DOCSLIB.ORG

The Development of Environmental Labeling of Buildings; a Case Study of Sustainability Applications in UK, Ieeland and Egypt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Development of Environmental Labeling of Buildings; a Case Study of Sustainability Applications in UK, Ieeland and Egypt Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 35 The Development of Environmental Labeling of Buildings; a case study of Sustainability Applications in UK, Ieeland and Egypt 2 1 Alwan Zl, Hudson G , Greenwood D I Northumbria University, U.K 2 Moll MacDonald St Ann's Wharf, 112 Quayside Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE13DX 1 Environmental Assessment: The Background The first simplified environmental assessment and certification system was the BREEAM rating system developed in the UK in 1990. Interestingly, the motivation for developing BREEAM came from a group of private sector speculative developers (led by Stanhope plc) wanting to differentiate the quality of their buildings from their competitors in a boom market (The Stanhope Corporation, 2009). At the same time, the protocols and standards for Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCA) were under development and being adapted from product assessment to building assessment. There was a tension between the 2 constituencies BREEAM was perceived as simplistic, but LCA was perceived as complex and impractical, especially for buildings which are composites of materials and products, each of which must be reconciled with the lifetime operation al performance of the building. In many European countries these initiatives continued in parallel and are gradually being reconciled over time - BREEAM now uses LCA-based credits for materials based on comparative elemental LCA profiles. Also launched around the same time, ISO 14000 for Environmental Management Systems was later mandated for use by suppliers to the European Commission. This created the potential for coordination between the design and operational performance and management ofbuildings (Howard, 2005). 36 Alwan Z, Hudson G & Greenwood D 2 BREEAM and LEED Breeam (the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) is devised and operated by the UK Building Research Establishment (BRE) and over the past decade the UK version has been adapted for use in many other countries. This environmental assessment method is generally accepted as having widespread support in the UK (Holmes and Hudson, 200 I). The objectives of BREEAM are: To distinguish buildings ofreduced environmental impact in the marketplace To encourage best environmental practice in building design, operation, management and maintenance To set criteria and standards going beyond those required by law and regulations To raise awareness of owners, occupiers, designers and operators of the benefits of buildings with reduced environmental impact. The assessment method gives outcomes as credits; the final classification of the assessment being then based on the number of credits. Classifications are Pass, Good, Very Good and Excellent, and an additional classification of "Outstanding" was added in 2008, partly due to the perception that the "Excellent" classification was being met with relative ease. The assessment method and certification process itself provides a method of distinguishing buildings of reduced environmental impact and encouraging their use. In the USA a similar system - the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System is run by the Green Building Council,. Its categories are Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum (USA, Green Building Council,2010). 3 Case Studies from the UK and Ieeland In the following section we will compare two BREEAM case studies: one from 2000, and one from 2009 with the aim of identifying the changes that have occurred in terms of mechanisms for improving sustainability in the Built Environment. 3.1 A case study from tbe UK The focus of the case study was an 11, 150m2 office development, which has been converted from a redundant post sorting office (Figure I). The four-storey post-war building is constructed in cavity brickwork in a square U shape with the two points of the U facing south. SustainabJe Architecture and Urban Development 37 Figure I; Central Square External View (Holmes and Hudson, 2001) lt was reported by Holmes and Hudson (2001) that the objective of a BREEAM "Excellent" rating influenced both the original design of the building and the refining stage, to optimize the score. According to the authors, "Tbe structure is very robust with reinforced concrete noors and roof and two basement levels. Single storey buildings in the centre of the U were demolished and the space used to create an atrium with a white fabric roof and incorporating a spectacuJar, sculptural, open staircase. See figure I The final assessment was then carried out and a final score of 73 «'excellenf) was achieved". (Holmes and Hudson, 2001) Table 1 summarises the changes made to the design to achieve the "Excellen( rating. During the design phase, the engineers encountered difficulty in sourcing materials to meet the BREEAM constraints. This was very time-consuming, but it was important to ensure that the specified materials were readily available, especially when there were pressures to change the specification during the construction phase. Changes made to the design (Table I) could be considered minor and not a fundamental change in design philosophy of the building. 