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11 4 1718 the journal of biodiversity data 22 August 2015 Check List Lists of Check List 11(4): 1718, 22 August 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1718 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors

Tree species of the Himalayan Terai region of , : a checklist

Omesh Bajpai1, 2, Anoop Kumar1, Awadhesh Kumar Srivastava1, Arun Kumar Kushwaha1, Jitendra Pandey2 and Lal Babu Chaudhary1*

1 Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, 226 001, Lucknow, India 2 Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, 221 005, Varanasi, India * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The study catalogues a sum of 278 species and management, the proper assessment of the diversity belonging to 185 genera and 57 families from the Terai of tree species are highly needed (Chaudhary et al. 2014). region of Uttar Pradesh. The family has been The information on phenology, uses, native origin, and found to exhibit the highest generic and species diversity vegetation type of the tree species provide more scope of with 23 genera and 44 species. The of Mora- such type of assessment study in the field of sustainable ceae has been observed the largest with 15 species. About management, conservation strategies and climate change 50% species exhibit nature in the forest. Out etc. In the present study, the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh of total species occurring in the region, about 63% are has been selected for the assessment of tree species as it native to India. Almost all tree species have some impor- consists of considerable number of species and has not tance in one and another way for the local people. In the been worked out during the recent time. study area about 80 species in the spring, 74 in The low lying land stretch in the north of Indo- the summer, 73 in the winter and 30 in rainy season. As Gangetic Plain along the foothills of Central Himalaya per the existing IUCN Red List, 24 species of the area fall is known as ‘Terai’ (Chauhan et al. 2010). The similar under different categories. Presence of these red listed region below the foothills of is in the study area enhances the importance of their distinguished from the Terai and is termed as ‘Dooars’ proper management and conservation plan. (Rodgers et al. 2002). It is dispersed in three Northern Indian States namely , Uttar Pradesh and Key words: trees, Terai region, phenology, economic and the southern (Rodgers et al. 2002). It importance, Uttar Pradesh forms an ecotone where the Sub-Himalayan foothills encounter the plain region. Due to the edge effect this region exhibits the vegetation of both the contiguous INTRODUCTION regions and becomes one of the highly diverse regions Trees are not only the major components of the forest of the country (Shukla 2009) and is one of the most and the vital part of our ecosystem, rather they also diverse eco-regions of the world (De 2001; Kumar et al. provide shelter to lower organisms as well as wildlife, 2002).The region covers a geographical area of ca. 92,911 act as environment protector, reduce the pollutants km2 with a forest cover of ca. 8,108 km2 (Anonymous and provide a number of useful things such as timber, 2008). About 68% forest cover (5,501 km2) of this region fuel, fodder, food, medicine, charcoal, gum, resins, comes under the boundary of Uttar Pradesh covering 21 rubber, pulp for etc. for human beings in day to districts (Anonymous 2008; Jha 2007). day life. Many natural habitats are under threat and The information about the tree diversity of the Terai the species within them face potential extinction. The region is available in scattered form through various trees are fast disappearing and genetic diversity in tree publications (Duthie 1903; Brandis 1906; Kanjilal 1933; species has become more vulnerable than other plant Panigrahi et al. 1969; Srivastava 1976; Singh 1997; Saini species (Tripathi et al. 2013). Thus it is imperative to 2005; Maliya and Datt 2010; Mishra and Pal 2010; Kishor document and conserve the tree flora of any area before et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2011; Maliya 2011, 2012; Bajpai they become threatened and lost. For any conservation et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2014; Behera et al. 2012; Mishra et programme of the tree species and their sustainable use al. 2013; Chaudhary et al. 2014). All the information

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Figure 1. Study site in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, India. pertain either to small areas or have become out dated month spring (March) and autumn (October). The mean due to changes in nomenclature, distribution and minimum temperature varies from 4–5°C in December– circumscription of various taxa. Therefore, the present January and maximum 40–45°C in May–June. The study is a cumulative effort that includes review on average annual rainfall varies from 1,085–1,228 mm. The the existing literature, herbarium specimens housed Terai region comes under the tropical moist deciduous at Botanical Survey of India, Central circle, Allahabad type of vegetation (Champion and Seth 1968; Rodgers (BSA), Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow and Panwar 1988) which can be further divided into (BSIP), Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow following forest types: Sal forest, miscellaneous forest, (CDRI), National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow plantation and savannah grasslands (Bajpai (LWG) and collections made in the present study to et al. 2012b; Behera et al. 2012). The grass lands are prepare a checklist of tree species from the Terai region. chiefly located in the core zone of the forests. The teak The study will provide baseline information for floristic plantation was used to fill the gaps within the forest in diversity assessments and updating flora in future. this region about 20–30 years ago, which has been now become naturalized in many areas by the regeneration MATERIALS AND METHODS of other associate species such as philippensis Study area (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., retusa (L.) A. Juss., Miliusa The Terai region in Uttar Pradesh spreads from tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair, Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., Saharanpur to Deoria covering 21 districts of the State Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall.ex G. Donetc. (Jha 2007). It is situated between 28°45′–26°15′ N and 079°51′–084°24′ E as a 30–50 km wide and ca. 1,670 km Diversity assessment and data collection long strip with the elevation ranging between 100–300 The entire study area has been explored comprehensively m. For the safeguard of the biodiversity, one national to collect and document the tree diversity during the years park and six wildlife sanctuaries have been declared in 2011–2013. The plant specimens were randomly collected this region (Figure 1). The study area comes under the from the aforesaid vegetation types. The herbarium type of climate which witness three different specimens have been prepared following Lawrence (1951) seasons: winters (November–February), summers and Jain and Rao (1977) and were deposited at LWG. (April–June) and rains (July–September) with one The identification of the species has been done with the

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Figure 2. Dominant families with corresponding number of species and genera. help of regional floras and existing literature. The earlier collections housed at BSA, BSIP, CDRI and LWG have also been observed for the proper assessment of the tree diversity of the study area. Different online databases such as GRIN, IPNI, ILDIS, , TROPICOS, e-floras etc. have been used for the correct and updated nomenclature of the species. The flowering and fruiting behaviours ( phenology) of the species have been assessed by seasonal visits as well as with the help of other (Saini 2005; Maliya and Datt 2010; Mishra and Pal 2010; Kumar et al. 2011; Maliya 2011, 2012; Bajpai et al. 2012a; Chaudhary et al. 2014) regional work. The deciduousness and ever greenness of the species has also been noticed Figure 3. Number of species distributed across different vegetation types. during these visits. The economic values of the species have been assessed by interviewing the local Tharu tribal persons as well as from published work from the area. The families (Araliaceae, Capparaceae, Casuarinaceae, Cel­ native orgin of the species has also been traced out with ast­raceae, , Loganiaceae, Olacaceae, the help of different available on-line data bases (http:// Oxalidaceae, , Pittosporaceae, , www.flowersofindia.net; http://www.efloras.org; http:// Proteaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Sabiaceae, www.ipni.org; http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org). Santalaceae, Simaroubaceae, Symplocaceae, , In the checklist, the whose, herbarium specimens ) are represented by only single species and have not been seen, the references of the previous reports genus (Figure 2). About 146 species show the deciduous have been cited to know the source of occurrence of the nature followed by 102 evergreens, 19 semi-deciduous species in the study area. and 11 semi-evergreen species (Figure 3). The area encompasses about 63% (177) species native to India. RESULTS This clearly reflects that the Terai region has its own The present analysis includes 278 tree species under natural diversity which supports the stable ecosystem 185 genera of 57 families from the Terai region of the Uttar with well adaptability for the area. The remaining Pradesh. Each species has been provided with phenology, species belong to Asian, American, African or Australian economic importance, native origin, vegetation type, origin (Figure 4). The present documentation also vernacular name and collection number/references recognizes the importance of tree species, as about 204 (Table 1). Fabaceae has been found as the largest family have been observed to be used for medicinal purposes representing 44 species under 23 genera. Twenty in different human ailments. Similarly, 90 tree species

