Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Magazine

Spring 1957 The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 3 Earl F. Robacker

Alfred L. Shoemaker

Jim Butterfield

Don Yoder

Harry Stauffer

See next page for additional authors

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Recommended Citation Robacker, Earl F.; Shoemaker, Alfred L.; Butterfield, Jim; Yoder, Don; Stauffer, Harry; Heller, Edna Eby; Zehner, Olive G.; Braun, Fritz; Krebs, Friedrich; and Dieffenbach, Victor C., "The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 3" (1957). The Dutchman / The Pennsylvania Dutchman Magazine. 11. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/11

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Earl F. Robacker, Alfred L. Shoemaker, Jim Butterfield, Don Yoder, Harry Stauffer, Edna Eby Heller, Olive G. Zehner, Fritz Braun, Friedrich Krebs, and Victor C. Dieffenbach

This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/11

UBLICATIONS of the

ennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc.

The PENNSYLVANIA BARN Published by: Th e Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc. Price $2.00 I", elud es 16 essays, 96 pages Edited by: ki~J DR. ALFRED L. . '1 I ,: ,SHOEMAKER Artieles by: DR . ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER DR. DON YODER HENRY J. KAUFFMAN J. WILLIAM STAIR VICTOR C. DIEFFENBACH

CONTENTS of the PENNSYLVANIA BARN

The Pe nnsylvania Barn Thatche d Barn Through the Trave ler's Eye Barn Decorations Barn Types He x Signs The Log Barn Brick.End De corations The Stone Barn Note s on Early Brick Barns The Frame Barn Applique s Barn Raisings Barnscape s Barn Terminology The Barns of 1798 SPRI NG 1957 VOL. 8, NO.3

EDITOR: Managing: Dr. Alfred L. hoemaker Contents Associate: Dr. Don Yoder

DEPARTMENT EDITORS: The Dutch Touch 111 Iron ...... 2 Antiques: Dr. Earl F. Robacker EARL F. ROBA CKER Art: Frances Lichten Cra/ts: The Pennsylvania Dutch Village 7 X VIf] Century : Henry J. Kauffman ALFR ED L. HOE MAK ER Contemporary : Olive G. Zehner 3 Design:· LeRoy Gen ler Five June Days .. Folklore : Rev. Thomas R. Brendle On an Ami h Farm 12 Food: Edna Eby Heller JIM B TTERFIELD Genealogy : Frederick Weiser History : Dr. Arthur D. Graeff Traveling Pennsylvanians ...... )8 Literature : Walter E. Boyer DON YOD ER Music : Dr. J. William Frey The T rail of the Stone Ar ched Bridges in Berks County ...... 20 UB CRIPTION RATE : HARRY TA FFER 3.00 a year in the United tate and Canada. El ewhere fifty cents addi­ Di placed Dutchmen Crave Shoo-flies ... . 32 ti onal for po tage. Single copies .75. EDNA EBY H ELL ER

MSS A D PHOTOGRAPHS: Florence Stan- Taylor ...... 3,t The Editor will be glad to consider OLIVE G. ZEH ER MS and photographs sent with a view to publication. When unsuit­ Pennsylvania Dutch Pioneers ...... 39 able, and if accompanied by return FRITZ BRA UN AI D FRIEDRI CH KR EBS po tage, every care will be exercised (Translated by Do T YODER) toward their return, although no re- ponsibility for their afety i as­ sumed. Zinzendorf and Moravian Research ...... 43 DO N YODER. THE PEN YLVANIA DUTCH­ MA . pring, 1957, Vol. 8, o. 3, Sheep in Dutchland ...... 45 publi hed quarterly by th e Penn yl­ VI T R C. DI EFFE TBA H vania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc., 307-311 West Main t. , Kutztown , Pa. Executive and editorial office Beth el, Pa. Content Copyri ghted. P ress of E nt.eT ed as second cia .. matter at the Post Office CRAFT SM EN, INC. at Kutztown, P ennsylvania, under the Act of Kutztown, Pa. March 3, 1879. The Dutch Touch • In IRON

By EARL F. ROB CKER

It is an accepted part of today's living that the quality of what one buys i pretty largely determined by what he i willing or able to pay. He may pend fiv e dollar for a pair of hoe -or ten or twenty-but he knows better than to rail at cheapne of merchandise if the purcha e price was in keeping. Equa ll y, if he ha paid well for something, he has a right to expect the quality to be comm en urate with the xpenditure. Thi ystem of quality level and price level wa less accepted in the day of our pioneering ancestor than it i now- not that hoddiness or quality is a creation of contemporar time-. In the da ys wh en timec10ck were unknown, wh en mo t consum ers were on the same eco· nomic level. and wh en most crafts were handcrafts­ then a product was likely to be good. In fact, it had to be good to the point of acceptance or it would have been laughed out of exi tence. Fierce pride in the quality of one' own handiwork is something all but unknown in a conveyor·belt. as embly.line society, but in a day when ever y man's work was kn own to alm ost ever y other man and almost inevitably became a topic of conversa· ti on throughout the community. a sli pshod performance would get exactl y th e attention it merited. Few are the craftsmen. though, who are eq ually gifted or equall y skilled. Some men will emerge from the body·general of worker as superior, whether by rea on of actual talent or I ecau e of painstaking care. but th e fact remain that th ey do emerge. This extra, added omething in craft manshi p i no· where more evident than in the hand·wrought ironwork executed by th e early Pennsylva nia Dutch. For obviou reasons. little iron could be brought to the ew World­ little beyond the cooking pot, in mo t cases-but ever y­ where iron was in prime demand and a oon as the variou indu tries which paved th e way to the mith at th e forge could possibl y be established they came into exi tence. Up and down the seaboard and th en we tward the iron indu try pread ... and yet today, among a mi cellaneo u co llecti on of ironwork survivino- from old times, one ca n ort out certain piece and ay with con­ victi on, "A P ennsylvania Dutchman made th e e." Why? imply because the extra p lus·mark how. It show in the suitability of the piece for th e work for which it was intended. il1 its freedom from hampering re trictions and in it ornamentati on-so apt that it seems inevitable. IIlu trations accompanying thi s article should in th em elve help to make the point clear. Let us take iron hinge for fir t con ideration. Four examples of strap hinge are hOIl'I1. The term "strap" is a general one 1. A beautifully executed hinge bear· us d in the an tiques fraternity to de ignate 10no-, narrow ing the familiar tulip motif· hinges cut from a trip of iron and intended for u e on

2 2. 'arrow hinges decom/;ed with flat heart and tulip.

3. Commonest form in decorated hinges.

4. A mong the rarest of decorated hinges are / hose in the bird pattern.

broad, heavy pieces of wood con truction- doors, dower chest lids, and th e like. Any re emblance to a leather strap or to the ordinary long hinge ceas . however. be yo nd th e point of phy ical length , becau e of th e extra plu in design ; th e object lose nothin g of it utilitarian quality, but gain immea urably becau e of mounled in group on panel or di played ingly. it adeptly conceived proportion and fini hing touche. Collector who wi h to put piece on di play, eith r in Tulip ornamentation was a favorite one, but eldom actual con tru tion or a objets d'art, generally face the did th e tulip in iron achieve the perfection of the example probl m of hOI to clean th em up first. They are almo t hown in Illu tration No. 1. It eem obvious lh at lh e alwa y rusty. and om Lim es ru t , grea y, covered with smith chalked out the pattern before he tarted work. paint, and broken. renewing it a he went along when th e nece ary elem nl oaki ng in kero ene will u uall y remove rust, if done of fire and water obliterated it. over a period of time and wilh occa ional li ght appli a­ Hinge in th e bi rd pattern are th e ne plus ultra for ti on of leel , 001. Kerosene will also remove grea e in orne collector , not only for their beauty I ut becausp mo t ease . but if it doe not, denatured wood alcohol of their great rarity. It hould not be too urpri ing to I ill serv the purpo e. A comm ercial paint remover will non-collector to di cover that piece of work like th e e lak a re of an old painl encru tali on, bU L it i advisable are eld om puL to th eir original u e nowada y but are to wipe th e obj ct with a turpentin rag afterward.

3 5. A n exceptional specimen of a door hasp reflecting the fraktur work of the Ephraln criveners.

Restoration i another matter, and hould probably be done only wh en a mo t exceptional specimen makes its appearance. The door hasp shown in Illustration o. 5 is a repaired pecimen- worth restoring becau e it i obviou ly an attempt to repre ent in iron th e " Great Lily" of fraktur work at th e Ephrata Cloisters. A uch, it appears to be unique. The lily itself is cut from a in gle sheet of iron- 0 thin th at with neglect and abuse some of th e petals were broken off and los t. The points of repair (two at th e left, two at th e right) show as plainly to th e observer as th ey do in the illustration, but repair 6. Door pull executed ill is the only way to bring out th e bea uty of a piece as remarkable as thi . Need le to a , th e sale valu e is le s beautiful twin tulips. than it would be for a perfect specimen. What should th e collector do to preserve th e surface of iron after it has been cleaned up and, if necessary, repaired? Line oil or linseed oil is one answer. either 7. Door plate with repeat­ one will damage the article a an antique, though it ed heart theine and in­ must be admitted that oil i a better preservative than an verted tulip. enhancer of beauty. One collector, experimenting in a number of different fi eld at the same time, once acciden­ tally dropped an old phonograph record into a receptacle alcohol. The proper vintage IS found In the recording of wood alcohol, breaking the record. When he later went of the 1920's. to remove the piece, he found that they were almo t Credit for di covery of the Great Tulip hasp men· completely dissolved, and in a fit of inspiration he applied ti oned above hould go to Mrs. Hattie Brunner, of Rein­ the blackish liquid to some old iron on which he was holds, Penn ylva nia. It was she wh o fir t identified it working. The softl y shining, dull black fini h so pleased and, realizing its significance in folk decoration, had it him that he ha u ed nothing else since. Another collector uitably repaired. u es a black, quick·drying enamel, cut in equal propor­ Door pulls like the twin-tulip specimen hown in tion with ub-turpentine to eliminate the gloss, and Hlu trati on o. 6 often how extraordinary skill in exec u· follow with tee 1 wool and furniture polish. As long a tion. A door pull Ie than completely mooth would, of th ere is no attempt to conceal flaw s, and a long a the co urse, be a cau e of steady annoyance. Compare th e iron does not look "painted" to the point where it clea n lines of th e lower (inverted ) tulip with th ose of authenticity might be questioned, there eem to be little th e Ephrata piece: Even allowing for the ravages of time obj ection to either method . The out-and-out puri t, how­ and rust, the Great Lily depends more on its concept ever, and the good dealer, will keep the pi ece jut as for di tincti on than upon it executi on. In the door pull, it wa found. it i the clean, free line which commands re pect. Incidentally, vinyl or other plastic-type phonograph Ironw ork reache a high point of intricacy in keyhole record ca n not be used as a darkening agent with escutcheon or lock plate . U ual place for such e cutch-

4 8. Thi Conestoga wagon box lid car­ ries oul lhe fa miliar th em e of Penll­ sylvania folk art.

9. E itch en turners and fork in heart hape.

eons are on heavy house doo rs and on dOIl-er che t lids. The plate in Illustration 10 . 7 was removed f rom a do r lock. It is notable for it u e of th ree fa vorite P enn ) 1- vania Dutch motifs- th e tulip al th e top: lh e teardrop or half-heart or yin and yan signs (so called from th e nomenclatu re in ancient Chine e symbolog . from II-hich they derive) : and the c ntral heart, with its a )mmelrical 10 11- r OUllin e. It will be noted th at th e rever e curve on the heart i repeated at the lower extremity of lhe e cUlch­ Hea rt and lulip lake on many forms in iron. The eon. Thi treatm ent of th e curve i lh e exception. not th e l UI ner a nd the fork in IIlu lration o. 9 how how a r ul e. in Dut hland delineation of th e heart motif. favorite devi ce ould be employed to good eff ect in even Ironwork on th e Conestoga wagon box lid in Illustra­ th e mosl humlle h ousekeeping lool . A repre entative of lion TO. 8 is less ornate than is ometim es lh e a e wilh thc typica l fl at-lobed h art. th e large turner at the left box-cover iron, but th e harmony among th three piece i uperi or- but th e p roportions of the oth er are al 0 i out tanding. The diamond- haped projecti on on the II' II uited to th e dimen ions of th e area th ey adorn. hinge match imilar projection on th e ha p, even to Implement of thi kind hark back to the day of open­ the tucls. The radius for the lobes of th e heart i th e hearlh cooker ; even though it might appear that the ame a for the cut-out circles below in actual mea ur - pancake turners h own could be used on a pre ent-day ment. although it appear slightly larger in th e photo­ griddl , th edges are blunt a nd the blade inflexible, graph. ludded finials like th o e above th e hearl are except for th e smalle t pecimen. Only a very thick cake _ometime dubbed " nake-head" finials, a t rm Ie than could ufvi ve th e operation of being turned over by one completely apt. of th e e to ol .

5 12. Trivets bearing the fmniliar Dutch folk art I1wtifs- heart, tulip and barn sLgn.

lion j 0.12. however, meril attention. IL major claim to incl usion in lh rank of P enn ylvania Dutch coll ectible is the whi rling wa tika of the handle- trong evidence, ince this combination of yin and yan ymbol seem to occur nOlI-here else in American folk art. The tl\elve hea rt _ th e centra l fl oral m otif, and the thistl e blossom in th e handle all have their counterpart in oth er folk art form . On e i tempted to call it the Il ork of a P enn ) 1- \'ani a craft ma n_ but it is ju t a well lo keep an open mind 0 11 the ubj ect: no one ha yet reported a n actual place in II-hi ch trivet of thi kind were ma le. ince they we re ca t rather th an wrought. identical specimens may be found- in theory_ at lea t. The wrought tri vet in the ame illustration tell th ir own tory o ( heart and tulip _ with th pecimen at the left (made in one pi ece) a prime example of ymmetry in both motif. now bird or snol top , tho e device of an earlier year to keep now from ca cading off the r oof on a da 10. Waffle iron in heart 11. Ii e ar t - shaped of thaw, were u ually ca t. The favorite and onl y well 'tape. snow stop. kn own de ign i that o f th e bird, probabl y th e eagle. Also intended for fireplace u e i the waffie iron in The heart- haped stop in lllu tration o. 11 i I rought. Illu. tration No. 10. Forty-one inches in length_ it weighs It is so imple and "easy" in con truction that one 18 pound, and it use must have te ted the patience of wond er wh y it wa not more widely us-ed. Perhap th e even the mo t long- ufIering pioneer grandmother! The fact that it wa ea y. and hence pre ented no challengf'. heart-shaped waffie it produce bear impressions of tw o account for its carcit . tar in the lobe ; below the tar appears the " regular" Other ironw ork could be mentioned. not pictured here waffie design a we kn ow it today. The baking ecti on of but worth th attention of the collector who i intere ted the implement is of ca t iron ; the handles are wrought, in bygone days and way . A wrought iron hoe horn; a and undoubtedl y wer e fashioned from tock piece, ince garden tool: a firepla 'e poker- any hand-forged obj ect m o t waffie iron of this magnitude differ only in the in uch a seemingly lowl y categor may be redeemed actual pattern of the waIDe. from th e commonplace b y the touch of a craft man I ho It i not the intention of the writer to di cu ca t b li eved in the enduring worth of \ hat he wa doing Iron ornamentation in thi article. The trivet in Il1u stra- and took the trouble of putting hi eal of approval on it.

6 The Pennsylvania Dutch Village

By ALFRED L. SHOE 1AKER

Thi past July the Penn ylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc. was tran ferred from Franklin and Mar hall College in Lanca ter to Beth el al ong . S. Highway 22, approxi· matel y midway between Allentown and Hani burg. The Folklore Center ha acquired three properties at Bethel: a seventy· acre farm and two adjacent one·acre Certificate of plots. Here in the next decade the Folklore Center pro­ Indebtedness po es to create a Pennsylvania Dutch Village, an open air mu eum patterned after the famou candinavian merit the fi nancial support in the amount indicated ) fo lk museums. the growth of the Penn ylvania Dutch Village will be On one of the one-acre plots the Folklore Center dependent upon going out and raising as gifts the has opened a Penn sylvania Dutch food specialtie and necessary funds. As indicated earlier it is hoped that handicraft shop. This we have called Dutchland. To thi can all be done in a decade's time. show the public what th e future will have in tore, we nd wh at unit should th e Penn ylvania Dutch have created an outdoor bake oven roofed with early Village comprise eventuall y? An eighteenth century tile from the Oley Valley and an eighteenth century farmstead. a log house and barn (we have the promise cider press with a thatched roof. Each unday afternoon, of a wonderful log hou e) howi ng the Continental type in summer and fall, the staff of the Folklore Center architecture in contrast to the Quaker and cotch-Irish demon trates bread baking in the outdoor oven and buildings; a Plain Dutch (Amish) farm teadwith the cider making on the ancient pre , a gift of the Berks " Gros -da wd y" type hou e and a barn with an un­ Co unty Historical ociet),. ince rye traw is required supported forebay (typical of Lancaster. Lebanon, and in the cider making, we fl ai l e eral sheaves of r ye each York Counties); a ni on Church of brick (en abbath. And. of course, we boil apple b utter week- end . gemeesche/tlichi karrich ) and a Plain Dutch meeting­ T his ummer we hope to tart on the fi r t u nit of the house; the craft hop: the Cone toga wagon shop, the Village-the Ga y Dutch farmstead. representing the black mith shop. the tiegel gla s work. the German­ farm culture of our Lutheran and Reformed grandparents language printer y. th e pottery. the Pennsylvania (Ken­ in the period around 1875. Thi entail , among other tu cky) ri fl e hop. the carpet weaver' hop, the joiner things . bringing to the farm an out tanding example of and und ertaker' shop: and th ere hould be an Indian a tone farmhou e and barn. (The exi ting hou e and village to ho\\ the relationshi p between the Pen nsylvania ba rn are not adequate and will have to be removed. ) Dutch and th e area' or iginal inhabitants. Once the Ga y Dutch farm tead i up- and we propose Acti ity !I1ust be the very ke) -n ote of the Pennsylvania to r un it as a living unit with all the farm and household Dutch Village. Tn harve t time we mu t make a fe tival chores being carried on a they were in 187S-we will lo hOIl how t"he immigrant generations used the sickle, be able to begin to charge an admi ion th us e tabli shing how later the grain cracl le came into use. and then the it a a elf· upporting unit. reaper on up lo loday' combine; we must burn lime This brings u to the fi nancing of the Gay Dutch for th e fi eld in a li me-kiln ; burn charcoal £01' the unit- tage one- in building the Penn yl ania Du tch blacksmith's forge; raise fla x for the weaver's loom ; and, Village to take it place eventually, we hope, be ide the most importanl of all. fa rm the fi elds a Cross-dawdy did. Farmer's Mu eum at Coopertown, tu rbridge Vill age i n However, th e very core of the Penn ylva nia Dutch Ma achusetts. and William b urg to our outh. All of Vi ll age has nol been mentioned as yet: the re earch the ventures of the Folklore Center heretofore have been library. Thi s, obviously the costliest unit to b uild and fina nced by profit from th e annual Penn ylva nia Dutch maintain, i th e very heart of th e Folklore Center's Folk Festival at Kutztown. (The paid attendance last project. We mu t coll ect in a central place our printed year approached the 50,000 mark !) It is clear, however, and manu cri pt material ; we must go out after every that the Folklore Center mu t look beyond the Folk fo lksong and fo lklale. after every traditional rh yme Fe tival revenu e to realize th e fir t unit of the Village. and proverb. after ever living folk belief ; we mu t j • The Folklore Center needs . 30,000 to build the Gay record our dialect vocabulary ; \ e must photograph our Dutch farm tead. And we propose to rai e thi mone materi al culture : hou es and barns, pig sti es and corn among our Dutchman family by elling three- hundred crib. and the lool of farm and shop. And most im­ Certificate of Indebtedne s at ·l OO each. The Certificates portant of all , we hall at long la t have to put the will earn th ree per cent intere t per annum and will cholar to work, tucl ying our pi ritual and material be repaid ten year from th e date of is uance. herilage, to how what has been th e overall co ntribution Thi , then, is an appeal for upport from yo u. Each of the Dulch Co untry to our A merican way of life. one of you who ha been a member of our Dutchman Thi i our dream at th P enn ylva nia Dutch Folklore family for a number of year will r ceive a letter in thi enter. Wheth er it hall ever be more than a dream maller from the Folklore Center. depend , initiall y at lea t, upon yo u, our Dutchman Beyond thi point (give n th at the Folkl ore Center will fa mil .

