Demand-Response Management of a District Cooling Plant of a Mixed Use City Development

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Demand-Response Management of a District Cooling Plant of a Mixed Use City Development Demand-Response Management of a District Cooling Plant of a Mixed Use City Development Segu Madar Mohamed Rifai Master of Science Thesis KTH - Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Energy Technology SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Thesis Registration No.: EGI- 2012-011MSC Title: Demand-Response Management of a District Cooling Plant of a Mixed Use City Development. SEGU MADAR MOHAMED RIFAI Student Number: 731222 A-315 Approved Examiner Supervisor at KTH Date: 05/06/2012 Prof. Björn Palm Dr. Samer Sawalha Local Supervisor Dr. Hari Gunasingam Commissioner Contact person i | P a g e Abstract Demand for cooling has been increasing around the world for the last couple of decades due to various reasons, and it will continue to increase in the future particularly in developing countries. Traditionally, cooling demand is met by decentralised electrically driven appliances which affect energy, economy and environment as well. District Cooling Plant (DCP) is an innovative alternative means of providing comfort cooling. DCP is becoming an essential infrastructure in modern city development owning to many benefits compared to decentralized cooling technology. Demand Response Management (DRM) is largely applied for Demand Side management of electrical grid. Demand of electrical energy is closely connected with the demand of alternative form of energy such as heating, cooling and mechanical energy. Therefore, application of DR concept should be applied beyond the electrical grid; in particular, it could be applied to any interconnected district energy systems. District Cooling Plant is one of a potential candidate and Demand Response management solutions can be applied to DCP for sustainable operation. The study of demand response and its applicability has not been attempted previously for district cooling systems. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate its applicability and economical feasibility. This thesis focused on some of the DR objectives which have the potential to implement for DCP of a mixed-use city. General published data on mixed use city developments and a specific city in Dubai was taken as a case study to show the usefulness on DRM objectives. This study primarily addressed the issues related to load management. The findings are: DRM creates greater flexibility in demand management without compromising service levels. Also it reduces the operation cost and impact to environment. However implementation is a big challenge. Therefore implementation strategies are also proposed as a part of recommendation which includes a generic model for demand response management. Moreover, a review is provided on key enabling technologies that are needed for effective demand response management. Finally this thesis concludes with recommendations for prospective applications and potential future works. Key Words: Mixed-Use City, District Cooling Plant, Demand Response Management. ii | P a g e Acknowledgement All praise is to Almighty God on whom ultimately we depend for sustenance and guidance. First of all I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Hari Gunasingam for his guidance, and time consuming proof reading of manuscript. Also his excellent research attitudes always inspire and encourage me and without him it would have been a dream. I am very much grateful to Dr. Samer Sawalha from KTH, for his kind support and assistance to make this study a success. I sincere gratitude goes to staffs of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Open University of Sri Lanka for their utmost support and dedication in making this thesis a success. Especially I would like to thank Mr. Ruchira Abeweera, coordinator, DSEE program, Sri Lanka, for his tireless help and consistent support extended to me for making this work a success. I am also indebted to my colleagues at DSEE program for their support, motivation, encouragement and peer review of my report. I regret my inability to thank many individuals who assisted this effort through contribution of data, studies or articles. Finally, I thank my parents, wife, Aazmy and my children Ayesha, Adhnan and Hashim for their care, love and emotional support during my hard times and their patience during my hectic work schedule. Mohamed Rifai, February 2012. iii | P a g e Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... iv Figures ................................................................................................................................................ vii Tables ................................................................................................................................................. viii Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Cooling Demand in Mixed-use city development ........................................................... 2 1.2 Demand Management Problems ........................................................................................ 3 1.3 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.4.1 Literature survey ............................................................................................................. 8 1.4.2 Case Study ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Layout of the Thesis ........................................................................................................... 