38 Alwan Z, Hudson G & Greenwood D Table I: Changes made to the design to aehieve a BREEAM Exeellent rating Holmes and Hudson, 200 I ater services Specification changes were made to include smaller eistern sizes and erating taps. Additional urinal flushing controls were included. andscape planting Plant species were changed to support "city wildlife' entilation services Fal(ade details were amended to include a higher ercentage of opening windows. ir intake and exhaust positions were re-sited to avoid potentiallocalised pollution sourees. ui/ding design Changes were made 10 provide a separate outside building fo smokers and a separate storage are for recyclable materials. aterials Speeification ehanges were made to souree "greener' aterials for windows, insulation and timber. 3.2 A ease study from lceland BREEAM has been applied to two visitor eentres in west and east of Iceland, and a eentre tor Icelandic studies. The elient wanted a praetieal, trustworthy, aeeepted method of assessing buildings whieh showed eonsideration for the loeal environmental conditions in Ieeland. As outlined by Valdimarsson (2009) Ieeland has many features whieh ean provide the ideal eonditions for the creation of a sustainable building. These include a significant national uptakeof renewable sourees of energy, with geothermal energy providing 50% of total primary energy use and 68% being supplied eollectively by all renewables (Fridleifsson, 200 I). The Icelandic authorities thought the BREEAM system provided an excellent checklist for good design , and allowed for decisions to be made earlier in the design process. However certain elements of BREEAM were clearly alien to the Icelandic infrastructure and so me of the standard criteria appeared weak compared to current Icelandic benchmarks. In additions there were issues surrounding accountability of C02 production and renewable energy use (Birgisd6ttir, 2009). From this example it is elear that there are a number of eountry-specific faetors and local considerations that must be taken into ac count when implementing an existing environmental assessment system in a particular new country. In summary, BREEAM had proved to be useful as a benchmarking tool for Ieeland, however some aspect ofthe tool did not translate weil. Sustainable Arehiteeture and Urban Development 39 4 Is BREEAM Suitable for Any Country? The expansion and popularity of the BREEAM system has led to the development of the BREEAM International and BREEAM Bespoke (for speeifie buildings other than those eovered by the original BREEAM sehern es) to eater for the needs of other buildings, for example, theatres or swimming pools. BREEAM International has been further developed to meet the needs of more diverse international projeets and their partieular loeal planning requirements of speeifie eountries: examples being BREEAM Retail Europe and BREEAM Gulf. For a benchmarking tool to work weIl a number of eriteria are considered paramount: the tool must be, Verifiable and affordable: the system must be easily understood and capable ofbeing provided at reasonable cost. The systems needs to be complimentary or linked to the speeific regulatory system in that particular country against which the eredits can be aehieved. This enables improvements that are measurable against established guidelines. In addition thc system, while maintaining the required regulatory, administrative and engineering or scientific complexity, should also be an easy enough tool to be applied and used by assessors of various bodies from governmental departments to eommercial organisations. Appropriate to the loeal climate and environment: thc BREEAM system for example, having originated in the UK gives low priority to water eonservation, whereas BREEAM Gulf has been adapted for that partieular environment. Similarly, thc assessment weightings of the BREEAM assessment criteria are ehanged to give water (with 30% of the assessment) priority over energy (whieh is the key issue in the standard UK schemes). Furthermore, in BREEAM Gulf references to ASHRAE and other standards are made in addition to the'standard" CIBSE guidance as the base measure for certain credits (BSRIA 2009). The figure below demonstrates the general emphasis of the major eategories of Pearls, BREEAM, and LEED and their weighting in each rating system. It also shows that there is a considerable overlap between
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of Leed and Breeam Assessment Methods for Educational Institutions
    AN ANALYSIS OF LEED AND BREEAM ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Tracie J. Reed, M.St. IDBE, LEED AP,1 Peggi L. Clouston, P.Eng., Ph.D.,2 Simi Hoque, Ph.D.,3 and Paul R. Fisette4 ABSTRACT This study examines the differences between two environmental assessment methods for the K-12 education sector: the United States Green Building Council’s (USGBC) LEED Schools Version 3.0 and the British Research Estab- lishment’s (BRE) BREEAM Education issue 2.0. Credit requirements are compared side-by-side and against recom- mendations from researchers in areas such as acoustics, lighting and indoor environment quality. Strengths in the two schemes and areas for improvement are highlighted, with acknowledgement that each scheme offers components and techniques from which the other could benefit. KEY WORDS LEED, BREEAM, Environmental Assessment Methods, High Performance Schools INTRODUCTION The United Kingdom is credited with developing In the United States there are approximately 49 the first environmental assessment method in 1990, million students in the K-12 education system (US the British Research Establishment’s Environmental Dept. of Education 2006-07). A mid-1990’s report Assessment Method (BREEAM) (Howard, 2005). by the United States General Accounting Office This system was used by many countries, includ- found 14 million students attend roughly 25,000 ing the US in developing their assessment methods schools with substandard conditions (1995). Thus, (Scheuer, 2002). BREEAM’s latest version Issue improving the quality of schools has the ability to 2.0 was introduced in summer 2008. In the United have a real and lasting impact on our communities.
