea Basin 13 2.3.6. Su lu Sea Basin 13 2.3.6.1. North-west Sulu Sea 13 2.3.6.2. Cagayan Ridge 14 2.3.6.3. Sulu- Zamboanga- Negros subduction system 17 2.3.6.4. Related rift events on-land Sa bah 17 2.3.7. South China Sea Basin 20 2.3.7.1. Abyssa l plain 23 2.3.7.2. M iddle Eocene - ea rl y M iddle M iocene 23 2.3.7.3. Crustal nature and thickn ess 23 2.3.7.4. Sunda Shelf 26 2.3.7.5. Contin ental slope and ri se (Da ngerous Grounds) 28 2.3.7.6. Rock formatio n identification 28 2.3.7.7. Western Dange rous Grounds 30 2.3.7.8. Sea-fl oor edifices 33 2.3.7.9. M iddle M iocene to Recent 33 2.3.7.10. Tectonic interpretati on of the M id -Miocene unconformity 34 2.3.8. Indian Ocean Basin 36 2.3.9. Anda man Sea Basin 38 2.4. T he Bengal and N icoba r Abyssal Fans 38 2.5. G ravity Measurements 42 2.6. Active Plate Margins 43 2.6.1. R yuky u island arc 43 2.6.2 . Taiwa n 46 2.6.3. Philippin e sector 47 2.6.3.1. Region between Luzon and Taiwan 47 2.6.3.2. Manil a Trench sys tem 47 2.6.3.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lithium Enrichment in the No. 21 Coal of the Hebi No. 6 Mine, Anhe Coalfield, Henan Province, China
    minerals Article Lithium Enrichment in the No. 21 Coal of the Hebi No. 6 Mine, Anhe Coalfield, Henan Province, China Yingchun Wei 1,* , Wenbo He 1, Guohong Qin 2, Maohong Fan 3,4 and Daiyong Cao 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (D.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; [email protected] 3 Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; [email protected] 4 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mason Building, 790 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 3 June 2020; Published: 5 June 2020 Abstract: Lithium (Li) is an important strategic resource, and with the increasing demand for Li, there are some limitations in the exploitation and utilization of conventional deposits such as the pegmatite-type and brine-type Li deposits. Therefore, it has become imperative to search for Li from other sources. Li in coal is thought to be one of the candidates. In this study, the petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of No. 21 coal from the Hebi No. 6 mine, Anhe Coalfield, China, was reported, with an emphasis on the distribution, modes of occurrence, and origin of Li. The results show that Li is enriched in the No. 21 coal, and its concentration coefficient (CC) value is 6.6 on average in comparison with common world coals.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonostratigraphic Evolution of the North China Craton and the Qilian
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Punctuated Orogeny During the Assembly of Asia: 10.1029/2020TC006503 Tectonostratigraphic Evolution of the North China Key Points: Craton and the Qilian Shan From the Paleoproterozoic to • The western North China craton records at least three orogenies from Early Paleozoic the Paleoproterozoic to the early Paleozoic Chen Wu1 , Andrew V. Zuza2 , An Yin3 , Xuanhua Chen4, Peter J. Haproff5 , Jie Li6, • Mesoproterozoic strata in North Bing Li2,4 , and Lin Ding1,7 China, Tarim, and the Qilian Shan are similar, suggesting continuity 1Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, and Center for among these continents 2 • Gondwana was not affixed to the Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Nevada Bureau of Mines 3 western margin of North China in and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA, Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of the Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 4Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China, 5Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC, USA, 6School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China 7 Supporting Information: University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China • Supporting Information S1 Abstract The Proterozoic-Phanerozoic evolution of the Tarim and North China cratons is integral to Correspondence to: the construction of the Eurasian continent. Throughout the Paleozoic, these continents were bound by C. Wu and A. V. Zuza, the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan Oceans to the north and south, respectively, and, thus, their paleogeography [email protected]; [email protected]; is critical to reconstructions of the oceanic domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Acid Mine Drainage in Abandoned Mine