10 2. District Cooling Plant ............................................................................................................... 12 2.1 District Cooling Plants (DCP) and Future City Developments ................................... 12 2.1.1 Introduction to District Cooling Plant ......................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Benefits and Challenges ................................................................................................. 16 2.2 District Cooling Technology and its Components ......................................................... 18 2.2.1 The Cooling Technology ................................................................................................ 18 2.2.2 The Central Plants ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2.3 The Distribution Networks ........................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 The Consumers’ Systems............................................................................................... 22 2.2.5 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system ......................................................................... 22 2.2.6 Operation and Control .................................................................................................. 23 iv | P a g e 3. DRM-Electrical Analogy to DCP ............................................................................................ 24 3.1 Demand-Side Management ............................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Demand-Side Management Concept ............................................................................. 24 3.2 Demand Response .............................................................................................................. 26 3.2.1 Why is Demand Response Important? .......................................................................... 26 3.2.2 Types of Demand Response ........................................................................................... 27 3.2.3 The Benefits of Demand Response ................................................................................. 29 3.3 Demand Side Management of DCP ................................................................................. 29 3.3.1 Electrical Analogy of District Cooling Model ............................................................... 29 3.3.2 Traditional Load Management and its problems of DCPs ............................................ 30 3.3.3 The Demand Side Management in DCP ....................................................................... 31 3.3.4 DRM for load management of DCP .............................................................................. 31 3.3.5 Challenges ...................................................................................................................... 33 4. Case Study................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Page 1 OPTIMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT of HVAC
    Page 1 OPTIMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF HVAC SYSTEMS BY USING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM Session Number: CIB T2S5 Authors Fong K F, BEng, MSc, CEng, MCIBSE, MHKIE, MASHRAE Hanby V I, BSc, PhD, CEng, MInstE, MCIBSE Chow T T, PhD, CEng, MIMechE, MCIBSE, FHKIE, MASHRAE Abstract The available plant and energy simulation packages become robust and user-friendly, and this is the major reason that they are so popular even in the consultancy fields in these few years. In fact, these plant and energy simulation packages can be widely adopted in studying different alternatives of the operation of HVAC and building services systems. Since there are many parameters involved in different equipment and systems, one of the useful areas of studies is to optimize the essential parameters in order to provide a satisfactory solution for design or operation in terms of efficient and effective facilities management. Therefore in this paper, the simulation-optimization approach is proposed for effective energy management of HVAC systems. Due to the complexity of the HVAC systems, which commonly include the refrigeration, water and air side systems, it is necessary to suggest optimal conditions for different operation according to the dynamic cooling load requirements throughout a year. A simulation-EA coupling suite has been developed by using the metaheuristic skill, and the evolutionary algorithm can be effectively used to handle the discrete, non-linear and highly constrained characteristics of the typical HVAC and building services optimization problems. The effectiveness of this simulation-EA coupling suite has been demonstrated through the establishment of the monthly optimal reset scheme of the chilled water supply temperature of a local central chiller plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Ene04 Low Carbon Design Low and Zero Carbon Technologies