7 Vr( caliollers proceeding by hor e and wago n along a countr), road. lined wilh a sla ke and rider fC' nce.

One of th e treasure of th e Montgomer y Co unty Hi - tori cal oci ty is an a lbum entitled Five june Days. con­ FIVE SIStlJ1 g of some seventy photographs one William H. Richardso n tookixty year ago on a trip to " th wilds of Lanca ter County." The Norristown Weekly Herald of Monday, June 24, 1895. carried thi s account about th e vacation trip: JUNE '·Two well-kn own yo ung men of Norristown. Messr . Wm. H. Richard on and Alfred W. Wright, tarted W d­ nesday afternoon on a novel vacation trip, on which th ey expect to be ab ent about ten day. DAYS "Before tarting th ey purcha ed th e nece sary outfit consisting of a horse. wagon and harne s. Thi mea n

R esting by a farmhoLlse along the wa y.

Pa ying a ,oll, gladly no d oubl.

8 of conveyance enables them to take everything required by th em in the way of extra clothing, Mr. Richardson's camera and photographic appurtenances, without incon­ venience. The wa gon was well fill ed, but not heavily laden. "Their turn-out wa much admired, and when they left th Herald offi ce at 4:30 in the afternoon, th ey were given a end-off in the most tyle, th eir assembled friend wi h­ ing them a afe and pleasant journey. "When asked wh ere th ey intended going it developed that th ey had no very definite plan formed in advance of th e trip, but expected to travel about 30 mi Ie a day and ultimately reach th e wild of Lanca ter County, in which Bowman ville is located, in th e meanwhile li ving on the country through whi ch they travel. "When evening comes on Mr. Wright take on him elf the ta k of arranging quarters for th e ni ght, \\~ hil e 'lr. Richard on propo es to take vie\\' of the scenery \\~ ith his camera."

Farmhouse almo t atop the road.

tnrting onl for flnoth er load of hay.

9 Grandpa with latzhossa A "top-o-the-morning" One of the two travelers partly unbuttoned. face in Lancaster County trying to be helpful. FIVE

H e probably go t a peppermint R elaxing in the "Wilds of Lancaster County". stick for posing.

10 Little girl feeding the " bee bees".

A couple of shanty women finding relaxation smoking the pipe. A nd how did the cornstalks survive?

~ UNE DAYS

T hey have just finished their week's shopping in the country store.

A n overshot millwheel along thp way.

II Thi is a report of three da)s· work on a Wayne County I rode by horse I areback aer o a pasture to 1 oah' Ami h farm in June. 1956. The farm i near Wooster , barnyard. " Hoseht un extra gshaa ieh kan use?" I tried Ohio. in the northernmost church district of the world's out m y amateur Dutch. large t Amish territory. The writer i 28 and not P enn­ " ' 0 ir." he miled, pointing to four orrel already sylvania Dutch by heritage but has lived in Wayne County hitched abreast to hi di c in th e fi eld. " I have six harnes all hi life. Fictitiou name are used throughout. but the for six horse and Aden is going to u e the other two." people and event are actual. Hi ten year old son already had one of the family driving J NE 13 hor es between the shaft of a mi lk hack and was waiting Alvin Miller i late getting 22 acres of corn planted thi at th e yard gate for his father to load four can of milk wet spring. His fi eld s are low, and soft even for hor es. from th e spring house. Aden would then drive out their o I came this morning with my mare to help for three long lane to the hi ghway in time to meet the milk truck. days. We talked about the recent wet weather whi le Mr . '·Co over to Noah's and see if he has a harness we can Yoder hoed garden, nine year old Liddy carried some borrow for your horse," Alvin told me a he hitched hi s breakfast leftover to th e cool spring hou e, three younger four bi g draft horses to th e riding elise. " I'd like for you children stood barefooted watchin g u , and the baby to use her and my driving horse to cultipack what I di sc hung to th e edge of hi s homemade crib on the porch. before the lumps dry too hard." He looked at th e eight They all 1\ ore solid color clothing, the boy with home o'clock un and cloudles sky. " To telling when it'll rain sewn cl oth suspender over short leeved shi rts and th e again so it' important to keep the moisture in too." girls with thin black caps over their braids. Baby is a Noah Yoder rents the next farm ea t. He rents on the boy but will wear a dre {or moth er' conveni ence until hal·e. one half of hi s crops going to the own er \\"h o i not he i nearly four years old. A mi h. Alvin r ents too, but for cash. He pay ·1200 a I rode out Toah·s back lane and over to Jacob H r h­ year to a former Amishman " ho join ed the Con en ·ati ve berger's nearl y a mile a wa y. Two cultivator teams were Mennonite Church. Thi landlord looks Ami h in dress ~ t and in g at res t between corn row th at show J ake and and wear a beard. but he uses tractor equipment and hi capable teen a"e boys had fini shed their plantin" at therefore moved to a larger hrm. Alvin and Noah each least three \l eeks ago. have Ie than 80 acres o f plow land. ··Looking fo r someone?·' Melvin· voice came from the

Pholographs by Charles S. R ice A n A mishman discing th e fi eld Leith a pan of five hor'es. Barefoot A mish farm boy in la tzhossa on horseback.

hade of a r oadsid e tree. I asked him and his brother Dan Bess a re a nell pair. one black and one white, \,"hich he about borrowing a harne . " It's almost too hot to lI·ork bought earli er thi pring after a bull gored one of his horses todar." Melvin said. " Ours are panting air ad) old hor e and another suff red from heave. Apparently ju t cultivating." the new team was not used to hard work fo r they alway On the way to hi barn for th e harness Melvin howed had to train k eping up \\Oith Alvin's so rrels. low in the me their new milk cooler. They shi p ix ca n of milk a udden hea t after much cool rainy weather they were day and had barely been meeting the 55 degree tempera­ brea thing hard and need d long re t at each end of the ture required by grade A milk proce sor. 0 they aban­ fi eld. doned the old cement water tro ugh and in vested ·1500 A cultipacker roll easil) and the tw o light horse I in a nellOcoo ling cabinet operated by a die el com pres or drove tarted out martl) \\, ;th it over the warm soil. Soon unit. The engine has a large battery and Melvin pre ed th ey wea ted but coukl still keep a good pace. Then one the self·starter button to show how quickl y a film of ice of A lvin ' di cin g hor. es- the black one- coll apsed and begins to form on th e cabinet walls. lay on the g rounl puffi n!;. '·It will pay for it elf in tw o years." J ake Hershberger " That' th e fir t time a horse ever went down for me'" said when he came ou t to approve m y using hi spare h sa id looking glu m. '·r ve ~o t to get her up 0 he get harness. "With th e amount of milk we send there i a more ai r. he won't cool off down on th e hot groun d like th ou and dollar a year difference between grade A and Ih 2t. " He unhooked Bei/" s tug chains. took off her j oc k e ~ o the chee e h ouse price. Oh, if I could u e an electric ti ck. and let th e other thr e p ull the di c away. Bell tried cooler I could get a econdhand one for a couple hu ndred everal times to tand UP before her legs fin a ll y held. dollar . A lot of English farmers are witching to bulk fter he lIoa tead ) nough I in put her in place with tank , you kn ow. and yo u can pick up one of their old th e jocke) ti ck again but did not fa ten her tugs. he electric cooler cheap. There ju t aren't any u ed ga olin e wa lke I along while the other three p ulled the di c by ones." hort tage back 10 the barn nd of the fi eld. Then we I fitted the harne on my horse and rode back toward unhitched for dinner. Alvin' . Jake' ixteen year old daughter, Mandy, was Alvin was careful not to let the hea ted h or e drink pu hing a la wn mower a I left, and tw o youn ger on more than a fell wall ows of water wh en th ) fir t came were in th e corn fi eld hoeing thi tie b)T hand a Melvin in. La t ulllmer one of th e orrels wa lame for week and Dan went back to th e culti va tor . A maIler boy and from water founder caused I ) constricti on of blood ve . girl tood near th eir clean white house to watch me off. sel near the hoof when too much cold water was tak n Back at Miller' Alvi n helped curry and ha rne hi at on e. Albert also put ~ handful of 100 e aIL in each driving hor e while th e discing team re ted. " Boy. ' is hur_e' feedbox a nd he let th em mun h hay for half :1n haiss! Bell and Be can ju t hardl) make it. " Bell and hour before giving them any gra in .

13 The Miller home was equipped with a modern bath· Anna al 0 brought a letter and ye terday' Woo ter room by the Con ervative owner before Ivin moved nell' paper from the mailbox. The letter wa for Fannie there la t eason. The big old tw o story house i wired from a ennonite girl friend he tayed with recently. for electricity and the water we drew for wa hing b for It contain ed a nap hot of Fannie taken with a f1a h dinner came under pre ure from an electric pump. ince camera in the girl friend' living room. Fannie had a AI in is a renter he is permitted to u e electric li ghts and broad mile a she at on the ofa crocheting. Th letter moto r a lread y instal led. If he ever buy the farm. he a lso enclo ed a little jeweled hea rt pin with an all' I II' uld ask th power company to di connect his b uilding. through it. Fannie often wear some small bright tr ink t He would keep the plumbing y tem but I\ould change on her best dark blue homemade coat. h an have to a

A group of A mi l'LInen. The double bed prepared for me in ague t room up· Ioah Yoder came in sight leading a cow to visit Jake' tairs ha one sheet on the mattress. It is the custom in Holstein bull. He sa id that if Alvin wanted to bring hi thi family to u e blanket without a top sheet. Each remaining good t am ov r to speed up the planting at window ha a single blue curtain that can be tied grace· Noah' . then next week Ioah's horse wou ld all be free fully to one ide. The bedroom Aoor, like all other in to di sc at Miller 's. But wh en Alvin th ought thi over he th e hou e, has no rug. decided to go ahead and plant with out a second discing. J IE 14 Another rain would put hi corn too far behind. 1 hould Alvin ,,-as very long in the face this morning wonder· hitch hi driving hor e in place of th e dead animal and ing how he will finish corn planting after losing one hor e tart to harrow with the spring tooth. from a team that \\'a n't worth the '300 he paid for them. The stock truck ca me and pulled it heavy load aboarrl He sent me ridin O' back to Hershberger's hoping that Jake II-ith a ca ble win ch. The driver told us that carca es are might loan him a tea m for the day. To finish discing that skinned, certain part made into a hog food called tank· acre and then cro di sc the hardest parts of the whole age, and the rest ground up for fertilizer. He al 0 aid fi eld would reall y take more than a day. And fiv e acres that live hoI' e rounded up over th e state sell for five for ilage corn wasn't even plowed yet! cent a pound at the Quaker Oats Company dog food " That kind of puts me on a spot," Jacob th ought 0ut plant at Marion. He once rescued a good team there for loud about th e problem. " It's going to be hot again today '150. Yet with su rplus team from tractor farms becom· and m y hor e are pretty old. I'd let you borrow them In g carce and old now. a decent pair of h orse in thi tonight after it cools off. but we're having church here Ami h terri tory command '300 to '600 depending on unda)' and I have to use them tomorrow and Saturday age. to clean out our tables and mow the weed and to go After dinn I' Mrs. Miller changed irow her pale blue O'et the I enche ." house dress to th e black garb she usuall y wear in town. Then he urprised me by adding, "1 beli eve I'd just She had an afternoon appointment with a doctor in get a tractor to go in there and be done with it." Woost 1'. so Alvin took th e work harne s o ff of their road "But would he be permitted to do that? " horse and put th e li ghter bugg) harne on. Her two " 1 don't ee wh ere that's any more wrong than killing small daughter put n cri p dre es and black bonnets a horse." to go alonO' on th five mile trip. Usuall ) it take Ie s than

Amish boys learn to work early in life.

• A good example of all A mish family car ,. i age. SOIl1(,' time called the "G e ,. III (/ n t 0 It" n JT'agoll ".

an hour but on [h i hot afternoon the hors was poke). get naps of his barn and square-top luggy he had said My mare fill ed in on th e harrow and by supper time he didn't care what pictures I took as long a I didn't aim the ten or t\\ elve acre ection wa half ready. Mr . Miller th cam ra at him or an) of the chi ld ren. And he never and her girls trotted in the lane and as I \\"ashed m) hands \\"ould hold m)' camera to take a picture of me. But nOli i: nd face Anna asked. "Wai hI du /Vas icl! in da hladl he a id Fannie could if he lI a nted to. grickl hab?" When she had taken a ide and a front view of th e four "Candy? "' horse team I ask d if I could take a p icture of her. "·1\'ay. Pink Lce cream mit epbairre drin."· ' "I don't think so .... If I could I e ure no one lse would see it. . .. -' he hesitated. I put the camera in its We al 0 had epbairre for supper in th form of a popu­ ca e and he onfided that her tead)' l oy friend had lar cold "soup" which each per on pour over a sli ce of taken her picture one recent unda), "because he knew he butt red bread. It i imply crushed trawberries in s\\"eet­ lI"ouldn't dare after I am baptized." Fannie ai 1 that on ened milk. a usage from th ei r own butchering and young th e same unda) she p ut on some forbidden jean and onion from th e garden rounded out th e meal. rode her boy friend's horse bareback. As th e eveni ng air cooled Al in asked me to ee if the "Whi ch do you think are more comfortable. jeans or a horses could p ull the di c long enough to go over one d re s?" I asked her. smail area of lumpy black clod. Wh n the milking wa d res !" he exclaimed. done he \\ " a ~ k ed out in the dark t take the line so I could go in and pia) guitar for th e children. Their favorite song While I made progre s harrowing with th e steady 01'­ i one I learned at th e 1954 P ennsylvania Dutch F olk rels. th e big b lack. and th e dri in o- hor e, A lvin u ed my Festival: " cbpin. Schpin. Meine Li eve Dochder.'· mare in his h ack to bring fertilizer a nd seed corn out to the fl eld. Two children rode along on the eat be ide him Fannie kn o\\"s man) current hillbilly hits and often ju t for th e fun of it. ings th em whi le she milk. T onight. though. be taught me one that ha an old time ring : " Da rling you can't love For mitlctwg today we had yo ung chicken sort of stell ­ one : ) ou can't love one a nd have any fun," etc. While \\-e fri ed in a pan with gravy. When Millers ordered 200 were ingin g Fannie combed out her long dark hair. chi ck la t winter for their kero ene heated brood r hou e. lormally it is under he r cap, but let down it rea hed be­ the) bought hi gh quality sexed leghorn at 45 cents low her shoulder blades. Ami h gi rls and women never apiece. Then they got some of the hatchery' male birds have their hair shortened. th ough ometimes they thin it. for less than a ni ckle each beca use li o "ht wei 0o- ht leo-horn cockerel a re n ot in demand. T oday th o e roo tel' tasted " Isn't braiding hair a aturday job? What are you good and th e children fought for giblets, peciall y die doing it now for?" hot::.lin. -' T don't bra"id it anymore. H ascht net genaticed?" And Ri ght after dinner Alvin took Bert a nd Bob for the sure enou gh. her hair didn't have the many little wave in om planter a nd I continued to harrow at a slower pace it ca used by con tant ti ght braiding. I th ought that \\ omen II-ith three horses. At four o'clock as m y t am re ted generally had braids and th e onl rea on Mrs. Miller did Alvin a k d me to go again to a neighbor's phon and tell not wa because her hair i unu ually hort. But no­ the Kidron mill to end a tru k to pi k up grain for hog wh en Amish women are baptized into !he church th ey feed. A lvin sends corn a nd oat: th e mill grinds it. add­ change from braids to a simple kn ot. Fannie and five ing special upplem ents. and then delivers th e chop in oth e r in thi district are taking instruction at each sum ­ bags. Dai ry feed i mad th e same way. _ m er church service in order to be baptized at communi on Other modern cla y s rvice to mi h farm in the neio'h­ time thi fa ll. She is eventeen. And from no\\ on she borh od includes bread delivery to the door. kero ~n e must put up her hair ever y night instead of once a \\-eek. delivery to th e drum" coal deli er y to th e shed. implement JU IE 15 deli very to th e barn" li vestock hauling to market. and M) morning chore while the oth ers milked was to CUlT\ weeki) egg p ickup a well as dairy milk hauling. Once and harness all fiv e horse . Then Mr. ill er fried ~ last summer wh en th ere wa not time to crank the hand couple gg for me a head of th e others 0 that I could get freezer. Mrs. Miller even had three o- a ll on of ice cream . 0 out in the fi eld b) eight o'clock without waiting for all deh vered to a surprise birthday party for her husband. th e morning work to be done. The harrowing was not quite fini hed by upper time "Can Fannie take a picture of me harrowi ng? " I a ked when I took my three puffin g pull ers in. But now that Akin. When I fir t knew Alvin last year and wanted to planting II-as we ll underway much li ghthearted banter 16 went on at the table. uddenly Alvin had to belch. the Schpin song I pau ed a moment to think of th e next " Excuse the hog, the pi g' out walking," laughed ver e and four year old J ohnny suhstituted thi universal Fannie. Dutch lull aby: "Let him go th en," Alvin reached for bread but then "SchloJ, bubbli, schloJ; co uldn 't find hi knife. "Now wer hot mei messer ge­ Da dawdy heet die shaJ. swiped?" Die mommy geht un hold die kee, " Feleicht wawr e selli sa il ass du naus-glosst hosch,t."' U nd kompt net haim bis maiiye Jre e." said Fannie. Then the co nversation went beyond my understanding J IE 16 until Fannie asked, " Was is e in Engli sh?" "P ow IV OW," Alvin answered. "Can I use yo ur razor," I asked Alvin first thing this --Ra somebody been ick ?" I interrupted. morning. I was not joking becau e he keeps a afety razor " When Ruby doe n't eat and get loose in th e fl es h," in the bathroom mirror cabinet together with a nylon Mrs. Miller pinched th e kin of her three yea r old daugh­ bristl e brush and a tube of bay r um shaving cream. All ter, "a pow wow doctor can take a string seven times the men in thi bearded ect have clean shaven upper lips-no length of her foot and tie it in a circle. Then he puts it mustache-and th e check line is never shaggy. Alvin over her three times, 0 that she goe through it three could plant th e rest of the fitted ground himself and I times I mean. And he says something too, probably from was getting ready to go home. the Bible." The kerosene water heater in the cellar was not operat­ Mrs. Miller also explained how to use a string for ing so I heated some shaving water on the kitchen stove. telling whether a child has stomach fever. Tie a string The stove also burn kerosene and Mrs. Miller wa frying around the middle of a freshl y laid egg. Put the egg on the usual breakfast eggs on it. Breakfast included cold hot stove coals and if it cracks before the string burns cereal and instant cocoa. Bread was on the table, but the off, the youn gster 's stomach fever is bad. This encouraged famil y has no toaster. me to tell how a West Virginia man once cured wart on In fact, the Miller famil y m es no electricar appliances my fin ger with a string tied in my terious knots. I buried even though the rented house ha plenty of electrical out­ the string and tw o months later as it rotted in the ground lets. Alvin does not spend money for equipment they will the growth on my fin ger disappeared! not u e in later life. An ice box keeps peri hables cooL "When we were kids," Alvin remembered, " we used Clothe are made on a foot treadle sewing machine. The to take as many corn kernels as we had warts and rub a washing machine i fun with a noisy gasoline motor and kernel on each one. Then we'd tie the corn in a little bag an exhaust tube for its fumes sticks through the wa h­ and leave it somewhere without looking behind. Then house wall. Their iron is a convenient gasoline m odel that whoever picked up the bag would get our warts! And it ha a mall pre sure tank behind the handle. Tiny blue worked! " We all laughed, and not at Alvin becau e we flam es heat the ironing urface from above, and there is were thinking aboui the poor per on wh o happened to no cord to get tangled in. pick up the bag. Alvin wrote me a 6.00 check for tw o day wages. We Alvin did not help milk, but went back to planting co rn had agreed that the third day I worked would earn a until dark. I fini hed harrowin g about the same time and couple nights lodging for me and my horse later on. oon had the horse turned out to pasture. On a blanket That wa y I can use the Miller farm as a springboard for under the lawn tree Fannie and I sang " On Top of Old ome leisurely visiting in this plain peopl e's neighborhood Smokey" with th e kids all prawled around. Later during ome time soon.