    National Conference for Postgraduate Research (NCON -PGR) Acid Mine Drainage in Abandoned Mine Nur Athirah Mohamad Basir Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Abd Aziz Mohd Azoddein Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Nur Anati Azmi Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Abstract-Acid mine drainage (AMD) in abandoned mining operations related oxidation of sulfide mineral affording an acidic solution that contains toxic metal ions. Hence acidic water that flow into the stream had potential health risks to both aquatic life and residents in the vicinity of the mine. Study will be conduct to investigate water quality and AMD characteristics which are pH value of the stream or discharge area, mineral composition in the rock and neutralization value of the rock in AMD mining area. Result shows that pH value of water in Kg. Aur, Chini and Sg. Lembing are acidic with value of 2.81, 4.16 and 3.60 respectively. Maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the study area are: Pb (0.2 mg/L), Cd (0.05 mg/L), Zn (5.1 mg/L), Cu (5.2 mg/L), Mn (10.9 mg/L), Cr (0.2 mg/L), Ni (0.2 mg/L), As (0.005 mg/L) and Fe (202.69 mg/L). Prediction of acid formation using acid-base calculations from all samples shows high potential acid production between 22.84-2500.16 kg CaCO₃/tonne. The ratio of neutralization (NP) with acid potential (APP) shows a very low value (ratio < 1) Sg.
    [Show full text]
  • 燕一哪一赞一臀耀黔 Published Interpretations (Bell, T.H ., 1983; N Ature, 304, P
    C O N F E R E N C E R E P O R T S D efo rm atio n o f C ru stal R o ck s M t. Buffalo, Victoria, A ustralia, 2 一6 February 1987 In the H a rt s Range area P.R . Jam es and P. Ding have re- interpreted infrastructural basem ent and supracrustal cover O ne hundred and thirty structural geologists m et recently at to represent tw o related orogenic belts separated by a thick, M t. Buffalo in the high country of Victoria to discuss com plex, m id-crustal detachm ent zone characterized by aspects of crustal rock deform ation. The international early N -S crustal extension. In the southern A runta, C . conference w as hosted by the Specialist G roup in T ectonics A m ri and others have recognized a sub-horizontal shear and Structural G eology (SG T SG ) of the G eological Society of zone in Proterozoic gneisses w ith a N E directed shear and A ustralia. The conferences are held approxim ately every have suggested opposed thrusting during the Proterozoic and three years and provide a forum for the discussion o f re- Palaeozoic orogenies. Thrusting associated w ith the Late search results w ithin A ustralia. U nfortunately there w ere D evonian-Early Carboniferous event has determ ined the only eleven foreign participants (from Sw itzerland, Italy, present outcrop relations of the A runta com plex (A .J. A ustria, Canada, U .S.A . and M alaysia).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Psychosocial and Psychological and Its Related Issues in the Occupational Settings
    National Conference for Postgraduate Research (NCON -PGR) A Review of Psychosocial and Psychological and its Related Issues in the Occupational Settings Nuruzzakiyah Bt Mohd Ishanuddin Occupational Safety and Health Program Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia [email protected] Ezrin Hani Bt Sukadarin Occupational Safety and Health Program Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26300, Gambang Pahang, Malaysia [email protected] Hanida Bt Abdul Aziz Occupational Safety and Health Program Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26300, Gambang Pahang, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract—Psychosocial risk and psychological risk were different from each other although they were associated to the term of mental health. Both are related to a condition of a person mental health that they are not physically visible specifically in the workplace. The study regarding mental health at the workplace has been conducted long time ago by many researchers, thus psychosocial and psychological issues in the workplace were quite familiar due to the emergence of new types of hazards and associated risks in the workplace settings. In respect to that, no one should be harm by their work nature had driven more studies on these invisible aspects. To avoid more confusion between these terms, proper understanding must be developed in order to use any of these terms in research. This paper draws a clear distinction between these two terms (psychosocial risk and psychological health) and the related issues in the workplace settings. Keywords—Psychosocial risk; psychological health; mental health 1. INTRODUCTION The study on mental health at the workplace was not very prominent among safety and health researchers, this might be due to their nature as the unseen hazards compared to other types of occupational hazards.