    Ene04 Low carbon design Low and zero carbon technologies Actions: i. Implement LZC (low and zero carbon) technologies in-line with the LZC feasibility study ii. Implement passive design measures and free cooling technologies in line with the previous analysis undertaken Recognised local LZC technologies Technologies eligible to contribute to achieving the criteria must produce energy from renewable sources and meet all other ancillary requirements as defined by Directive 2009/28/EC. Local does not have to mean on site – community schemes near to the site can be used as a way of demonstrating compliance. The following requirements must also be met: 1. There must be a direct supply of energy produced to the building under assessment. 2. Technologies under 50 kWe or 45 kWth must be certified by a Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS), or equivalent, and installed by MCS (or equivalent) certified installers. 3. Combined heat and power (CHP) schemes above 50 kWe must be certified under the CHPQA standard. CHP schemes fuelled by mains gas are eligible to contribute to performance against this issue. 4. Heat pumps can only be considered as a renewable technology when used in heating mode. Refer to Annex VI of Directive 2009/28/EC for more detail on accounting for energy from heat pumps. 5. Where MCS or CHPQA certification is not available, the design team must investigate the availability of alternative accreditation schemes in line with the Directives listed above, or an equivalent country or regional directive or standard. Where an accreditation scheme exists, it should be used for the purpose of verifying compliance of the specified LZC technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Employing Renewables to Effectively Cut Load in Electric Grids
    GreenPeaks: Employing renewables to effectively cut load in electric grids Raphael Luciano de Pontes1, Aditya Mishra2, Anand Seetharam3, Mridula Shekhar2, Arti Ramesh3 1Dept. of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil 2Dept. of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Seattle University, USA 3Dept. of Computer Science, SUNY Binghamton, USA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Reducing the carbon footprint of energy generation net metering is one of the most popular approaches that allows is an important part of ongoing sustainability efforts. To cut customers to integrate their onsite renewable deployments carbon footprints, electric utilities are incentivizing renewable with the electric grid. It allows customers to generate onsite energy integration through net metering and introducing time- of-use pricing plans to cut demand peaks, as peaks significantly electricity (e.g., using solar panels); generated energy is used contribute to both generation costs and carbon emissions. Net to satisfy customers demand, and any surplus generation is metering is one of the most popular means of integrating sold back to the grid. In its current form, net metering has distributed renewable generation in the grid. However, the two crippling limitations: 1) it doesnt adequately cut peaks, current net metering approach doesn’t effectively cut demand as energy harvest peaks and demand peaks are out of sync; peaks because renewable harvest peak and demand peaks are out of sync. Furthermore, as several states impose net metering for instance, solar power harvest peaks earlier in the day, but subscriber limits of less than 1% of the peak, net metering isn’t household peak demands typically occur around dinner times; even close to realizing the full potential of renewable integration 2) many states impose subscriber limit to less than 1% of the in the grid.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Cooling – Outside Air Economizer White Paper #11
    FREE COOLING – OUTSIDE AIR ECONOMIZER WHITE PAPER #11 It’s like opening a window when it’s hot inside and cool outside. How much does it save? The easy answer is ‘it depends.’ To really find out, read further. You’ll see there are a lot of factors. Like all heat recovery concepts, a pre-requisite for success is to have the free heat (or free cooling) available at the same location and time as there is a need for it. The free heat in Atlanta has no practical use in Alaska because they are too far apart. Likewise, free cooling from outdoors doesn’t provide any value unless it is warm indoors at that time. Balance Temperature Buildings are like boxes. They have thermal losses and gains through the shell (envelope), and they also have appliances and activities inside that generate heat. See Figure 1. There will be a point where the envelope loss just matches the internal heat gains and neither heating nor cooling is required; above this ‘balance temperature’, cooling will be required. Source: Commercial Energy Auditing Reference Handbook, 3e Doty,S., Fairmont Press. Figure 1. Thermal Balance Temperature FREE COOLING – OUTSIDE AIR ECONOMIZER White Paper What is your building’s balance temperature? A building’s thermal balance temperature can be estimated with a method called regression, but there are also clues. See Table 1. If there is a lot of heat-producing equipment inside, the building becomes self- heating and will include hours in cooling mode when it is cold outside. Opportunity! If the heating and cooling load is mostly from envelope (not a lot of equipment), the balance point will be higher which means it probably won’t be hot inside while it is cold outside.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