A n A mish moth­ er's dress and three " 11tH I za s".

l7 "TRAVELING PENNSYLVANIANS" A T A RMAGH CATHEDRAL (J ULY 1956 )- Under the leadership of Mr. T. G. F. Pa terson, Curator of the A rmagh NI useum, the 1956 Pennsylvania Tour explored co tch-Irish backgrounds iii Ulster

It was raining wh en we landed at Shann on. After breakfa t we drove through the dripping countrys ide into Co unt Kerry to visit th e areas kn own a th e Gaeltacht. Traveling or Gaeli c·speaking secti on of West Ireland. We were j oined by a teacher in the Gaelic chool wh o told us some of the problems faced in the Irish attempt to cultiva te the use of th e old folk-language in th e face of English. Pennsylvanians It was a full day. th at first day of the "Traveling P enn ylvanians" of 1956 in Ireland. Lunching at Kil­ larney. we took the usual jaunting-car ride through the l3 y DON YODER rhododendron woods of th e e tates of th e Earl of (Ruckl e, Sparling. hepperd and oth er3) linger on and Kildare to th e Lake of Killarney. and th en on to th e lI~ hil e some of the " Palatines" have intermarried. they Palatine Count!") around Limerick. where we stayed are still a somewhal separale people. and have the ame over night. so rt of reputati on for clean line . tidines . and industq Friend s of mine before the tour left had asked me as has been claimed for th e ·'typical" Pennsyh-ania Dutch. what earthly connection Ireland co uld have for th e We were co nducted by th e Rev. Mr. Armitage. P ennsylvania Dutch Co untry. and Co unty Limerick is Methodisl past r at Rathkeale. towards late afternoon the an wer. Queen Anne. I,hose genero it) to the di - of our first da) in Ireland. to the litt l~ country vi ll age placed Pala tin e of 1709-1710 had brought th ousa nd s of of Balli ngrane. to visil Barbara Heck's cottage. Barbara th em into the American coloni es. a l 0 offered section Heck wa a P alatine wh . emi cyra tin g with her cou in of Co unty Limerick to them. And hither they came. Philip bnbury (Amberg) to New York in 1760. planted the arne sort of people as the forefath er of our Penn rl. Meth odi sm there- the fi r-t actu al 1 thod i m to be vania Dutch. etlling amid st th e Irish a a Protestant transferred LO American oi l. island. They 10 t th eir German dialect to hi h Engli h When we cyo t to th e ancient two-century old Palatine (\ hi ch th ey speak now with th e pleasant accents of cottage. we were welcomed by mo t of 1r. Armitage's Central Ireland ). and their Lutherani m th ey lost to co ngregation. wh o had prepared a deli ciou tea for their Meth odi m when J ohn Wesley rode through Limer ick. rn erican vi itor-. And so at Barbara Heck's cottage. But certain tradition and of cour e th e famil names o rn e insid e in th e II-arm old kitchen with its huge fire-

18 place and beamed interi or, orne outside on the lawn kept Dutch farmhouses and townhouse and barns, is, we (the rain had topped), where J ohn Wesley had preached felt, th e fin est folk mu eum in operation in Europe. on hi s visit to Ballingrane, we chatted with our Iri h We again had the plea ure of vi iting the Palatinate, Palatine hosts and haste se , and made fri ends across under the alway valuable leadership of Dr. Fritz Braun international line . I thought of J ohn We ley's word of and his wife Lilo of th e Heimatstelle Plalz in Kaiser · friendship to th o e whom he met: " If yo ur heart i as lautern. After an evenin g of wine·bibbing in the my heart. give me your hand." Drosselgasse at Rlid sheim on th e Rhine, where every At Limerick on th e Shannon we were joined b y Cap· gatewa y beckon into a combination wine·garten and tain Seamus McCall. the guide appointed for us by the night·club. we drove through th e old·fashioned, m ore Irish Folklore Commi ion in Dublin. who took us. ne t countrified Palatinate wh ere one's " Pennsylvania Dutch" day. through the green Irish countryside. eeing thatched is much at home and where there are still touche of cottages, prehistoric marked tones (finding which across the 18th Century past whi ch was exchanged by our the fields we found that "a good Irish mile" i co n ider· forefather for life in P enn 's W oods. We visited a ably longer than th e American mile) . ruined ca tle­ Mennonite Hal operated by th e Hagi family (with th eir and corrugated iron barns. By nightfall we reached relati ves the ta ufTers) ince thev arrived from Switzer· Enniskillen in the Lake Country of County Fermanagh. land in 1707. the huge farmhou~e and wellkept garden This was Northern Ireland. which is of co ur estill and barn and fi eld rpminding one of Mennonite industry under the British Crown. At the hotel we were joined in Penn sylva nia. And luncheon at th e ancient Kanne very delightfully by our host for VI ter. Dr. E. Estyn Inn at Deidesheim. on of the famous Palatine wine Evans of the Department of Geography. Queens Vni· towns, wa an experi ence too. verity. Belfast. his wife. and another member of hi5 Kate Auerhahn of Heidelberg was our guide, as in department. i\Ir. Ronald Buchanan. We discussed th e former years. for Heidelberg and the Castle Country of place that lster had in Pennsylvania background. the Wiirttemberg and Bavaria, to Innsbruck in th e T yrol. co ntinuing cotch·Dutch influence on the P ennsylvania Frau Auerhahn. wh o has translated the Heidelberg tudent En gli sh dialect (words like " redd up," for instance) . ong into Engli sh and is writi ng a Heidelberg guidebook. the church inAuence (Presbyterianism in its many made ure that we Sa w Cloi tel' Ettal, where the famous varieties) . the cotch·Irish spirit. ir. Buchanan ang us Ettal liqueur is made by the monks, Oberammergau, and ome unforgettable Irish songs. among them "The Lass the remote castl e of Ludwig II, the mad king of Bavaria. of the County Down" and when the party reached th chloss Li nderh of, a r ococo gem set ill the midst of tory.telling stage. the waitresses were standin

19 Crossing the Ontelaunee at Trex­ ler is one of the finest a,nd b pst pre erved of the old stone arches.

I1tOst photogenic. A I r eter' Mill

20 In• Berks County By HARRY STAlTFFER

The trail of the tone arched bridge is long, devious and had their wir. gs clipped and are passed over unnoticed. intricate, yet exceedingly interesting to th ose wh o deli ght Several are on heavily traveled hi ghways and thereby in treading th e unbeaten path. It has no fi xed beO'inning being doomed to eternal de tructi on. and seemingly no end. It winds and winds from Bethel to The trai l wa intrica te. It required checkin g road cr oss­ Barto. from the Allegheny to Trexler, from the Tulpe­ in g over strea m after tI'eam in ever y quarter of the hocken to Longswamp! county, nece itating driving more th an twenty-five hun­ Alm ost ever y mile contain ome a pect of a fast dis­ dred miles. TopoO'raphica l map by the United State appearing way of early rural life-stake fences and rail Geological Survey were used for locating streams, r oad fences, pig ti es and smoke houses, spring houses and ice cros ing and boundary lines. The pl~o t ograp h were made house . log hou e and log barns, and red til e r oofs. d uring the fa ll and winter of 1956-57 with a Graflex It passe by many charming home teads, stately tone camera ome forty years old! houses_ immen e stone mills, old blacksmith shops, aban­ Fifty- th ree stone bridges were found. al 0 one tone doned limekiln , and a lone up and dow n awmill. For­ fo ur-arched aqued uct that carried the Schu ylkill canal tunately man)' of the beautiful old houses have not been acr oss the All eghen y creek. It now carries the water sup­ mutilated with modern window. The Swis barns are not ply to the only remaining blast furnace in Berks Co unty. so fortunate- many are ha ving their face lifted with con­ Of th ese_ fifty-o ne are of stone, one with tw o brick- arche crete blocks and steel ash . and one of concrete and tone built in 1936. Twenty-six Truly. the trail is unbea ten . Many of the remaining bridge are con tructed with one arch, seventeen with two bridges are on ide road, un seen and un sun g. ome have arches. nin e with three a rches and one with four arches.

On the old road 10 luunokin, ut the crossing of the Tulpehocken north of Wom ef'­ dorf. Built 1832. The u nion Canal passed through the northern approach, Swiss barn in bnck/{round. The fine t masonry on an)' stone arch bridge In the CO Llllt)'.

In teresting triple arches on Iri h Creek. Built without mortar.

22 Th ese stepped wing-wa ll are unique. Built 1861. Bieber Creek above Green H ill.

The arches generally may be clas ified as round arche At th e turn of th e nineteenth century my g reat great­ of whi ch three or four are sli ghtl y irregular. There is one grand fath er emplo) ed a German ma on to do some egg-shaped and se\ etal are li ghtly segmental. There i masonr) work on hi s farms and lim kiln. He told the one bridge with Vso tilted-arche on Hie ter- Cre k be­ German of hi plans to bui ld a stone arch acros a part of low Lorane. tud)' of the variou applicati on of the th e quar!') to carr) th e farm Jan e. th ereb) permitting the tone arch in the P enn ylvania Dutch Count) could be xtension of th e quarf) . The German replied. "Ich kanll leading. The arche are usua ll y et at a right angle with mau ~ rn aber Steine a n die Luft h nl en. kann ich nicht.·· the side wall: however. in fiv e or six bridge the arches "1 can make a wall but hang stones in the ai r. that I can­ are et a kew. Five of the bridges a re constructed \\ ithout not do'-' The arch was built. as a ll except primitive arches win g walls. and on four they have been removed to p )'­ are bu ilt. I )' erectin g a plank form shaped like the arch mit two- way traffic. to be built and a long as the bridge is wide. Wedge

An parly bridgp across Pinp Crppk Iwar Lohachsvilfe. The appearall ce of having llnken into lhp SH'wnp is callsed by seciiIJL('lIt raisill g the ll'at er level. A sturdy bridge across the Little watara north of Ziegler's Church of Ihe Brethrell .

Dale to B arto. Thi appears to be an early bridge. ""

s:laped stones are neatly fitted over the whole form. Stones of various length and width but of uniform lhickness are so laid as to break the joints and bind th e wh ole into a solid ma . Several of th e photographs show the brokel. joinl under the a rch. No mortar \Va used in th e arch. This required superior workman hip and permitted m oi . tur ' that might seep through th e r oad·bed lo e, p thr o u g~1 th e Irall. This prevents damage that would be cau eel by the freezing of relained water. Some of the arche- have

24 STONE ARCHED BRIDGES • in Berks County •

(Tour Approximately 100 miles)

Beginning on Rt. 22 at cross-road 3 V4 mi. west of Bethel, south Y2 mi. to dirt road, turn left to a two­ arch bridge, continue to Black Bear Hotel, turn left to Frystown over a two-arch with wing wall removed, continue to concrete road (501) past triangle inter­ section over creek to first dirt road, turn left to Swatara Bridge (one of the best) continue to end of dirt road, turn right to Bethel, turn right at square, 1 Y2 mi. to Ziegler's Church road, turn right over three-arch bridge, continue past Ziegler's Church of the Brethren t·o concrete road, turn left through Rehrers­ burg to Womelsdorf. At Rt. 422 turn right and again turn right at farm buildings to three-arch bridge, cross and turn left past brick lock-keepers house, Union Canal bed follows road on left to Rt. 422, turn right to first cross-road, turn left past Reith's Cemetery to three-arch bridge. Cross bridge (old toll-house on right) through Womelsdorf to Sinking Spring, turn right at second light to Shillington, at third light straight on black-top through Grill to Rt. 122 (Mor­ gantown Road l. Turn left and turn right at Union Canal Marker to Rt. 83, bear right, 1 % mi. to new concrete bridge. On left is stone aqueduct of the former Schuylkill Canal crossing the Allegheny, con­ tinue through Gibralter. A short distance after cross­ ing railroad tracks the highway crosses Seidels Creek on a small stone arched bridge, to Birdsboro, turn left ac ross Schuylkill River to Rt. 422 East, turn right keeping 011 left lane a short distance to first road, turn le ft. Cross over Rt. 422 West past the Daniel Boone home to Stone rville, turn right on Rt. 562 to 'SCHAEFfER'~ Yellow House, turn left on Rt. 662 through Friedens­ burg (Oley) to Price town . Turn right and continue MILL about 3 mi. to cross-road, turn right toward Pleasant­ ville about Y2 m i. Here is a two-arched stone bridge across Bieber Creek on the right side of the highway. Continue on black-top, past Tri-town Park, turn le h on first dirt road to Peter's Mill. He re is a three-arched bridge that can be photographed one side or the othe r anytime of the day. Turn bock to main road, turn left to first c ross-road, turn le ft towa rd Lobachsville, pass­ , , ing an o ld limekiln on the right side of the road. The second bridge is a three-arch stone across Pine Creek. This appe ars to be an o ld bridge, Continue to Lobachs­ ow,,1I. / ville, turn rig ht to Pikeville, turn le ft t he n ri ght to Hill R eflections. North Church to Bechte lsville, turn left through Eshbach t o , Barto. Turn left to Dale. This road passes over an , of Black B e a r. e arly three-arch bridge. Continue through Dale ~o Huff's Church, turn left ove r a two-arch bridge, con­ tinue to He nningsvilie, to Longswam p. This is a wind­ ing road, watch road signs care fu ll y. 8eyond the Long­ / swamp Hotel is a long, na rrow two-arch bridge. Con­ tinue to Topton, turn right on the road to Montere y. ~.y" Cross Rt. 222 to Grimsville, cross Rt. 22 to Albany on Rt. 1 43 . Turn right and drive about 1 mi. to the '!Y road to Trexler. Here is one of the finest and best preserve d bridge s. It has the largest arches of any in Be rks County. Re turn to Albany, turn right toward Eckville. Drive about 1 Y2 mi. to a dirt road on the left. Follow it about % mi. keeping on road to right. This is Grim's Mill bridge, t he oldest date d bridge in Berks County. Continue on this road to Rt. 143, turn right t o Rt. 22 at Lenhartsville, a bout 22 mi. east of Be the l. been repair d b) pointing the j oint 111 the arch \\ ith mortar. A ft er the arch II-as completed. the sicl e and win g wall \1 ere a lcled_ Mortar wa generall y used in the wall s if they extendecl higher than the road-bed. S veral bridge are hOl\"l1 in which no m ortar wa u ed. ero s ledges were plac d in the top of the walls at about six-foot intervals. To the e six-inch face boards were piked. the i n ide board being light)) higher than the one on the out icl e A rustic arch on the Lintekiln.

A charming exalll ple of dry-wall masonry. Trlo lf Creek.

a It, no! Bridges do not have chimneys nor dinner bells. On the Little Northkill at A nthony's M ill.

A fjerfect circle on eidel's Creek. This liule bridge car­ ries Route 83. B elo w Gibral­ ter.