    [Show full text]
  • Mantle Structure and Tectonic History of SE Asia
    Nature and Demise of the Proto-South China Sea ROBERT HALL, H. TIM BREITFELD SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom Abstract: The term Proto-South China Sea has been used in a number of different ways. It was originally introduced to describe oceanic crust that formerly occupied the region north of Borneo where the modern South China Sea is situated. This oceanic crust was inferred to have been Mesozoic, and to have been eliminated by subduction beneath Borneo. Subduction was interpreted to have begun in Early Cenozoic and terminated in the Miocene. Subsequently the term was also used for inferred oceanic crust, now disappeared, of quite different age, notably that interpreted to have been subducted during the Late Cretaceous below Sarawak. More recently, some authors have considered that southeast-directed subduction continued until much later in the Neogene than originally proposed, based on the supposition that the NW Borneo Trough and Palawan Trough are, or were recently, sites of subduction. Others have challenged the existence of the Proto-South China Sea completely, or suggested it was much smaller than envisaged when the term was introduced. We review the different usage of the term and the evidence for subduction, particularly under Sabah. We suggest that the term Proto-South China Sea should be used only for the slab subducted beneath Sabah and Cagayan between the Eocene and Early Miocene. Oceanic crust subducted during earlier episodes of subduction in other areas should be named differently and we use the term Paleo- Pacific Ocean for lithosphere subducted under Borneo in the Cretaceous.
    [Show full text]
  • Persatuan Geologi Malaysia
    KDN 0560/82 ISSN 0126/5539 PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA NEWSLETTER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALA VSIA Jil. 8, No.6 (Vol. 8, No.6) Nov- Dis 1982 KANDUNGAN (CONTENTS) CATATAN GEOLOGI (GEOLOGICAL NOTES) G .B. Ong & P.H. Stauffer: A large prehistoric landslide near Raub, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia 253 H.D. Tjia: Disharmonic folds at Tanjung Mat Amin, Trengganu 258 Perbincangan (Discussion) C.S. Hutchison: A chromium-nickel laterite in Bukit Punggor, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia-A Discussion 260 B.K. Tan: A chromium-nickel laterite in Bukit Punggor, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia-A Reply 263 PERHUBUNGAN LAIN (OTHER COMMUNICATIONS) S.K. Yong: Peninsular Malaysia Place-names 264 PERTEMUAN PERSATUAN (MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY) C.R. Jones: Geological and mineral exploration of the Kalahari, SW Africa 268 ROCKCON Training Course and Symposium-Report & Abstracts 268 Petroleum Geology Seminar '82-Report & Abstracts 287 BERITA PERSATUAN (NEWS OF THE SOCIETY) GEOSEA V-First Circular 299 Forthcoming GSM Bulletins 302 GSM 2-year Councillors 1983/84-election results 303 Keahlian (Membership) 303 Pertukaran Alamat (Change of Address) 303 BERIT A-BERIT A LAIN (OTHER NEWS) Universiti Sains Malaysia M.Sc. Theses 304 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia B.Sc. Theses 1981 /82 304 Carigali and Carigali-BP strike oil in Malaysia 304 Overseas Research Students ORS Awards 1983 307 XVIII General Assembly of IUGG 308 10th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium 310 Coastal Evolution in the Holocene- International Symposium 310 Techniques for Hydrologic Investigation 311 Kursus-kursus Latihan (Training Courses) 314 Kalendar (Calendar) 316 DIKELUARKAN DWIBULANAN ISSUED BIMONTHLY ;' PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA (GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA) Majlis (Council) 1982/83 Pegawai-pegawai (Officers) Presiden Khoo Teng Tiong, Jabatan Geologi, (President) Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Naib Presiden Leong Khee Meng, Carigali-BP, (Vice-President) P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Mapping of Sabah, Malaysia, Using Airborne Gravity Survey
