22 October 2019 an Introduction to Aerosol Particles, Common Sources

Webinar – 22 October 2019

An introduction to aerosol particles, common sources, measurement methods, guidance and Regulations

Alan Gilbert – General Manager, BSRIA Instrument Solutions Myles Quigley - Product Manager, TSI ©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 Aerosol Particles

Part 1 - An introduction to; a) The Formation of Particulates b) Common sources c) Measurement Methods d) Guidance and Regulations e) Real-Time Monitoring f) Summary and questions What is an Aerosol

+ A fine solid particle or liquid droplet suspended in air + More commonly referred to as Particulates + Typical examples are; • Fine dust • Mist • Smoke • Fumes + They can be either naturally occurring or man made

+ Dust is a suspension of solid particles in air, formed by mechanical processes or blown up by the wind

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 4 Types of Aerosol

+ Fumes are a suspension of solid particles in air, formed by thermal and/or chemical processes

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 5 Types of Aerosol

+ Mist is a suspension of liquid particles in air, formed by condensation or dispersion

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 6 Types of Aerosol

+ Smoke is a by-product of combustion and is present in a wide variety of industries and activities

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 7 Types of Aerosol

+ Secondary Pollutants;

+ Emissions can react in the air to become secondary particulate matter

+ Gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of existing PM, potentially increasing their toxic effect

Source: Clean Air Strategy 2019 © TSI Incorporated 10/22/2019 8 How are Aerosols Detected and Measured

+ Particulate Matter (PM) is not detectable by the human eye + PM is measured in micrometers µm + A measurement scale with the Pre-fix PM is used in industry

PM# Unit of Measure 10 10µm 4 4µm 2.5 2.5µm 1 1µm

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 9 How are Aerosols Detected and Measured

+ Dust Flux and Deposition Gauges (Passive)

+ Gravimetric Sampling Pumps (Active)

+ Continuous Automatic Monitoring • Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) • Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) • Light Scattering (Nephelometer)

+ Passive method + Cost effective low tech solution + Dust is collected in the Frisbee shaped collector at the top + Sticky pads can be used to measure horizontal flux + 360° wrap around sticky pad used for determining direction + Samples typically collected over a 30 day period + Total mg/m²/days = daily average

+ Air sampling pump (min 3 l/m)

+ Sampling Media / physical sample

+ Chain of custody logistics

+ Referred to as the reference method

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 12 Continuous Automatic Monitoring

+ Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM); + Beta is a radiation type + Attenuation is the reduction of the amplitude of a signal, electric current, or other oscillation + The Beta radiation rays are attenuated according to a function of particulate mass + Prior to sampling a baseline is taken by measuring the attenuation level of the blank filter tape (sample medium) + Filter tape is then exposed to air flow + Particulate matter deposits on the tape + Attenuation is measured through the collected aerosol deposit and the particulate mass is calculated

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 13 Continuous Automatic Monitoring

+ Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM); + Particle filter mounted on a glass element between two magnets + An electric field is applied which oscillates the element + Air is drawn through and particles collect on the filter + The resonant frequency of the element decreases as mass accumulates on the filter + Typical averaging period is 5 minutes

©TSI Incorporated October 22, 2019 14 Continuous Automatic Monitoring

+ Photometer; + Aerosol focused through an optics chamber + Laser is shined at the particles + Optical sensor measures the intensity of the light scattered + Mass is calculated based on the reflected intensity of the light

+ Minaturised Optical Particle Counter; + Algorithm applied to calculate mass + Correction factors required for; • Relative Humidity • Optical drift (contaminated optics) • Accuracy against reference device + Useful for high-density spatial mapping + Often used in University studies or for citizen science + Not pumped for power-saving + Suitable for low concentrations

+ A time indication when the dust level is the highest

+ Evaluate work tasks and associated dust levels in progress

+ Quantify highest sources of dust generation for different tasks

+ Develop controls and/or improved work practices to reduce dust levels and exposure

+ Set trigger threshold levels for alarms; • Deploy mitigation measures • Immediately cease works