R ecesses on top' urface of wall held the ledges of the wooden copin.'-5 ' Mouth of Asylum Creek. hort boards about a foot wide ,,"ere placed acro th e top of th e wall and nailed to the face board and batten nailed over th e joi nt of these hort cro s boards. The boards were white· washed. The purpo e of this roof or coping wa to protect the wall from the entrance of moisture. The bridge at th e mouth of A ylum Creek (11· lustration p. 26) how where th e ledges were reces ed into th e top of the wall. one of th e wooden copi ng re­ m ~ in on a 11 y of th e bridge. Mo t of the walls are now

0 11 the Cacoosing (I t Monlello.

On Ihe Little Ica tara near trausstown.

To widen the road-way, thi lilLIe bridge had its wing c lipp e d. W est of Ol"y Churches.

This i til(> fate of the only eg{!'­ shaped arch in Berks County . . chI/­ bert. Brick-arched stone bridge on the Ironston e at Schaeff er's Mill. covered with concrete. lone of the bridges ha stone the Manatawny near Spangsvill e is one ide of a stone coping. Thi seems to indicate that they were origina ll y bridge with three arches which wa replaced by a cov­ covered with wood. ered bridge in 1832. Thi would lead one to beli eve that In 1861 Richard Pierce and William Kinny were the stone a rched bridges were built in Berks County long builders of th e Saucony bridge and Samuel Hix built the before any of th e dated bridges. A properly constructed Swatara bridge near Bethel. The old e t dated brid

A t the foot of the Blue M.ountains, Ja ckson CreeI.- .

28 In the Oley Valley at Brumbach School.

On the Allegheny Creek below Alleahenyville.

Life is waning fo r this long and narrow bridge IL l Longswamp. On the Lit/Ie Lehigh. Built 1853.

Across the head-water of orthwest Branch of Per­ kiomen C r e e k. Huff's Church.

29 W elfare Farm Bridge on PIlL/It Creek built of concrete and slone in 1936.

Tulpehocken at Womelsdorf and the Swatara bridge at Bethel were on th e old Shamokin Road. This wa an im­ portant trade route. The bridge north of Black Bear Hotel i on an old r oad that seems to lead to the Swatara Gap, bypa sing the teep grade on the hamokin Road across th e Blue Mountain north of Bethel. The bridge on Pine Creek nea r Lobachsvill e carried heavy loads of iron ore and iron product to and from the furnace and forge that rimmed the Oley Valley. After seeing everal scores of bridge, I am \ ondering The ani), stone arched aqueduct remauung of how many of the modern bridges will urvive as long a th e Schu),lkill Callal. 11 now carries Ihe water the stone arch. IIppl)' across A lleghen), Creek for the la st of th e blast fllrnac ' of B erks Count)'.

aucon)' is the ani), bridge with four arches in the count)'. The fourth is over the tail-race of chubert's Mill. Built 1861. Coa ted with cemenl 1956.

30 A charming date-stone on a lit­ tle bridge. On Bieber Creel;· Northeast of New Jerusalem.

Grim's Mill bridge on Pine Creek, Albany Town hip, is the oldest with a da te-stone in B erks Counly.

A t the confluence of the Tul­ pehocken and the Millbach. The Union Canal passed through the western approach. Rieth's JtJill, one of th e first in B erks Co unty, stood a short distance to the left. This community /Vas sell led in 1723 by German im­ m igrants from the choharie ill the state of few York. Partly rebuilt. The rick-rack i fUJ t origill al and is incongruoLi s.

31 Displaced Dutchmen Crave SHOO-FLIES SHOO-FLY PIE (w et ) Pastry fo r one 9-inch pie hell Crumb mixture % cup fl our lis tsp. nutmeg completed th eir interview in th e farm kitchen at eleven V2 tsp. salt y.-, tsp. ground cloves o'clock at ni ght wh ere they could photograph th e cook at 1/2 t p. Clnnamon 1/2 cup brown sugar work. During th e next few months hundreds of people 1/2 t p. ginger 2 tabsp. shortening in Washington. Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and ew York had traditional Pennsylvania Dutch recipes because of Liquid th ese report given in newspaper column. H owever, mo t lh cup dark molasse 1 egg yolk, well beat of this publicity wa confined to the Middle Atlantic sec­ % cup boiling water 1/2 tsp. soda ti on. But, in September, 1956, Clementine Paddleford' Line a 9-inch pie pan with pa try. Combine report came out in "THIS WEEK", the weekly magazine ingredients of crumb mixture, using hands to th at is read by eleven mill ion newspaper subscribers. blend. This was what the displaced Dutchmen were waiting for. Combine ingredients for liquid; pour into pan. In this particular chapter of "How America Eat ", Miss Top with crumbs. Bake at 400 degree until it Paddleford reported on an interview with the food editor starts to brown, about ten minutes. Reduce heat of The DUTCHMA in which they discus ed the similar­ to 325 degree F. ; bake until firm, about 30 itie and difference of the dry and gooey sho-A y pies. minutes.

SHOO-FLY PIE (dry) Pastry for three 8-inch pie shells Crumb mixture By EDNA EBY HELLER 4 cups flo ur % cup lard In dollars and cents the wealth of America seems to 1 cup brown sugar belong to someone else; but in the form of heritage, there Liquid i pl enty of wealth for every Penn ylvania Dutchman. 1 cup mola ses Although m ost of these people have never given thi a 1 tsp. soda second thought, it is true nevertheless. Like the lost sheep 1 cup boiling water and the lost coin, it sometime needs to be 10 t before it is fully appreciated. While th e folks in th e P enn sylva nia Line three 8- inch pie pans with pastry. Combine Dutch country eat their shoo-fli es day after day, th ere are ingredient for crumb mixture, using hands to di splaced Dutchmen wh o would almost give their right blend well. Combin e ingredients for liquid and arm to find out how to make this Dutch pecialty. pour into pi e pan. Top with crumb. Bake at Apparently many people are overcome with nostalgia 350 degrees F. for about 25 minutes. when reminded about food they enj oyed in childhood. Such is the feelin g of many natives of P enn sylvania who have moved away, but long for her bea uty, kinfolk, and cooker y. Recipes of favorite di hes can be like old fri end Recipe for Chi cken Corn Soup and Sugar Cake were who bring a warmth of fri endlines with every associa­ given in additi on to th e three recipes for this cake pie. tion. This is especially true when one has been constantly More th an seventy-o ne hundred letters were written in locking for recipes of th c dishes grandma used to makf:! . quest of more information about our peopl e. They were To more than six thou and of these displaced persons, warm fri endl y letters from men and women who were th e search was ended thi fall by a sheer streak of luck, home ick for Pennsylvan ia Dutch Cookery. Among them wh en the chanced upon an article entitled "The P ennsyl­ were doctors, laywer, oldiers, chef, and housewives, va ni a Dutch Love Shoo-Ay Pie." For thi story, however, a ll of th em keenl y interested in finding r ecipes for th e we must go back to 1955, when the P enn ylva nia Dutch di shes th ey once kn ew. Many felt very remorseful for hav­ Folkl ore Center invited a group of food editor to th e ing let such family fa vorites lip out of their hands. tn Folk Festival at Kutztown , Pen nsylvan ia. Cookery was fact. in mo t cases they just never bothered to learn how the th eme of the festi val that year and many Grange moth er made such favorites. Suddenly, they had moved women brought food galore. With pad and pencil in hand away and left behind the cooking that had not been writ­ the food editors inter viewed one after another with end­ ten in book. Very little was written in books and those less ques tions about thi regional cookery. A few of th em that were are mo t diffi cult to foll ow today wh en one is

32 Tll'o shoo-flies boh'ed by the author,

u ed to toda~ '" tandardized reClpe, 10st of the tradi­ "].\0 one ha an) of grandma' reClpes. 0 ma) be )OU tional cooking seems to hal e been 10 t to thos \I'ho left could help a friend in need." Penns) h 'ania, "M) grandmother \\"ho slept and snored in P enn y l· ome of these excerpt from letter will hO\l hO\l' g lad vania Dutch made dough square and dropped them in the \lTiter were to find Dutch recipe, chicken broth. We call ed it l ot pie. Do you suppose that "0 for B oO" Mall'-haven't had any ince 1 left P enn­ ) ou could find that recipe for me?"' ylvania in 1920 .. ' "For m or than 45 year r ve looked for the recipe for "The article in 'TBl WEEK" recently ga\'e me a tre­ a perfectly delectable di h g randma call ed 'bot bie !" mendou case of hom e ickness'" "We are building a re taurant and \lould like to pe­ "Was born in Middletown , Pa, Left 40 y ar ago and cialize in P enn) lvania Dutch cooking'" haven't had any good food since'" " I II"a raised in Lebanon, P ennsylvania and have e\"­ " mong my happie t memorie I\a deliciou chicken eral recipes. In th o e da) - it \I"a a pinch of Lhi s and that, corn oup \I"e once had in a P ennsylvania Dutch hotel." but. I gue I never pinch d right .. ' 'The article on P enn yh'ania Dutch cooking \I"a an "Our arLicle from 'nn WEEK' by Clementine Pad­ answer to m) prayer, dleford i 1I"0rn out from copying." "1 ha\'e lil"eel in man) places 1 ut 1 think P enns) " ania "Please end me ) our cookbook. My hu band (a little Dutch cooking top a ll others'" fat Dutchman ) II'ill love you for this." All of Lh ese prOI"e the value of our heritage. Food r e­ membereel for forL) year must be "ood. By way of om­ pari on II ith oLh er r egional cookery. our can tand the Le t. In fact. iL urpasse many. in quality and quantity. HOO-FLY PI E (cake type) The rural folk of this area con ume 0 much food thaL in Lhi s respect the) live like king and qu en . a far cry from Pa try for one 8- or 9-inch pastl") hell peasanL fa re in other ounLri e. Crumb mixture Within Lh e la L flve year, the name hoo-fly has been 112 cup fl our tagg d on to th P enns) Ivania Dutch in mental associa­ 12 cup uO"ar ( brown and \I hite mixed) tion Lhr oughouL Lh UniLed Lates. It i recognized Lo be 1 t p. baking powder as ig nificant of the Pennsy lvania DuLch a pa O" he Lti is 2 tab p. hortening of the Italian. Incidentally. even though we have adopted th eir pagh Lti. Lh e) are unimpre sed with our hoo-Ay. Liquid but they are indeed very fond of our pot pie. But to the cup dark mola e Jh displa d DULchmen. hoo- A) ha I een received wiLh open 3-1 t p. oda anns. ccoreling to the leLler r eceived. shoo-A) baking i Ij2 c up boiling Ilater booming. Everywhere. cooks are making the e cake-pie Line an 8- or 9-inch pan II ith pa tq. ombine wiLh g reaL enLhu ia m, callin g in Lheir friends and neigh­ $. ingredient for liquid. pour J a into pan. del bo rs to hO\l Lh m the actual ubj ect of Lheir past rav­ # J ':1 of crumb: continue alternating. nding in g . al\la)s, o rn e like th em dry and ome like th em $ ~ with crumb. Bake'at 350 degr F. 30 minut . \I l. A fe \l like Lh em iLh er \\a). 0 thaL you too rna) have ) O~H ch oice. he re are th ame recipe thaL a nS\l red i~~~,~"""~,~~,,,~~,,~,~~,,~~~~,,~,~~~,,~,~, mall) a man and maid n' prayer! ., . J , ...

Miss Taylor's por/rayed of life around Old Trappe Church til Pas/or Muhlenberg's time. FrOfI'/, et Lebanon teel Foundry Calendar.

A pple buller making has aLwa ys been th e occasion for a social and family gathering in the Dutch Country.

34 Florence tarr Taylor ca ught at her favorite pastime and occlipation- "doing·' a portrait. This one happens Lo be of the author of Lhis article.

By OLIVE G. ZEH ER

Florence tarr Taylor i one of the Dutch Country' It i becoming a u ual thing to find Florence Taylor mo t ucce ful commercial arti t. he ha done just a t many art exhibits. fairs, etc .. sketching p ortrait in about everything in the fi eld. In the pa t year she ha pastel . She wou ld rather do portrait than mo tan)· been commi sioned to do job var ing from "a cra tch­ thing. It is not unusual to find her at a party sitting board of a ham" to a juvenile b ook jacket. Most of her quietly in a co rner ketching the other guests. Each advertising drawing depicts the P enn ylvania "Way of culpture class in Florence ended with her ketchin o­ Life." mong the mo t notable and mo t voluminou of . her fello\ tudents and if1 structor while they we re her commi ion wa the erie of calendar for the \\ orkin g. fter the recent war Miss Tay lor traveled for Lebanon teel Foundry. The 1955 cal ndar. " Dramati c Ih e L 0 to Veterans' H os pitals in Georgia. Tenne ec. Moment on the Liberty Trai l. " won a Freedom' F oun la­ Kentuck) . Tnd ia na. and variou states. Here he enter­ tion Gold Medal. tai ned the veterans by doi ng th i r po rLr aits at the rate Mi Taylor wa born and ha all ay lived in of i t) a w ek. he said the expe ri ence boo ted he r Lanca ter. P enn ylvania. he g raduated from the morale a well a th a t of th e boys in the hospiLal . P enn ylvania Museum chool of [ndu trial rt, having Thi versatil e arti t wa al 0 a feature tor wriLer majored in iJlu tralion. In 1953 he tra \ eled in Europe, a nd illustrator for a La nca ter I aper for everal ear. where he tudied cuIpture in Floren e and wood­ h ha lone mural , depi cLin g Ami h life for a local carving in the u trian T yrol. he i a m mber of th re La uranl. a nd al 0 execuL d a gigantic hristma dis­ Lanca ter rL ~ ociali on and th Echo Valley Art Group. p ia) for th Hamilton W aLch Compan). \\hich i s t a member of the laller, he teache ketching in the up on the faCLor) la wn e\ er) year. he has done evening. il lu sLrati ons for our PE J YLVA OUT H [

:15 The jacket design for II juvenile story-book re­ leased this spring. It lL'O written by Harriel Ca rr and published by th e Nlacmillan Com­ pany. The Folklore Center assisted wilh re­ search for this boaI.-.

A seldom portrayed scene in the Dutch Country. The rural house-wife selecting neces­ sary and "fancy" pieces from Ih e ware of the iti nera /1 t tin­ ped d ler or " I inlrer·'.

36 and TOURIST G IDE. Her drawings for Alliene De­ Chant' " Dol n Ol ey Way" truly picture the architecture and personages of that valley, She did ketches for ix volume on Penn ylvania history publi hed by Penn Valley Publisher, tate College, Pennsylvani a. he also did some sketche'l for a handbook on hooked ruO"s . Perhaps the two volumes that are most appealing and attractively done by thi arti t are "Lebanon County Through the Centurie " for the Lebanon Steel Foundry and " Industrial Berk County" for the Wyomissing Induslrie . Much research. planning, and th ought have gone into these pi cture of a "way of life" (past and present) . There is a vital strength and active motion in them that make them really "live" for one. Florence Taylor is, herself such a vivacious and plea ant per on that I am sure that her illustrating hand will find much to do in and around the Dutch Country for many years to come. A charming little drawing done most fiuingly for the page announcing the Content of the volwne on " Industrial B erks County".

Drawing showing the ea rly stoves dwt wert" CO ;;i posed <'/ iron -plctles with fan cy em­ bossed design made in many places in t'1,(> Dulch Country. Some 0 f the rarest cuui m o t valuable folk art items surviv­ ing today are the der - orated dower che t .

One of the most difficult of the blacksmith and the w heelwright's tasks wa handLing the huge wheels from the famolls Cones /o gcL wagons. H ere one has been brought to the wlteeftcright for m ending.