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 Geological Mapping of Sabah, Malaysia, Using Airborne Gravity Survey Fauzi Nordin, Ahmad; Jamil, Hassan; Noor Isa, Mohd; Mohamed, Azhari; Hj. Tahir, Sanudin; Musta, Baba ; Forsberg, René; Olesen, Arne Vestergaard; Nielsen, Jens Emil; Majid A. Kadir, Abd Total number of authors: 13 Published in: Borneo Science, The Journal of Science and Technology Publication date: 2016 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Fauzi Nordin, A., Jamil, H., Noor Isa, M., Mohamed, A., Hj. Tahir, S., Musta, B., Forsberg, R., Olesen, A. V., Nielsen, J. E., Majid A. Kadir, A., Fahmi Abd Majid, A., Talib, K., & Aman Sulaiman, S. (2016). Geological Mapping of Sabah, Malaysia, Using Airborne Gravity Survey. Borneo Science, The Journal of Science and Technology, 37(2), 14-27. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Notes
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Notes on Sedimentary Basins in China Report of the American Sedimentary Basins Delegation to the People's Republic of China A. W. Bally 1 , I-Ming Chou2, R. Clayton3, H. P. Eugster4, S. Kidwell5, L. D. Meckel6, R. T. Ryder7, A. B. Watts8, A. A. Wilson9 1. Rice University, Houston 2. U. S. Geological Survey, Reston 3. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 4. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 5. University of Chicago 6. L. D. Meckel Company, Houston 7. U. S. Geological Survey, Reston 8. Lament Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, New York 9. National Academy of Sciences, Washington Open-File Report 86-327 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U. S. Geological Survey editiorial standards. 1986 NOTICE The views expressed in this report are those of the members of the Sedimentary Basins Delegation and are in no way the official views of the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China or its sponsoring organizations the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Social Science Research Council. The visit consisting of a bilateral workshop and field trip was part of the exchange program between the two countries and was supported by the National Academy of Sciences in the United States and the China Association for Science and Technology in China, with the Chinese Petroleum Society bearing special responsibilities as host. U.S. funding was provided by the National Science Foundation. The Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China was founded in 1966 by the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Social Science Research Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Pterosaur Distribution in Time and Space: an Atlas 61
    Zitteliana An International Journal of Palaeontology and Geobiology Series B/Reihe B Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Pa lä on to lo gie und Geologie B28 DAVID W. E. HONE & ERIC BUFFETAUT (Eds) Flugsaurier: pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer CONTENTS/INHALT Dedication 3 PETER WELLNHOFER A short history of pterosaur research 7 KEVIN PADIAN Were pterosaur ancestors bipedal or quadrupedal?: Morphometric, functional, and phylogenetic considerations 21 DAVID W. E. HONE & MICHAEL J. BENTON Contrasting supertree and total-evidence methods: the origin of the pterosaurs 35 PAUL M. BARRETT, RICHARD J. BUTLER, NICHOLAS P. EDWARDS & ANDREW R. MILNER Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas 61 LORNA STEEL The palaeohistology of pterosaur bone: an overview 109 S. CHRISTOPHER BENNETT Morphological evolution of the wing of pterosaurs: myology and function 127 MARK P. WITTON A new approach to determining pterosaur body mass and its implications for pterosaur fl ight 143 MICHAEL B. HABIB Comparative evidence for quadrupedal launch in pterosaurs 159 ROSS A. ELGIN, CARLOS A. GRAU, COLIN PALMER, DAVID W. E. HONE, DOUGLAS GREENWELL & MICHAEL J. BENTON Aerodynamic characters of the cranial crest in Pteranodon 167 DAVID M. MARTILL & MARK P. WITTON Catastrophic failure in a pterosaur skull from the Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil 175 MARTIN LOCKLEY, JERALD D. HARRIS & LAURA MITCHELL A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and time 185 DAVID M. UNWIN & D. CHARLES DEEMING Pterosaur eggshell structure and its implications for pterosaur reproductive biology 199 DAVID M. MARTILL, MARK P. WITTON & ANDREW GALE Possible azhdarchoid pterosaur remains from the Coniacian (Late Cretaceous) of England 209 TAISSA RODRIGUES & ALEXANDER W.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaya Annual Conference Methodist Episcopal Church Held in Singapore, January 1938
