Sixty Years of Engineering 1 Sixty Years of Engineering INSPIRE Prep for Artwork.Indd 1 INSPIRE Prepfor Artwork.Indd 2
15/10/2015 17:42:28 sixty years of engineering 1 Sixty Years of engineering INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 1 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 2
sixty years of engineering 15/10/2015 17:42:52 engineering: set your imagination free
INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 3 15/10/2015 17:42:53 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 4 production support wasprovidedbyJoanna SmithofBSRIA This publicationwasresearched anddesignedbyA-LevelstudentJasonFinch Acknowledgments
sixty years of engineering 15/10/2015 17:42:56 sixty years of engineering 15/10/2015 17:43:21 “ it organisation with 700 members, it enables creative research and
The Building beServices a bit ofResearch a mouthful and but Information basically it doesAssociation what it (BSRIA)says on maythe tin. As a not – Many people don’t know what building services are. BSRIA says they are the parts of the building that you don’t usually see but they are the parts that make innovative testing for all aspects of building services. the building possible to use; things like heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, for-prof Julia Evans, CEO CEO Julia Evans, lighting and many, many more. It’s a place where the practical application of BSRIA aims to ‘make buildings better’ and without engineers of all sorts this just science reigns supreme and it attracts scientists, engineers and technicians from wouldn’t be possible. But it’s not just us that needs talented people and it’s not all associated disciplines to work within its laboratories and workshops. just engineers. The construction industry turns over around £90bn each year and that work goes through thousands of small and large businesses. This year BSRIA is celebrating our 60th “birthday”, so we wanted to do The opportunities for a great career in the industry are without parallel, and something a bit different. To commemorate the occasion we’ve chosen ready for you to explore. 60 notable engineers, both past and present, to show you what you could achieve as an engineer today, and inspire the next generation. “ INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 5 Choose a sto r y 01 Engineers of the past 03 Archimedes 05 leonardo d a vin ci 08 george stephenson 11 michael faraday 12 isambard kingdom brunel 14 g u stave e i ffe l 17 wil lis ca rrier 22 ove arup 23 fra n k whittle 28
INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 6 15/10/2015 17:43:21 31 engineers of the present 35 E. sreedharan 40 james dyson 41 steve wozniak 44 bill g a tes 45 tim berners- lee 52 elon musk 53 larry page & se rg ey b rin 56 ro m a agrawal 59 engineers of the future 61 g et i nvo l ve d
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01 sixty years of engineering to new passenger jets which will f something truly amazing.Followthe developmentof planesfrom conception engineers, andhowthey developedthe workof those before to produce but there’s no need to read it all now. Overleaf are a series of stories connecting This book will take youthrough a selection of some of the f what youcandiscoverfrom the past, to the present, andeveninto the future. entries ringed by the colour that matches that particular story. Pick one andsee to you, but here are some stories worth sharing. All you need to do is read the journey that led to the computer in your office. Where this book takes you is up Choose a Story a Choose ap edn . . . reading Happy
ly at four times the speed of sound; or see the
inest engineers inthe world, 15/10/2015 17:43:41 15/10/2015 17:44:03 02 sixty years of engineering The story of... INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 2 INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 3 15/10/2015 17:44:06 15/10/2015 17:44:07 04 sixty years of engineering INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 4 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 5
05 sixty years of engineering weights withreduced effort.Thesesystemsarestillcommonplace today. He also invented compound pulleysystems, nowcommonly referred to as block and tackle, in orderto lift great them whenrotated. This consists of a helical f many ideas and principles which haveshaped the modern world, not least of which, was his “Archimedes Screw”. Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, inventor, astronomer and engineer. He contributed
lat surface screw around ashaft, which canbe used to lift f archimedes
luids, or propel objects through 287 - 212 BC 212 - 287
Archimedes
15/10/2015 17:44:07 287 - 212 BC 15/10/2015 17:44:08 06 sixty years of engineering Pyramid of Djoser.
irst building to be made entirely of stone and entirely of stone irst building to be made
1136 - 1206 irst to use columns in construction. irst to use columns
c . 2650 - 2600 BC
ive different systems for raising water.
c . 10 AD al jazari Imhotep speculated to be the f speculated to Turkish mathematician and engineer, specialising in mechanical systems. engineer, specialising and mathematician Turkish valves. First to create suction pipes, double action pumps, and Designed f Considered to be the earliest known architect and engineer. architect earliest known to be the Considered of the overseer of the construction Designer and f one of, if not the This was First to create a system which converted rotary to reciprocal motion. First to create a system which converted rotary to reciprocal the first ever recorded ever recorded first the example of a steam engine. a steam example of aeolipile, First person to invent a vending machine. person to First Ancient Greek mathematician and engineer. Ancient Greek mathematician Hero of alexandria Thought to be the creator of the the of creator be the to Thought INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 6 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 7
07 sixty years of engineering Created hisownoil-basedink,whichis thebasis for moderninks. He patentedtheengine in1699,butthepatentcontainedno pictures. Creator ofthef Credited withthe invention ofthe printing press around1439. Johannes Gutenberg Gutenberg Johannes The machinewasf
irst commerciallyproduced and usedsteam engine. thomas savery savery thomas Introduced moveabletype printing.