38 PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH PIONEERS' from South Palatine Parishes * By FRI TZ BRAUN and FRI EDRICH KREBS § Translated by DON YODER The number of Palatine church·registers with annotations on 3. BELERT IBOELERTJ. PH ILIPP JACO B- born at Freimer­ 18th century emigrants. i malL The follo\\ ing list is comprised sheim . Se ptember 8, 1725, and ANNA iVlARG ARETHA BELERT, of emi grants from villages in the so uthern part of the Palatinate: born at Freim ersheim, March 6, 1737. children of the citizen Bellheim. Freim er heim, Freisbach. Gommer heim. l\linfeld, and to wn-cou ncil or IG emeincismann ] Johan n Friderich Belert o( Niederlu tadt. Oberlustadt, Otterheim. Weingarten. We theim . Freim er heim and hi wife Anna nee Milller of Freimersheim, and Zeiskam.-t<- "both children about 10 yea rs ago go ne a\\ay to the Island of The sources of the reference to emigration are the Lutheran ajenne and ince th en nothing more heard of them" (1nventory church.register of Freimersheim, Frei bach. Gommersheim, i\lin· of Widow Anna .\Iuller, dated February 10, 1776). [eld. Wein garten: the Reform ed church.register of Zeiskam and The above-mentioned Philipp Jaco b Bohlert married Maria Oberlustadt. th e latter erving for both Oberlustadt and 1 ieder· Barbara Grehl, born at Freilll er hei m, ] lin e 12. 1725, daughter lustadt: the Alis/autheiakten Germersheim; the El ectoral Palatine of the citizen and master-tailor Philipp Grehl (died about or Archives (Akten Klirp/alz) for Westheim: and the Archive of before 1760) at Freilllersheim an'd his ,,'i(e Margaretha Zachel­ the J ohannite Order in the Palatine State Archives in peyer; meyer (Zagelmejer ) (died in March 1770); "ife and children as well as materials in the Heimatstelle P/alz in Kaiserslautern. "journeyed to P enn ylva nia after obtaining manumission" I"nach A far a possible. the birth or baptismal and marriage dates erlan gter Ilfan.ll1ni ssion nach Penn sylvanien peregriniret"] ( Docu­ of the emigrant . and parent' and wive' name . were added to ment of April 5. 1770). th e basic em igration data. from the church.registers. In mo t Children. born at Freilll ershei m: ca e . also. it wa possible to locate the emigrants in the publi hed LEva Margaretha Belert , born j ovember 14, 1753. ship-list of arriva ls at Philadelphia, the three·volume work. 2. Johann Christoph Belert, born February 7, 1755. Pennsylvania German Pioneers, by Ralph Beaver trassburger. 3 Johann Michael Belert, born eptember 17. 1757. edited by William J.Hinke (Norri tow n. P enn ylvania: The 4. Johann Adam Belert, born January 9, 1760. P enn ylvania German Society. 1934). A word of thank is due Pastor Dr. KauL who furnished the emi gration data from the Lutheran church·register of Gom· FRE I BA C H mersheim. 4. KERN, JOHA 1 THOMA - born at Freisbach September The materials on th e Bauersach family, under Wein garten. 19. 1700. son or Peter Kern o( Freisbach; married at Frei bach, are a good example of what ca n be done through the coo peration F ebruary 17. 1733. to (A nna ) Maria Margaretha lopp, daughter of P ennsylvania and Palatine genealogists. o( [ichel JoPP o( Ottersheim ; "went to P ennsylvania." The question of where the emigrant settled in Ameri ca has in Ch i ld ren born at Freisbach: most cases been left open, pending receipt of definite material L Anna Elisabeth Kern., born ovember 20, 1733; " in P enn yl­ from American genealogist. vania." BELLHE I M 2. Johann Chri toph Kern , born January 25 , 1736; "in P ennsyl­ vania:' L WILL, I AAC- born at Bellheim. April 19, 1724. so n of the [Johann Thomas Kern , aged 36. arrived at Philadelphia, Reformed schoolmaster [Schuldiener] Wilh elm Will and wife August 30. 1737, on the hip Samuel. The family settled in Anna Eva chlindwein ; "at pre ent living on the Island of Lanca ter Co unty, P ennsy lva nia.] P ennsylvania at Germantown, two hour from Philadelphia" 5. KER , ]OHA JOST- born at Freisbach, 1746, i buried ["derrnahlen auff der Insel Pinsephania zu Germalldon 2 tund in the old gral eyard of Hassinger' Church, between Middleburg von Pilladelphia wohnhafft"] (Inventory of Wilhelm WilL pril and Paxtonville, nyder County, Penn ylvania. In this cemetery 29, 1748 ) . many emigrants (rom the Upper Rhine co untry fou~d t!leir last Usaac Wille arrived at Philadelphia. eptember 30. 1743. on re tin g place. On th e tombstone of John Jo t K ern hi S birthplace the hip Phoellix.] is uiven as " Freischbach, Germany" ( i. e., Freisba h, Kreis FRE l illER HE l M Gen;;ersheim). Also members of the Bauersachs famil y ( pelled Bowersox) are buried there. ee Aaron Gern Gift, " The 2. A lORE. GEORG MICHELL-so n of the cItIzen Han s Ha inger Church," in The Pennsylvania·German, eptember, 1908. Michell Andres (died 1711 ) of Freimersheim and wife Maria [Jost Kern arrived at Philadelphia, October 13, 1766, on the luditha Wiedtemalln ; was. according to a co nveyance of the hip Betsy,] wido\\ -'laria luditha Wiedtemann dated April 18, 1733, "mar­ One Johan n Justus Kern wa born at Freisbach, February 20, ried. manumitted. and go ne to the ew Land" ("verh eurath ct, 1741, so n of Philipp Ja co b Kern and wife ophie illargarethe. manumittiret, und inss neue Landt gezogen"). ince in the p riod co ncerned th e Lutheran Church Regi ter of [A Jiichael Anderras arrived at Philadelphia, May 15. 1732, Freisbach contains only the birth o( this J ohann J ustu Kern, on the hip orris.] he may be identical with th e emigrant. *"Amerika·Auswanderer des 18. Jahrhunderts aus sildp/iilzischen 6. 1'1'1 E T H. ]OHA T PETER- married at Frei bach, ep­ Gemeinden," (Ludwig hafen am Rhei n: Richard Loui s Verlag, tember 19, 1724, to Maria Christina Oster, daughter o( Leonard 1956 ) .20 pp., Volume 2 of the chri/ten zur Wanderungsgeschichte Oster. f. below hi s brother, Johann imon il /iinch, under der P/alzer, edited by the Heimatstelle Pfalz, Kai erslautern. Gommersheim. hildren. born at Frei bach: Reprinted from Mitteilungen ZILT Wanderungsgeschichte der P/alzer, Dr. Fritz Braun, editor, in P/alzische Familien-und Wappenkunde L Philipp imon JIliinch, born August 25, 1728 ; "in P enn yl­ 1956. 10 . 5-6. vania."' § Dr. Fried ri ch Kreb i a member of the taff o( the Palatine 2. Johann Peter ~fii n c h , born Janua ry 13, 1730; in the Church Regi ter there i no reference to hi emigration and no death tate Archive at peyer in the Palatinate; Dr. Fritz Braun j Director of the Heimatstelle Pfalz, in Kai pr lautern, ermany. entry. 3. Johann Georg illiinch, born eptember 27, 1731; " in P enn yI- American genealogists who have information on where these . " Palatine emi grant ettled in America are asked to "rite to va nia. Dr. Braun at the above addre . 4. Ja cob Peter Miinch, born June 28, 1733; " in P enn ylvania." -': Reader hould note that a few o( th e emigrants in thi Ii t rPeter Minee/" aged 39, arrived at Philadell>hia. Augu t 30, from Min( ld were mentioned in Friedri h Krebs and -Tilton 1737. on the hip amite!.] Rubincam, Emigrants from th e. Palatinate to ihe American Colonies in the 18th Century ( orri town, P enn ylva nia: The Penn ylvania German ociety, 1953); and several em igrant GO M il! E R HE ! JIl from Minfeld, Nied rlu tadt, Oberlustadt, Oller heim . Weingarten, 7. BERRY, J AAK- shoe maker, died at Gommer heim , July We theim, and Zeiskam appear in Dr. Krebs' article, " Penn yl­ 24 1733 ' married at Gomlllersheim, February 4, 1723 to Anna va nia Dutch Pioneers", in The Pennsylvania Dutchman (or EI£sabetl; Schwartz, born at p ye r in 1703, daughter o( the pring 1956 and ummer' 1956. In each ca e fuller information is cartwri o- ht Wendel e/Twartz and wi(e Maria Fran cisca. given in the pre ent article. Emigrant from Oller heim are hilclrcn, born at Gommersheim: completely omilled in the tran lation because they have been LEva hristina Berry, born August 5, 1724; " in America." covered com pl etely in the Dutchman. 2. Anna Eva Berry, born ol'emb r 7, 1725 ; " in Georgia." 3. Varia Barbara Berr) , born January 8. 1728; died at Com­ j ohn imoll lIinich is buried at tbe Bernville emetery in mer heim. Berks ollnt), P ennsyh a nia. According to his tombstone he 4. Johann Ludwig Berry, born December 24 1729 · " in P ennsyl. wa s born July 21 , 1700, and died F ebruary 17. 1782; his wife vania." ' , atharina \las born in January, 1700, and died December 12, 5: 1,nna lIargaretha Berry, born '\farch 27, 1732; "in P enn yl. 1773. I n the church·register of Com mer heim there are no \8nla. birth·dates given for either th e emi grant or his \life. In America 8. WALTII ER, ICOLAU - married at Commersheim. Feb- the name is spell ed "linnig, Muench, a nd "1innich. ee Tomb· ruaTY: 21. 1735. to Anna Elisabeth ch wartz, widow of the above­ stone J nscriptions, Bernville. Pa." in Th e Penn Germania, 191 3. mentIOned Isaak Berry, born a t peyer 1703. 15. RO.\[ET CIl. JOIlAI T C P AR- born at Commersheim, Children. born a t Commersheim: ] lily 6, 1728 (after th e death of hi fath er ), son of aspar 1. Anna Apollonia Wolther, born F ebruary 5, 1736: died at R ometsch (d ied at Gommersheim, May 22, 1728) and \life Anna Commersheim . lIargaretha; "in P ennsylva nia."' [,Yicholas Walter (Waller) , aged 41. a rrived a t Philadelphia, [J ohann Caspar R ometsch ( Rumetsch ). aged 24 .arrived at eptember 5. 1738. on the Ship Winter Calley.] Philadelphia, eptember 24, 1753, on th e hip Peggy.] The st pchildren (cf. Isaak Berry, above) would hal e emi " ra ted 16. CHOPPJ! G. ANN BARBARA- born at Commersheim. \I ith this couple. " October 1705. daught er of the potter Joh ann Adam Schopping 9. BEYER (BAYER), JOHAI N NIKOL U - born Jun. 1677. (died a t Commersheim, J a nu a ry 18, 1746, aged 72) and wife son of the l\fagistrate [Cerichtsmann] Christoph Beyer and wife lIagdalena; " went to P ennsylva ni a:' Kunigunde; married Maria Elisabeth [---]; "in P ennsylvania:' 17. CHREI TER, JOHA ADAM- born circa 1682. marri d Ch ildre n. born at Gommersheim : Anna ,1Iargaretha [--J. 1. Clara Elisabeth Beyer, born eptember 19. 1726; "in hildren. bo rn at Commersheim : Alll eri ca." 1. J ohann lJichael Schreiner, born 1708; no reference to 2 .. ~;o rg Jakob Beyer, born December 12, 1729 : "in P enn syl. emigra ti on in the hurch Regi ter. va nia. 2. ,lfartin chreiner, born J anuary 3, 1716; no reference to 3. Maria Magdalena Beyer, born F ebruary 1. 1732; "in emigration in th e hurch Register. P enn ylvania:' 3. Anna ,lIaria chreiner, born December 7, 1718; died at 4. Johann Wendell Beyer, born May 30, 1734; " in P ennsyl­ Commer he in1. July 5, 1727. va nia:' 4. Johann Philipp chreiner, born e ptember 9. 1721 ; "in 5. Ann.a Barbara Beyer, born January 27 , 1739; " in P ennsyl. P ennsylvani a." va nia:' 5. Johann Ceorg Heinrich Schreiner, born July 12, 1724 ; 10. BEYER. JOI-IAN I ANDREA - born Decembe r. 1681. "in America:' broth er of the preceding, married Anna Apollonia [--J; "in 6. Johann Va lentin Schreiner, born De ember 16. 1728 ; " in P ennsylvania." P ennsylva nia:' Children. born at Comme rsheim : [flans Adam Schreiner (Schreyner) , ag d 52, j oh ann lIichael 1. Thomas Beyer, horn December 18. 1713. chrein er. aged 28. and ,lIartin chreiner, aged 20, a rrived at 2. Johann Ph ilipp Beyer, born F ebru a ry 29, 1717. Philadelphia. e ptember 5. 1738. on the hip Winter Galley. ] 3. Johann ,l!artin Beyer, born June 23, 1720: " in P ennsyhania:' 18. \~r LTER, JOB NI J AKOB- born at Commershe im , 4. Eva Elisabeth B yer. born September 27. 1725 ; "in P enn yl· J anu ary 15, 1729. ,on of j ohann Jakob Walther a nd wife Anna va ni a:" l/aria Krieg; "in P enn ylvan ia.'· [Andres Beyer ( Beier, Beir, Bayer), aged 57. j ohann Philip [johann j aco b Walther (Walter, Walder) , aged 25. arrived at Bayer a nd iIIartin Beyer, aged 18. arrived at Philadelphia. Philadelphia, September 24 , 1753, on th e hip P eggy. Immediately eptem be r 5. 1738, on the Ship Will ter Calley. Tn th e ship.list before J ohann J acob in th e same list appears th e name of a there i also Ii ted anoth er J ohann Philipp Bayer.] Johannes ( fl ans) Walter, aged 35.] 11. CTE LER. JOf-IAN A DA.\[- married at Commer heim. 19.WINCERTER. J Ol-TA IN DA lEL- citizen and butche r. '\lay 6. 1732, to lIaria M agdalena R othmayer, da ugh ter of -on of D(nid Wingerter fr om Kleinfi chlingen: married at j ohannes Rothmayer. Commersheim. August 18. 1733, to Anna lfaria chreiner, Children, born at Gommer. heim: daugh ter of j ohann Friedrich chreiner. 1. ,V aria Christina Ciesler, born June 23. 1733: "in Penn,,),I· Ch ildren, born a t Commersheim: vania :" L A.nna Barbara W ingerter, bo rn J un ~ 29, 1 73~; "in P ennsyl. 2. j ohann llichel Ciesler, born F ebruary 27. 1737 : "in P enn'yl· \'a n1 a. \ania'" 2. j ohann j akob Wingerter, bo rn A ugust 20. 1736; "in P enns) I· 3. Anna Catharina Giesler, born February 23. 1739: "in P ennoy!. ra ni a." va nia:- 3. Anna l/argaretha Wingerter, born '\[arch 8, 1738; "in [Hans Adam Cissler (Ceizler, Cesler) arrived at Philadelphia. P en nsy lvan ia.·' e ptember 11. 1738. on the hip Robert and Alice. Perhap thio 4. l/aria Christina Wingerter, born e ptember N . 17 10; 111 \ 1 a, the abo; e·ment ioned. II ho could have em igrated alone. P ennoylvania.·· letting lIife a nd children foll o\l later.] 12. IIOCHL\ E'\TDER JOIL\ NN MICTTAEL-coll herd . marr i ~ d lJll\F ELD Juliana [--]; " in P ennsyhania."' 20. BOLQUET ( BO CKE ), _\IATII EU - baptized at '\linfeld, Children. born at Commershei m: September 21. 1727, so n of th e citizen Abraham Backe and \life 1. Johann Adam floch/cinder, born 1735, died a t Gommer,hei·l1. Elisabeth. sin