    [Show full text]
  • 8347 Interserve AR 2011 Introduction 4 Ifc-P1 Tp.Indd
    Interserve Plc 2011 Annual Report and Financial Statements Interserve Plc Every day, we’re planning, creating and managing the world around you. 2011 Annual Report and Financial2011 Statements INTERSERVE ANNUAL REPORT 2011 OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS Across the world, people wake to a new day. We help make it a great day. PROUD OF THE Every day people wake to put We help build and look after this their plans, dreams and goals world and we do this through the VALUE WE CREATE IN into action. lasting relationships our people have built with a range of partners PLANNING, CREATING, To make this happen they need the and clients worldwide to ensure we places around them – their schools, AND MANAGING THE create value for everyone involved. their workplace, hospitals, shops WORLD AROUND YOU and infrastructure – to function well, to support, inspire and add value to their lives. FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS HEADLINE EPS* PROFIT BEFORE TAX FULL-YEAR DIVIDEND 49.3p £ 67.1m 19.0p + 15% + 5% + 6% VIEW 2011 ANNUAL REPORT ONLINE: HTTP://AR2011.INTERSERVE.COM INTERSERVE ANNUAL REPORT 2011 OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS Across the world, people wake to a new day. We help make it a great day. PROUD OF THE Every day people wake to put We help build and look after this their plans, dreams and goals world and we do this through the VALUE WE CREATE IN into action. lasting relationships our people have built with a range of partners PLANNING, CREATING, To make this happen they need the and clients worldwide to ensure we places around them – their schools, AND MANAGING THE create value for everyone involved.
    [Show full text]
  • 87198 Construction 2025 V2.Indd
    www.bre.co.uk Meeting Construction 2025 Targets The positive impact of BRE Group products and services Construction 2025 is the joint strategy from government and industry for the future of the UK construction industry This document summarises the positive impacts in respect of these targets, Lower costs of a selection of products Industrial Strategy: government and industry in partnership BREEAM CLIP and services developed by the BRE Group. Brief average saved 150 descriptions of the projected companies a total products – BREEAM, savings of of £56 million Construction 2025 CALIBRE, CLIP and 22.56% SMARTWaste – and of BRE are also included. July 2013 Buildings assessed under Since 2003 BRE’s Construction BREEAM 2011 New Lean Improvement Construction enjoy average Programme (CLIP) has projected savings of 22.56% saved 150 companies a on their energy bills.1 total of £56 million. Construction 2025 sets out challenging construction targets for 2025 that include: CALIBRE SMARTWaste improvement in 50% exports 10% cost saving savings could equates to be £1.4 million 33% lower costs £1,144 2 per in 2015 and £1.7 house million in 20166 50% lower emissions A 10% cost saving can be Companies have saved around achieved by using CALIBRE 20% of waste going to landfill to identify non-value added by using SMARTWaste. This faster delivery activities on housing projects. is the equivalent to £1.2 50% 7 This equates to savings million a year. If this level of of around £1,1442 per waste diversion continued, house. Savings for housing then future cost savings projects using CALIBRE in could be £1.4 million in 2015 Improvement in 2013 are estimated to be and £1.7 million in 20166.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Services Job Book
    A BSRIA Guide www.bsria.co.uk Building Services Job Book A project framework for engineering services by Glenn Hawkins BG 1/2009 Acknowledgements The Building Services Job Book is a stage-by-stage set of procedures for delivering engineering services in buildings. It is therefore an essential reference document for building services professionals. The job book has been written by BSRIA’s Glenn Hawkins with additional information provided by Kevin Pennycook and David Churcher, and has been designed and produced by Ruth Radburn. BSRIA would also like to thank the following organisations and people for providing information and guidance during the production of this job book: Companies NG Bailey Mace Bovis Lend Lease Carillion Building WSP Cudd Bentley Skanska Rashleigh Weatherfoil Oxford University Estates Directorate London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Individuals Bárbara Galanes-Álvarez Mike Wigg Paul Sims John Sharp Ian Perrott Prem Kalia Peter Ledger Tom Smith Keith Varley Richard McMurray Zara Lamont Jim Mellish Doug Churchyard Jan Robinson Alan Thomson David Williams This publication has been printed on Nine Lives Silk recycled paper, which is manufactured from 100% recycled fibre. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. ©BSRIA BG 1/2009 July 2009 ISBN 978 0 86022 681 9 Printed by ImageData Ltd BUILDING SERVICES
    [Show full text]
  • Services Integration with Concrete Buildings