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Table 1. List of tree species with their phenology, economic importance, native origin, vegetation type, vernacular name and collection number/reference.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference DICOTYLEDONS 1 Buchanania cochinchinensis Feb. – May edible, medicinal India Semi-deciduous Chirongi Mishra 7942 (BSA) (Lour.) Almeida 2 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Mar. – Jun. Local timber, medicinal India Deciduous Jhingan Kumar and Bajpai 252198 & 252248 Merr. (LWG) 3 indica L. Feb. – Jul. edible, medicinal, India Evergreen Aam Bajpai et al. 263733 (LWG) timber 4 Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Apr. – Oct. Medicinal, timber wood India Deciduous Bhilawa Bajpai and Chaudhary 264456 (LWG) 5 Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex Mar. - Aug. Medicinal, light wooden South-East Deciduous Ambara Kumar et al. 263620; Chaudhary et al. L. f.) Kurz. work 252282 (LWG) Annonaceae 6 Annona reticulata L. May – Jan. Fruits edible, medicinal Central America Semi-deciduous Ramphal Kanjilal (1933) & West Indies 7 Annona squamosa L. Apr. – Jan. Fruits edible, medicinal Central America Semi-deciduous Sharifa Kumar et al. 263615 (LWG) & West Indies 8 Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Apr. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal Indian Subcon- Deciduous Kari Kumar and Bajpai 250620 & 250627; Sinclair tinent Kumar and Bajpai 252280 (LWG) 9 Miliusa velutina (Dunal) Hook. f. Mar. – Aug. Fruits edible, medicinal, Tropical Asia Deciduous Bari kari Bajpai and Chaudhary 264499 (LWG) & Thoms. local timber wood 10 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Apr. – Sep. Ornamental, medicinal & Sri Evergreen Ashok Kumar and Bajpai 252269 (LWG) Thw. Lanka 11 Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Apr. – Sep. Ornamental, medicinal Indian Subcon- Evergreen Barachali Chaudhary et al. 250245 (LWG) Thwaites tinent 12 (L.) R. Br. Nov. – Jun. Ornamental & avenue tree, Indian Subcon- Evergreen Saptparni Bajpai et al. 263719 (LWG) medicinal tinent 13 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Dec. – Aug. Religious, medicinal, fibre Indian Subcon- Evergreen Safed Bajpai and Chaudhary 264478 (LWG) tinent Madar 14 Carissa carandas L. Mar. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal Indian Subcon- Deciduous Karaunda Bajpai and Chaudhary 264427 (LWG) tinent 15 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Most part of Ornamental tree, medicinal Tropical America Evergreen Pila Kaner Bajpai and Chaudhary 264455 (LWG) the year 16 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.- May – Feb. Firewood, medicinal Native of India Deciduous Dudhi Kumar and Bajpai 250604 (LWG) Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don 17 Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Apr. – Dec. Ornamental tree, medicinal South-East Asia Deciduous Dharauli Maliya 224667 & 225225 (LWG) Mabberley 18 Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Mar. – Dec. Medicinal India & Deciduous Kapar Saini (2005) Araliaceae 19 Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Oct. – Apr. Medicinal, timber wood North-East Asia Evergreen Tarla Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) Seem. Bignoniaceae 20 Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex Sep. – Feb. Wood Myanmar Deciduous Katsagon Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) G. Don) Steenis 21 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Mar. – Oct. Ornamental tree, medicinal Deciduous Nili Gulmo- Chaudhary et al. 252285 (LWG) har 22 Kigelia africana (Lamk.) Benth. Mar. – Dec. Medicinal, timber wood Deciduous Balamkhira Bajpai et al. 263966 (LWG) 23 Millingtonia hortensis L. f. Oct. – Feb. Ornamental tree, dye, Myanmar and Deciduous Neem Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) medicinal Malaya Chameli 24 (L.) Vent. May – Dec. Medicinal, firewood India Deciduous Ullu Bajpai and Chaudhary 263967 (LWG) 25 Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Most part of Ornamental tree, medicinal Tropical Africa Evergreen Rudra Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997) the year Palash 26 Stereospermum chelonoides (L. Apr. – Dec. Timber wood, medicinal India and Deciduous Padar Chaudhary et al. 250266 & 252218 f.) DC. Myanmar (LWG) 27 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Most part of Ornamental tree Tropical South Evergreen Piliya Maliya 227146 (LWG) the year America Bixaceae 28 Bixa orellana L. Sep. – Mar. Ornamental tree, medicinal Tropical America Evergreen Sinduri Saini (2005) 29 Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Apr. – Jul. Gum & fibre production, India and Ma- Deciduous Galgal Kanjilal (1933) Alston medicinal laysia 30 Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Mar. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal Indian Subcon- Deciduous Lassora Bajpai et al. 263732 (LWG) tinent 31 Cordia grandis Roxb. Mar. – Sep. Fruits edible, medicinal Indian Subcon- Deciduous Lassora Panigrahi et al. (1969) tinent 32 Cordia vestita Hook. F. & Thoms. Mar. – Oct. Fruits edible, medicinal Indian Subcon- Deciduous Latora Kanjilal (1933) tinent 33 acuminata R. Br. Sep. – Apr. Ornamental & avenue tree, India & South- Deciduous Paniya Bajpai et al. 263716 (LWG) medicinal East Asia 34 Ehretia laevis Roxb. Jan. – Aug. Ornamental & avenue tree, India & South- Deciduous Chamror Bajpai et al. 263705 (LWG) medicinal East Asia continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference 35 Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Jan. – May Rope fibre, medicinal India Deciduous Saleh Kanjilal (1933); Saini (2005) Colebr. 36 Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Mar. – Sep. Medicinal India Deciduous Guggul Saini (2005) Bhandari 37 pinnata Roxb. Mar. – Oct. Fruits edible, medicinal India Deciduous Kharpat Maliya 227178 (LWG) Cannabaceae 38 Celtis australis L. Feb. – Nov. Timber wood, fodder, Asia Minor Deciduous Nettle Tree Maliya 224927 (LWG) medicinal 39 Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Feb. – Nov. Firewood, medicinal India Deciduous Kakai Chaudhary et al. 252861 (LWG) Capparaceae 40 Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC. Feb. – Aug. Medicinal Indian Subcon- Deciduous Barna Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) tinent Casuarinaceae 41 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Mar. – Jul. Ornamental & avenue tree India & South- Evergreen Jangli Saru Bajpai et al. 263729, 263730, 263738 East Asia (LWG) Celastraceae 42 Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze. Mar. – Jan. Timber wood, medicinal India Evergreen Jamrasi Kanjilal (1933); Saini (2005) Combretaceae 43 Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex Mar. – Dec. Household timber, dye South Asia Deciduous Dhau Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) DC.) Wall. Ex Guill. & Perr. 44 (Roxb. ex May – Feb. Fire & timber wood, gum & South Asia Deciduous Dhaora Kanjilal (1933); Saini (2005) DC.) Wall ex Guill & Perr. dye, medicinal 45 Anogeissus sericea Brandis Nov. – Feb. Timber wood, fodder South Asia Evergreen Dhaukra Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) 46 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Apr. – Mar. Avenue tree, medicinal India Evergreen Arjun Bajpai et al. 263914 (LWG) Wight & Arn. 47 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Mar. – Sep. Timber wood, , India Deciduous Bahera Chaudhary et al. 250248 (LWG) Roxb. medicinal 48 Terminalia catappa L. May – Oct. Timber wood, tannin, India Deciduous Jangli Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) medicinal Badam 49 Retz. Apr. – Sep. Timber wood, tannin, India Deciduous Harad Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini medicinal (2005) 50 Terminalia elliptica Willd. May – Mar. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Asna Bajpai and Chaudhary 264453 (LWG) 51 chinense (Lour.) Harms May – Aug. Timber wood, medicinal North-East Asia Evergreen Chinese Kanjilal (1933) Langium 52 Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. Feb. – Aug. Medicinal India Deciduous Akohar Kumar and Bajpai 250606, 250779 & 252197 (LWG) 53 aurea Sm. Mar. – Jul. Medicinal South-East Asia Deciduous Aggai Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) 54 Dillenia indica L. May – Feb. Local timber & fire wood, South-East Asia Evergreen Karambel Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) medicinal 55 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Mar. – May Medicinal Tropical Asia Deciduous Karmal Kumar and Bajpai 252271 (LWG) Dipterocarpaceae 56 Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Mar. – Jun. Quality timber wood, tan- India Semi-deciduous Sakhu Bajpai et al. 263736 & 263737 (LWG) nin, resin, medicinal 57 melanoxylon Roxb. Apr. – Oct. Timber wood, bidi making India Semi-deciduous Tendu Kumar and Bajpai 252247 (LWG) 58 Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Apr. – Jan. Furniture wood, tannin, India Semi-deciduous Gaub Duthie (1903); Srivastava (1976) Kostel. medicinal 59 Diospyros montana Roxb. Mar. – Sep. Medicinal India Deciduous Bistendu Bajpai and Chaudhary 264445 & 264475 (LWG) 60 Bischofia javanica Bl. Mar. – Dec. Timber wood, tannin, North-East Asia Deciduous Kein Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997) medicinal 61 Croton laevigatus Vahl. Jan. – Apr. Medicinal Tropical Asia Deciduous Arjunna Chaudhary et al. 250237 (LWG) 62 Falconeria insignis Royle Feb. – Dec. Poisonous Indian Subcon- Deciduous Shirwa Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) tinent 63 Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Mar. – Aug. Medicinal Tropical Africa Deciduous Pula Kumar et al. 263635 (LWG) Royle 64 daltonii (Mull. Arg.) Sep. – Dec. Medicinal South-East Asia Evergreen ---- Panigrahi and Mishra 6526 (BSA) Kurz 65 Glochidion ellipticum Wight Mar. – Dec. Medicinal India Evergreen Bhoma Kanjilal (1933); Singh (1997) 66 Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Feb. – Oct. Medicinal India Evergreen Kalikath Kanjilal (1933) Arn.) Wight 67 (Roxb.) Mar. – Dec. Medicinal Indian Subcon- Evergreen Largeleaf Kanjilal (1933); Singh (1997) Voigt tinent Glochidion 68 Glochidion multiloculare (Rottler Mar. – Dec. Medicinal Indian Subcon- Evergreen Keura Kanjilal (1933); Singh (1997) ex. Willd.) Voigt tinent continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference 69 Jatropha curcas L. Apr. – Jan. Hedge tree, for bio Tropical America Deciduous Ratanjot Maliya 225955 & 225256 (LWG) diesel, medicinal 70 Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Feb. – Oct. Timber wood, fodder, South-East Asia Deciduous Gutel Bajpai et al. 263711 (LWG) Welzen medicinal 71 (Lamk.) Most part of Timber wood, tannin, fod- South-East Asia Semi-evergreen Rohini Chaudhary et al. 250244 (LWG) Muell.-Arg. the year der, medicinal 72 Mallotus polycarpus (Benth.) Most part of Timber wood India Deciduous Bahlol Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) Kulju & Welzen the year 73 Ricinus communis L. Dec. – May Highly medicinal Tropical Africa Evergreen Arand Chaudhary et al. 252844 (LWG) 74 Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Jun. – Dec. Medicinal, ornamental Deciduous Pahari Duthie (1915); Kanjilal (1933) Shisham Fabaceae () 75 acuminata L. Jul. – Dec. Ornamental, medicinal South-East Asia Deciduous Safed Bajpai and Chaudhary 264466 (LWG) Kachnar 76 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Aug. – Mar. Ornamental, medicinal India Deciduous Amlosa Kumar and Bajpai 252138, 252187 (LWG) 77 Bauhinia purpurea L. Sep. – Apr. Ornamental, medicinal India Deciduous Kachnar Bajpai et al. 264429 (LWG) 78 Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Mar. – Dec. Medicinal, religious India Deciduous Katmauli Bajpai and Chaudhary 264464 (LWG) 79 Bauhinia roxburghiana Voigt. Sep. – Apr. Ornamental tree India Deciduous Chakera Panigrahi et al. (1969); Saini (2005) 80 Bauhinia tomentosa L. Jul. – Feb. Medicinal, ornamental Tropical Africa Deciduous Gurial Bajpai 264408 (LWG) 81 Bauhinia variegata L. Feb. – May Ornamental, fodder, tannin, India Deciduous Kachnar Chaudhary et al 263961 (LWG) medicinal 82 Brownea hybrida Hort. ex Backer Jan. – May Ornamental Evergreen Rose of Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) 83 Cassia fistula L. Mar. – Dec. Ornamental & avenue tree, India Deciduous Amaltas Chaudhary et al. 250238 (LWG) medicinal 84 Cassia javanica L. ssp. nodosa May – Jan. Ornamental & avenue tree Java Deciduous Java Rani Chaudhary et al. 263915 (LWG) (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen 85 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. Apr. – Mar. Ornamental & avenue tree, Deciduous Gulmuhur Chaudhary et al. 263960 (LWG) fire wood 86 Parkinsonia aculeata L. Oct. – May Ornamental & hedge tree Tropical America Deciduous Vilayati Kumar and Bajpai 250678 (LWG) Kikar 87 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Mar. – Nov. Ornamental & avenue tree South-East Asia Deciduous Peela Gul- Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) Baker ex K. Heyne mohar 88 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde Feb. – Aug. Medicinal, ornamental India Evergreen Sita Ashok Saini (2005) 89 auriculata (L.) Roxb. Nov. – Mar. Medicinal, ornamental India Evergreen Tarwa Duthie (1903); Srivastava (1976) 90 Senna siamea (Lamk.) Irwin & Jul. – Feb. Ornamental, fodder, fire & Indian Subcon- Evergreen Kassod Maliya 224679 (LWG) Barneby timber wood tinent 91 Tamarindus indica L. May – Apr. Fruits edible, avenue Tropical Africa Evergreen Imli Kumar et al. 263638 (LWG) tree, fire & timber wood, medicinal Fabaceae () 92 Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Mar. – Jun. Dye, tannin, timber wood, India Deciduous Dhak Bajpai et al. 263704 (LWG) Taub. medicinal 93 lanceolaria L. f. Apr. – Oct. Ornamental, fodder, timber, India Deciduous Sirsa Chaudhary et al. 250236 (LWG) medicinal 94 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Apr. – Nov. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Sitsal Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933); Saini (2005) 95 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Mar. – Nov. Timber wood, fodder, India Deciduous Shisham Bajpai et al. 263718 (LWG) medicinal 96 Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.) Mar. – Jul. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Chajan Chaudhary et al. 250234 (LWG) H. Ohashi 97 Erythrina arborescens Roxb. Jul. – Feb. Ornamental, local timber, India Deciduous Mandero Maliya 225936 (LWG) medicinal 98 Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Feb. – Jul. Ornamental, medicinal India Deciduous Dauldhak Saini (2005) 99 Erythrina variegata L. Mar. – Jun. Ornamental & avenue tree, India Deciduous Parijat Chaudhary et al. 263962 (LWG) fodder, medicinal 100 peguensis Ali Apr. – Sep. Ornamental & avenue tree, South-East Asia Deciduous Tum Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini (2005) 101 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Apr. – Jul. Avenue tree, bio diesel, India Deciduous Karanja Bajpai and Chaudhary 264477 (LWG) medicinal 102 marsupium Roxb. Sep. – Nov. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Bijasal Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933); Singh (1997) 103 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Sep. – Jan. Fire wood, fodder, me - Egypt Deciduous Jait Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997) dicinal Fabaceae () 104 auriculiformis A. Cunn. Sep. – Mar. Avenue tree, fodder, fire & Evergreen Akashia Bajpai 264406 (LWG) ex Benth. timber wood, tannin 105 Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. Mar. – Jan. Kattha, timber wood, fod- India Deciduous Khair Bajpai et al. 264425 & 263931 (LWG) der, medicinal continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference 106 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mar. – Dec. Tannin, fodder Tropical America Deciduous Guh Babul Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini (2005) 107 Acacia lenticularis Buch.-Ham. Apr. – Dec. Fire & timber wood, fodder, India Deciduous Khyn Kanjilal (1933) ex Benth. medicinal 108 Acacia modesta Wall. Mar. – Sep. Fire & timber wood, India Deciduous Pulahi Duthie (1903) medicinal 109 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. ssp. Aug. – Apr. Hedge tree, fire & timber India Deciduous Babul Bajpai et al. 263938 (LWG) indica (Benth.) Brenan wood, fodder, medicinal 110 Adenanthera pavonina L. Mar. – Sep. Timber wood, seed in jewel- India Deciduous Rakt Chan- Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) lery, medicinal dan 111 chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Mar. – Dec. Ornamental & avenue tree, South-East Asia Deciduous Siran Singh (1997); Saini (2005) fodder 112 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Mar. – Jan. Ornamental & avenue tree, South-East Asia Deciduous Kala Siris Bajpai et al. 263726 (LWG) medicinal 113 Albizia lucidior (Steud.) Nielsen Apr. – Jan. Ornamental & avenue tree India Deciduous Potka Siris Saini (2005) ex Hara 114 Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth. Mar. – Jan. Ornamental & avenue tree, India Semi-deciduous Sirisa Saini (2005) fodder, medicinal 115 (Roxb.) Benth. May – Feb. Ornamental & avenue tree, India Semi-deciduous Safed siris Maliya 225986 (LWG) tannin, medicinal 116 Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) Apr. – Nov. Avenue tree, fodder Evergreen Subabul Bajpai et al. 263721 (LWG) de Wit. 117 Indopiptadenia oudhensis (Bran- Apr. – May Timber & fire wood, fodder India Evergreen Gainti Bajpai and Chaudhary 264432; Bajpai et dis) Brenan al. 263925, 263927, 263928, 263935 & 263936 (LWG) 118 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Mar. – Sep. Timber wood, fodder, Mexico Evergreen Jangal Chaudhary et al. 263907 (LWG) Benth. medicinal Jalebi 119 Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Mar. – Sep. Medicinal India Semi-evergreen Ghiwala Kanjilal (1933) 120 phlomidis L. f. Jul. – Jan. Ornamental tree, medicinal India Evergreen Urui Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) 121 arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Feb. – Jul. Ornamental & avenue tree, India Deciduous