40 27. HEINTZ, MICHAEL-emigrated from l\linfeld to America he \\fote hi s name immed iately after Fauth in th e ship's list in 1753. Po ibly he is identical with Johann Michael Heintz, and th e name Haushalt er appear in Ober· and liederlu tadt on of Johann lllichael Heinlz, former citizen at Frechenfeld. and in the period invoh ed, we may ass um e that the emi grant i wife' married at ~[infeld, February 11, 1749. to J ohanna ~· Im . connected" ith th e Haushalter famil y Ii ted in the Church Reg· baptized at Minfeld pril 18. 1728, daughter of Johann Jllic!.wel ister of Oberlustadt. The onl y point of uncertainty is "hether ~~ lIm . citizen at ;\Iinfeld. and wife Anna Barbara nee Dudenho/er. th e father J org imon Hau shalter emi grated I\'ith the famil y or 28. HEl TTZ. WENDEL son of Michael Heintz (died 1752), wh ether th e on l org imon Haushaller emi grated alone. citizen at Freckenfeld, and wife ; married at j\linfeld, October 30. Jorg imon Ha ushalter, resid ent in Ober· or 1 iederlu tadt. 1752 to Eva Barbara Gross, daughter of Frantz Gross and" tfe married Anna Maria. [- - - 1. and ha I the following children, usa'nna nee chaffer ; "ent to the New Land in 1767. born at Ober. or Kiederlustadt: [Wendel Heintz arrived at Philadelphia, October 6, 1767. on 1. Jorg imon /-l al/ halter, born "\[arch 20, 1741. the hip Hamilton .] 2~ Christian Hau shafter. born December 3, 1743. 29. I-IOFFMAl , HA T GEORG- on of Lorentz Hoffman 3. Eva lI aria Hal/ shafter, born eptemb r 5. 1746: di ed ep· (died 1749) . form er citizen at Rohrbach, and "ife; married at tember 29. 174 6. Minfeld. April 8. 1749, to Rosina (Barbara ) Bouquet ( Bock e) , 4. lJaria Eva Haushafter, born October 27, 1749. baptized at Minfeld, January 20. 1726, daughter of th e c iti ~e n 5. Anna Margaretha Haushalter, born March 1, 1753. Abraham Bouquet and " 'ife Elisabetha ; emigrated to Amenca 6. Johann Jorg Hal/ shafter, born eplember 28, 1757. presumably with hi s brother·in ·la" and i ter-in·law to At." rica [G eorg imoll Haushatter arri ved at Philadelphia. l\U gUSt 24, (Document of February 26. 1762 ). f. above. III brother-Ill-law, 1765. on th hip Polly. I Matheus Bouquet. 38. HEINTZ. GEORG JAKOB- from Rhodt unter Rietburg, 30. KA FDIAI T, JOH TNE - mason. baptized at Minfeld, married .lIaria alharina Th eiss, born at Oberlustadt. F ebruary April 23, 1696. on of Math eus Kauffmann, shoemaker at ~l infeld, 20, 1736, daughter of Johanll A dam Th eiss of Oberlustadt and and wife Juliana : married at l\linfeld. ugust 24. 1723. to Magdalena chmill, " wh o married Georg Jakob Heintz from Roth Maria Elisabetha Fosselmann. baptize d at Iinfeld. May 25, 1704 . and " ent "ith him to P enn yhania" ["welche ahn Georg lak ob dau o- hter of (Johann ) Ludwig Fo sselmann in lin feld and wife H eintz von Roth verh eurath et und mit demse fb en in Pensifvanien .lfaria Margaretha chaeff er ; " ent about 1750 to Z" eibrlicken gezo "en" ] (Doc ument of December 3. 1765) . Cf. abo\ e, hi and about 1765 emi grated from Gutenbrunnen (Krei t. Ingbert ) brother.in .lal\ , Johann lakob Fauth. to Ameri ca. Cf. broth er-in·la" Hans Erhard Fosselmann . 39. Jl OFF~IAK I, D.\ NIEL- born at Oberlustadt. Februa ry 17, Children. bom at Minfeld: 1727, son of Johann Jacob Hoffmann and wife Susanna Christina 1. Catharina Elisabetha Kauffmann, baptized July 9. 1724. Briickner; " wh o " ent to th e Kew Land" (Doc um ent of ugu t 2. lfaria .lfargaretha Kauffmann . ba ptized April 20. 1727. 30, 1758 i. 3. Johann Ja co b Kauffmann, baptized December 24. 1730. 40. HORTER. GEORG AD l\I- born at Oberlu tadt. l\1ay 27, 4. Johannes Kauffmann, baptized Decemb r 7, 1732. 1738, on of Ja cob Horter and wife (Maria) A gnes oltland, 5. Johann Georg Kauffmann, baptized eptember 5, 1734. " alrea Iy gone to Penn yhania 12 year ago" (Docum ent of April 6 . .lfaria Apollonia Kauffmann, baptized April 18, 1737. 20, 1768 ) . The mi grati on mu st therefore ha ve taken place around 7. Anna lIaria Kauffmann, baptized November 30, 1738. 1756. 8. Johanna Kauffmann, baptized eptember 24, 1740. 41. H ORTER, A~ A BARBARA- married before 1733 to 9. Anna Apol/onia Kauffmann , baptized eptember 12. 1742. Georg Horter, citize n and tOI\ n co uncil or at Oberlu tadt: d ied (J ohannes Kauffman arrived at Philadelphia. October 1, 1754, before 17M. " Wh ereas Barbara Horter, widow and reli ct of on the hip Phoenix. With him in th e ame ship-list is named Georg Horter, decea ed citizen and at Oberlustadt, went from Johannes Kauff man, Jr.] here about one year ago to the o-called ew England with her 31. KO NrG. ABRAHAM- baptized at l\Iinfeld, April 2. 1724 , on Velten Horter, al 0 a son of hers named Geora J acob Horter on of Frantz K onig and wife Rahel, mar ri ed at ~Iinf e ld , J anu­ had gon e th ere several year pI' viously, 0 then both brother ary 7. 1751. to Haria Magdalena Kau,ffmann, baptized at Minfeld. and si ter and in-l al\ of h r still residing here, namely l aco b March 12. 1730. daughter of the Cll1ze n and Itnen·" ea\ er Chns· Wunder and hi s " ife Anna M aria, and Ja cob ager, sent a toph Kauffmann. manu cript letter askin g her therein, in ce one of them had the 32. KOEKIG. ANKA ~IARJA - b a pti ze d at ;\Iinfeld. July 31, de ire to go to the a bove· mentioned Nel\ Land, if he should sell 1718. iter of the preceding ; married at ~[inf e ld . February 7. or co m ert into money th e inheritance till co ming to her here 1741. to lI'icklaus Daub ; emi grated to th e lew Land about 1752. and bring it to her. l\ow ince Jakob Wunder and hi s \ 1 iEe Anna Cf. above. icklaus Daub. Jlaria have like" i e re oI- ed to go to th eir respecti ve mother 33. 0TH (OTT) . TICLAU -on of Johann lIichaelOtt ; and brothers and sisters and therefore ha\ e petitioned for per· married January 30. 1725, to lJ aria .llargaretha Fosselmann mi sion. to con vert into cash th e prop rtie of their inlaw till ( Vossefm ann ), baptized at Minfeld, February 7. 1706, d ~ u g ht e r coming to them and take them to them," hell ce a complete in· of Ludwig Vosselmann and" ife llaria llargaretha; emi grated \ entory of 1h e prop 1't ies of Georg Jakob and Velten Horter" as about 1754 to I e" England or America. dral\n up and Ih e re ults of the sale given to the broth er·in·la", [A Johann rickolaus Ott arri\ ed at Philadelphia. :\'ovember 2. Ja cob Wunder, "ho emi grated in 1765 ( Docum ent of April 19, 1752. on the ship Phoenix.] J765) ~ Chil d ren, born at Oberlustadt: IIIEDERLC TADT 1. Anna lJaria Horter, born July 21. 1729. married Johann 34. OTT. JOHAKN Ai DREA - born at iederluslad t, ep· Ja co b W under ( q.\. ) tember 20. 1728. on of Johanll Georg Ott and " ife Ca tharina 2. Geo rg Jaco b Horler, born July 9, 1733. Groh ; "already gone to the l\ e" Land ten yea r ago" ["vor 3. Johann Valentin Horler, b rn September 16, 1740. zehell Jahren aI/schon in das neue Land gezogen" ] (Doc um ent [J ohann I'altin Horler a rr i\ ed at Philadelphia. eptember 26, of J une 20. 1(60). The emi grati on mu t have taken pl ace around 176~ , on the hip Britannia.] 175 0. 42. JAClR \ , EORG ADA:\I- born at Obe1'lu stadt, Decem· [An A ndreas Ott ar ri\ ed at Philadelphia, eptemb r 22. 1752. bel' 27 ,1746, son of Andreas Jahraus and "ife ( Anna) lIargareth a on the hip Brothers.] chmid; " I\ho resid e in meri ca" (Doc um ent of 0 tober 30, 1786) . 35. RO H. JOHAK PETER- born a t :\ i derlustadl. ugust 43. I/\lITT, ANl\ \ ELI A BETH - daughter of Andres 24, 1724. so n of Peter Roch, citizen and fa rrier at iederlustadt. chmilt of Oberlustadt and II ife atharina lahraus, " 1\ if of and "if ~lJaria ( Anna) Barbara tadler ; married llargaretha Friedrich Doll, inhabitant of P Illl sylvania" (Document of Lutz. ee The Dutchman, pring 1956, p. 39. ;\Iarch 30, 1770). o BE R L TADT 44. IGRI T, A T j\ APOLLO l A- born at Oberlu tadt, F eb· ruary 1, 1723, daughter of lIartin igri t ( iegerist) and "ife 36. FAt TIL JOllA Ii JA OB- born at Ob rlustadt, eptem· Catharina Bohm ; " already gone to P ennsylvania 21 ) ear ago" ber 7, 1738 .•o n of Bernhard Fauth (Church Regi ter : Fath ) , and ["schon seith 21 lahren in Pen ilvanien gezogen" ] (Document wife Katharine Ha/, " went away to Ameri ca about 18 yea r ago" of Oct.ob er 3, 1765) . he mu t ther fore have em igrated around (Do um ent of ;\Iarch 18, 1783 ) ; marri d Louisa Theiss, born 174.11. at Oberlu tadt, December 24, 1741 , daughter of Johann Adam 15. TEl , GEOR ADA.\I- arri\ d at Philadelphia with Georg Theiss of Oberlu tadt and wife llagdalena Schmitt, ""ho married imon fl all sha/ter ( q~\ .) 0 11 th e hip Pol/y, Augu t 24 , 1765, Jacob Fauth from here and likewi se we nt 10 P enn yhania" and hi s name i given in th e hip's list . immediately after ["wefche ahn Jacob Fa utlt von dahier verh euratltet und eben/ails Il aushalter'. P erha ps he i id entical wi th Jorg Adam Theis, in Pennsilvanien gezogen" ] (Document of Decemb I' 3, 1765). born at Ob r or iederlu tadt, February 9, 1739, on of Andreas £. also hi broth er·in·law, Georg Jakob Ileintz. Theiss and \dfe llagdalena. (Jacob Faut arrived at Phildelphia, Aug u t 24 , 1765, on the hip Polly.] 46. JOllA J KOB W TDER- born at Oberlu tadt, Janu. ary ]3, 1727, so n of . eba tian Wunder and "ife Anna Maria ; .17 . IfA JJ LTER. EORG 11\10 - arrived in Philadelphia marrie I Anna lIaria Horter, born at Oberlll tacit, J lily 21 , 1729, on Ih e hip Polly, ugust 24, J765, \\ ith the brothers Christian daughter of Georg H orler and wif Anna Barbara. Cf. Anna ancl Johann Jakob Wunder a ~ we ll a J ohann Jacob Fauth . ince Barbara /I orler, abo\ e.

41 hildren. born at Oberlustadt: must realize that th e entry in Goshenhoppen wa not made by 1. Jorg Adam Wunder, born J a nu ary 7. 1753. P astor .\lli hlenberg until after 1750. In -'lemmelsdod for the 2. Anna .lJ aria Wunder, born ugust 22, 1755. period concerned there i no other e ntry to be found. 3. Valentin Wunder, born April 1. 1758. " Itsgrund": This \lord appear in the Go henhoppen Church 4. lIaria Barbara Wunder, born October 21. 1760. Regi ter in connection with the reference to the parent of 5. Christoph Wunder, born J anuary 5. 1764. Johann l\ ickel Bauersachs, after the first name of the moth r. [fa ob Wunder a rrived at Philadelphia. Augu_t 24. 1765, on Undoubt edly it i a place name. in ce the I tz. coming from the hip Polly.] oburg. fl ows through the f emmel dod area and into the -'la in. 47. W NDER, HRTSTIA, born at Oberlustadt, July 13, Through the entry in the Old Go henhoppen Church Regi ter 1729, brother of the preceding, married Catharina [ J. in P ennsylva nia we have lea rned where the Bauer ach Family hi ldren, born at Nieder· or Oberlu tadt : of the P a la tinate ori ginated, and that J ohann Nickel Bauersachs 1. Maria Eva Wunder. born April 16, 1757. emigrated in 1750 from lie? erlu tadt to P enn ylvania. 2. Andreas Wun de r. born 0 tober 18, 1751 ; died F ebruary 4, Johannes Bauersachs, bapllzed at Memmelsdorf August 3. 1699, 1763. must like \l i e haye sell led in the Palatinate, for in the Lutheran 3. Andreas Wun de r, born December 27, 1763. hurch Register of Weingarte n, on June 9, 1716, i recorded his [ hristian Wunder arrived at Philadelphia, Augu. t 24. 1765, marriage to Anna Maria H ubin, native of Offenbach. ingle. and n th hip Polly.] on No\eml er 27. 1718, the birth of the son Han s David Ball er· sachs. who married (lst ) at \'iTeingarten, F ebruary 9, 1740, Anna WEf NGA RTE N .Varia Damian from Bii bingen an·d after her death married (2nd) 48. BA ER A H , PA born a t W einga rten, eptember 29, at W e in gart en, Janury 25. 1757, to Anna Maria Luber ( Lllwer) 1744. so n of Johann David Ballersachs and wife Anna Maria from Obe rlustadt. Johannes Bauersach was there fore the grand· Damian of Bobingen, settled as citize n at Freisbach and from father of the emigrant Paul (us ) Bauer achs and a brother of there went to America (Document of August 5. 1784 ). the emigrant Johann N ikolaus Ballersach . [Paulll Ball ersachs arrived at Philadelphia. December 4. 1771, 50. BR l EIER, JOHA IN PETER- b rn a t W ingarten, on th e hip Betsey. ] pril 28, 1726, son of Johann es Brunnemer and wife Anna The na me Ballersachs (also pel led Bau ersax in the hurch Margaretha, had "already gone away to P enn ylva nia 18 year Regi te l' of W einga rt n ) i spelled Bower ox in America. Palll ago. \I ithout receiving permi i n" [" bereits vor 18 J. in Pensil· Bowersox d ied March 8. 1806. in enter Town hip. now nyder vanien ohne vorh erige Erlaubnis abgezogen" ] (Document of Count y, P ennsylvania, and is buried at the H a sin ger Church ~\[ arch 7. 1767) . According to a Power of Attorney dra\ln up emetery near Middleburg in nyder Co unt y (cf. above, Johann in ugusta Co unty. Virginia. Augu t 15. 1766. J ohann P eter Jost Kern of Freisbach). According to family tradition in P enn· Brunnemer \la. residing there at th e time. sylva nia he had come to America before 1771, returned to 51. KLI GLER. TI-I EOBALD- born about 1714. married at Germany on a visit. and returned to P ennsylva nia in 1771. For ~ ei ngarten. lovember 26, 1737, to lllaria Catharilw Golbert, the children of Paul Bowe rsox. born in Pennsylvania. see Dr. daughtu of the citizen a nd town·coun cil or Henrich Gelberth hades A. Fisher. Early Pennsylvania Births; s·~e also Aaron (Golbert) (died about 1717) at Freimer. heim and hi "ife K ern Gift, "The lI a singer hurch:' Th e Pennsylvania German, Anna Rosina Geiss; accord in g to a transfer of property of the J tember 1908. Further informa tion on the fam il y can be had \I id o" Anna Rosina Geiss, dated pril 19, 174-6, " \l ent to the from th e Re\ e rend George E. BO\l e r ox of McSherrystown, P enn· /l.ew Land se\en )ears ago:' sylva ni a. rDebalt "Iingler, age 24, arrived at Philadelphia ept ember 49. BA UER ACIJ , I-lA!', IICKEL C'N1CHEL") -arrived at 20, 1738, on the hip Friendship.] Philadelphia, ug u t 15. 1750. o n the hip Royal Union. Jt is probable th a t this migrant belongs to the ame famil), a the WE THEIl! abo\e Paul Bau ersachs. llo\le\er, there is in th e Ch urch Regi ter 52. BATTEIGER. JOHA I VALE ITTI - born at W e th eim, of Weingarten no re ference to the emigration of lla ns . Iickel August 27, 1739. EOn f Johann Peter Balteiger and "ife Anna Bau rsach __ nor i hi s baptism recorded. Informa ti on from Pastor Eva (in the acts .Haria Eva) : "Valen tin 35 ) ar old a nd abs nt George E. Bowersox, Mc herry tow n, P ennsylva ni a, ha cleared in Ameri ca" (Document of May 3, 1777). up the my tery: [johanll Valentin Batteiger arri\ ed at P hi ladelphia. October Hans Nichol Bauersachs, son of the but her J ohann Bauersachs 29, 1767. on the hip l/inerva.] and wife Elisabetha " [t sgrund" (cL below), was. according to an 53. IIWAB, GEORG AD 1\1- born atWestheim. April 26, entry by Pa tor II. M. i\fli hl enb r g in th Old Goshenhoppen 1745. son of Andreas Schwab and wif Rosina Barbara ; "re id nt hurch Register in P ennsylva nia, born ' ovember 1'1. 1702,in in P ennsylyania" (Document of ;\ Iarch 27, 1765). " Memelsdor£" and bapti zed th ere loveml er 15, 1702. Hi trade \las o- i\ en as " ta il or". According to the ame entry he \len t in Z E l K A .11 the y'" a r 1727 to ,. leid er ... stad t, 3 hOI.lJ' from peyer". i. e., 54. GEl , P IIIUPP JOB- farrier. born at Freisbach, Niederlustad t. married there ilJaria Elisabetha Gothe, daughter April 12. 1712. on of Hen rich Geiss, citizen and to\l n·council or of Velten Gothe and "ife Eva Elisabeth, and emigrated in 1750 of Frei bach. and \life Anna Catharina; married a t Zeiskam and with \l ife and childr n to P ennsyh ania. settled there as farrier and itizen. According to an official Children, born a t Oberstad t before th e emigration : document of ovember 9, 1763, they had already go ne 12 years 1. Maria Elisabeth Ballersachs, born April 9, 1735; died b fore ago to j \ merica. in the Pro\ince of P enn yh a nia" ["allschon 1750. vo r 12 Jahren nacher Americam in der Province Pinselp/anien''l­ 2. M aria Barbara Bauersachs, born A ugu t 3, 1738; died June For addi tional information, ee Pennsylvania Dutchman, ummer 9, 1740. 1956, page 58. 3. Johann Valentin Ballersachs, born July 7, 1741; confirmed 55. C II I ITT. LORENZ- c itizen. urgeon a nd barber at Bill. a t Old Goshenhoppen ; married December 27. 1764, to igheim. baptized a t Billigheim. J anuary 31, 1722, son of Matth es Barbara [ J. lunilt, ~tiz e n and to \I n·council or at Billigheim , and \I ife 4. Jorg Adam Bauersachs, born February 26, 1744; confirmed Anna llana Heckman; married at Zeiskam, May, 1748, to a t Old Goshenhoppen; married Hagdalena ROlienzaner Maria Helena (, llagdalena) Gllth, da ughter of Johannes Guth of ( Routzan) . Zeiskam. A ft e r hi marriage he moved hi residence to Z i kam. Both so ns served in th e Revolutiona ry 'Val'. and after their Ac ording to the Germer he im records, Lorentz hmill' wife, release from ervice ettled in Frederick ounty. Ma ryland. beca use she \lanted to go to the New Land with he r hu band and R eferen es to both famili e appear in the record of l. David's her two small _ons. had her inheritance pa id back in 1751. In a n Lu thera n hurch near H anover. P enn yhania, on the Maryland official document of F ebrua ry 4. 1757, it i said of Helena chmitt border. The famil y of Georg Adam Bowersox i late r named in nee Guth, that she ""e nt away to America abou t 6 year aO'o". th e records of l. Mary' Lutheran Church, il ver Run, Maryla nd, The " 'ife of Lorentz Schmill appears a Ma ria Magdalena ~ nd \I here member of th famil y a re buried. His own gravestone and as Mana Helena. In th e Bapti . mal Registe r of Ze i kam i found that of his wife and hi son Chri tian are at nionto\l n, Mary. onl y the bapti m of a Maria j\1audalena. At the marriao-e ent ry land. Georg Adam Bowersox t ok the oath of c itizen hip to "Magdalena" is tricken out and "" Helena" wrillen ab ove~ At the Maryland on June 19, 1779. entry of th e birth of the first child the mother appear a " Maria An inquiry to Me mmelsdod, Oberfranken, revea led that . the Magdalena," at th e econd child' binh a "l\[aria He lena." name Bauer achs never appeared in the r ecords there. In Mem· F or the children e P ennsylvania Dutchman, ummer 1956, melsdod near Ebern in U nterfranken the rela tionship wa proved page 59. through the researche of Pa tor Loblein, from the Lutheran 56. I j ( l EN) , ma ter·baker at Zei kam, bap· hurch R eo- i ter there: J ohann ( Hans) Bauersachs, widower, tized at Z i kam. Augu t 28. 1710, son of Johann Peter I.nn, married a t Memmelsdorf, lovemb er 22, 1698. to Anna Elisabetha ma t r·baker a t Ze iskam, and wife Anna Agatha. For additional Kohler of Memmel dorf. Their children, born at 1e nunelsdorf, details.! see Pennsylvania Dutchman, umm r 1956, page 59. included 1. Johannes Bauersach , baptized Augu t 3, 1699 ; and 57. ZW I KER. JOI-IA IN PETER-citizen and town.councilor 2 . .! ohann Nikolaus Bauersachs, baptized lovember 3, 1700. a t Z i kam, baptiz d at Zei kam. December 21. 1710, son of trikin o- i th e difference between the birth and bapti mal amllel Zwicker. a nd wife usanna Barbara. F or additional d tails, date in "th l\lem mel dod a nd Go henhoppen ntrie . But w see Penllsylvanl(l Dutchman, ummer 1956, page 59.