    Services Integration with Concrete Buildings Guidance for a defect-free interface By Roderic Bunn, Deryk Simpson and Stephen White Interface Engineering Publications is a Co-Construct initiative supported by What is Co-Construct? Co-Construct is a network of five leading construction research and information organisations - Concrete Society, BSRIA, CIRIA, TRADA and SCI - who are working together to produce a single point of communication for construction professionals. BSRIA covers all aspects of mechanical and electrical services in buildings, including heating, air conditioning, and ventilation. Its services to industry include information, collaborative research, consultancy, testing and certification. It also has a worldwide market research and intelligence group, and offers hire calibration and sale of instruments to the industry. The Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA ) works with the construction industry to develop and implement best practice, leading to better performance. CIRIA's independence and wide membership base makes it uniquely placed to bring together all parties with an interest in improving performance. The Concrete Society is renowned for providing impartial information and technical reports on concrete specification and best practice. The Society operates an independent advisory service and offers networking through its regions and clubs. The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) is an independent, international, member- based organisation with a mission to develop and promote the effective use of steel in construction. SCI promotes best practice through a wide range of training courses, publications, and a members advisory service. It also provides internet- based information resources. TRADA provides timber information, research and consultancy for the construction industry. The fully confidential range of expert services extends from strategic planning and market analysis through to product development, technical advice, training and publications.
    [Show full text]
  • BREEAM Case Study 2013
    Library of Birmingham The Library of Birmingham Carillion Construction Services BREEAM Sustainability Case Study Author: Marcelle Hornshaw April 2013 Library of Birmingham Table of Contents 1.0 Description of the project and building 1.1 Background to the project 1.2 How it fits into the Big City Plan 1.3 Funding Sources 1.4 Drivers 1.5 Sustainability 2.0 BREEAM rating and score 3.0 Construction management techniques to reduce environmental impact 4.0 Conclusion Library of Birmingham Section 1 – Description of the project and building 1.1 Background to the project The Library of Birmingham is a world-class centre for knowledge, leisure, learning and innovation on a single site that benefits all the people of Birmingham. Library, information, and archive services play a vital role in society, by helping citizens to learn, to develop skills and knowledge for life, and to gain an understanding of our shared heritage. Designed by international architects Mecanoo, the Library of Birmingham is located in the city’s Centenary Square. The building is comprise a spacious entrance and foyer with mezzanine, lower ground level with indoor terraces, four further public levels and two outdoor garden terraces, a 'golden box' of secure archive storage occupying two levels, provision for staff offices and service plant on a further two levels and at the very top of the building a rotunda feature housing the Shakespeare Memorial Room. In all, the facilities are spread over 10 levels of varying size and usage. The new library is physically connected to Birmingham Repertory Theatre (The REP) and the two organisations work in partnership, bringing together the written and spoken word through drama, poetry and performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Checks for Electrical Services
    A BSRIA Guide www.bsria.co.uk Design Checks for Electrical Services A quality control framework for electrical engineers By Kevin Pennycook Supported by BG 3/2006 Design considerations Design issues Calculations Systems and equipment PREFACE Donald Leeper OBE The publication of Design Checks for Electrical Services is a welcome addition to the well received and highly acclaimed Design Checks for HVAC, published in 2002. The design guidance sheets provide information on design inputs, outputs and practical watch points for key building services design topics. The guidance given complements that in CIBSE Guide K, Electricity in Buildings, and is presented in a format that can be easily incorporated into a firm’s quality assurance procedures. From personal experience I have seen the benefit of such quality procedures. Once embedded within a process information management system, the guidance in this book will ensure consistent and high quality design information. When used for validation and verification, the design checks and procedures can also make a key contribution to a risk management strategy. The easy-to-follow layout and the breadth of content makes Design Checks for Electrical Services a key document for all building services engineers. Donald Leeper OBE President, CIBSE 2005-06 Consultant, Zisman Bowyer and Partners LLP DESIGN CHECKS FOR ELECTRICAL SERVICES © BSRIA BG 3/2006 Design considerations Design issues Calculations Systems and equipment ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BSRIA would like to thank the following sponsors for their contributions to this application guide: Griffiths and Armour Professional Risk hurleypalmerflatt Atkins Consultants Limited Mott MacDonald Limited Faber Maunsell EMCOR Group (UK) plc Bovis Lend Lease Limited The project was undertaken under the guidance of an industry steering group.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to BSRIA Making Buildings Better