inally revealedtothe public in1702. German mechanicalengineer. British inventorandengineer. First tocreatearefractingtelescope. cannons, aswellthechargeofgunpowderneeded. Created the Italian astronomerandphysicist. c . 1650 - 1715 1715 - 1650 . c Galileo galilei galilei Galileo 1398 - 1468 1468 - 1398 military compass military
to calculate the optimal elevation of 1564 - 1642 - 1564 15/10/2015 17:44:08 15/10/2015 17:44:09 08 sixty years of engineering
inned mortar inned
1452 - 1519 - 1452 leonardo da vinci vinci da leonardo he that is know don’t people many what but artworks, famous world his for known best Vinci is da Leonardo was actually an inventor and engineer. Whilst many of his inventions were incredibly far fetched and completely were perfectly capable of performing their desired function. impractical, many of them f and systems crank reversible hydraulic pumps, included: designs practical more his of number A shells. Some of his designs, such as giant crossbows and a parachute, have actually been constructed and tested and constructed been actually have parachute, a and crossbows giant as such designs, his of Some shells. with a degree of success. INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 8 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 9
09 sixty years of engineering He adaptedthedesign andlatermanagedtoproducerotary motion. Studied andinvestigatedapplicationsofmathematicsmechanics. He realisedsteamengines wastedenergybycoolingandreheating. British mechanicalengineer whospecialisedinsteamengines. Most famousfortheBernoulliprincipleoff This canbeusedtocalculatetheliftforceonanairfoil. daniel bernoulli bernoulli daniel The unitofpower,the watt,wasnamedafterhim. james watt watt james Swiss mathematicianandphysicist. In oneinstance,ofthecanalswascarriedatanelevation13m. Brindley minimisedexcavationbyusingcontouring. First toimplementcanalsystemsintheUK. British civilengineer. James brindley brindley James 1700 - 1782 1782 - 1700
luid dynamics. 1736 - 1819 - 1736
1716 - 1772 - 1716
15/10/2015 17:44:10 15/10/2015 17:44:11 10 sixty years of engineering
1757 - 1834 1748 - 1814 for his bridges and highways.
irst president of the the Institution of Civil Engineers. irst president of the the Institution
The Colossus of Roads 1745 - 1827 Joseph bramah thomas telford British engineer credited with the invention of the hydraulic press. invention of the with the credited British engineer input force of a system. principle to magnify the This uses Pascal’s still use this system. Modern car brakes improved water closet. for the design of the He is also responsible Lead engineer of the A5. Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason. Scottish civil engineer, architect Known as Founder and f irst electrical battery. irst electrical
irst to chemically create electricity. irst to chemically
Italian physicist and chemical engineer. Italian physicist and chemical Alessandro Volta Discovered methane and created the f Discovered methane and The unit of electrical potential, the volt, was named in his honour. The unit of electrical potential, Created the voltaic pile in 1799, the f Created the voltaic pile in 1799, INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 10 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 11
11 sixty years of engineering George Stephenson was a British civil engineer, responsible for building the George Stephensonengineer, responsibleforbuildingf was a Britishcivil the chanceofexplosion inminesaftermanyliveshadbeen lost. Stephenson is alsoresponsibleforthe design ofthe miner’s safety designedlampthat lamp, aspecially eliminated accepted asthegeneralstandardallaround theworld. locomotives inthe entire world. He is considered the “Father of Railways”. Evennow, his 4 ft 8 1/2 in railgaugeis still
irst public intercity railway to use irst publicintercityrailwaysteam archimedes 287 - 212 BC 212 - 287
1781 - 1848 George stephenson
15/10/2015 17:44:11 15/10/2015 17:44:12 12 sixty years of engineering
ields of electromagnetism of ields
1791 - 1867 - 1791
Michael faraday Michael and electrochemisty. Faraday received little indiamagnetism and electrolysis. electromagnetic induction, the way of formal education, yet still managed to discover as modern electric motor, the of development for the foundation the rotary devices formed electromagnetic His a pioneer of electrical engineering. well as popularising the use of electricity, making Faraday Michael Faraday was a British scientist, who made advances and contributions in the f contributions in the and advances made who British scientist, a was Michael Faraday
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George stephenson stephenson George 1781 - 1848 - 1781 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 13
13 sixty years of engineering This kept passengers safe in the event one of the hoisting cables failed. Significant contributor to the development of water turbines. American industrialist andfounderoftheOtisElevatorCompany. The turbineusedtwosets of bladesinopposing directions. Fourneyron wasawarded6000Francs for his invention. benoit fourneyron fourneyron benoit Creator ofthesafety devicethatpreventsliftsfromfalling. Elisha g. otis otis g. Elisha This failsafeisstillused inliftstoday. French mechanicalengineer. Created theWhitworthRif These haveaf 1,hedevisedastandard forscrewthreadswhichisstillusedtoday. In 184 British engineer,inventorandentrepreneur. joseph whitworth whitworth joseph 1802 - 1867 1867 - 1802 1811 - 1861 1861 - 1811
ixed threadangleof55degrees.
le, consideredone oftheearliestsniperrif 1803 - 1887 - 1803 15/10/2015 17:44:12
les. 15/10/2015 17:44:13 14 sixty years of engineering inished the construction in his honour.
igures of the Industrial Revolution. Brunel undertook many projects, building things such as dockyards, many projects, building Industrial Revolution. such as Brunel undertook things igures of the
1806 - 1859 - 1806
brunel brunel isambard kingdom isambard of one be to by many considered is engineer, who British civil mechanical a and Kingdom Brunel was Isambard f greatest the the Great Western Railway, and a series of steamships. the Great Western Railway, sits over m , and 214 Suspension Bridge Clifton the in Bristol. The bridge spans design of Brunel is well known for the world. Brunel any bridge in the of span longest the had it construction, its of time the At River Avon. the above m 76 died before its completion, but others f INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 14 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 15
15 sixty years of engineering Unlike some engineers of the time, Bessemer f Fowler alsoengineered bridges,includingthef This formspartofthe tubetoday,alongwithFowler’sotherrailways. Engineered theMetropolitan Railway,thef British civilengineerwho specialisedintheconstructionofrailways. Developed thetechniqueofblowingoxygenthroughpigiron. British engineerwhorevolutionisedtheproductionofsteel. henry bessemer bessemer henry This madesteelcheaperandhigherquality. john fowler fowler john
inished all projects himself.