    sustainability Review A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage Ioan Sarbu * ID and Calin Sebarchievici Department of Building Services Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Piata Victoriei, No. 2A, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-256-403-991; Fax: +40-256-403-987 Received: 7 December 2017; Accepted: 10 January 2018; Published: 14 January 2018 Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground, and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included. Keywords: storage system; phase-change materials; chemical storage; cold storage; performance 1. Introduction Recent projections predict that the primary energy consumption will rise by 48% in 2040 [1]. On the other hand, the depletion of fossil resources in addition to their negative impact on the environment has accelerated the shift toward sustainable energy sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Authors, Contributors, Reviewers
    432 Quadrennial Technology Review Quadrennial Technology Review 2015 Appendices List of Technology Assessments List of Supplemental Information Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy Executive Steering Committee and Co-Champions Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers Glossary Acronyms List of Figures List of Tables 433 434 Quadrennial Technology Review Technology Assessments Chapter 3 Chapter 6 Cyber and Physical Security Additive Manufacturing Designs, Architectures, and Concepts Advanced Materials Manufacturing Electric Energy Storage Advanced Sensors, Controls, Platforms Flexible and Distributed Energy Resources and Modeling for Manufacturing Measurements, Communications, and Control Combined Heat and Power Systems Transmission and Distribution Components Composite Materials Critical Materials Chapter 4 Direct Thermal Energy Conversion Materials, Devices, and Systems Advanced Plant Technologies Materials for Harsh Service Conditions Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Value-Added Options Process Heating Biopower Process Intensification Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies Roll-to-Roll Processing Carbon Dioxide Storage Technologies Sustainable Manufacturing - Flow of Materials through Industry Carbon Dioxide Capture for Natural Gas and Industrial Applications Waste Heat Recovery Systems Crosscutting Technologies in Carbon Dioxide Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Capture and Storage Power Electronics Fast-spectrum Reactors Geothermal Power Chapter 7 High Temperature Reactors Bioenergy Conversion Hybrid Nuclear-Renewable Energy
    [Show full text]
  • Coordinated Operations of Flexible Coal and Renewable Energy Power Plants: Challenges and Opportunities
    CoordinatedCoordinated Operations Operations of of Flexible Flexible Coal Coal andand Renewable Renewable Energy Energy Power Power Plants: Plants: ChallengesChallenges and and Opportunities Opportunities This reportThis report argues argues that coordinatedthat coordinated operations operations of renewable of renewable energy energy and fossil and fossilfuel-red fuel-red powerpower plants plants could couldhelp increase help increase reliability reliability and eciency and eciency of the of whole the whole system. system. At the At same the same time, time,given giventhe inherent the inherent variability variability of renewable of renewable energy, energy, increasing increasing the exibility the exibility of coal of coal powerpower plant operationsplant operations could couldalso allow also forallow a faster for a fasterdeployment deployment of renewable of renewable energy energy sources. sources. This isThis an important is an important concept concept because because the share the ofshare fossil of fuelsfossil in fuels total in primary total primary energy energy supply supply in in the ECEthe region ECE region is still isaround still around 80 per 80 cent. per Undercent. Under any plausible any plausible long-term long-term scenario scenario fossil fuelsfossil fuels will remainwill remain a critical a critical part of part the ofenergy the energy mix in mix the incoming the coming decades. decades. Sustainable Sustainable management management of fossilof fuelsfossil infuels electricity in electricity generation generation is key
    [Show full text]
  • Hvacwatersystems Waterside Free Cooling.Pdf
    HVAC Water Systems Waterside Free Cooling Summary Free cooling utilizes the evaporative cooling capacity of a cooling tower to indirectly produce chilled water for use in medium temperature loops, such as process cooling loops and sensible cooling loops. Free cooling is best suited for climates that have wetbulb temperatures lower than 55°F for 3,000 or more hours per year. It is most effectively applied to serve process and/or sensible cooling loops that between 50°F–70°F chilled water. Table 1. Free Cooling Application At least 3000 hours per Applicability year where wet bulb temperature is below: 55°F Process cooling water Process cooling, sensible 45°F cooling 35°F All chilled water use 1. Assumes process cooling water is between 60 to 70°F. 2. Assumes sensible cooling water is between 50 to 55°F. Principles • Chilled water systems use chillers that typically operate at 0.5 to 0.7 kW/ton in a partial load regime while free cooling systems typically operate at 0.05 to 0.15 kW/ton. 1 • A flat plate heat exchanger is used to isolate the chilled water loop from the open tower condenser water. With few exceptions, tower water is not reliably clean enough for use directly in the cooling loop. • The approach temperature on a cooling tower is critical for best results. A low approach temperature on the tower is critical to achieve the highest energy savings. • A traditional chiller is used to provide cooling during hot periods and as an always-available emergency backup. For a portion of the year, free cooling offers a non-compressor based backup to the traditional chiller.
