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ILLUSTRATED GUIDE to BUILDING SERVICES Comfort Systems Tom De Saulles

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ILLUSTRATED GUIDE to BUILDING SERVICES Comfort Systems Tom De Saulles SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO BUILDING SERVICES Comfort Systems Tom de Saulles 27/99 SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 27/99 AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO BUILDING SERVICES Comfort Systems Tom de Saulles A Client’s Guide to Defining Building Engineering Services DETR ref. 39/3/426 (cc1648) BSRIA ref. SR 70290 The Building Services Research and Information Association Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH Tel: +44 (0) 1344 426511 Fax: +44 (0) 1344 487575 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.bsria.co.uk SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publishers. ISBN 0 86022 543 3 Printed by The Chameleon Press Ltd. BSRIA 70290 March 2000 SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was part funded by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, under the ‘Partners in Innovation’ scheme. BSRIA acknowledges the financial support of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. BSRIA would also like to thank the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) for their financial contribution. The project was undertaken with the guidance of a steering group of industry representatives. BSRIA would like to thank the steering group for their help and guidance. The members of the group were: Andrew Ford Fulcrum Consulting (Representing DETR) Dr Hywel Davies CIBSE (Representing CIBSE & CCF) John Killey Citibank (Representing CIBSE) John Deal CIBSE (Representing CIBSE) Nicholas Rowe Gardiner & Theobald (Representing BCO) Hans Haenlein Hans Haenlein Architects John Armstrong Ove Arup & Partners Special acknowledgement is given to Gay Lawrence Race (BSRIA), for her considerable contribution to this publication. BSRIA would also like to thank the following organisations who kindly provided the Construction Clients’ photographs and additional information which have made this illustrated guide Forum (CCF) possible. Airedale International Air Conditioning Ltd Hudevad Ltd Ambi-Rad Limited Illuma Lighting Ltd Apollo Lighting Ltd Ledger Bennett Advertising Limited Atlantic 2000 Lightform Special Projects Limited Bluesky Communications Mitsubishi Electric Caradon Gent Limited Monodraught Limited Carrier Air Conditioning OSRAM Limited Clockwork Marketing Co Ltd Powrmatic Limited Colt International Ltd Royston Simpson Publicity Royal Institute of Covrad Heat Transfer Limited Taylor Alden Limited British Architects (RIBA) Crompton Lighting Limited Temperature Limited Daikin Europe NV Toshiba Carrier UK Ltd DE-VI Electroheat Ltd Translite Systems Ltd Displacement Design Ltd Trox Technik BRITISH Dravo Environmental Services Ltd Trox (U.K.) Ltd FFwd Precision Marketing COUNCIL for The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Secretary of OFFICES State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Final editorial control of this document rests with BSRIA. BSRIA 27/99 An Illustrated Guide to Building Services SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 PREFACE This illustrated guide provides basic reference information on building services systems for construction clients and professionals in other areas of the construction industry. The systems covered are: · Heating · Ventilation · Air Conditioning · Lighting · Controls For construction clients, the guide provides a simple insight into the main system options discussed during the briefing process and can consequently assist dialogue with the design team. It can also help clients to identify and raise technical questions which they feel are relevant to their organisation’s specific needs. For construction professionals, the guide provides a quick reference to building services systems and can assist their working knowledge of the subject. To ensure the guide is simple and quick to use, a brief overview of each system is provided, followed by a list of key points. Photographs and simple drawings are used to help explain the appearance and operation of each system. It is acknowledged that the design team’s role includes assessing and recommending appropriate design solutions for a given project. This guide makes no attempt to provide a route for system selection other than pointing out typical applications for many of the systems covered. BSRIA 27/99 An Illustrated Guide to Building Services SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 CONTENTS PAGE GLOSSARY ii INTRODUCTION Introduction to building services 1 Building design and building services 2 Location of building services 3 Thermal comfort 4 HEATING Radiators 7 Convectors 8 Underfloor heating 8 Radiant heating 10 Warm air unit