irst undergroundrailway.
irst tocrosstheThames. Used aredundancyofmembersystemtopreventtrussfailure. Built thebridgeatHarpersFerry,whichcameunderf First todesignandpatentanirontrussingsystemforuseinbridges. American civilengineerrenownedforhisworkonrailwaybridges. wendel bollman bollman wendel 1813 - 1898 1898 - 1813 1817 - 1898 - 1817
1814 - 1884 - 1814
ire often. 15/10/2015 17:44:14 15/10/2015 17:44:14 16 sixty years of engineering
1819 - 1891 1832- 1891
irst practical four-stroke combustion engine. irst practical four-stroke combustion
1822 - 1900 Joseph bazalgette nikolaus otto British civil engineer. British civil Board of Works. engineer of London’s Metropolitan Former chief the city from cholera. sewer network, relieving Creator of London’s throughout London. bridges and roads He also engineered Standard in automobiles today. exhaust. The four strokes are: intake; compression; ignition; and German mechanical engineer. Made the f Belgian mechanical engineer. Jean J. Lenoir irst commercially successful internal combustion engine. combustion internal commercially successful irst
This was a two-stroke engine that burnt a mix of coal, gas and air. This was a two-stroke engine In 1863, he built an engine which burnt “liquid hydrocarbons” (petroleum). In 1863, he built an engine which Developed the f the Developed INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 16 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 17
17 sixty years of engineering Eiffel graduated from the prestigious École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (Central School ofArtsand School (Central before completinghis bestknownachievement. Arts etManufactures des École Centrale Manufacture) of France. He then made a name for himselfbridgestheengineering Frenchrailwaynetwork, the prestigious from graduated Eiffel Eiffel Tower, aswellcontributing tothedesignofStatueLibertyinAmerica. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French architect and civil engineer, responsible for the design of the world famous archimedes 287 - 212 BC 212 - 287
1832 - 1923 gustave eiffel 15/10/2015 17:44:15 15/10/2015 17:44:16 18 sixty years of engineering
1844 - 1960 1833 - 1896 ly their own plane.
1843 - 1903 Harry ferguson Alfred nobel Irish mechanical and aeronautical engineer. Irish mechanical and aeronautical Developed the modern agricultural tractor. traction. Used a three point hitch to join a plough to a tractor, increasing First UK citizen to build and f Swedish inventor and chemical engineer. inventor and Swedish after his death. for the “Nobel Prize”, instituted Most recognised for dynamite. patents, including the patent Held over 350 level. nitro glycerine a safe volatility of to reduce the found a way to He American civil and structural engineer. American civil and structural Single handedly oversaw construction. Single handedly oversaw emily warren roebling Chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge after her husband fell ill. her husband fell Brooklyn Bridge after the engineer of Chief After the bridge she continued education to get a law degree. get to education bridge she continued the After INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 18 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 19
19 sixty years of engineering Inventor oftheinduction motor,themostcommondesignused today. Creator oftheTesla coil,atransformer abletoproducelightning. Created thealternating currentsystemusedinmainspower. Created thephonograph,laterknownasgramaphone. Also responsibleforthemotionpicturecamera.. Thomas edison edison Thomas Famously createdthelong-lastinglightbullb. nikola tesla tesla nikola American inventorandelectricalengineer. Serbian electricalengineer. This wasusedinthecreationoff Fleming wasthef Known forhis“lefthandrule”ofelectricmotors. British physicistandelctricalengineer. john ambrose fleming fleming ambrose john 1856 - 1943 - 1856 1847 - 1931 1931 - 1847
irst toinventathermionicvalve, orvacuumtube.
irst amplif
iers. 1849 - 1945 - 1849
15/10/2015 17:44:17 15/10/2015 17:44:18 20 sixty years of engineering 48 / light.
71 - 1912 / 1867
light in 1903.
1863 - 1947 light controller to stabilise the plane. light controller to stabilise
irst plane to achieve sustained f irst plane to achieve sustained
irst mass produced automobiles. irst mass produced
1867 - 1934 henry ford wright brothers American industrialist and automotive engineer. and automotive industrialist American 1903. Ford Motor Company in Founder of the process. the assembly line Worked on developing f This led to the Caused aviation to take off, becoming the industry we know today. Caused aviation to take off, becoming the industry we Used a new three axis f Engineered the f First heavier-than-air manned f Polish physicist and chemist. marie curie Produced mobile radiography units in WWI. Produced mobile radiography She conducted pioneering research into radioactivity. She conducted pioneering First woman to win the Nobel prize, and the only woman to win twice. First woman to win the Nobel INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 20 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 21
21 sixty years of engineering By the age of twelve he had made a rubber band powered helicopter. First female Prof. of electrical engineeringat University of Texas. Whilst homeschooled, Sikorskydevelopedafascinationwith daVinci. Created acalculator whichsolved electrical current equations. Creator ofthef igor sikorsky sikorsky igor Edith clarke clarke Edith She specialisedinACpowersystems.
irst successfulcommercial helicopter. First femaleelectricalengineer. Russian aeronautical engineer. Demonstrated thef He wasabletobeatcompetitionbyusinghigherqualityphotocells. Responsible forcreatingthef Scottish electricalengineer. john logie baird baird logie john 1883 - 1959 1959 - 1883 1889 - 1972 - 1889
irst colourtransmissionin 1928.