Gamari Bajpai 264411 (LWG) timber wood, medicinal 122 Gmelina asiatica L. Most part of Ornamental & avenue tree, India Deciduous Badhara Srivastava (1976) the year medicinal 123 barbata Wallich ex Feb. – Jun. Medicinal, fire wood India Deciduous Basota Duthie (1911); Kanjilal (1933) Schaeur 124 Premna mollissima Roth. Most part of Medicinal India Deciduous Bakar Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini the year (2005) 125 Tectona grandis L. f. Jun. – Dec. Quality timber wood South-East Asia Deciduous Sagon Chaudhary et al. 250241 (LWG) 126 Vitex negundo L. Most part of Medicinal, fibre South-East Asia Deciduous Nirgundi Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini the year (2005) Lauraceae 127 Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees Mar. – Aug. Timber wood India Evergreen Konhaia Duthie (1911); Kanjilal (1933) 128 Litsea chinensis Lamk. Apr. – Nov. Timber & fire wood, China Semi-evergreen Medha Duthie (1911) medicinal 129 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Rob. Apr. – Dec. Essential oils from seeds, India Evergreen Maidalabri Kumar and Bajpai 252787 (LWG) medicinal 130 Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Mar. – Oct. Timber wood, fodder, India Evergreen Katmara Kumar et al. 263621 (LWG) medicinal 131 Machilus gamblei King ex Mar. – Jun. Dye India Evergreen ---- Duthie (1911) Hook f. 132 Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees Feb. – Sep. Fire wood India Evergreen Haulia Kanjilal (1933) 133 acutangula (L.) Mar. – Nov. Ornamental tree, medicinal South-East Asia Evergreen Paniha Kumar and Bajpai 250605; Chaudhary Gaertn. et al. 252164 (LWG) 134 Careya arborea Roxb. Mar. – Jul. Local timber wood, India Deciduous Kumbhi Kumar and Bajpai 252209 (LWG) medicinal Loganiaceae 135 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Feb. – Jan. Medicinal India Evergreen Kuchla Chaudhary et al. 252889 (LWG) 136 floribunda Jack. May – Oct. Ornamental tree South-East Asia Semi-evergreen ---- Srivastava (1976) 137 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Apr. – Nov. Ornamental tree, timber India Deciduous Sidha Bajpai and Chaudhary 264458 (LWG) wood 138 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L. ex May – Nov. Ornamental tree, timber & India Deciduous Gulchaman Chaudhary et al. 252295 (LWG) Murray) Pers. fire wood, medicinal 139 Punica granatum L. Apr. – Oct. edible, ornamental, Iran Deciduous Anar Bajpai et al. 263724 (LWG) medicinal 140 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Feb. – May Ornamental & hedge tree, India Deciduous Dhaunti Bajpai et al. 263702 (LWG) medicinal continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference Magnoliaceae 141 Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. Mar. – Aug. Ornamental tree, medicinal India Evergreen Champa Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) ex Pierre 142 Magnolia grandiflora L. May – Oct. Ornamental tree, medicinal North America Evergreen Him Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) Champa 143 Bombax ceiba L Jan. – May Silviculture, match industry, India Deciduous Semal Chaudhary et al. 252805 (LWG) medicinal 144 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Dec. – Apr. Ornamental & avenue tree, South America Deciduous Kopak Chaudhary et al. 250229 (LWG) fibre, medicinal 145 Eriolaena candollei Wall. Mar. – Oct. Local timber wood India Deciduous Aranj Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) 146 Eriolaena wallichii DC. May – Aug. ---- India Deciduous Bhiguna Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) 147 Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br. Feb. – Jun. Ornamental tree, medicinal, South-West India Deciduous Samari Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini fodder (2005) 148 (L.) W. Wight Feb. – Oct. Ornamental, seeds edible, South-East Asia Deciduous Kulu Mishra 7995 (BSA) gum & resin, medicinal 149 abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss. Most part of Medicinal India Semi-deciduous Dhaman Khanna 39907 (BSA) the year 150 Grewia asiatica L. Apr. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal India Deciduous Phalsa Kumar and Bajpai 250662 (LWG) 151 Grewia eriocarpa A. L. Juss. Feb. – Sep. Fodder Indian subcon- Deciduous Dhaman Kanjilal (1933); Singh (1997); Saini tinent (2005) 152 Grewia multiflora Juss. Aug. – Jan. Fruits edible Tropical Asia Deciduous Bhansuli Kumar and Bajpai 252149 (LWG) 153 Grewia optiva Dumm. ex Burret. Apr. – Sep. Timber & fire wood, fruits Tropical Asia Deciduous Bhimal Maliya and Datt (2011) edible, fodder 154 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. Apr. – Sep. Fruits edible, medicinal Tropical Asia Deciduous Kakai Bajpai and Chaudhary 264454 (LWG) 155 Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. Feb. – Sep. Religious, tannin, medicinal Tropical America Deciduous Rudrakshi Saini (2005) 156 L. Jun. – Dec. Medicinal Tropical Asia Deciduous Maror Phali Maliya 214860 (LWG) 157 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Most part of Ornamental tree, medicinal East Asia Evergreen Gurhal Bajpai et al. 263723 (LWG) the year 158 Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf. Jan. – Apr. Gum production, timber, India Deciduous Kulu Panigrahi et al. (1969); Maliya and Datt medicinal (2010) 159 Kydia calycina Roxb. Jul. – May Medicinal, Fibre India Deciduous Bharanga Bajpai et al. 264433 (LWG) 160 Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Feb. – Jul. Ornamental, timber wood, Indian Subcon- Evergreen Kanak Bajpai et al. 263703 (LWG) Willd. medicinal tinent Campa 161 Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. Mar. – Dec. Seeds edible India Deciduous Tula Saini (2005) 162 Sterculia foetida L. Feb. – Aug. Ornamental, seeds edible, South-East Asia Deciduous Jangali Saini (2005) fibre, gum, medicinal Badam 163 Sterculia villosa Roxb. Feb. – Oct. Ornamental, seeds edible, India Deciduous Udar Chaudhary et al. 252898; Kumar and medicinal Bajpai 252181 & 252224 (LWG) 164 Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. Aug. – Jan. Ornamental, medicinal India Evergreen Paras Pipal Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini ex Correa (2005) 165 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Aug. – Dec. Ornamental, timber wood, India Evergreen Sohaga Duthie (1903); Saini (2005) R. Parker medicinal 166 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Mar. – Jul. Medicinal, avenue, timber India Semi-deciduous Neem Bajpai et al. 263926 (LWG) wood 167 trijuga Roxb. ex Sims Feb. – Oct. Ornamental, medicinal India Semi-deciduous Gundira Kumar and Bajpai 252248 & 252250 (LWG) 168 Melia azedarach L. Mar. – Jun. Timber wood, fodder, India Semi-deciduous Bakain Bajpai et al. 263707 (LWG) medicinal 169 Toona ciliata M. Roem. Mar. – Jul. Timber wood, tannin, India Semi-deciduous Maha nim Bajpai et al. 263701 (LWG) medicinal 170 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Feb. – Sep. Vegetable fruits, timber South-East Asia Evergreen Kathal Chaudhary et al. 252244; Kumar et al. wood, medicinal 263619 (LWG) 171 Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Mar. – Aug. Fruits edible, timber wood, India Semi-evergreen Barhar Chaudhary et al. 263916 (LWG) fodder, medicinal 172 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. Mar. – Sep. Fruits edible, fodder, fibre Deciduous Jangali Toot Chaudhary et al. 252872 & 252874 ex Vent. & paper (LWG) 173 Ficus auriculata Lour. Apr. – Nov. Fodder, figs edible South-East Asia Evergreen Timal Chaudhary et al. 263959 (LWG) 174 Ficus benghalensis L. Apr. – Jun. Religious, avenue, fodder, India Evergreen Bargad Bajpai and Chaudhary 264444 (LWG) medicinal 175 Ficus benjamina L. Oct. – Jan. Ornamental, avenue & South-East Asia Evergreen Pukar Kanjilal (1933) hedge tree 176 Ficus carica L. Jan. – Oct. Figs edible South Asia Deciduous Anjir Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) 177 Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Mar. – Apr. Ornamental, rubber India Evergreen Rubar Chaudhary et al. 250246 (LWG) (Not seen) production 178 Ficus hispida L. f. Apr. – Nov. Figs edible, fodder India Evergreen Kathgular Chaudhary et al. 250250 (LWG) 179 L. f. Aug. – Feb. Ornamental & avenue tree India Evergreen Kamrup Panigrahi et al. (1969) continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference 180 Ficus palmata Forssk. ssp. Jun. – Oct. Figs edible, fodder, me- South Asia Deciduous Khemri Bajpai and Chaudhary 264441 (LWG) virgata (Roxb.) Browicz dicinal 181 Ficus racemosa L. Mar. – Nov. Figs edible, fodder, me- South-East Asia Semi-deciduous Goolar Chaudhary et al. 250232 (LWG) dicinal 182 Ficus religiosa L. Apr. – Sep. Religious, avenue, fodder, India Deciduous Pipal Chaudhary et al. 252107 & 252807; medicinal Kumar et al. 263627 (LWG) 183 Ficus retusa L. var. nitida Most part of Ornamental, avenue, India Evergreen Inger Chaudhary et al. 250257; Kumar and Ba- (Thunb.) Miq. the year medicinal jpai 252104; Kumar et al. 263609 (LWG) 184 Ficus rumphii Blume Apr. – Dec. Avenue, fodder, medicinal South-East Asia Deciduous Gajhar Bajpai and Chaudhary 263923 (LWG) 185 Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. May – Oct. Figs edible, fodder, me- India Deciduous Khurhur Bajpai et al. 263714 & 263715 (LWG) ex J. E. Sm. dicinal 186 Ficus squamosa Roxb. Most part of Fodder India Evergreen ---- Kumar and Bajpai 250700 (LWG) the year 187 Ficus virens Ait. Jul. – Oct. Avenue India Semi-deciduous Pakar Bajpai and Chaudhary 264450 (LWG) 188 cochinchinensis (Lour.) Apr. – Jul. Fruits edible South-East Asia Semi-deciduous Damru Kanjilal (1933) Corner 189 Morus alba L. Feb. – Jun. Fruits edible, medicinal China Semi-deciduous Shahtut Bajpai et al. 263728 (LWG) 190 asper Lour. Feb. – Jul. Firewood, medicinal India Evergreen Sihor Bajpai et al. 263731 (LWG) Moringaceae 191 Moringa concanensis Nimmo ex Nov. – Feb. Medicinal, firewood India Deciduous Jangali Saini (2005) Dalz. & Gibb. Sehjana 192 Moringa oleifera Lamk. Feb. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal, India Deciduous Sahjan Chaudhary et al. 252193; Kumar et al. firewood 263603 (LWG) 193 Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Mar. – Jun. Ornamental & avenue tree Australia Evergreen Bottle Brush Chaudhary et al. 252292 & 252876 Skeels (LWG) 195 camaldulensis Dehnh Mar. – Sep. Timber wood, avenue tree Australia Deciduous Red Gum Saini (2005) 196 Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Feb. – Oct. Quality Timber Australia Deciduous Blue Gum Maliya 214821 (LWG) 197 Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. Feb. – May Ornamental & avenue tree Australia Semi-evergreen Shitanshu Srivastava (1976) 198 Psidium guajava L. Apr. – Dec. Fruits edible, fodder, fire & Mexico Deciduous Amrood Bajpai et al. 263734 (LWG) timber, medicinal 199 cumini (L.) Skeels Mar. – Aug. Avenue tree, fruits edible, India Evergreen Jamun Chaudhary et al. 250240 (LWG) fodder, fire & timber wood, medicinal 200 Syzygium nervosum A. Cunn. Apr. – Aug. Fruits edible, timber wood Australia Evergreen Madar Bajpai and Kumar 252275 (LWG) ex DC. Jamua 201 Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) Mar. – Aug. Fruits edible, timber wood India Evergreen Kathjamun Chaudhary et al. 263946 (LWG) J.Graham Olacaceae 202 Olax zeylanica L. May – Jun. Fire wood Semi-evergreen Mella Saini (2005) 203 ramiflorus Roxb. Mar. – Aug. Fire wood India Evergreen Olive Kanjilal (1933) 204 Jasminum brevipetiolatum Apr. – Jun. Ornamental India Evergreen ---- Duthie (1903); Singh (1997) Duthie 205 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Sep. – Mar. Ornamental, medicinal India Evergreen Harsingar Bajpai et al. 264424 (LWG) Oxalidaceae 206 Averrhoa carambola L. Jun. – Oct. Fruits edible, medicinal South-East Asia Semi-evergreen Kamrakh Bajpai and Kumar 252281 (LWG) 207 acidum Retz. May – Dec. Timber wood, fodder, India Deciduous Khotura Singh (1997) medicinal 208 Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng Mar. – Aug. Fruits edible, medicinal South-East Asia Deciduous Mala Kanjilal (1933) 209 Gaertn. Jun. – Dec. Fruits edible, medicinal South-East Asia Deciduous Janjharli Maliya 225983 (LWG) 210 octandra (Buch.-Ham. Most part of ---- South-East Asia Semi-evergreen ---- Kanjilal (1933) ex D.Don) Vickery the year 211 vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E. Apr. – Nov. Medicinal India Evergreen Oudh Panigrahi and Mishra 6533 (BSA) Fischer 212 Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. May – Dec. Medicinal India Evergreen Khaja Bajpai et al. 264428 (LWG) 213 acidus (L.) Skeels Feb. – Jun. Fruits edible, tannin, Brazil Deciduous Harphareuri Srivastava (1976) medicinal 214 Phyllanthus emblica L. Feb. – Dec. Fruits edible, medicinal India Deciduous Anwala Bajpai et al. 263706 (LWG) Pittosporaceae 215 Pittosporum napaulense (DC.) Jun. – Dec. Medicinal India Evergreen Baghmuta Maliya and Datt (2010) Rehder & Wilson Primulaceae 216 solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Mar. – Jan. Medicinal India Evergreen Mujrawa Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini (2005) Proteaceae 217 Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex Mar. – Sep. Ornamental & avenue tree, Australia Evergreen Silver Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997) R. Br. timber wood continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference Putranjivaceae 218 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Most part of Ornamental & avenue tree, India Evergreen Patju Bajpai et al. 263720 (LWG) the year fodder, medicinal Rhamnaceae 219 mauritiana Lamk. Sep. – Mar. Fruits edible, fodder, fire India Evergreen Ber Bajpai and Chaudhary 264467 (LWG) wood, tannin, medicinal 220 Ziziphus rugosa Lamk. Feb. – Jul. Fruits edible India Evergreen Dhaura Chaudhary et al. 263964 (LWG) 221 Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Apr. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal India Evergreen Kathber Bajpai and Chaudhary 264459 (LWG) Rhizophoraceae 222 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Dec. – May Medicinal India Evergreen Kierpa Duthie (1903) Rosaceae 223 Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Nov. – Jun. Fruits edible, fodder, fire China Evergreen Laukat Duthie (1903); Srivastava (1976); Saini Lindl. wood, medicinal (2005) 224 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Feb. – Jun. Fruits edible China Deciduous Aru Bajpai et al. 263722 (LWG) 225 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Mar. – Dec. Firewood, medicinal India Evergreen Mainphal Bajpai and Chaudhary 264451 (LWG) Tirveng. 226 Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Mar. – Nov. Medicinal, fodder India Deciduous Gudgudi Kumar and Bajpai 250667 & 252153; Tirveng. Chaudhary 250766 (LWG) 227 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Jun. – Mar. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Haldu Chaudhary et al. 263912 (LWG) Ridsdale 228 Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) May – Jan. Timber & fire wood, India Deciduous Bhurkul Bajpai 264407 (LWG) Mabberley medicinal 229 Hyptianthera stricta (Roxb.) Feb. – Jun. Fodder India Evergreen ---- Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini Wight & Arn. (2005) 230 parvifolia (Roxb.) Mar. – Dec. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Kaim Bajpai and Chaudhary 264446 (LWG) Korth. 231 Morinda citrifolia L. Jul. – Nov. Ornamental, fruit edible, South-East Asia Evergreen Bartundi Chaudhary et al. 252626 (LWG) medicinal 232 (Roxb.) May – Dec. Ornamental & avenue India Deciduous Kadanb Bajpai et al. 263725 (LWG) Bosser tree, timber wood, fodder, medicinal 233 Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Apr. – Dec. Ornamental, medicinal India Semi-deciduous Pedar Singh et al. 5989 (LWG) Tirveng. & Sastre 234 Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Mar. – Aug. Ornamental tree India Deciduous Barsal Maliya 218581 (LWG) Santapau & Merch. 235 Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. Mar. – Aug. as dye India Deciduous Tilka Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) Rutaceae 236 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Mar. – Jul. Fruits edible, medicinal, India Semi-evergreen Bel Bajpai 264403 (LWG) religious, gum & resin 237 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Apr. – Jan. Fruits edible, medicinal Tropical Asia Evergreen Kaghzi Maliya 225912 (LWG) Swingle nimbu 238 Citrus medica L. Apr. – Jan. Fruits edible, medicinal India Evergreen Bara Nibu Chaudhary et al. 252856 & 252857 (LWG) 239 Limonia acidissima L. Feb. – Dec. Fruits edible, medicinal, India Deciduous Kaitha Singh (1997) gum 240 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Feb. – Oct. Medicinal, as spices India Semi-evergreen Kathnim Bajpai et al. 263712 (LWG) Sabiaceae 241 Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Jan. – May Timber wood India Evergreen ---- Duthie (1903) Walp. 242 graveolens Dalz. Feb. – Aug. Medicinal India Deciduous Chilla Bajpai and Chaudhary 264443 (LWG) 243 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Feb. – Jun. Firewood, fruit edible, dye & India Deciduous Katia Panigrahi 2879 (BSA) tannin, medicinal 244 Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Mar. – Oct. Timber wood, medicinal India Deciduous Talispatri Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini Raeusch. (2005) 245 Guidonia tomentosa (Roxb.) Kurz Feb. – Aug. Firewood, fodder, medicinal India Deciduous Chilla Maliya 214853 (LWG) 246 Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Mar. – Jul. Avenue tree, timber wood North America Deciduous Popular Bajpai and Chaudhary 264496 (LWG) Marsh. 247 Salix denticulata Anders. Mar. – Jul. Timber & fire wood, fibre India Semi-evergreen Bashal Maliya 226648 & 226646 (LWG) 248 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Jan. – Jul. Timber & firewood wood, India Deciduous Bod Panigrahi and Mishra 6541 (BSA) medicinal 249 Xylosma longifolia Clos. Oct. – Apr. Hedge tree, medicinal India Evergreen Kantawa Singh (1997); Saini (2005) Santalaceae 250 Santalum album L. Mar. – Sep. Sandalwood, medicinal India Evergreen Chandan Chaudhary et al. 250247 (LWG) 251 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Mar. – Sep. Fruits edible North-East India Evergreen Lichi Kanjilal (1933) & China continued