    [Show full text]
  • Melink Intelli-Hood Snapshot of 4 Melink Customers a New Standard in Kitchen Ventilation Intelli-Hood Kitchen Ventilation Controls
    ®® Case Studies Melink Intelli-Hood Snapshot of 4 Melink customers A New Standard in Kitchen Ventilation Intelli-Hood Kitchen Ventilation Controls Savings & Benefits Other Intelli-Hood® Advantages Improves Energy Efficiency ® The Intelli-Hood controls improve energy efficiency 1. Eliminate drive losses and belt Supermarket Restaurant Hotel University by reducing the exhaust and make-up fan speeds during maintenance by specifying direct Annual energy savings Annual energy savings Annual energy savings idle periods. Typical annual operating savings are Annual energy savings drive fans. per location per location per location per location $1,500-$3,000 per hood, with a payback of 1-3 years. $2,340 $2,040 $5,500 $5,580 2. Reduce humidity problems associated Improves Kitchen Comfort ® with a negative building pressure. Current payback Current payback Current payback Current payback The Intelli-Hood controls improve kitchen comfort 1.8 years 2.2 years 2.1 years 2.3 years by reducing the supply of hot/humid make-up air during 3. Improve hood and building air idle periods. They also serve as an economizer when balance with variable-speed controls indoor and outdoor conditions are right for free cooling. Finally, the Intelli-Hood® controls reduce hood noise in the (verses belts and pulleys). kitchen up to 90% when the fans slow down. 4. Extend HVAC equipment life by Before-and-After Energy Savings Improves Fire Safety reducing run time and thus wear/tear The Intelli-Hood® controls can improve fire safety by of compressors, motors, heaters, etc. KW with the Intelli-Hood® monitoring the exhaust air temperature. If the temperature Actual reading from a current Intelli-Hood supermarket ® 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of IS to Ensure the Security of Energy Supply •fi the Case Of
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) Value of IS for Security of Energy Supply The Value of IS to Ensure the Security of Energy Supply – The Case of Electric Vehicle Charging Completed Research Paper Johannes Schmidt Sebastian Busse Chair of Information Management Chair of Information Management Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Georg-August-Universität Göttingen [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Replacing the internal combustion engine through electrification is regarded as crucial for future mobility. However, the interactions between a higher number of electric vehicles and the impacts on power plant capacities have not been sufficiently investigated yet. Hence, this paper develops an approach to evaluate the energetic impacts on current power plant capacities that result from a higher market penetration of electric vehicles by 2030. The key aspect of the approach is the quantification of smart charging processes in energetic and economic perspectives. It was found that the implementation has significant energetic and thus economic benefits because of an improved integration of the additional electricity demand. The value of information systems which enable smart charging processes is shown by the calculated cost-saving potentials, resulting from a reduced expansion of the power plant system. Keywords Electric Mobility, Smart charging processes, Security of Energy Supply, Economic Appraisal INTRODUCTION Over the last decades, there has been continuous growth of the demand for individual mobility, seen particularly in increasing car sales. However, recent trends indicate a fundamental paradigm shift in the automotive industry. This trend has been initiated by a gradual substitution of electric vehicles1 (EVs) for vehicles with a combustion engine (Urbschat and Bernhart, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Echnica L Ssista Nce Tu Dy Umass Memorial Medical Center
    UMASS MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER POWER PLANT 55 LAKE AVENUE NORTH WORCESTER, MA T ECHNICAL ECHNICAL A SSISTANCE SSISTANCE PREPARED FOR S TUDY DCAMM Prepared by B2Q Associates, Inc. Andover, MA Revision Date 12/21/2015 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE STUDY - WATERSIDE ECONOMIZER UMASS MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER - POWER PLANT Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 Contacts .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Approach & Modeling Methodology .............................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary Table ............................................................................................................... 7 Facility & Process Description ......................................................................................................... 8 Annual Chilled Water Load Profile ................................................................................................ 11 Energy Modeling Methodology .................................................................................................... 15 Baseline Chiller Plant Modeling ................................................................................................ 15 Power Plant Modeling............................................................................................................... 17 Energy Conservation
    [Show full text]
  • Town of Medway Review
    Understanding the Proposed Exelon Expansion A Review by the Town of Medway Presentation Overview • Site History and Present Operation • Facility & Impacts • What is a Peaking Power Plant? • Proposed Expansion Project • Required Approvals • Air Quality - Presented by Air Quality Associates • Noise - Presented by Acentech • Water - Presented by Kleinfelder Associates • Environmental • Property Values • Traffic • Financial Benefits • Next Steps • Questions and Answers Site History and Present Operation • Property is approximately 94 acres • Eversource operates 2 substations and a natural gas interconnection are located on the property (approx. 54 acres) • Existing 135 MW oil-fired facility is sited on 5 acres which has been in operation since 1970 • The 3 peaking units, fueled by oil, were installed by Boston Edison following the 1965 East Coast blackout • Previously owned and operated by Sithe West Medway Development LLC as a peaker plant Site History and Present Operation • Sithe received approval from the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board (“EFSB”) to construct a 540 MW facility, but it was never constructed • Town approved HCA and PILOT Agreements with Sithe at that time • Exelon purchased the West Medway station in 2002 • With a combined capacity of 135 MW, units operate during periods of peak demand • The existing units have operated for less than 80 hours on an annual basis over the last 5 years How did we get here? • Notified November 2014 of Exelon’s interest in expansion • Met with Town officials mid-winter • Reviewed
    [Show full text]