irst mechanical television. 1888 - 1944 - 1888 15/10/2015 17:44:19 15/10/2015 17:44:19
22 sixty years of engineering
1876 - 1950 - 1876
willis carrier carrier willis Willis Carrier was an American systems engineer, best known for inventing modern air conditioning. Carrier came later installation The Brooklyn. in company publishing a at issue quality a to response in 1902, in concept the with up of modern air conditioning systems. that year marked the birth control control humidity; following functions: temperature; the perform air conditioning must recognised that It was air. control air circulation and ventilation; and cleanse the INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 22 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 23
23 sixty years of engineering completion in 1973. The building was constructed using many new techniques, including precast concrete, and concrete, precast including techniques, structural glue,cementing Arup’sreputationandearninghim aknighthood. new many using constructed its was to building 1957, The in 1973. commencement in project’s the completion from House, Opera Sydney the for engineer design the was Arup concrete personalshelters. and shelters, public of design the on papers many published Arup War, World Second the During projects. other Ove Sir Arupwas a engineer,whowas British civilresponsible for the design of the Opera Sydney House, amongst archimedes 287 - 212 BC 212 - 287
Ove arup
15/10/2015 17:44:20 1895 - 1988 15/10/2015 17:44:22 24 sixty years of engineering
1898 - 1973 1892 - 1929 ilming of “Gone With the Wind”.
irst to describe the idea of geostationary satellites. geostationary the idea of irst to describe
lectance “invisible glass”.
1893 - 1966 katherine blodgett herman potocnik His work, unlike others of the time, was very highly regarded. others of the time, was very His work, unlike First woman awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Cambridge. First woman awarded a Ph.D. Created low ref Slovenian aerospace engineer. aerospace Slovenian and its practicalities. research into space habitation Undertook deep the f Potocnik was She did this using a single molecule thick layer of barium on the surface. She did this using a single molecule thick layer of barium This new glass was used in the f British aeronautical engineer. sydney Camm Recognised for designing the Hawker Hurricane fighter plane. fighter Hawker Hurricane designing the Recognised for Contributed to the Hawker Siddley, later becoming the Harrier. the becoming to the Hawker Siddley, later Contributed Worked for Hawker, and contributed to many aeroplane designs. aeroplane many to contributed and Hawker, for Worked INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 24 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 25
25 sixty years of engineering Moved to America and became an professor engineering at Stanford. h vra h rdcino vr10 akrHriae nW I. She oversaw the production I of over 1400 Hawker Hurricanes in WW Widely regardedforherworkonthemathematicsofaerodynamics. Irmgard flugge lotz lotz flugge Irmgard Solved adifficultproblempertainingtowingliftdistribution. elsie macgill macgill elsie First femaleaircraft designer intheworld Known asthe“Queen oftheHurricanes”. German mathematicianandengineer. Canadian aeronautical engineer. Upon thef Often calledthe“FatherofAtomicBomb”. Led theManhattanprojectincreationofatomicbomb. American physicistandengineer. Robert oppenheimer oppenheimer Robert 1980 - 1905 1903 - 1974 - 1903
irst artif
icial nuclearexplosionhemerelysaid“Itworks”. 1904 - 1967 - 1904
15/10/2015 17:44:23 15/10/2015 17:44:23 26 sixty years of engineering
looding during dives. looding during
irst satellite.
1912 - 1977 1909 - 1990 ire engines to prevent them f prevent them ire engines to
inishing her education, she worked installing wiring installing inishing and generators. her education, she worked
1910 - 1989 beatrice shilling wernher von braun Recruited by the Royal Aircraft Establishment in 1936. the Royal Aircraft Establishment Recruited by Spitf Re-engineered British aeronautical engineer. British aeronautical f After German aerospace engineer. Credited with the creation of the V-2 rocket in WWI I Developed the rockets that launched America’s f Developed the Saturn - V launch vehicle used in the Apollo missions. Developed the Saturn - V launch vehicle used in the Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. the Nobel Awarded American physicist and electrical engineer. American physicist and electrical Credited with the invention of the transistor. Credited with the invention william shockley Led to “Silicon Valley” becoming the centre of computer innovation. becoming Led to “Silicon Valley” INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 26 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 27
27 sixty years of engineering Created the “Bombe”,the machinethat brokethe enigma code. Joseph cyril bamford bamford cyril Joseph Confirmed theconcepts of algorithm andcomputation. ti siae hssotndWIIbyupto four years. It isestimated this shortened WWI Brought outtherevolutionary backhoeloaderin1953. He begantopaintall hismachineryyellowin1951. British mechanicalengineer andfounderofJCB. He startedoutdeveloping weldingequipment. alan turing turing alan British computerscientistandcryptanalyst. It workedbyjumpingrandomlybetween88frequencies. During I,shecreatedasolution to radiofrquency jamming. WWI Beginning totireofacting,Lamarrtookaninterestinappliedscience. Austrian turnedAmericanactressandengineer. hedy lamarr lamarr hedy 1916 - 2001 - 1916 1912 - 1954 1954 - 1912
1914 - 2000 - 1914 15/10/2015 17:44:25 15/10/2015 17:44:27 28 sixty years of engineering
irst two times, and applying the third time under a different name. time under two times, and applying the third irst
1907 - 1996 - 1907
Frank whittle Frank In order to graduate, all apprentices had to produce a thesis, and so Whittle looked into modern the create to Cambridge at thesis this improving developed Whittle life, in Later travel. speed faster altitude, engineshigher for turbojet. Sir Frank Whittle was a British Aerospace engineer who is credited with single-handedly inventing the gas turbine gas the inventing single-handedly with credited is who engineer Aerospace British a was Whittle Frank Sir accepted, eventually was and RAF, the in pilot a be to desperately wanted originally Whittle engine. turbojet, or jet, the f after failing the medical assessment INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 28 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 29
29 sixty years of engineering Stephanie louise kwolek kwolek louise Stephanie Contributed tounderstandingDNA,RNA,viruses,coalandgraphite. Her researchledtothediscoveryofDNAdoublehelix. Rosalind Franklin Franklin Rosalind Kevlar isnowthemain constituentofbulletproofvests. Carried outsubstantialresearchintothepoliovirus. Kevlar isf British chemistandX-raycrystallographer.