+ Stream live data to a web based Environmental Monitoring Platform; • View data from any web enabled device • Analyse data via charts and tools • Create regular reports • Improved stakeholder management • Aggregate data from other compatible devices for multi-pollutant

monitoring; NO2, Noise, SO2, etc…

+ Environmental Protection Act 1990 • Noise and dust defined as a statutory nuisance + Air Quality Regulations 2010 • Taken from 2008/50/EC + The Non-Road Mobile Machinery Regulations • Must use certain Euro Standard engines or abatement controls + National Planning Policy Framework • Sustain compliance with EU limit values + The Town and Country Planning Regulations 2015 • Details the requirements of an Environmental Impact Assessment + The Environmental Permitting Regulations • Follows Directive 2010/75/EU © TSI Incorporated 10/22/2019 19 Environmental Protection Policies

+ The following legislation and Planning Policy exists to safeguard and enhance designated sites, + Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 + Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 + Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000; + Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (NERC) 2006; + National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949; + UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework; + The London Plan 2010

Source: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/Air_Quality_Objectives_Update.pdf

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/ + Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) framework established under the Environment Act 1995 + Air quality management plans – 2008/50/EC - Article 23; + In zones where levels are regularly exceeded member states must put in place an AQMP + Evaluate effectiveness of current controls and assess exposure in communities

+ Increasing public awareness of the issue via media exposure + Increasing pressure from central government for enforcement by local authorities + Vigilance of local Environmental Health Officers (EHO) + Increasing pressures for real time public information with alerts

+ Environmental permitting; + Follows Directive 2010/75/EU + Permits issued to businesses to set limits on emissions + Uncontrolled emissions (fugitive emissions) require an EMP + Sites located within an AQMA may be required to carry out activities within a building

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachme nt_data/file/770715/clean-air-strategy-2019.pdf

+ PM2.5 exposure limit to be inline with the World Health Organisations recommendation + Will be enshrined in UK law once the Environment Bill has been passed by parliament

+ Many development projects have the potential to affect the environment and local air quality; + Where appropriate, either an air quality assessment or EIA may be required + These assessments are typically undertaken by independent consultants and consider both the construction and operational phases of the project + Air quality assessment can be stand alone or part of the EIA/ES + Submitted in support of a planning application.

+ When to use a Section 106 condition; + Planning permission can be granted subject to planning conditions; • real-time dust monitoring linked to an alert system direct to the site manager so that action can be taken when dust levels breach acceptable limits • restricting the use of certain types of vehicles • setting emissions standards for vehicles and construction plant used on site • maintenance of pollution emitting plant • Off site storage of materials and low impact delivery scheduled

+ A code of construction practice (CoCP) sets out the standards and procedures to which a developer or contractor must adhere + Developed and administered by the local authorities to cover; • Noise and dust monitoring • Air Quality • Working hours • Traffic and transport • Waste management + Usually a developer will submit a Environmental Management Plan detailing how they will comply © TSI Incorporated 10/22/2019 28 Guidance and Best Practice

+ When is an Air Quality Assessment required

+ What pollutants and sources does it cover

+ Mitigation equivalent to the value of emissions calculation

+ Use of an S106

+ Category of Works; + Demolition + Earthworks + Construction + Trackout + Effect/Receptors; + Dust Soiling + Human Health + Ecological Impact + Risk; + Low + Medium + High © TSI Incorporated 10/22/2019 30 Guidance and Best Practice

+ Institute of Air Quality management:

• Enhance the understanding and development of the science behind air quality

• Promote knowledge and understanding of best working practices

• https://iaqm.co.uk/guidance/

+ Greater London Authority – Control of dust and emissions

• Guidance is practically the same as that of the IAQM, however GLA include emissions from Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM)

• NRMM is a major source of Diesel PM and NOx

+ An Environmental Statement is a publicly available document. It sets out the developer's own assessment of the likely environmental effects

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/823202/Birmin gham_AirQuality_Monthly_Report_June_2019.pdf

+ MCERTS is the Environment Agency of England & Wales (EA) Monitoring Certification Scheme.

• It provides the framework for businesses to meet quality requirements.

• Compliance with MCERTS gives the EA confidence in the monitoring of emissions to the environment.

+ Reduction in the number of environmental offences and hence Prosecutions by Local Authorities + Less time and money wasted in defending prosecutions and repairing environmental damage + Reduction in the site engineer’s workload by avoiding conflicts

+ A fine solid particle or liquid droplet suspended in air

+ The value of real-time monitoring

+ Legislation continues to grow and be enforced

+ Differing methods of monitoring

+ MCERTS give re-assurance of data integrity

[email protected] Any questions ?