    , • oS ......; I ",", 0, Al J.. -I r, C~1 MINUTES OF THE MALAYA ANNUAL CONFERENCE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH HELD IN SINGAPORE, JANUARY 1938 WESLEY CHUR C H, SINGAPORE TABLE OF CONTENTS I. OFFICERS OF TEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE S II. BOARDS, COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES 4 Special Committees , .. 6 III. DAILY PROCEEDINGS 7 IV. DISCIPLINARY QUESTIONS 18 Certificate of Ordination 25 V. APPOINTMENTS 26 Special Appointments 34 Secretary's Certi1lcate 34 VI. REPORTS: (a) District Superintendents Singapore District-R. L. Archer 3!S Sibu District-Lee Hock Hiang 38 Central lI[alaya District-Abel Eklund 40 Central Tamil District-P. L. Peach 43 &erik! District-Wong King Hwo 46 Southern Tamil District-S. S. Pakianathan 47 Penang-Ipoh District-I Dodsworth 49 (b) Standing Committees and Boards Committee on Public Morals 55 Committee on Evangelism 55 Committee on Resolutions 56 Committee on the State of the Church 57 Committee on Home ][issions 57 Conference Board of Stewards 60 STATISTICS Summary of Kalaya Annual Conference and Malaysia Chinese Mission Conference Statistics 64 Statistical Beport of Malaya Annual Conference Inserted Statistics for Educational Institutions Inserted Statistician's Recapitulation Report Inserted Conference Treasurer's Report 66 VII. lIlISCELLANEOUS Recommendations of Committee on Christian Literature 67 General Report on Girls' Schools 67 Report of the Malaysia Commission on Beligious Education for 1937 69 VIII. ROLL OF THE DEAD 73 Memoirs 74 IX. HISTORICAL Conference Sessions 77 Chronol~gical Boll 78 Retired Ministers 79 .MINUTES OF THE FOR TY -SIXTH SESSION MALAYA ANNUAL CONFERENCE .METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH HELD IN WESLEY CHURCH SINGAPORE, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, MALAYA JANUARY 6, TO 12, I938 PUBLISHED BY SECRETARY, MALAYA ANNUAL CONFERENCE FIVE, FORT CANNING ROAD -.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Cretaceous Avian-Dominated, Theropod
    Lower cretaceous avian-dominated, theropod, thyreophoran, pterosaur and turtle track assemblages from the Tugulu Group, Xinjiang, China: ichnotaxonomy and palaeoecology Lida Xing1,2, Martin G. Lockley3, Chengkai Jia4, Hendrik Klein5, Kecheng Niu6, Lijun Zhang7, Liqi Qi8, Chunyong Chou2, Anthony Romilio9, Donghao Wang2, Yu Zhang2, W Scott Persons10 and Miaoyan Wang2 1 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), Beijing, China 2 School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), Beijing, China 3 Dinosaur Trackers Research Group, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, United States 4 Research Institute of Experiment and Detection of Xinjiang Oil Company, PetroChina, Karamay, China 5 Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum, Neumarkt, Germany 6 Yingliang Stone Natural History Museum, Nan’an, China 7 Institute of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces & Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China 8 Faculty of Petroleum, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay, China 9 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 10 Mace Brown Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, United States ABSTRACT Rich tetrapod ichnofaunas, known for more than a decade, from the Huangyangquan Reservoir (Wuerhe District, Karamay City, Xinjiang) have been an abundant source Submitted 10 January 2021 of some of the largest Lower Cretaceous track collections from China. They originate Accepted 26 April 2021 from inland lacustrine clastic exposures of the 581–877 m thick Tugulu Group, 28 May 2021 Published variously divided into four formations and subgroups in the northwestern margin of Corresponding author the Junggar Basin.
    [Show full text]