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Table 1. Continued.

Sp. Vegetation Vernacular No. Botanical Name Phenology Economic Importance Native Origin Type Name Collection No./Reference 252 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Jan. – May Hedge tree Tropical Asia Evergreen Vilayati Srivastava (1976); Singh (1997); Saini Mehndi (2005) 253 Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Apr. – Jul. Fruits edible, timber & fire India Evergreen Anga-banga Kumar and Bajpai 252296 & 252257 Leenh. wood, medicinal (LWG) 254 trifoliatus L. Nov. – May Seeds as soap, timber India Deciduous Ritha Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini wood, medicinal (2005) 255 Sapindus saponaria L. May – Feb. Timber wood, seeds as Mexico Deciduous Rithi Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) soap, medicinal 256 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Mar. – Nov. Avenue tree, timber & fire India Deciduous Kusum Kumar and Bajpai 250609 & 252207; wood, seed oil in biofuel, Kumar et al. 263634 (LWG) medicinal 257 butyracea (Roxb.) Nov. – Aug. Timber & fire wood, fodder, India Evergreen Cheuli Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) Lam. seed oil as vegetable oil 258 longifolia (L.) Macbr. Feb. – Jul. Timber wood, edible, India Deciduous Mahua Maliya 224978 (LWG) var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chev. seed for vegetable oil, medicinal 259 hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Sep. – Feb. Fruits edible, timber wood, India Evergreen Khirni Panigrahi 2880 (BSA) medicinal 260 (L.) P. Royen Dec. – Oct. Ornamental, fruits edible, Tropical America Evergreen Chiku Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) resin, medicinal 261 elengi L. Jan. – Aug. Timber wood, fruits edible, India Evergreen Maulsari Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini medicinal (2005) Simaroubaceae 262 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Feb. – Jun. Low grade timber, medici- India Deciduous Mahanim Bajpai et al. 264431 (LWG) nal, gum & resin Solanaceae 263 Solanum donianum Walp. Most part of Medicinal Tropical America Evergreen ---- Kumar and Bajpai 252179 (LWG) the year 264 Solanum erianthum D. Don Most part of Medicinal Tropical America Evergreen Ban Bhanta Panigrahi et al. (1969); Saini (2005); the year Maliya and Datt (2010) Symplocaceae 265 Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Dec. – Jun. Medicinal India Evergreen Lodh Duthie (1903); Kanjilal (1933) Tamaricaceae 266 Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth Jul. – Nov. Medicinal India Evergreen Lal Jhau Panigrahi et al. (1969); Singh (1997); Saini (2005) 267 Tamarix gallica L. var. indica Jul. – May Ornamental tree, medicinal India Evergreen Jhau Panigrahi et al. (1969) (Willd.) Ehrenb. 268 (Roxb.) Feb. – Jul. Timber & fire wood, fodder, India Deciduous Chilbil Bajpai et al. 263727 (LWG) Planch. medicinal, seeds edible 269 Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. Feb. – Jul. Charcoal, fibre from bark, Tropical Asia Deciduous Andia Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini medicinal (2005) Urticaceae 270 longifolia (Burm. Jul. – Feb. Charcoal, fibre from bark, India Evergreen Tushiari Kanjilal (1933); Singh (1997) f.) Wedd. medicinal Verbenaceae 271 Duranta erecta L. Jul. – Jan. Ornamental Tropical America Evergreen Neel Kanta Singh (1997); Saini (2005) 272 flabellifer L. Mar. – Aug. Ornamental, fruits (endo- India Evergreen Tad Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini sperm) edible (2005) 273 urens L. Mar. – Jun. Ornamental, for fibre India Evergreen Ramgoh Mishra 7995 (BSA) 274 Cocos nucifera L. Feb. – Oct. Fruits (endosperm) edible, India Evergreen Nariyal Srivastava (1976) fibres from fruit pericarp 275 Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. Feb. – Oct. Ornamental, leaves for fibre China Evergreen China Palm Srivastava (1976) & handicraft 276 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Mar. – Dec. Ornamental, fruits edible, India Evergreen Khajur Kanjilal (1933); Srivastava (1976); Saini leaves for handicraft (2005) 277 Roystonea regia (Kunth) Cook Feb. – Dec. Ornamental Evergreen Vakka Srivastava (1976) Pandanaceae 278 odorifer (Forssk.) Mar. – Aug. Perfume & aromatic oil India Evergreen Kewra Srivastava (1976); Saini (2005) Kuntze