ive timesstrongerthan steelbyweight. Inventor andcreator ofKevlar. American chemical engineer. Became ProfessorofheavyelectricalengineeringatImperialCollege. His workappearedintheBondf Developed thelinearinductionmotorandmaglevrailsystem. English electricalengineer,knownasthe“FatherofMaglev”. eric roberts-laithwaite roberts-laithwaite eric 1920 - 1958 - 1920 1923 - 2014 - 1923
ilm: “TheSpyWhoLovedMe”. 1921 - 1997 - 1921 15/10/2015 17:44:27
15/10/2015 17:44:28 30 sixty years of engineering
1926 - 2004
1929 - 1982 Marilyn jorgensen reece American civil engineer. American by the State of California. be licensed as a civil engineer First woman to I-10 and I-405 freeways. interchange between the Engineered the speed and reduce braking. corners, to maintain She used sweeping Bangladeshi structural engineer. now for the present... Invented new systems for the construction of skyscrapers. Invented new systems for the Used tubular systems to support vertical and lateral forces. Used tubular systems to support your attention; it’s time to move on to some more current affairs. fazlur rahman khan Now you’ve had a taste of engineering history. Hopefully we’ve grabbed Engineered the Willis Tower, the second tallest building in the U.S. the second tallest building in the Engineered the Willis Tower, INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 30 INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 31 15/10/2015 17:44:31 INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 32 15/10/2015 17:44:32 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 33
33 sixty years of engineering The f Set toopenin2016,withestimatedtrafficof200-250trainsperday. Was headofcommunications systemsatMotorolabytheearly ‘70s. Engineered theGotthardBase Tunnel, thelongesttunnelinworld.
irst mobile phone(the “brick”) was 25cm long and over 1kg in weight. American engineer and creatorofthehandheldmobilephone. Graduated fromthe IllinoisInstituteofTechnology in1950. The tunnelpassesundertheSwissAlpsandis57kmlong. giovanni lombardi giovanni martin cooper martin Swiss structuralandcivilengineer. Co-founded Intelin1968. Created thef Nicknamed the“MayorofSiliconValley”. American physicistandelectricalengineer. robert noyce noyce robert
irst integratedcircuit.
1927 - 1990 - 1927
15/10/2015 17:44:33 15/10/2015 17:44:34 34 sixty years of engineering
ibres in communications.
irst visible light-emitting diode in 1962. irst visible light-emitting
Nick holonyak charles k. kao Created the red-light semiconductor laser, or laser diode. semiconductor laser, Created the red-light American electrical engineer. electrical American Laboratory. Electric’s Advanced Semiconductor Joined General f Created the world’s Chinese physicist and electrical engineer. Chinese physicist and electrical Pioneered the use of optical f Discovered that silica was a far more efficient medium. Jointly awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics. ron ayers British aeronautical engineer. irst car to break the sound barrier. irst car to break
Aerodynamicist of various land speed record holding vehicles. Aerodynamicist of various Currently working on the Bloodhound SSC, to break 1000 mph. Currently working on the Bloodhound Engineered the Thrust SSC, the f Engineered the Thrust SSC, INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 34 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 35
35 sixty years of engineering f the Metro, (Calcutta) Kolkata the on work his for mainly India, in system transport public the of face the changed known as E. Sreedharan,popularlythe “Metro engineer from Man” India.Heiswidelyrecognised as is acivilhaving earned himhistitleof “MetroMan”.Hehasworkedonthree other trainsystemssince,withmoreonthe way. what likely is which 1975, in post his off taken was he after long systems metro on working continued Sreedharan engineering inIndia.
irst ever metro in India. Not only did he complete this, he also laid down the foundation of modern infrastructure
e sreedharan 15/10/2015 17:44:34 15/10/2015 17:44:36 36 sixty years of engineering
lying vehicle.
kumar bhattacharyya Paul moller Founded Supertrapp industries to market an engine silencing system. industries to market Founded Supertrapp the vehicle will be self stabilising. Moller claims Indian production systems engineer. Indian production systems engineer. University. Founder of the Warwick Manufacturing Group at Warwick Leading engineering research into engineering manufacturing. engineering. Focused on sustainable materials and manufacture in Canadian aeronautical engineer. aeronautical Canadian f moller skycar, a personal Creator of the chuck hull American mechanical engineer. Used UV light to cure a photosensitive resin. cure a photosensitive to Used UV light An extrusion based system has since been developed. has since been based system An extrusion Developed stereolithography and rapid prototyping (3D printing). (3D rapid prototyping and Developed stereolithography INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 36 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 37
37 sixty years of engineering This incorporatedallofthe central processing unit (CPU) on a single PCB. In 2013,headedupthe teamthatcreatedthef Aims tocreatestandard biologicalcomponentstoreducerisks. Created selfalignedMOSsilicongatetechnology. Credited withdesigningthef Co-founder oftheorganisation BioBricks. Federico faggin Federico Italian physicistandelectricalengineer. American biological engineer. drew endy drew
irst biologicaltransistor.
