GEOREFERENCED SOIL DATABASE FOR EUROPE

Manual of procedures

Version 1

Edited by European Soil Bureau Scientific Committee

GEOREFERENCED SOIL DATABASE FOR EUROPE

Manual of procedures

Version 1

Edited by European Soil Bureau Scientific Committee

Authors P. Finke R. Hartwich R. Dudal J. Ibàñez M. Jamagne D. King L. Montanarella N. Yassoglou

CONTENTS

1 PREFACE ...... 10 1.1 READERS' GUIDE...... 11 2 BACKGROUND...... 12

3 OBJECTIVES...... 14

4 GENERAL CONCEPTS...... 16 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 16 4.2 SOIL BODY AND SOIL HORIZON...... 16 4.2.1 Criteria for determining a soil body ...... 17 4.2.2 Spatial organization of horizons within a soil body ...... 18 4.3 SOILSCAPE...... 18 4.3.1 Criteria for determining a soilscape...... 18 4.3.2 Spatial organization of soil bodies within soilscapes ...... 19 4.4 SOIL REGION AND REFERENCE AREA ...... 20 4.4.1 Small-scale: the soil region ...... 20 4.4.2 Large-scale: reference areas...... 20 4.5 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE...... 21 4.6 RELATIONS TO OTHER SYSTEMS AND DATABASES...... 22 4.6.1 Relations to other soil classification and mapping systems...... 22 4.6.2 Structure of the data ...... 23 4.6.3 Nature of variables ...... 23 5 SOIL REGIONS OF EUROPE ...... 25 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 25 5.2 DOMINANT SOIL TYPES...... 26 5.3 CHARACTERISTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF PARENT MATERIAL...... 26 5.4 CLIMATIC AREAS OF EUROPE ...... 27 5.5 ALTITUDES AND MAJOR LANDFORMS...... 31 5.6 LEGEND OF THE SOIL REGIONS MAP...... 32 6 IMPLEMENTATION AND DATA ACQUISITION ...... 33 6.1 AVAILABLE DATA RESOURCES AT THE EUROPEAN SCALE...... 33 6.2 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE ...... 34 6.2.1 Soil regions...... 34 6.2.2 Pilot areas...... 34 6.3 WORK TO DO IN PILOT AREAS...... 37 6.3.1 Development of metadatabase...... 37 6.3.2 Work in areas with existing soil data...... 37 6.3.3 Work in areas without existing soil data...... 39 6.3.4 Filling the database ...... 40 6.3.5 Validation ...... 40 6.4 COORDINATION AND ACTORS ...... 40 7 STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE ...... 42 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 42 7.1.1 General structure...... 42 7.1.2 Conventions ...... 42 7.2 TOPOLOGICAL DATASET ...... 43 7.2.1 Horizon pattern table...... 43 7.2.2 Soil body pattern table...... 44 7.2.3 Soil body relation table...... 44 7.2.4 Soilscape limits table ...... 46 7.3 SEMANTIC DATASET...... 47 7.3.1 Soil body definition table ...... 47 7.3.2 Soil body tables...... 48 7.3.3 Soil horizon tables ...... 49 7.3.4 Soilscape description table ...... 52 7.3.5 Soil region table...... 53 7.4 GEOMETRIC DATASET...... 53 7.4.1 Soilscape geometry table ...... 53 7.4.2 Soil region geometry table...... 54 8 SAMPLING AND VALIDATION IN REFERENCE AREAS...... 55

8.1 ESTIMATES OF VARIABILITY AND DIVERSITY ...... 55 8.1.1 Estimation of pedodiversity ...... 55 8.1.2 Estimation of population parameters...... 55 8.1.3 Estimation of the variogram ...... 56 8.2 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZES OF INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS ...... 57 8.2.1 Sequential sampling...... 57 8.2.2 Sample size estimation from the standard deviation...... 58 8.2.3 Sample size estimation using variograms ...... 58 8.3 SOME NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES ...... 59 8.3.1 Cluster analysis to obtain a representative profile...... 59 8.3.2 Nearest neighbour analysis to calculate simularities between sampling sites...... 59 8.4 TESTING THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF A MAP ...... 60 8.4.1 Map unit level: map purity...... 60 8.4.2 Parameter level: (logistic) regression with qualitative predictors ...... 60 9 APPLICATIONS OF A GEOREFERENCED SOIL DATABASE ...... 62 9.1 METHODS OF APPLICATION...... 62 9.2 STORAGE OF APPLICATION RESULTS...... 63 9.3 DOCUMENTED EXAMPLES AT THE EUROPEAN SCALE...... 63 9.4 EXAMPLES AT NATIONAL SCALES...... 64 9.5 FUTURE APPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR SOIL DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION...... 65 9.5.1 Support to EU-policies ...... 65 9.5.2 Future applications...... 65 GLOSSARY ...... 67

REFERENCES ...... 68

APPENDIX 1 REVISED LEGEND OF THE SOIL MAP OF THE WORLD ...... 73

APPENDIX 2 LIST OF PARENT MATERIALS ...... 75

APPENDIX 3 DETERMINATION TABLE FOR DEPTH TO OBSTACLE FOR ROOTS .....77

APPENDIX 4 TEXTURE CLASSES ...... 78

APPENDIX 5 CODING OF SOIL BODY ATTRIBUTES...... 79

APPENDIX 6 CODING OF HORIZON ATTRIBUTES...... 84

APPENDIX 7 CODING OF SOILSCAPE ATTRIBUTES ...... 86

APPENDIX 8 ISO-FORMATS RELATED TO SOIL ANALYSES...... 92

APPENDIX 9 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL REGIONS OF EUROPE ...... 93