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Table 2. Conservation status of the tree species as per IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern and DD = Data Deficient).

Sp. No. Botanical Name Families IUCN status 1 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae LC 2 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Bignoniaceae VU 3 Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Burseraceae DD 4 Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Dipterocarpaceae LC 5 Bauhinia acuminata L. Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) LC 6 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) VU 7 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) VU 8 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae (Faboideae) VU 9 Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae (Faboideae) LC 10 Millettia peguensis Ali Fabaceae (Faboideae) DD 11 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae (Faboideae) LC 12 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae (Faboideae) VU 13 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) LC 14 Punica granatum L. Lythraceae LC 15 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Lythraceae LC 16 Eriolaena wallichii DC. Malvaceae VU 17 Ficus carica L. Moraceae LC 18 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Moraceae LC 19 Roxb. Oleaceae DD 20 Jasminum brevipetiolatum Duthie Oleaceae EN 21 Santalum album L. Santalaceae VU 22 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Sapindaceae NT 23 Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae EN 24 Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze Pandanaceae LC

Figure 4. Number of species of different native areas. Figure 5. Number of species used for different purposes. are used for timber, ornamental (86), edible (63), avenue (IUCN 2013), among them two are Endangered, seven (41), firewood (39), tannin (17), fibre (15), gum and resin are Vulnerable, one is Near Threatened, 11 are Least (11) and seven species for dye production (Figure 5). In Concern, and three are Data Deficient (Table 2). addition, six tree species namely Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand., Bauhinia racemosa Lamk., Guazuma ulmifolia DISCUSSION Lamk., Ficus benghalensis L., Ficus religiosa L. and Aegle The extensive survey of the study area reveals that the marmelos (L.) Correa have also been found of religious Shorea robusta Gaertn. f., Mallotus spp., Terminalia spp., faith. The phenological assessment discloses that the Tectona grandis L. f., Syzygium spp., Haldina cordifolia maximum species in the spring (ca. 80 species) (Roxb.) Ridsdale, (Roxb.) Korth., followed by 74 in summer, 73 in winter and 30 in rainy Ficus spp., etc. are dominant species in the forest area. season (Figure 6). On an average about 21.8±8.2 tree In addition, Ehretia laevis Roxb., Lagerstroemia parviflora species have been observed in fruiting throughout Roxb., Diospyros spp., Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr., the year which fitswell for wildlife as well as forest Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss., Hymenodictyon orixense ecosystem. About 9% trees belong to various threat (Roxb.) Mabberley, (L.) Macbr. var. categories under IUCN Red List of Threatened Species latifolia (Roxb.) Chev., Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Cassia

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for their hospitality and assistance provided during the field work.