42 COUNT ZI NZENDORF'S B USY LIFE MOLD­ ED PENNSYLV ANTA A WELL AS EURO· PEAN PROTESTA TT I SM. His Inotto: ullct die in e linea: "No day without a line."

son's abridged tran lati on appeared in one volume a The Life oj Nicholas Lewis Count Zin zendorJ (London, 1838) . Inasmuch a Weinlick' 240 pages are vastly excell ed by th e Spangenberg-Jackson 511 page, for Spangenberg was for thirty year an associate and friend of th e Count with acce s to th e original material, it seem likely that th e Spangenberg opu wi ll not be di placed by Weinlick' popularization. An additional Engli h biography was John Gi ll' translation of Felix Bovet' Le Comte de Zinzendor/, whi ch appeared a The Banished Count or the LiJe of Nicholas Louis Zinzendorf (London, 1865). Apart from the publisher's myopia in claiming a "first" in Engli h biographies of Zinzendod , the main weakness of the Weinlick treatment is that one lay the book down with out any feeling that he understand s th e man Zinzen­ dod , the fascinating complex of ideas and motive which made him into one of the key fi gures in 18th Century Protestant controversy. For light on the personality of Zinzendorf, one must turn el ewhere, to th e recently pub­ li shedMuhlenberg Journals," for example, which give an anti-Moravian estimate of th e Count and hi missionary ZINZENDORF program for America. In th e historical novel fi eld (which call hed li ght on histori cal period and personalities) nothing ha appeared in Engli h comparable to tephan and Moravian Hirzel' Der eraf und die Bruder (Witten, 1950) . 1. pecialized tudies on ZinzendorJ Between Spangenberg and Weinlick there is, then, very little in Engli sh to fill in the biographical pi cture. German Research and candinavian scholars_ anxiou to thresh out their knowledge of every pha e ~f 18th Century pietism, have By DO YODER been m uch bu ier than American scholars. In doing so, th ey have come closer to definin g the "mind" of Zinzen­ dod th an American Moravian scholar . The appearance of John R. Weinlick' Count Zinzendor/ For e ample. th ere have been in recen t year Sigurd (New York: Abingdon Pre s, [C!956]) a the first mod­ I iel en' tudies of Zinzendorf's ideas on tolerance, Der ern English biography of th e renewer of Moraviani m i Toleranzgedanke bei Zin zendorf. Ursprung, Entwicklung a convenient moment to umma rize th e trend Moravian und Eigenart einer Toleranz (Hamburg, 1952) and In­ re earch has taken in the recent decade of th e 20th Cen­ toleran z und Toleranz bei Zinzendorj. Der theoretische tury, on both sid es of th e Atlanti c. Teil (Hamburg, 1956). Zinzendorf' th eology in general The Weinlick biography, done by the profe or of hi - hus been treated in Leiv al n' Die Theologie ,les torical theology at Moravian Theological eminar) , Beth­ eraJen von Zinzendorj, in th e GedenkschriJt fur D. /Ver­ lehem, Pennsylvania, is a " traight biography," told ner Ehler! (Berlin, 1955), ancl Go ta Hok' Zinzendorjs chronologically, etting the fa ci nating Co unt partially in BegriD der Religion ( ppsala, 1948) . hi 13th Century setting but without recapturing much of Zinzencl orf's relati on to other thought, both of th e pa t the spirit of th e tension-torn decad when Zinzendorf and th pre ent, i the theme of Erich Beyreuther' Zinzen­ wa one of th e key fi gur in a reviving Prote tanti m dorj un d Pierre Bayle (Hamburg, 1955), and Friedrich both in Europe and America. The book uffer from lack Gartner's Karl Barth und Zinzendorj. Die bleibende of critical apparatu , th e footnote being minimal, th e Bedeutung Zinzendorjs auf Grtwd der Beurteilung des bibliography totally mi ing, and no foreword to explain Pietismus durch Karl Barth (Miinchen, 1953). Zinzen­ th e author' procedure, purpo e, or indebtedne to ea rli er dorf' place in th e hi tory of mys ticism is dealt with by Zinzendod biographers. Otto Uttend orfer, ZinzenclorJ und die My tik (Berlin, When the du t jacket inform u th at Wein lick' book 1942) . pre ent th e Zinzendorf tory "for the fi r t time in th e Overall treatment of Zinzend od ' life and ignificance Engli h language," it mean of course th e fir t time in in th e hi tory of the Christian movement include H einz recent years. Actually th first landmark of Engli h-Ian­ R nkewitz, ZinzendorJ (Hamburg, 1948) and the Zinzen- guage biography in th e Zinzendorf fi eld wa amuel Jack- * Th e Journals of H enry M elchior liluh/en berg, in three volume, on' tran lation of th e tandard G rman bi ography by dited by T heodore C. Tappert a nd J oh n W. Doberstein, especially Bi hop pangenberg, which had appeared in eight vol­ Vol um e I (Philadelphia, 194,2). Ba ed on th e J ournals i Paul A. W. Wallace, The illllhienbergs of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, ume a the Leben des Herrn icolaus Ludwig era/en und 1950) . ee in bo th th e account of th e not too cordial intervie\\ o{ Herrn von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, 1772-1775. Ja k- ;\1uhl enberg with th e ounl.

.]. do rJ Gedenkbll ch edited by Ern t Benz and Heinz Renke· de cri bes earl) s ttlement In OhiQ and frontier ocial "itz ( tuttga rt. 1951). condition . In contra t to this European producti vity. the m rican Individual volume which have appearecl. recently on (and British ) rec rd looks li ght. pecialized treatm ent. Mora vi an hi tory. ba ed on the use of peciallzed urce . ,,·hi ch a r f". include H. H. Meyer's Child II aUue and include Adelaide L. Fries. The Road to alem (Chapel lIrlllre according 10 Co unt Ludwig von ZinzendorJ (N II' Hill. l.C.. [<'1944J); Elma E. Gray (in collaboration York. 1928) . a di ertation inspired b y the need of the with Le lie Robb Gray). Wilderne Chri tians: The Chri ti an Educati on movement. Jacob J ohn e sler· s Com· M~ o ra vian Mission to the Delaware Indians (Ithaca. l.Y., m unal Pielism among Early American i1Ioravian s (i'iew [('1956J): and Kenneth Hamilton, The LiJe oj John York. L 1933J) . Volume Vin in The Henry Holt and Ellioein (Bath . 1(40 ). Company" merican Reli gion ri e ." ba ed on th e 18th Moravian mu ical contributions have received adequate Century so urces. deals with Zinzendorf indirectl y b ut attenti on in recent works, notably Gilbert Chase, Amer· shed so much li ght on so many phase of hi career th at ica's lVill sic Jr om the Pilgrims to the Pre ent ( ew York, one " ishes that Se ler had gone on to produce the defi ni· [<'1955 J ), in such doctoral dissertation as Maurer Maul'· ti ve modern En <> li sh biograph y which cholar hip need . er· '·Musical Lif of Colonial America in the 18th Cen· In E ngland the excellent summary b) William George tur) " (Ohi o tate Univer ity, 1950 ), and in Church ddison. The R enewed Church oj the United Brethren Music an d Niu ical LiJe in Pennsylvania in the 18th Cen­ 1722·1 930 (Lond on. 1932 ) and th e oblique references to tury. Publicati on of the P ennsylvania ociety of the Zinzend orf in th e va ri ou li ves of We ley provide the prin· Coloni al Dames of Am rica, IV, 3 volume (Philadelphia. cipal Engli sh-language materials. And naturally Kenneth 1926·1947) . Hans T. David's researches int P nns)'l­ Scott Latourette·s volumes. A History 01 the Ex pan ion oj va ni a's colonial mu ic include his " Ephrata and Bethle· Chri tianity (7 volumes 1937·1945) and A Hi lory ul hem in P enns) lvania : a Comparison ," in Papers of the Christianity (New York, 1953), set Zinzendorf in th e A merican JlII~ u icological ociet')', Annual Meeting 1941: stream of missionar y history, I"here he is on e of the key " Musi al Life in th e P ennsylvania ettlement of th Protestant fi gures. Unitas Fratrllln," in Transactions oj the M oravian Histor­ 2. The Ecum enical ignifi can ce oj Zin:::endorJ ical Society, Vo l. Xln (Bethlehem, 1942) : and JlII~u s i c oj The increasing importance of the Ecumenical Move· th e M oravians in A m erica, 12 vo lumes ( ew York. 1938· ment in church life and thought, has led to the redi cov­ 1939) . er y of Zinzendorf's plans for Christian reunion in th e 18th The importa n e of th e Moravian fi eld of research i that Century. and hi place a a forerunner of the 20th Century Mora vi ani sm, like Zinzend orf himself, wa a bridge be· Ecumeni cal Movement ha been strengthened and a sured. tween cultures. people, theologies. Methodism and Ger­ Recent treatment of Zinzendorf's ecumeni cal ideas in· man Pieti m. even Roman Catholicism wer e touched by clude J ohn J oseph toudt's "Pennsylvania and the Oecu· Zinzend orf' influence. Hi message was carried even into menical Ideal," in Bulletin Theological eminary oj the Russia among the German ettler of the Volga Valle). Evangelical and R eJorm ed Church (October. 19-11 ) : among wh om it formed peculiar patterns of piety whi ch Fritz Blanke, Zin zendorJ wul die Einheit der Kinde r have been brought to America by the so·calleel " Rus ian Gottes (Ba el, 1950 ) : and Don Yoder , " Chri tian nit) in German " or " Volga Germans" wh o settled in the plain ineteenth Century America," in Ruth Rouse and tephen states." C. Neill, A History oJ the Ecumenical Movem ent (Lond on Apart from th e continuing need for a elefinitive English and Philadelphia. 1954 ). biography of Zinzendorf, variou areas of Moravian life 3. Pu blication oj Sources need mor light on th em before th e true r elation of Mo· Ameri can Church Historians are aware of th e richne ravia ni sm to meri can church hi tor y becomes apparent. of the Moravian archi val materials at Bethlehem and else· The part Moravian pi eti m too k in the Great Awakenin g where but because of th eir basic German character onl) a has never been ati factorily defin ed, despite Charles H. proporti on of th em have been worked through. The publi . iax on' The Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies cation by Adelaide L. Fries of even vo lumes of the (Chica<>o. 1(20). nor ha th e relation and mutualinflu· R ecords oj the Moravian in North Carolina (Raleigh. ence 01 Meth odi sm and Moraviani m ever been full) 1922·1947) . i unfortunately not matched by an y para ll el a n al y z e d .""~ movement in P ennsylva ni a to make th e rich Bethlehem May we expre the h ope that th e pr sent year. th e ources available in English. The Transactions oj th e Mo­ SOO th anni ve r ar y of the foundati on of the Unita FratrLUn ravian Historical ociety have made a beginning in pub· (1457·1957) and the bicentennial of Zinzend orf' death in lishing source. b ut the maj or sources are still awaiting 1960 will pro\'ide the motiva ti on for a renais ance of p ublicati on. William J. Hinke, one of th e mo t producti ve Moravian re earch \I hich will open up for America n scholars in the 18th Century fi eld , made available the Chu rch Hi tor y th e rich ource which are awaiting to be Moravian missionary di arie that dealt with Virginia u ed at Bethlehem and other Mor avian archive. (Virginia Magazine 0/ History alld Biography. 1903) . and ann oun ced plan [or publi hing th o e concerned ,,·ith "Se ~ Geo rge J. E ise nach, Pietism and the Russian Germans P ennsylvania, but death overtook him I efor he could in the United tates (Ph.D. Di sertati on, ni ver it)' of hicago. carr) out hi plan. A pecialized Moravian diary. dealing 1945). publi hed in E ng li h at Bern e, J ndia na, 1946. and i n Germa n)' und er th e tille Das religiose Leben Ullte r den R u slanc/· with missiona ry work among Lanca tel' County Menn on· deutschen in Russlan d und Amerika (J\Iarburg, 1950). ites. as tran lated and edited by Don Yoder. was publi hed "', I n the peri od 1940·1952, only one docloral dis erlati on in a in th e Pennsylvania Dutchman ( ovember 1, 1951 ), Ioravian to pi c in t be field of reli gion" a done at an Ameri can choo!. That was J obn R. Weinlick· " Th j\[oravian Dia pora·· under th e title " Brother Hantsch Visit the Mennonite - (olu mbia ni versily. 1951), dealing \\ ilh th e evangeli ti c A Moravian Mi ionary Diary of 1748." Another, " Into program of the r.lora\ ian " ilhin lbe Prote tant tate churches the Indian Country with Brother Schmick- A Moravian of Eu rope. ee Doc /oral Dissertatio ns in th e Field of Religio n 1940·1952 ( -ew Yo rk. 1954), ]lubli hed as a supplement .­ Di al") of 1797." ( Pennsylvania Dutchman, June 1953), Th e R evie", flf Rp/ieion. Volume \llll

44 /t eep grazing in Lancaster County.

By VICTOR C. DIEFFE lBACH

Mo t farmers kept onl y enough heep to hear for their " Yes, th e heep mu t have fresh and healthy air," old own famil y requirement ; and while most of the cl othing J ohn Deck used to tell me. He wa the veteran sheep-man requiring li ghter material was of linen, yet a bi g family of western Berks County wh en 1 wa a boy. could ea ily di po e of the wool of everal dozen heep. I remember how he asked me one time if 1 knew what Most of the old- tyle barn had a shed in one end of \ as the wor t enem y of a sheep wh en it was in the barn the basement, en wagga-shup. It wa u uall y about ixteen or tabl e. I said, " I guess a dolY ."" 0, another heep," feet wide and ran cro wa ys for th e width of the barn. he aid, meaning that the more sheep that were confined In front were two door made of lat about three inch in a table, th e unhealthier would be the air. wide and having the ame pace betwe n the lats. Thi Old J ohn Deck wa a big man ; and what he did not aff orded amp le ventilation for th e heep, for ori gin all y kn ow about heep wa n't worth knowin g. He would put th e e hed were heep fold. Only when the farmer hi hand on a sheep's back at the hip and give it a gentle tarted to buy ready-made cl othing, and quit keeping but firm pu h with hi outspread fin gers; then he knew if heep, were th e hed u ed to tor wagon and impl - it wa in good Ae h, or thin, or whatever condition it wa men t . And when they all had heep th ey had no kind of in. He alway had a cane with a cr ook at the upper nd. wagon except heavy fa rm wagon , and they were u ually He would hand it to me and tell me to lip it over a kept on the barnfl oor. h p' neck and hold it ; th en he would feel it over, and

45 look into it mouth: th e feet or 1100ve he ,,-ould al 0 and roa t it. It will not poil if in a 001 place and dark. e amine for too lon o- or broken hooves or foot-rot. He And th e la L piece will be better than th e fir t one was; had a very sharp knife with a long blade, and he would it "ripens" or tenderizes. and a roa t from a heep that cuL off orne of the long hoof. Then he \ ould carefully had been killed a month will taste a good a the fir t day. divide the II' 01 on th e heep's back to see if they did not any of th e farmers us d to top th eir corn year ago: have any lice. Lhi meant cutting off the top above the ear of corn, He to ld me one day, "Ya, dale leidt maina ich wairt and puttin" th e fodder thu ecured into small shock. narrisch mill meina sho/e." (Ye, some folk think I am The ear were then all pulled off, hu k and all , and crazy keepin g th e e heep. ) "Sie denka net draw ass ee thrown into th e bi g blue wagon-box and hauled into the era hinner-dale /er/reera daita won' net wairt fer de barn and put in pi le on th e barnfloor. Later in th e ea on ho/e." (They don't think of how they would freeze th eir thi afforded lot of fun at the old-fa hi oned hu king bee. rear end if it weren't for the sheep. ) And th e fodder wa for th e sheep. Thi wa supplemented I still remember th e day wh en Dad and I went to with clean oats stral , orn e clover ha y, or the sweepin O' Deck' on some errand and th ey were getting read to from th e feed entry. Along towa rd pring th e sheep were hear the sheep. They had a dam in th e creek down in th e given some corn nubbin and orn e oats, so they would meadow. and a pen built clo e to it. All th e sheep were in be ure to have a good supply of milk wh en the lamb thi pen. Then he and orne one of his helpers would catch were dropped. a heep and put in in the dam and wa h it until all th e Trying to get the tiny woolies to nurse when the mother dirt and chaff were out of the wool ; th en it was put into has no milk is about the God-forsakingest job a man can anoth er pen. They looked awful and I pitied them- I tackle. The ewe will pay about as much attention to that urely th ought th ey would drown. But once they were lamb as a prima-donna would to a treet beggar. dried th ey looked nice and clean and as white as now. I can still hear the humming of the big wh eel (des wzdl­ When all had been washed, th ey were driven into an­ rawd ) wh en my Grandmother would be spi nning the wool oth er pen under a big tree. Here a barn door was p laced on a winter's evening. And many a time I would li sten on several boxe and blocks of wood and everal per on to that monotonous hum and drift off to th e land of od_ held the sheep and John cut th e wool with a big heep- One time my Grandmother handed me a pair of Ion" hears. It was then placed on the grass in the sun to get woolen tockings for a Chri tma pre ent on which she real dry and also to evaporate orn e of th e grea e in it. had pent many an hour. knitting, one loop at a time. Later the wool was put into big bags and then it wa he said, " htell see mull da rt ins eck." ( tand them up taken to th e woolen mill and was cleaned and woven into in th e corner. ) And I did; and they stood th ere, upright cloth. orn e of it was onl y spun and was used by th e like a board- and th ey were almo t as thick a one. Those women to knit stockings, cap , mittens, hoods and once in could be wa shed and worn for years; and if my big toe a while a " wammus." This wa a knitted garment for came out to ee th e world, she would darn tho e tocking men and boy _ ver y much like what is nowadays called a until one could not see that th ey had been mended. I was coat- sweater. already full.grown when I wa still wearing a pair of Old Deck u ed to ay, " !eh brauch evva ken shtengel mittens that he had knit for me; th ey were lined with maya ; ich /erkaw/ meiney on so ltll so feel s pundt." ( I cotton-fl an nel and the palm were covered with good don't need to cut weeds; I sell mine at so and so much home-tanned calfskin. per pound.) His sheep had the run of the farm most of Teenage girls were knitting wh enever they had spare the time. On ce th e corn wa in tas el he would let the time to do so; and when company came they proudly heep in th e cornfield. He said, "They will eat weeds be­ showed what they had knit. Man y a girl of twelve was a fore th ey touch the corn. If th ey eat th e lower leave it proficient a th e o-rand-dame that had 0 lovingly in­ doe n't hurt. And if they bite off an ear of corn or two­ structed her in the art of knitting. well , th ey are my heep_ " everal year ago, while attending a sale of farm tock I do not remember ever meeting that old shepherd that near ummit tation I met a farmer wh o told me how he did not have so me oats in his pocket. All he needed to hi father used to have a fl ock of sheep up in the moun­ do wa go out in th e open and call " Ship, ship" and they tains, years ago. He said they had no helter except the would stop grazing and come a-running up to him. When low -h anging limbs of th e pine and spruce . On Satur­ he brought his hand out of hi s pocket it held a few grains, days wh en thi man and his broth ers were finished with and they would crowd all over him and nibble it out of th e chores th ey would put everal bags of corn-nubbin hi hand. on th e block- led and pile everal hock of corn fodder One day when I came there, wearing a pair of brand on top of it and haul it up through the fi elds and give it new cowhide boots he came and gave me a parc I wrapped to th e sheep. in a new paper. He said , " Jow if you will melt the sheep­ On one uch trip they were urpri ed to see everal Laliow and brush it on yo ur new boot while it is hot. small lamb creeping arol)nd under th e pine . 0 th ey th en you can go all day in the now and slu sh and your took several axes and cut poles and laid them with one feet will stay dry." So I melted it as he told me and put end on th e ground and th e other end in the crotch of a on th e boots_ plenty of it. and put them back on th e tove. tree : thi crude framework they th en proceeded to thatch When it wouldn't a ll soak in- I had put too much on­ with pine and pruce. talting at th e lower end and over­ I wiped off th e surplu with a rag; and he surely had lapping th e bough like hin" les. They did not tell th eir told me no lie. father about the lamb : but a few weeks later, wh en a Once it got cool towards th e fall of the year, he would whole bunch of th em were scampering in th e woods they kill a fat ram for meat. This was cut through th e middle and asked him they had not better look after the sheep up in th en it wa hung up in a dark_ cool cellar; and wh enever Lh f' mountain. 0 he told th em th e following aturda tb ey wanted to u e orn e of it, th ey would cut off a piece they would all go up and look at them. He aid his Dad

