° Chionanthus retusus: The Chinese Fringetree

Peter Del Tredici ~ jianhua Li

T Tandsome is a word often used to the Chinese fringetree describe~. -L (Chionanthus retusus). When planted in the open, this species devel- ops into an elegant small tree, twenty to thirty feet high with approximately the same spread. A century-old speci- men at the Arnold Arboretum is about twenty feet tall by thirty feet wide, and when in bloom from late May through mid June is totally covered with showy, white flowers. It is no exaggeration to say that this tree is capable of putting on one of the Arboretum’s best floral displays. The blue-purple fruit, which matures from late September to Octo- ber, provides a second season of inter- est. Chinese fringetree is more tree-like and graceful than its straggly American cousin, C. vmginicus, and is not nearly so late to leaf out in the spring. The species has a broad distribution m Asia, where it shows considerable varia- tion in its growth habit. In cultivation at the Arnold, some specimens are mul- tistemmed, while others-especially those raised from Korean seed-are dis- tinctly single-stemmed. The plant seems to have broad ecological adaptability, well in the growing equally warm, dry An retusus at the climate of southern California eighteen-year-old specimen of Chionanthus growmg (USDA Arnold Arboretum. Note the smgle-stemmed growth habit that has zone moist climates of 9) and the cold, developed without prunmg. New England (USDA zone 5).( . When young, the Chinese fringetree’s bark the ends of the branches and completely hide is a pale buff color, peeling off in papery strips. the foliage when the tree is in bloom. In New On mature trees, the bark is tight, with dis- England the fall color, being pale yellow, is tinct ridges and furrows. The lustrous leaves hardly spectacular; in warm climates, there are elliptic to ovate in shape, three to eight is no fall color to speak of and green leaves inches long and one-and-one-half to four inches stay on the tree through December. It is adapt- wide. The white flowers, each with four strap- able in its environmental responses, being like petals, are about an inch across and give tolerant of full sun to partial shade, moderate off a delicate fragrance. They are produced at summer drought, and a wide range of soil con- 18s

The showy flowers and blue-purple fruit of Chionanthus retusus. ditions. It is generally not bothered by insect to 4 cm~ to Chionanthus and evergreen species pests or diseases. with small flowers (corolla less than I cm) to The Chinese fringetree belongs to the genus Linociera. However, a small-flowered Ecuador- Chionanthus, which was described by Carl ian species (L. pubescens) is a deciduous tree Linnaeus m his Genera Plantarum ( 1737, 1754). while a deciduous Florida species (C. pygmaeus) The name was based on the American fringe- has small flowers. Other morphological traits tree, which had been introduced to Europe before overlap between Chionanthus and Linociera, 1736. Like the Chinese fringetree, Chionanthus and no clear-cut differences separate the two. virginicus produces a profusion of showy, white Therefore, Stearn’s proposal to unite them has flowers in spring, which explains Linnaeus’ been widely accepted in the botanical commu- choice of name for the genus ( chion = snow; nity. The combined group is referred to as Chion- anthos = flower). anthus because this name was published earlier The taxonomic history of the genus is also than Linociera. The union has led to the transfer interesting. In 1788, Swartz described a small, of numerous species from Linociera to Chion- evergreen, Jamaican tree with small corolla lobes, anthus even though genetic studies have not naming it Thouinia to commemorate the French been performed to determine the evolutionary gardener Andre Thouin (1747-1824). However, relationships of deciduous and evergreen species. Linnaeus had already used this name in 1781. Modern DNA research will surely help clarify Accordingly, Swartz gave his new genus a dif- the taxonomy of Chionanthus and Linociera. ferent name, Linociera, in honor of a sixteenth- References century French physician, Geoffrey Linocier. Between 1791 to 1976 many species of Linociera Dirr, M. A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. IL. were described from both the old world and the Stipes Publishing, Champaign, new. In 1976, William Stearn proposed the union Gilman, E. F., and D. G. Watson. 1993. Chionanthus of Linociera and Chionanthus. The of retusus, Chinese Frmgetree. Fact Sheet ST-160. difficulty Department of Environmental Horticulture, of Loniciera and distinguishing species Chionan- Flonda Cooperative Extension Service, Institute thus had been recognized as long ago as 1860 by of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University George Thwaites, who suggested the two genera of Florida. be merged but did not present a formal proposal. Thus, prior to 1976 botanists generally referred Peter Del Tredici is a senior research scientist and Jianhua deciduous species with big flowers (corolla 1.5 Li is a taxonomist at the Arnold Arboretum.