    Introduction to BSRIA Making buildings better Presented by Tracey Tilbry April 2017 What will you find out today 2 Making buildings better BSRIA A test, consultancy, instrument, research and market research organisation Specialists in construction and building services Member based association Our values are to be authoritative, collaborative, independent and innovative Our Mission is to • Make Buildings Better 3 Making buildings better History of the BSRIA name Formed as the H&V Became the BSRIA trading Research Council Building name established Services Research And Information Association 1955 1975 2000 4 Making buildings better Key statistics • £13.7M (2015-16) Turnover • 23% exported • 220 Staff • 4,000 square metres of laboratory space Operations • Offices in UK, France, Spain, China, United States, Japan and Brazil Contractors • Over 755 corporate Consulting engineers Membership members Manufacturers Clients and building operators Academics, institutions and associations 0 100 200 5 Making buildings better Turnover breakdown 6 Making buildings better BSRIA Membership Membership Services . Access to Information via: – Information Centre Experts – Library loans, eg British Standards – Technical support & experts – Market Experts – Published research – sent quarterly – Free consultancy – BSRIA Business Bulletin – Webinars – Delta T 8 Making buildings better Member Networks (Continual evolution) • O&M Benchmarking • Energy & Sustainability • Chief Engineers • BIM • Innovation • Soft Landings • Young Engineers • Residential • Chief Executives 9 Making buildings better On-line Member Services . Access dedicated member information via: – BSRIA members resource – www.bsria.co.uk – Personal Password – Library – 85,000 abstracts – On-line Bookshop – Downloads/Topic Guides – Webinars on-demand – Legislation & compliance – Enquiries – Monthly e-news 10 Making buildings better Membership – Saving money & Raising Profile .
    [Show full text]
  • Global Air-Conditioning Market Set for Growth and Technology Changes
    INDUSTRY NEWS This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, June 2020. Copyright 2020 ASHRAE. Posted at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org. Global Air-Conditioning Market Set For Growth and Technology Changes BRACKNELL, BERKSHIRE, U.K.—Air conditioning already repre- GLOBAL HVAC AND BUILDING AUTOMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS (BACS) MARKET, 2019, $US BILLION sents the biggest segment of the global HVAC market, 51.4 62.4 44.4 8.7 18.9 and with rising global average temperatures, the need for cooling will keep growing, according to a BSRIA Commercial AC Residential AC Traditional Heating market report published in March. Renewable Heating BACS However, as the world’s focus will remain on the efforts SOURCE: BSRIA to limit global warming, the air-conditioning market DX SPLITS VS CHILLERS, BY VOLUME (COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, 2018-2024) will keep shifting toward more efficient products, the 14% use of refrigerants with lower global warming potential 12% and toward connectivity that will allow for remote moni- 10% toring of units and systems bringing vital energy and 8% operational efficiencies. 6% 4% In 2019 the global sales of air-conditioning units 2% increased by 2.3% year-on-year in volume and by 2.5% in 0% terms of USD value. Global Europe MEIA ASIA Pacific Americas In the United States, the AC market recorded overall Mini-VRF Maxi-VRF Multi-Splits Total Chillers SOURCE: BSRIA SOURCE: BSRIA growth in 2019, despite being a mature market, driven by a heathy economic growth, accessible and afford- three markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Change Next Generation Thinking | Sustainable Delivery Driving Change “The World Is Changing Rapidly and So Are We