irst microprocessor. Became dameofBritishEmpirein2001 Investigated polymersusingneuronscattering. Fellow oftheRoyalAcademyEngineering. Patron ofWISE,encouragingyoungwomenintoengineering. British polymerscientistandchemicalengineer. julia higgins higgins julia
15/10/2015 17:44:37 15/10/2015 17:44:39 38 sixty years of engineering lated.
low through arteries when inf low through arteries
ly round the entire planet without refuelling. ly round the entire
latable stent.
irst plane to f irst private spacecraft to enter space twice in one week. space twice to enter irst private spacecraft
burt rutan irst radio pulsars.
julio palmaz American aerospace engineer. aerospace American lightweight aircraft. Specialises in Created the f Created the f Argentinian physician and engineer. Engineered the balloon inf Developed interest in opening arteries, instead of bypassing them, in 1978. in them, bypassing of instead arteries, opening in interest Developed The stent can restore blood f British astrophysicist. Disovered the f Jocelyn bell burnell Earned the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 2015. Earned the Royal Medal of Worked to create a radio telescope for planetary scintillation. Worked to create a radio INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 38 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 39
39 sixty years of engineering Isolated a macromolecule which blocks blood vessel spread in tumours. Research intocontrolled releaseandtransdermaldrugadministration. The bridgeisthe tallest inthe world, at 343m for the tallest spire. This allowsdrugsto be administeredthroughtheskinwithout needles. Due to the height, the roadsurface hadto berolledacross. Design engineerof theMilauViaduct inFrance. French structuralengineerandbridgespecialist. Michel virlogeux Michel Robert s. langer s. Robert American biochemical engineer. Led theteamwhichsuccessfullycreatedsyntheticlifeforf Co-founded Synthetic Genomics to research production of clean fuels. Known forbeingoneofthef American biologistandgeneticengineer. Craig venter Craig
irst tofullysequence thehumangenome.
irst time. 15/10/2015 17:44:41 15/10/2015 17:44:42 40 sixty years of engineering irst creation was the “Ballbarrow”. This the creation was irst
ied version of a wheelbarrow, that used a ball instead of a wheel, for improved traction over rough for improved traction over a wheel, of a ball instead used that a wheelbarrow, ied version of
James dyson James James Dyson is a British engineer who founded Dyson, the manufacturer of vacuum cleaners, and has made has of vacuum cleaners, and manufacturer Dyson, the founded Dyson is a British engineer who James the fundamental design of vacuum cleaners. developments that have changed f his In fact cleaners. begin by engineering vacuum Dyson, however, did not surfaces. Dyson’s big breakthrough in vacuum cleaners was the introduction of “cyclone” technology. surfaces. Dyson’s big breakthrough in vacuum cleaners was a modif was INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 40 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 41
41 sixty years of engineering was thef with the Apple II. This new machine shipped with a colour screen and basic programming language built in. This The AppleIwas a hobbyistmachine,withusers to supplymanycomponents having themselves, but this all changed personal the inception ofApple. the to kick-starting led that for machine the computer, responsible I Apple the engineer developed single-handedly he software 1976, In revolution. and computer electrical American an is Wozniak Steve
irst commerciallyavailable computer todo so and,assuch,tooktheworld by storm.
Steve wozniak 15/10/2015 17:44:42 15/10/2015 17:44:45 42 sixty years of engineering
irst space station.
helen mason frank buzzard She was awarded an OBE in 2014. British theoretical physicist and applied mathematician. British theoretical physicist and Was involved in many solar space projects, such as skylab. Skylab was the United States’ f American aerospace engineer. aerospace American Station (ISS). of the International Space Chief engineer orbit. partially constructed in The satellite was then assembled in space. were constructed on Earth, Modular pieces American electrical engineer. steve sasson Creator of the first digital camera. digital the first of Creator Was tasked at Kodak to “build an electronic camera”. “build an electronic Kodak to at Was tasked It weighed 3.6kg, taking 23 seconds to capture a 1MP image. capture to seconds weighed 3.6kg, taking 23 It INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 42 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 43
43 sixty years of engineering Nicknamed “Captain Cyborg” for creatingthef wheeled personal transport vehicle which is self–stabilising. Best known for inventing and developing the Segway, the two He alsobuilt the iBOT, awheelchaircapableof climbingstairs. Researching intodirect interfacebetweenhumansandcomputers. His researchbegan when heimplantedanRFIDchipunder his skin. kevin warwick kevin British roboticistand neuroscientist. American inventorandengineer. Dean kamen Dean
irst braincontrolledlimb. The buildingstandsat829.8mtall,over320mtallerthananyother. Engineered thetallestbuildinginworld,BurjKhalifa,Dubai. Specialist inskyscrapersandhighrisebuildings. American structuralengineer. william f. baker f. william 15/10/2015 17:44:49 15/10/2015 17:44:49 44 sixty years of engineering
irst version of Microsoft Windows was launched in 1985, after a short spell developing software for IBM. For the For IBM. for software developing spell short a after 1985, in launched was Windows Microsoft of version irst
Bill gates Bill adjustments. many making company, the within written code of line every reviewed personally Gates years, ive
irst f
Bill Gates is an American software engineer who created Microsoft in conjunction with Paul Allen in 1975. Prior to and Systems Telemetry and Instrumentation Micro contacted Allen and Gates company, the of formation the developed they had that software their BASIC demonstrator they demonstrated where them, arranged to meet for the Altair 8800. The f f INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 44 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 45
45 sixty years of engineering a web browser for it. The f as well as Web, Wide World the created Berners-Lee 1990, In CERN. at work to went he degree, his Following server. contained information about the world wide web, how someone could use a browser, and how to set up a web Berners-Lee attendedQueensCollege atOxfordUniversity,wherehereceivedaf Sir TimBerners-LeeisaBritishcomputer scientistandisresponsiblefortheinventionofWorldWideWeb.