SOIL REGIONS WITH BOREAL CLIMATE ...... 93 1. HISTOSOL - PODZOL REGION...... 93 2. LEPTOSOL - PODZOL REGIONS...... 93 3. PODZOL - CAMBISOL REGIONS ...... 94 4. PODZOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 95 SOIL REGIONS WITH BOREAL TO TEMPERATE CLIMATE ...... 96

5. CAMBISOL - GLEYSOL - LUVISOL REGION...... 96 6. GLEYSOL - LUVISOL - PODZOL REGIONS...... 97 7. GLEYSOL - PODZOL - HISTOSOL REGIONS...... 98 8. HISTOSOL - PODZOL REGIONS ...... 98 9. PODZOL - CAMBISOL REGIONS ...... 99 10. PODZOL - CAMBISOL - HISTOSOL REGION...... 100 11. PODZOL - CAMBISOL - LEPTOSOL REGION ...... 100 12. PODZOL - HISTOSOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 100 SOIL REGIONS WITH TEMPERATE CLIMATE...... 101

13. ARENOSOL - PODZOL - CAMBISOL REGION ...... 101 14. CAMBISOL - ANDOSOL REGION ...... 102 15. CAMBISOL - GLEYSOL - PODZOL REGIONS...... 102 16. CAMBISOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 102 17. CAMBISOL - LEPTOSOL - PODZOL REGIONS...... 103 18. CAMBISOL - LUVISOL REGIONS ...... 104 19. CAMBISOL - LUVISOL - GLEYSOL REGION...... 104 20. CAMBISOL - LUVISOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 105 21. CAMBISOL - PODZOL REGIONS ...... 106 22. CAMBISOL - PODZOL - ANDOSOL REGION...... 106 23. CAMBISOL - PODZOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 107 24. CAMBISOL - PODZOLUVISOL - LEPTOSOL REGION...... 108 25. CHERNOZEM - KASTANOZEM - PHAEOZEM REGION ...... 108 26. CHERNOZEM - LUVISOL REGION ...... 109 27. FLUVISOL - GLEYSOL REGIONS ...... 109 28. FLUVISOL - LUVISOL REGION...... 110 29. FLUVISOL - LUVISOL - SOLONCHAK - SOLONETZ REGION...... 110 30. FLUVISOL - PODZOL REGIONS ...... 110 31. FLUVISOL - REGOSOL REGIONS ...... 111 32. GLEYSOL - CAMBISOL - LUVISOL REGION...... 111 33. GLEYSOL - LEPTOSOL - PODZOL REGION ...... 112 34. LEPTOSOL - REGIONS ...... 112 35. LEPTOSOL - CAMBISOL REGIONS...... 113 36. LEPTOSOL - CAMBISOL - LUVISOL REGIONS ...... 114 37. LEPTOSOL - PODZOL - CAMBISOL REGIONS...... 114 38. LUVISOL - CAMBISOL - GLEYSOL REGIONS...... 115 39. LUVISOL - CHERNOZEM REGIONS...... 116 40. LUVISOL - GLEYSOL REGIONS...... 116 41. LUVISOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 117 42. LUVISOL - PHAEOZEM - VERTISOL REGIONS ...... 117 43. LUVISOL - PODZOL REGION...... 118 44. LUVISOL - PODZOLUVISOL REGIONS ...... 118 45. PHAEOZEM - CHERNOZEM - ARENOSOL REGION ...... 119 46. PODZOL - ARENOSOL - REGOSOL REGION...... 119 47. PODZOL - CAMBISOL REGION...... 120 48. PODZOL - GLEYSOL REGIONS ...... 120 49. PODZOL - LUVISOL REGION...... 121 50. PODZOL - PODZOLUVISOL - GLEYSOL REGION ...... 121 51. PODZOL - REGOSOL REGION...... 121 52. PODZOLUVIUSOL - LUVISOL - GLEYSOL REGIONS...... 122 53. VERTISOL REGION...... 122 54. ACRISOL - PLANOSOL REGION...... 123 55. CALCISOL - SOLONCHAK - CAMBISOL REGIONS...... 124 56. CAMBISOL - ANDOSOL - REGOSOL REGION...... 124 57. CAMBISOL - CALCISOL - VERTISOL REGION...... 124 58. CAMBISOL - FLUVISOL - ARENOSOL REGIONS...... 125 59. CAMBISOL - LEPTOSOL REGIONS...... 125 60. CAMBISOL - LUVISOL REGIONS ...... 127 61. CAMBISOL - REGOSOL REGIONS ...... 128 62. CAMBISOL - VERTISOL - LUVISOL REGIONS ...... 128 63. CAMBISOL - VERTISOL - SOLONCHAK REGION...... 129 64. FLUVISOL - CAMBISOL - LUVISOL REGIONS ...... 129 65. FLUVISOL - SOLONCHAK REGIONS ...... 130 66. LEPTOSOL - CAMBISOL REGIONS...... 130 67. LEPTOSOL - CAMBISOL - LUVISOL REGIONS ...... 131 68. LEPTOSOL - LUVISOL - VERTISOL REGIONS...... 133 69. LUVISOL - PLANOSOL - ACRISOL REGIONS...... 133 70. LUVISOL - CAMBISOL - GLEYSOL REGION...... 134 71. LUVISOL - LEPTOSOL REGION ...... 134 72. LUVISOL - REGOSOL - CAMBISOL REGIONS...... 134 73. PODZOL - REGOSOL REGIONS...... 135 74. REGOSOL - CAMBISOL REGION...... 135 75. VERTISOL - ACRISOL REGION...... 135 APPENDIX 10 KEYS TO EUROPEAN VEGETAT