    Annual Integrated Report 2019 Driving change Next generation thinking | Sustainable delivery Driving change “The world is changing rapidly and so are we. Arcadis is transforming into a data and insight-driven provider of products and services putting the human experience at the center of what we do. This evolution will enable us to create sustainable and resilient cities and industries that thrive and improve quality of life for people around the world.” Peter Oosterveer, CEO Executive Supervisory Financial Other Introduction Board report Board report statements information Arcadis Annual Integrated Report 2019 83 Triodos Bank Office matches client’s sustainable purpose Driebergen-Zeist, The Netherlands Supporting Triodos as a partner in designing and planning their new home space. Arcadis was part of the design team and delivered services focused on Landscape Architecture & Urbanism, design of the innovative solar cellar roof. BREEAM-certification, (spatial) planning and environmental research (heritage, sustainable mobility, soil, ecology, hydrology and archeology). Challenge Solution Impact The sustainable Triodos Bank is growing fast and Matching their purpose, Triodos built a completely The new office creates room for improving the needed a new headquarter. The building site is located sustainable office-based on circular design principles, ecological structure and biodiversity. The construction on an old and cultural-historical valuable estate in a with the use of bio-based materials and re-used is designed in a way that components and materials protected ecological zone. materials. The building is also energy neutral based can easily be disassembled, without losing value. on heat-cold storage and green roofs. Solar panels are The building and estate reached the highest BREEAM placed above the parking lot.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Builders Federation (HBF) on the Draft Islington Local Plan Regulation 19 Consultation Version
    R19.0106 Freepost RTXU-ETKU-KECB Planning Policy Islington Council Town Hall Upper Street London N1 2UD 17 October 2019 [email protected] ISLINGTON COUNCIL LOCAL PLAN: REGULATION 19 CONSULTATION Thank you for consulting the Home Builders Federation (HBF) on the draft Islington Local Plan Regulation 19 consultation version. James Stevens, the HBF’s Director for Cities, has prepared this response and he is the lead contact for all things in relation to the Islington Local Plan. The Home Builders Federation (HBF) is the principal representative body of the house building industry in England and Wales and our representations reflect the views of discussions with our membership of national and multinational plc’s, through regional developers to small, local builders. Our members account for over 80% of all new housing built in England and Wales in any one year. Recent research by the Government has estimated that housebuilders have made a significant contribution to the nation’s infrastructure, providing some £21 billion towards infrastructure of all types including affordable housing since 2005. We would like to submit the following comments on the draft Plan and we would like to be involved in the examination-in-public on those matters relevant to these representations. 1. What is the role of the local plan The plan period Para. 1.2 states that the Local Plan will cover the period 2020/21 to 2035/36. Policy H2: New and Existing Conventional Housing provides a housing target that runs only to 2028/29. We acknowledge that the Draft London Plan is only able to identify a housing land supply up to 2028/29 (thereafter London’s capacity is more uncertain and will need to be reassessed) and we acknowledge that footnote 8 to the Draft Islington Local Plan (DILP) refers to the annual target that is set by the DLP being rolled forward for the period post 2028/29.
    [Show full text]
  • Using K-Factors with the PH721 Application Note AF-137
    Ventilation Test Instruments Using K-Factors with the PH721 Application Note AF-137 Capture Hoods and Correction Factors (K-Factors) In an ideal world, all capture hoods would provide accurate readings in all flow conditions. This would be true regardless of diffuser size, shape, throw pattern or delivery duct parameters such as shape, size, construction material and proximity of dampers or elbows. In the real world, however, all of these variables can affect the performance of a capture hood. To obtain the most reliable measurements with a capture hood, therefore, it is necessary to use correction factors, or K-Factors, to account for these varying flow effects. The need for K-Factors has been recognized by the most respected organizations in the Heating Ventilating and Air-Conditioning profession, who recommend1-5 the use of correction factors when using any capture hood. ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.) recommends1 that, “All flow measuring instruments should be field verified by running pitot-tube traverses to establish correction and/or density factors.” ASHRAE also recommends2 & 3 comparing duct traverses to capture hood readings for performance checks in the field. Similarly, AABC (Associated Air Balance Council) recommends5, “take a traverse of the duct and determine correction factors as necessary.” The Importance of K-Factors If measurement accuracy is important, then the use of K-Factors is imperative. As stated earlier, it is well known that many factors affect readings taken with capture hoods. The uncertainties introduced by the wide variety of possible flow conditions make K-Factors vital in achieving accurate capture hood measurements.
    [Show full text]