irst web page address was address page web irst
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
irst classhonoursinphysics.
and it and Tim Berners - Lee 15/10/2015 17:44:50 15/10/2015 17:44:50 46 sixty years of engineering icially evolve proteins.
ahmad rahimian frances arnold American biological engineer. American biological engineer. Pioneered methods of directed evolution. artif to selection natural of process the This mimics Head of WSP Cantor Seinuk, a division of WSP Group. of WSP Seinuk, a division WSP Cantor Head of earthquake-proof skyscraper. Mayor, an of Torre Led the construction occurred and richter scale 7.6 on the measuring earthquake a In 2003, did not notice. the occupants Also leading research into genetic regulatory circuits. jordin kare American aerospace engineer. Researching laser propulsion of air and space craft. and space air of Researching laser propulsion This would mean an aircraft would never need to land for fuel. land for need to would never would mean an aircraft This His ultimate goal is to use a laser array to send a rocket into space. into send a rocket use a laser array to goal is to His ultimate INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 46 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 47
47 sixty years of engineering Will transport 32 people from London to New York in less than two hours. Chief engineeroftheHypermachSonicstarsupersonicpassengerjet. chittur Venkatasubban chittur Commercial airlinerthatwillcruiseataroundmach4. This wasthef Fitted theworld’sf Aeronautical andaerospaceengineer. Creator ofthei-Limb prosthetichand.
irst commerciallyavailable bioniclimb.
irst electronicshoulder in1998. British mechanicalengineer. david gow david Worked onprojectsincludingtheMilleniumBridge,andInf Became theyoungestDirectoratArupGroupin1992. British structuralengineer. Awarded theRoyalAcademyofEngineeringSilver Medalin2007. chris wise chris
inity bridge. 15/10/2015 17:44:51 15/10/2015 17:44:51 48 sixty years of engineering
mike banfi bill nye British structural engineer. British structural referred to as the Bird’s Nest. Beijing National stadium, Engineered the used to meet standards. four 1000 ton trusses were Twenty on the London Aquatics Centre. Also worked American mechanical and aeronautical engineer. American mechanical and Called “Bill Nye the Science Guy” after his television programme. the Boeing 747. Created a hydraulic pressure resonance supressor for Developed a sundial for the Mars Rover for time calibration. kenneth salisbury American mechanical and robotics engineer. American mechanical and Leading research into haptic feedback devices. Leading research into haptic Pioneering research into medical robotics and simulation. Pioneering research into medical This technology has now been applied to phones and laptops. This technology has now been INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 48 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 49
49 sixty years of engineering After spendingtimeasapilot,Rossywantedtof Led engineeringofthe entry,descentandlandingoftheMars Rover. The projectwasaf He developedthesystemusingfourmodif Known as“Jetman”forcreatinganindividualwingedjetpack. Works forNASAatthe JetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL).
lying successandthe Rover landed undamaged. Swiss aeronauticalandaerospaceengineer. adam seltzner adam American aerospace engineer. yves rossy yves
ied kerosenejetengines.
ly outsidethecockpit. She achievedthiswithoutobtainingadegree. aerospace engineeringcompanyontheplanet. This isthemostseniorengineeringpositioninsecondlargest Engineering andTechnology DirectoratBAESystems. jayne bryant jayne 15/10/2015 17:44:53 15/10/2015 17:44:55 50 sixty years of engineering
shigeyuki hori rob innes & Dan piazza Japanese automotive engineer. automotive Japanese Drive hybrid engine. Hybrid Synergy of Toyota’s Principal designer popularised efficient cars. Prius, the engine Toyota First used in the engines. still used now alongside electric The engine is Engineering duo who created the Innespace Seabreacher. Engineering duo who created This is a personal submersible that mimics a dolphin. manoeuvres. The Seabreacher is able to perform various advanced barrel rolls. These include diving, jumping, and even 360 degree jo da silva Engineer specialising in the delivery of humanitarian aid. Engineer specialising in the Her project built 60,000 shelters in 6 months, earning her an OBE. Her project built 60,000 shelters Provided humanitarian aid in Sri Lanka following the 2004 tsunami. Provided humanitarian aid Helped build and repair refugee camps after the Rwandan genocide. Helped build and repair refugee INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 50 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 51
51 sixty years of engineering This project has revolved around creating systems to 3D print concrete. Aims to create robots capable of providing personalised therapy. Civil engineerandprincipal investigatorof“FreeformConstruction”. This willallowengineers tousemorecomplexshapesinconcrete. Currently aprofessor at the University of Southern California. This focusesonadditive manufacturingtobeusedinconstruction. Pioneering the field of sociallyassistive robotics. Serbian roboticsengineerandcomputerscientist. richard buswell richard Maja Mataric Maja Heralded asofonethegreatengineeringfeats21stcentury. The purposeoftheLHCwastodiscoverunknownexchangeparticles. The ellipticalparticlecollideris175mbelowtheFranco-Swissborder. Engineer-in-charge ofCERN’sLargeHadronCollider. Reyes alemany fernandez alemany Reyes 15/10/2015 17:44:56
15/10/2015 17:44:56
52 sixty years of engineering elon musk elon Elon Musk is a South African engineer commonly known for his company: Tesla Motors. Musk’s vision is to fully to vision is Musk’s Motors. Tesla company: his for engineer commonly known African South a is Elon Musk introduction of Since the automobiles. with starting he’s life, and of all aspects energy into incorporate renewable He States. United popular, especially in the more dramatically become have electric cars S in 2012, Model Tesla the with solar panels. Powerwall, a wall mounted battery, intended for use also introduced the Tesla SpaceX programme. He is working with the United States Musk is also running research into space travel, with his government, and aims to colonise Mars by 2026. INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 52 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 53
53 sixty years of engineering The pair’s project became so popular that they suspended their studies in order to pursue it. When the search engine wasf the When it. pursue to order in studies their suspended they that popular so became project pair’s The Engine” Large-Scale a of Anatomy “The titled: paper, research a completed They science. computer in Ph.D.s completing whilst Stanford, at met pair The “Google”. giant engine search of creation the for are software Brin are responsible Page and Sergeyengineers,fromAmericaRussiarespectively. They Larry
irst madeavailableto theinternet in1996,the totalnumberofindexableHTMLurls was75million.