46 Sheep grazing before a Canadian foreba,y barn.

wa, so surprised when he sawall those lambs runni ng mea red on the roll s of a machine and was printed on around all over, and how they had cared for them, 0 he the plain cloth ; th en when it was dyed, the cloth thus told them that if they would continue to care for them coated would ab orb th e dye or v ice versa I am not ure In that way the boy could have one-half of them. whi ch wa y it worked. He said that the man aid that " Meer hen ovver no shofe grickt," he said. (We got sheep manure would be much better than that from the some sheep then. ) There wa a bunch of boy - I think cattle : onl y it had to be free of all straw. " Un wer der he aid four or five of them- and b y the time all were deyful wett donn oll de glaina shoJe-gnuttla ufJ-laise?" grown and left the farm, they all had their fl ock h oused he aid. (And wh o would want to pi ck up all th ose little up on the mountains. dungball ! ) Some of the homespun clothing was dyed and some­ I'll never forget the day I came hom and had a paper time in later year the proper d ye could n ot be 01 tained bag (e n dutt ) full of sheepdung. We had been to old John and ome ub titute would be used in tead. I remember Deck' for eed potatoe and while Dad and J ohn were the very heavy woolen coat my father had- the sleeves in the cell a r getting them I snuck out to the barn and were lined with a red material, re embling silk or satin. picked up e eral th ou and of the little pellets. When we Once th e coat wa unfit to be worn as hi unday be t, came home I gave them to Granny. I said," ow if I get he wore it while working during the winter. One day we a ore throat you ca n make tea for me." She dropped into were caught in a rainstorm while out in the woods. By that bi g old r ocker of hers th at it almost broke down ; he th e time we came home we were pretty well oaked and held her gingham apron to her e es and she cried as if when he tarted to take off that coat in th e kitchen we her er y be t friend had died. " IP' os iss don letts, M um­ almo t died laughing. The red dye wa not waterproof my?" I cried. (What i wr ong, Granny? ) " Ach do liever and most of it was on hi s shirt leeve, hi underwear, Gott. 0 dumma socha mocha. hofe-gnuttla, die woxa and oon he had a lot of it on his hands, hi face, and ltff ma hecka-pu h drunna in da wis , naiva on da grick." the top of hi bald head. When we almo t screamed he ( uch dumb goin O's on . hofe-gnuttla grow on bushe went and looked in the looking gla s on the wall and then down in th e meadow alongside the creek. ) And then it hi P enn ylvania Dutch profanity overflow·ed. He aid, was that I realized that she wasn't cr ying but laughing "Why, I look ju t a if you et a pumpkin on a barber­ until her old body shook and th e tear came. pole and then wrapped it up in a red-checkered table­ I have since found out that the shoJe-gnuttla wa the cl oth. " Then I said to Dad, " ow haisht do mimmy black-haw. When Granny had quieted down so he could Dee faba ch, now haisht do Rodearmel. " ( Tow your nam peak he aid, " Ovver de doe dort, de con ich aw goot i n't Dieffenbach anymore, but Rothermel. ) Dad replied. usa- de do on ich in my blumma-hefJa ; sell iss was ich "Do besser doosht mooia odder see doona de i nawma uff do mitt." (But I can u e these too. I'll put them in m y en shtay hocka." (You had better m ove or they will cut new fl ower pot , that' wh at I'll do.) And she did. yo ur name on a tone.) A fin e product of a fl ock of heep wa de r shofe-beltz Once he had m o t of the" team" blowed off , he told (the heep-pelt ). Thi i a lu xury to have on a wagon u of how the old folk u ed to dye the wool and how it eat, in a ca r. or on your ve ry be t easy chair. I helped would keep it color. I do not remember all th e different to tan man y a one of th em while till a boy of tender ingredi ent he menti oned but one I do reca ll. He aid th at year . Old J ohn Deck would take an old barndoor and put when the factori tar ted to make clothing and th e weav­ it on sev ral boxe so it was up off th e gr ound. Then he ing wa commercialized and cotton came to r epl ace a lot would nail th e pelt on thi door with the skin- ide up, of wool and linen fo r clothing- th en a man would come nailing it a ll a round with ma ll nail s or ta ck , ever three once a year to the farms and buy dried CO l -d un g (gadar­ inche . Then he II ould crape a ll the meat and fat off ter kee-dreck). It wa u ed a a mordant in printing cali co ofi t and thiis wh ere J helped. over in Lanca ter. The dung wa di olved and th en mi x d When it wa clean (or as clea n as he wanted it to I ) with omething to make it ti ck to th fabric; it wa th en h got a I ig boUl e out of an old upboard that tood in mea red to make it ti ck to th fabric: it wa th n th e hed. Th n he wo uld slowl ) pour ome of the liquid on th e skin and I \\·ould pread it all over th at kin with g-g-g rundt os m-m-my is un no gree-gree Ich my aigna a wab by tyin g a rag to a ti ck of wood. H told me not sh- sh- shofe." n eller gla y boo hut now shofe fun eina to get an y of th e tuff in my mouth as it was poi on. aigna fer Iimf-un-drei ich yohr. When th e pelt wa dried he would put another applica­ Doe i wos der oldt hofe-Deck 01 g awdt hut, 0 tion on it a second one of the ame stuff ; but then he naig cht 0 Ich's nuch wa eppe echt ich yohr shpaiter. \\ uld pour just a bit of it and I had to rub so much Won de shole 011 shtaina un blarra, no gook wella wake harder so a to spread it a ll over evenl y. About a week os era nase shtaina. ella wake nous woo era na e no later he would take that pelt and hang it on the clothe - weis a, dort htarrebt en mann eb de un unn r gat. line out in th e yard ; and th en he took a heavy stick of Won de hofe de t ay ivvernonner beis a 0 e gnar­ wood and he would club and pound it. Thi wa to re­ sc heHt, no gook fer un "lick uff a wake, udder der onn r. move th e dust, chaff and clover-hull and other dirt. Won de shofe bucka won see noss in , udder im raya, Then he wo uld hang up th e bi " iron kettle and fill it no in selly un ga drecki ch un gnuttlich so lung os e "ith water. I'd be pumping it and he carried it over. Th n wull uff ich hen. he built a fire under it. When it wa s hot he put it in the Won de hofe t wivla fre a no greea see ken warrem_ big calding trough and put in some powd ered borax; Won fun 011 de shofe es en bauer hut ken blarra doot, this was to di olve the natural grea e or oil in th e wool. kens gnuttelt, un ken gate darrich de fens, we feel hofe Then he would put that heepskin in th e trough and stir hu t eller bauer ? De antwordt: Kens. it around a while with his club. When he lifted it up he Won de hofe usht der sooma (de kern a ) hen fun da grunted like a bear; and there was hardly a bucket lull ca rreb a, sell is es besht os ee fre a kenna waya of water left in th e trough. He would squeeze it and fl op warrem. it up and down. At times he got in th e trough and jumped Won en bauer mull ken shofe may raisa con wile sei up and down and danced on it. This he kept up for a l londt t u mauger iss, no date er besser as bauera htuppa least an hour or until th e dirt and filth were soakeJ - woxt nix may shun ht Sell maint net 0 de shole de th rough and would di olve. Then th e dark-colored liquid londt ferhousa; ee doona net- ee doona's uff-b owa. wa poured away and a fresh batch prepared. This second Won 01 de shofe im shodda Iya un ee sin om wa hing did not take so long as the first one; but th e dirt eacI eri cha, un no uff a mohl fonga ee awe tsu blarra, no now being softened up came loose readily and soon the coomt epper. Won ee oil mit em kupp der aima wake water again looked like weak coffee. A third washi ng lya, no coomt der psuch ellawake by. Won usht der buck usually completed the job and then it had to be rinsed blarrt, no coomt der porra. several times. When it was dry, it wa as white as now. hofe lya immer oU mitt em kupp der saim a wake won Some sheep-pelts exhibited and for ale in stores and see im freya in- immer uff em hai chshta llot , un addler hop were d yed in all th e colors of the rainbow. immer mitt de nail's gaya em windt so 0 see der hundt, But old John Deck told me never to buy any of them. der fuchs, udder der wulf fun weidem reecha kenna. Won "See sin net SOlLwe r, fer sell doona see selly beltz so shay der hundt udder der wulf mull naigscht ganunk coomt, /arr eva, so as mer der dreck net saint." (They are not no shtai na see 011 mit da kepp nous tsus un era hinner­ clean; that's wh y th ey dye th em, so one cannot see the end in der mitt fun sellem ring, grawdt 0 we de shpaicha dirt.) in ma rawd. A ring shofe un ou a rum iss a ring kepp ; There were farmers who tann ed sheep-skins by rubbing un no en ring fettera fees un bay, 011 bissy om shtompa them with salt and powdered alum ; but the latter ca used fer tsorn. Der hundt wo o in sell ring coomt maint der the skin to get hard and if too much of it was used it deivel het ihn unner cot bis er witter haus iss. would crumble and break into little pi eces. Won de shofe mull oil gout a we de hundt, udder de Grandad used to tell of a farmer who had uch a fin e hundt doona 011 blarra os we de shofe, no mocht nix ou big sheep-pelt, and he knew that once he had passed on, well y os mer chaart. then hi s sons would all be arguing and quibbling about Won 011 de shofe gnuttla ivver em lawfa, no gebt' who was to get it. So he told all of his sons that as only raya in tzeit fun feer-un-t won ich htundt. one could have it anyway he would dispose of it in this Won de wull gawr ken gletta hut iv ver em chaara no manner. Whenever he died th ey were to put the sheepskin con mer ken waurma glayder dafun mocha. in the coffin before they put his body in it " No lie ich Shofe 0 goutsa we hundt, un hundt os blarra we shofe waich un warrem, un deer hett nix tsu fechta un tsu -era wulI gate in der same sock. renkla dawaya." (Then I'll be lying soft and warm, and Won du weidt, weidt tsurick gaisht tsu sellera air hta yo u will not have anything to fi ght or wrangle about. ) Grishtdawg nacht, don laysht do nix fun duckter, shreiner, Der oldt John Deck hut immer en gros y drupp hofe lawyer, udder fun ainicha onnera hond-warrick leidt 0 cot Ich kennt net sawga we feel-tsu rna glaina boo dort waura woo Yaises gaboara waur ; owver ollamohl maichta en dutzent gooka we en gro sy drupp. Usht Ich awgt's 0 de hirte-de mann woo de hofe keet hen­ wase os er uff's wennichsht fuftsich bis en hunnert cot see waura dort. So, won heidt nuch en mann shofe holdta hut, fun wa ya er hut de yunga 01 by der wauga load doot, don brouch er sich net shemma waya em wake woo noach Puttsville gfaura. Wile nuch en onnerer John Deck er sei laiva mitt mocha doot. waur, no waur er " der Shofe-Deck. " Ich bin feel he cooma Di hdla sin da shofe era cand y. Gift is tsu rna shofe mitt meina gro s-eldra, un mull a dawg hut der oldt kerl os we hunnich tsu em mensch. (Des maint gift woo on meer en glay shippley gevva wella un m y gro dawdy hut da fen a woxt- net des gift in ra buddIe, un en pickter g awdt os so lung 0 er nuch sei fer htondt hut, cooma fun rna gnucha- yokel clr uff. ) ken shofe uff sei hofe. De lett hta fimf uv va, de cooma fun rna oldta mann by "Ferdommts ferblarrt htufft," hut er gsawdt, un i s nawma Wolgemuth in Langeshter K ounty. ei airshter obgfaura. Un en glainer boo hut der gonsa wake uff hame nawma i meer ferge a. Ich waur by earn ivver nacht t us gabrillt. Un s lettsht hut er mull so fer chnippst rous yo uhra t urick 0 Ich om bame ferkawfa waUL I h hob grickt, "W-w-waurt usht, I-ich gri ck- gri ck awe mull ken shofe cot sell tz eit.

48 Classified Advertisements The charge for c la s ifi ed adverti ing i, 20 cents a word. paY ·lb.e .n advance. Deadlines a re ~Iar c h 1 June 1 eptember 1, a nd December 1. Wben figuring number of words be sure to in clude nam > ~ n , 1 add res•. For example: J. H. nyd'er is thr ~e words. ~rinimum ad 15 words. Direct genealogical queries to: Genealogy Editor, Th e Pennsylvania Dutchman, Beth el, Pennsylvania.

Books Wanted oarents, birth, death, where they lived, with Pamphlets for Sale ancestry to the emigrant and time of entry. Lucie Warlick W ord, 125 Rumson Road Books. b-oad si des etc. printed by Peters N. E. Atla nta 5, G eorgia. In addition to he literature advertised 'n Harrisburg. 1827- 1847, and by Moser and on the front inside cover, the Pennsylvani J Peters in Carlisle in the 1820's. Kirk e Bry a n, Dutch Folklore Center, In c .. Bethel, Penn­ 534 Swede S ~ r ee t , Norristown, Pa. sylvania, has he following pub!,cations for sale : Genealogical Research Songs Alo ng th e Ma hantongo by Walter E. Color Slides Buy and sell genealogies. Also do genea­ Boyer, A'bert F. Bu ffington, and O)on Yoder. logical research. Specialties-Mennon'tes, 231-page an ho'ogy of Pennsyivnnia Dutch A r1ish and Mennonites, Bgauiiful Colorslides. Amish and German families. De lbert G ratz, loksongs. $3.75. Twenty titles available. 3 fo r $1.00, complete PhD , Bluffton, Ohio. oe t $600 postpaid. Free catalog. S1EL-MAR, Conestoga W a gon Lore by H . C. Frey. B"x 23D, Mount Joy, Pe nnsylvania. $.50. I '.Vi:! do res3arch in Adams County families on a n hour y basis or i n exch~ oge for re­ Traditional Rhym es and J ing les by A lfred L. OLD ORDER AMISH in 011 phases of their search I desire to have cJ"ne in ether areas. S~oemaker. $.50. pic uresque life on br:ght color slides by lontae! Frederick S. W eiS3 r, Gettysburg professional photographers living among C ollege, G e ttysburg, Pa. them. Cata log, sample slide (30It). Ph oto Facs;mi'e reprint of Edward H. ~nuch's 188) Arts, 962 Salisbury, Lancast er, Pa . Rip V-an W ink le. $1.00 (This is '1 dialect)

3 Myths about the Pennsylvania Dutch Magazine Country by Alfred L. Shoe11aker. $.25. Genealogical Queries List of Pe nnsylvania Dutch Printed Dutchtolk. New magazine featuring Dut:h C~ e ck Ta ufschein s by Alfred L. $1.00 . DITZLER-Melchior and An hony, bra hers, stories (in dialect), also lore. $1.00 1he Shoem~ker. (Well I'lustra ed) se led Greble- Rehrersburg area prior to year. Haze l Stick, Reamstown, Pe nnsylvania. 1750. nown sons Peter, Simon, Michael. Facs'mile reprint of Edward H. Rauch's Daug ers married Fieser, Do'linger, Schaef­ fer, Serhar , Houtz. Noll. Desire In formation 1873 Th e Pe nnsylvania Dutchman, Vol. I , about descendan s. Ral ph P. T ; tt s l ~ r, 503 t-J ew Nos. I, 2, and 3. $3.00. Complete set. Yo rk Avenue, Takoma Park 12 , Ma,yland. Map of Dutch Country Facsimile reprint of Edward >-I . Raluch's 1868 De C ampain Br eefa. $ 1.00. (This is in WARLICK-Daniel Warlick, wife Ma ria Amish and Dutch Country Motorists Guide. dialect ) Barbara Schindel of Pennsylvania wen to Two 17" x 22" illustrated detailed maps. Nor h Carolina, about 1750. Want names of Send 50¢. Applied Arts, Box 837, Reading. Sch nitzel bank Chart. $.50.

1;=1 ==. 'I

EIGHTH ANNUAL Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Festival JULY 3-4-5 6 7, 1957 Fairgrounds, Kutztown, Pennsylvania Route 222, between Allentown and Reading Sponsored by The Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center • • • J join lhe "TRAVELING PENNSYLVANIANS"I

Ua K. L. M. ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES July 6 - August 24, 1958 '. r , ".

Europe Awaits You in 1958

This, our Seventh Annual "Pennsylvania Tour of Europe," will enable you to seek the roots of Pennsylvania's Quaker, Scotch-Irish, and "Pennsylvania Dutch" forefathers in Ire­ land, England, and the Rhineland-plus a gala "Grand Tour" to the style and entertainment capitals of Europe with congenial Traveling Pennsylvanians and "Honorary Pennsyl­ vanians" from the most unexpected places in the U.S.A. There will be your kind of people along-and we will have fun seeing Europe together. Dates are July 6th to Auqust 24th. the heart of s"m..,t;lr. Travel across the Atlantic is via K.L.M. ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES, and in Europe by luxury motorcoach, which en­ ables us to see the real Europe. We stay at renowned hotels with local atmosphere and superb cuisine, sample everywhere the contemporary life, including the ni'ght life, of Europe, we will meet the people, and return with friendships of a lifetime made during our summer abroad. Included are Dublin, Belfast, Edinburgh, London, Oslo, Stockholm, Amsterdam, Cologne, Heidelberg, Munich, Inns­ bruck, Venice, Florence, Rome, Pisa, Milan, Lucerne, Berne, and Paris, with unforgettable off-the-beaten-path visits to the Scotch-Irish vales of Ulster, Shakespeare's Country and William Penn Land in the British Isles: a Rhine Journey through Germany's castle and vineyard belt; wine festivals in the Palatinate; a sampling of Austrian Gemuetlichkeit in the friendly Tyrol; breathtakin'g Alpine scenery in the Bernese Oberland; and we finish with a Parisian flourish.

Dr. Don Yoder, Direct'!r "Traveling Pennsylvanians" 1958 Valley Forge Road Devon, Pennsylvania