LITERATURE CITED Anonymous, 2008. State of forest report 2005. Dehradun: Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests. 171 pp. Bajpai, O., A. Kumar, A.K. Mishra, N. Sahu, S.K. Behera and L.B. Chaudhary. 2012a. Phenological study of two dominant tree species in tropical moist deciduous forest from the Northern India. International Journal of Botany 8(2): 66–72. doi: 10.3923/ ijb.2012.66.72 Bajpai, O., A. Kumar, A.K. Mishra, N. Sahu, J. Pandey, S.K. Behera and L.B. Chaudhary. 2012b. Recongregation of tree species of Figure 6. Number of flowering species in different seasons. Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 2(12): 24–40. http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/file/JBES- fistulaL. , Bauhinia spp., Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair, V2No12-p24-40.pdf Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Almeida, Bombax ceiba Bajpai, O., A.K. Srivastava, A.K. Kushwaha and L.B. Chaudhary. L., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Mabberley, Barringtonia 2014. of a monotypic genus Indopiptadenia acutangula (L.) Gaertn., etc. are the relatively abundant (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Phytotaxa 164(2): 61–78. 10.11646/ phytotaxa.164.2.1 species (Figure 7). The grasslands located in the core Bajpai, O., A.K. Kushwaha, A.K. Srivastava, J. Pandey and L.B. zone of major forests, are represented by only a few tree Chaudhary. 2015. Phytosociological status of a monotypic genus species such as Bombax ceiba L., Grewia tiliifolia Vahl, Indopiptadenia: a Near Threatened tree from the Terai-Bhabar Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm., Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) region of central Himalaya. Research Journal of Forestry. doi: Tirveng., Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley etc. 10.3923/rjf.2015.35.47 Behera, S.K., A.K. Mishra, N. Sahu, A. Kumar, N. Singh, A. Kumar, The forest vegetation of the study area can be divisible O. Bajpai, L.B. Chaudhary, P.B. Khare and R. Tuli. 2012. The into upper, middle, lower strata and ground vegetation. study of microclimate in response to different plant community The upper stratum constitutes the canopy of large and association in tropical moist deciduous forest from northern huge trees like Shorea robusta Gaertn. f., Tectona grandis India. Biodiversity and Conservation 21(5): 1159–1176. doi: L. f., Terminalia elliptica Willd., Madhuca longifolia (L.) 10.1007/s10531-012-0230-5 Brandis, D. 1906. Indian Trees. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chev., Ficus benghalensis Ltd. 767 pp. L., Ficus racemosa L., Bombax ceiba L., Sterculia villosa Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth. 1968. A revised survey of the forest Roxb. ex Sm., Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. etc. types of India. New Delhi: Publication Division, Government of The midddle stratum is represented by Hymenodictyon India. 404 pp. Chaudhary, L.B., A. Kumar, A.K. Mishra, N. Sahu, J. Pandey, S.K. orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Behera, and O. Bajpai. 2014. Tree resources of Katerniaghat Ehretia laevis Roxb., Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb., wildlife sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India with especial emphasis Diospyros exculpta Buch.-Ham., Mallotus philippensis on conservation status, phenology and economic values. (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., M. nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen, International Journal of Environment 3(1): 122–133. http://www. Ficus hispida L. f., Lour. etc. The lower and nepjol.info/index.php/IJE/article/view/9949 Chauhan, D.S., B. Singh, S. Chauhan, C.S. Dhanai and N.P. Todaria. ground strata consist of shrubby and herbaceous plants. 2010. Regeneration and plant diversity of natural and planted The present work reveals that the study area endures a Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. F.) forests in the Terai-Bhabhar of good number of tree species. However, more than 8% Sohagibarwa Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Journal of American trees fall under different categories of IUCN red list Science 6(3): 32–45. encountering several natural as well as anthropogenic De R. 2001. Management plan of Dudwa Tiger Reserve (2000–2001 to 2009–2010). Uttar Pradesh: Wildlife Preservation Organization, threats (Bajpai et al. 2015). Thus a proper management Forest Department, Uttar Pradesh, India. 407 pp. plan is highly required for their conservation and Duthie, J.F. 1903. Flora of Upper Gangetic Plains and of the adjacent sustainable utilisation. Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. 500 + v pp. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.10981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IUCN. 2013. IUCN Red List of threatened species. Version 10.1. Accessed at http://www.iucnredlist.org/, 29 January 2014. The Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research Jain, S.K. and R.R. Rao. 1977. A handbook of field and herbarium Institute, Lucknow, India is highly acknowledged for methods. New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers. providing facilities. The authors are also thankful to 107 pp. DST, Govt. of India, New Delhi for the financial support. Jha, S.N. 2007. Uttar Pradesh: The land and the people. New Delhi: The thanks are also due to the in-charge of herbaria National Trust. 216 pp. http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/ arvindgupta/nbt-uttar-pradesh.pdf mentioned in the work for granting permission for Rodgers, W.A., H.S. Panwar and V.B. Mathur 2002. Wildlife protected herbarium consultation. The PCCF (Wildlife), Uttar networks in India: a review: executive summary. Dehra Dun, Pradesh and forest field staffs are also acknowledged India: Wildlife Institute of India. 44 pp.

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Kanjilal, P.C. 1933. Forest flora of Pilibhit, Oudh, Gorakhpur and Journal of Environment 2(1): 153–163. doi: 10.3126/ije.v2i1.9218 Bundelkhand. Allahabad, India: Narendra Publishing House. 427 pp. Mishra, K.N. and M. Pal. 2010. Tree wealth of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Kishor, K., A.M. Tripathi, S. Roy, and L. B. Chaudhary. 2011. India. Plant Archives 10(2): 833–836. http://www.cabi.org/ISC/ Assessment and preservation of tree diversity of Uttar Pradesh, FullTextPDF/2012/20123401919.pdf India; pp. 68–75, in: P. Singh et al. (eds.). Forest biodiversity: Panigrahi, G., A.N. Singh and O.P. Misra. 1969. Contribution to Earth’s living treasure. Lucknow: U. P. State Biodiversity Board. the botany of the Tarai forests of the Bahraich district of Uttar http://www.upsbdb.org/pdf/Souvenir2011/9.pdf Pradesh. Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India 11(1/2): 89–114. Kumar, A., O. Bajpai, A.K. Mishra, N. Sahu, S.K. Behera and L.B. Rodgers W.A. and H.S. Panwar. 1988. Planning a Protected Area Chaudhary. 2011. Assessment of diversity in the genus Ficus L. Network in India. Dehradun: Vol I and II. The Report Wildlife (Moraceae) of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, Institute of India. 606 pp. India. American Journal of Plant Sciences 2: 78–92. doi: 10.4236/ Saini, D.C. 2005. Flora of Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh—I, II, III, ajps.2011.21011 IV, V, VI. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 29(3/4): Kumar, H., P.K. Mathur, J.F. Lehmkuhl, D.V.S. Khati, R. De and W. 528–920. Longwah. 2002. Management of forests in India for biological Shukla, R.P. 2009. Patterns of plant species diversity across Terai diversity and forests productivity: a new perspective — Volume landscape in north-eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Tropical VI: Terai Conservation Area (TCA). Dehradun: WII-USDA Forest Ecology 50(1): 111–123. http://tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_50_1 Service Collaborative Project Report, Wildlife Institute of India. /12Shukla.pdf 158 pp. Singh, K.K. 1997. Flora of . Deheradun: Bishen Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. New Delhi: Singh Mahendra pal Singh. 516 pp. Oxford IBH Publishing Co.. 823 pp. Srivastava, T.N. 1976. Flora gorakhpurensis. New Delhi: Today & Maliya, S.D. 2011. New or less known uses of some ethnomedicinal Tomorrow’s Printer & Publisher. 411+XL pp. plants of Wildlife Sanctuary Katarniyaghat of Bahraich Uttar Tripathi A.M., A. Tyagi, A. Kumar, A. Singh, S. Singh, L.B. Chaudhary Pradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 35(1): and S. Roy. 2013. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 35–38. and trhhH-psbA are suitable candidate loci for DNA barcoding Maliya, S.D. 2012. Additions to the flora of Katarniyaghat Wildlife of tropical tree species of India. PLOS ONE 8(2): e57934. doi: Sanctuary, Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Economic 10.1371/journal.pone.0057934 and Taxonomic Botany 36(2): 419–426. Maliya, S.D. and B. Datt. 2010. A contribution to the flora of Authors’ contribution statement: OB, AK, AKS, AKK and LBC Katarniyaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Bahraich District, Uttar collected the field data, OB, LBC and JP wrote the text, and OB and Pradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 34(1): LBC made the analysis. 42–68. Mishra, A.K., O. Bajpai, N. Sahu, A. Kumar, S.K. Behera, R.M. Mishra Received: 11 July 2014 and L.B. Chaudhary. 2013. Study of plant regeneration potential Accepted: 15 June 2015 in tropical moist deciduous forest in northern India. International Academic editor: Nik Fadzly

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Figure 7. Some major tree species of Terai region: A, Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.; B, Tectona grandis L. f.; C, Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg.; D, Termi- nalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.; E, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels; F, Ficus benghalensis L.; G, Ehretia laevis Roxb.; H, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L. ex Murray) Pers.; I, Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.; J, Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.; K, Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley; L, Bauhinia variegata L.; M, Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.; N, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.; O, Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.

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