Hypertextual
Web Larry page
Search & sergey brin 15/10/2015 17:44:57 15/10/2015 17:44:58 54 sixty years of engineering
scott shipley wendy sadler Promoting engineering for young people. Promoting engineering for engineers. Started Science Made Simple to try and inspire young stereotypes. company Engineering break sister Explained to Launched 2005. award Year the of Physicist Professional Young Physics of Institute American ex-slalom canoer, Olympian and engineer. canoer, Olympian ex-slalom American in the 2012 Olympics. white-water system debuted Created the new hollow blocks. “RapidBlocs”, uses modular The system, called steel. galvanised polytheneand high density with are constructed These kate hall Civil engineer and infrastructure pioneer. Civil engineer and infrastructure Largely involved in the development of the HS2 rail link. HS2 the of development Largely involved in the Named one of Management Today’s “35 Under 35” in 2007. Today’s Named one of Management Led the design of the infrastructure of the 2012 Olympic Park. 2012 Olympic the of infrastructure the of Led the design INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 54 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 55
55 sixty years of engineering Creator of thecredit-card-sized micro PCthe Raspberry Pi. Created thef Sadly Reissewaskilled inanaccident,buthislegacycontinues. The projectwaslaunched oncrowdfundingsiteKickstarter. Widely usedbyschoolsas aneducational resource.
irst commercialhigh resolution virtual realityheadset. American engineer and co-founderofOcculusVR. User programmed PCwhichcosts only£30. andrew reisse reisse andrew eben upton eben British electricalengineer. This hassincebeenadaptedtoworkwithpressurisedaironland. Water isforcedthroughahoseandoutboardunderfoot. This isawaterjetpackattachedtojetskiorsimilar. French jetskiracerandcreatoroftheFlyboard. franky zapata franky 1980 - 2013 - 1980 15/10/2015 17:44:58 15/10/2015 17:44:59 56 sixty years of engineering
irst 20 storeys on stilts, before the foundations we completed, and completed, we foundations the before on stilts, storeys irst 20
roma agrawal roma then worked their way back down later on. Roma Agrawal is an Indian born structural engineer and was one of the structural engineers involved structural in the one of the was engineer and born structural Roma Agrawal is an Indian A-Levels, she her complete to England moving to After SouthBank. London’s on Shard, the of construction in Physics, before a masters in structural engineering. decided to take a degree with up came engineers the Olympics, so 2012 by the completed shard the exterior of the have to was The plan They f technique. built up the a completely new INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 56 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 57
57 sixty years of engineering Only a few drops of blood are needed, but results can be gained faster. .She workedonthe most advancedaircrafthelmetintheworld. Initially employedas ahelmettesttechnicianatBAESystems. Within threemonths, shewaspromotedtoleadinghand. Founded bloodtestcompanyTheranosattheageof19. Leading advancesindiagnosticstestingusingblood. charlotte tingley tingley charlotte Elizabeth holmes Elizabeth American chemicalengineer. British aerospaceengineer. She startedatRenishawtheageof16.. This involves3Dprintingofmetalstocreatecomplexcomponents. Leading developmentofmetaladditivemanufacturingatRenishaw. British mechanicalandmanufacturingengineer. lucy ackland lucy
15/10/2015 17:45:03 15/10/2015 17:45:03 58 sixty years of engineering BSRIA
irst European rover mission to Mars. irst European
You abbie hutty British aerospace engineer. British aerospace Rover. engineer on the ExoMars Spacecraft structures This is the f IMechE awarded her the Young Member Visionary Award in 2013. Visionary Award Member her the Young IMechE awarded in celebration of sixty years of engineering at them have shaped the world Be proud to be an engineer. Now inspire the next generation inspire so there are two sets of sixty engineers for our sixty years. Each of INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 58 INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 59 15/10/2015 17:45:06 INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 60 15/10/2015 17:45:07 INSPIRE prepfor Artwork.indd 61
61 sixty years of engineering Engineering is anf Engineering incredibly academia, why not do a degree in engineeringafter f https://www.gov.uk/topic/further-education-skills/apprenticeships fordetails. what they and involve, the route to get there, as well as tips on applicationsand much much more. Visit If you want to explore apprenticeships in engineering, the government provides a fairly in-depth look at school on take organisations engineering other many students forworkexperienceeveryyear,sowhynottryyourhandatbeinganengineer foraweek? and BSRIA you? for is engineering if sure Not in somecases. f
ind an apprenticeship to “earn while you learn” and get training on the job, oreven go straight into work and change the world the change and become an engineer an become get involved get
lexible profession, and has an entry route to suit everyone. If you enjoy
inishing college?Studyingnot your thing? You can 16/10/2015 09:19:58 INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 62 15/10/2015 17:45:11 15/10/2015 17:45:11 63 sixty years of engineering .co.uk bsria www. INSPIRE prep for Artwork.indd 63