heaters 12 Boilers 13 VENTILATION Natural ventilation - The use of windows 17 Natural ventilation - Powered window actuators 19 Natural ventilation - Single sided and cross ventilation 20 Natural ventilation - Stack ventilation 21 Natural ventilation - Stack/wind ventilators 22 Mechanical ventilation - extract only 23 Mechanical ventilation - supply only 24 Mechanical ventilation - supply and extract systems 25 AIR CONDITIONING Introduction to air conditioning systems 29 Constant volume (CV) 32 Variable air volume (VAV) 33 Displacement ventilation 35 Fan coils 36 Chilled beams 38 Chilled ceilings 39 Room based heat pumps (Versatemp systems) 39 Split systems 40 Variable refrigerant flow systems (VRF) 42 Chillers, dry coolers and cooling towers 43 Air diffusers 44 LIGHTING Light quality and lighting levels 47 Luminaires 48 Lighting systems for work areas 50 Lighting systems - design considerations and control systems 51 Summary of lamp characteristics 51 Standard incandescent lamps 53 Tungsten halogen lamps 54 Tubular fluorescent lamps 55 Compact fluorescent lamps 56 High pressure mercury lamps 57 Sodium lamps 58 Metal halide lamps 59 CONTROLS Introduction to control systems and components 63 Analogue and direct digital control (DCC) systems 65 Building management systems 66 Integrated control systems 67 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT 68 BSRIA 27/99 An Illustrated Guide to Building Services SUPERSEDED by AG 15/2002 This glossary contains largely non-technical explanations of common terms associated with building services and may differ in phraseology from definitions found in British Standards and GLOSSARY other authoritative sources. For detailed system and equipment descriptions use the alphabetical index at the back of the guide. Air change rate The quantity of air supplied to a space, expressed in terms of the number of times the total volume of air in the space is replaced in a specific period of time, typically one hour. Central plant The siting of plant items such as boilers, chillers air handling units etc. in a centralised plant room/area. Decentralised plant Plant items located at strategic points throughout the building, serving the local area. Downdraughts Downward moving draught caused by room air coming into contact with a cold surface in winter such as a window. The cool air sinks and can create a draught at low level. Emitters The means of getting the heat or cold from distribution systems into the individual space. Examples of emitters include radiators, convectors and radiant panels. Exhaust air Air which is exhausted to atmosphere. Extract air Stale air removed from a space. Some of this air may be re-circulated and some exhausted. False ceiling Suspended ceiling below the structural slab to give a void that can be used for services distribution, eg ventilation ductwork. Sometimes called the services zone. Free cooling Cooling that can be obtained without operating chillers, eg by using outside air directly when it is at a low enough temperature. Glare Dazzle or excessive contrast which can make it difficult or dangerous to carry out a task. Discomfort glare causes visual discomfort without necessarily impairing the vision of the task or object eg glare caused by a very bright light in the field of view such as direct sunlight or an unshielded light bulb. Disability glare impairs the ability to see detail without necessarily causing discomfort eg glare caused by excessive dazzle or reflection such as light reflecting from a glossy surface or from water. High temperature Hot water circulated within a pressurised system at a temperature of more than 120oC. hot water (HTHW) Pressurisation is required to prevent the water turning to steam. (Medium temperature hot water (MTHW) operates between 90oC and 120oC) HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Illuminance The amount of light reaching a surface such as a desk top. Measured in lux (one lumen per m2) eg 300 - 500 lux for a offices with visual display units (VDU). Indoor air quality The quality of the internal air considering freshness, temperature, humidity and pollutants. (IAQ) Infiltration Air that enters a building through cracks and gaps in the building fabric due to temperature difference and/or wind. This air can provide some ventilation but is uncontrolled and unreliable. Infiltration can also contribute to the building heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer. Low temperature Hot water circulated within a system under atmospheric pressure at a temperature of hot water (LTHW) usually less than 90oC Luminaire A fitting which houses one or more lamps and controls the distribution of light. An air handling luminaire is one through which room air is extracted. Lux Unit of illuminance. One lux is equal to one lumen per square metre. Mechanical services Term
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