This a 10.1111/avsc.12377doi: differences to lead between the of thisversion citethisarticle and asVersion Record.Please copyediting, paginationbeen throughthe andproofreadingtypesetting, process,may which This article acceptedhas been for publication and R.N. from contributions with themanuscript Y.L. wrote theanalyzed data; Authors’ contribution Jalan 2 France 5 Montpellier Cedex 34398 D Baillarguet 1 Nasi, Laumonier, Nasi &Robert Yves Laumonier management The last Corresponding Author Co articleResearch : type Article :0000 (OrcidID LAUMONIER DR. YVES CIFOR C BSEF, TA 105, UPR andDevelopment, Research inAgronomy for Center CIRAD International

Accepted Article- ordinating Editor : Monika Wulf Editor :Monika ordinating

CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor 16115, Indonesia 16115, Gede, Bogor Situ CIFOR, R. ( R. rticle isprotected by copyright. All rightsreserved.

Center International for Forestry Research, forForestry International Center [email protected] natural Y.

(Corresponding author, (Corresponding and conservation and

seasonal

:

Y.L. designed the research protocol; Y.L. collected the data; Y.L. and R.N. R.N. Y.L.and collected the data; protocol; Y.L. the research designed Y.L. ) 2 mail id:

forests of Indonesia: implications for implications ofIndonesia: forests -

[email protected] [email protected])

- 0001

- 6271

undergone full peer undergone fullpeer review but hasnot - 3549)

1

, 2

forest forest - 36 / 36 This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. for research the however, succeed development forestry or and remarkable A last The C andSD species tree all season DDF the Clusiaceae fro l the abundant individuals around sited Dilleniaceae) and (MDF). forest’ deciduous moist and (DDF) forest The Results typ forest index diversity alpha Fisher's plots survey ha 0.2 small of pre V Methods the flatYamdena Tanimbar Location be clarified The Aim Abstract onclusion egetation egetation rchipelago. te riain Cmrtca, Fabaceae (Combretaceae, ordination the m

Accepted Article-

stratification ower storey ower

status, type an type status, oet oee c. covered forest

11.

es in the understorey. the in ). The ). archipelago ( / natural

5 Ebenaceae to . ha was 8. s

to feed the design of to feedthe identify adequate natural resource management and conservationstrategies and management natural resource identifyadequate , the ,

The existence of three contrasted three of existence The

interpreted from LANDSAT LANDSAT from interpreted density of trees of density was . Within each strata, forest sites were equally equally were sites forest strata, each Within . (7°36′ S, 131°25′ E) S, 131°25′ (7°36′ should be quickly be should

d ecology of the of ecology d basal area basal seasonal

evergreen.

, Fabaceae, Fabaceae, , represents a group of islands represents agroup shed 70% of the the of 70%

ecology , avoiding avoiding ,

their leaves. The density of trees of density The leaves. their

(60 (BA) The forest

a ue tgte with together used was Rattans

averaged 491 averaged

plots Apocynaceae 5 m 35

of these seasonal forest seasonal these of MDF exhibited MDF was

vegetation of the southeastern seasonal regions of Indonesia need to to need Indonesia of regions seasonal southeastern the of vegetation

s island suitable

. , 7130 , translatedinto

approaches f noei ae oaas ny on i the in found only nowadays are Indonesia of 3 .

were less common less were 2 The

m , comprising seasonal evergreen forest (SEF), dry deciduous deciduous dry (SEF), forest evergreen seasonal comprising , 2

/ha trees

individuals/ha

conservation management and satellite data, overlaid with g with overlaid data, satellite density , and , and species diversity (SD, Fischer Fischer (SD, diversity species and , avca ad pcnca or Apocynaceae and Malvaceae ) and soil pits sampled for 44 of the vegetation plots. plots. vegetation the of 44 for sampled pits soil and )

a mixture of evergreen and deciduous big trees while while trees big deciduous and evergreen of mixture a south of theBanda of south

Menispermaceae applied in the humid region of the country the of region humid the in applied The

seasonal

decision making decision f re ab trees of SEF ordination techniques techniques ordination .

, D

s BA averaged

istinct istinct aoy ( canopy should quickly become priority priority become quickly should

systematically sampled systematically on types forest

26 v 1 c daee aeae 63 averaged diameter cm 10 ove ) was around 30 m 30 around was ) m family species associations species family

2 sea in the Moluccas sea inthe 552 /ha and SD 18 SD and /ha Burseraceae

for

individuals/ha eology and topography and eology

land zoning, zoning, land

to assert differences in in differences assert to strategies

small Meliaceae , α Meliaceae, Oleaceae Meliaceae, ) . 73 14.84

. During the dry dry the During . . using a network network a using flat island flat

. The canopy The .

, BA , . The l . . , . R .

agriculture Gnetaceae Tanimbar Tanimbar

2 attans

emerge 0 argest is argest

m areas . 2 was

/ha /ha To for are are

of of d 2 ,

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. (Forbes 1883 in forester visit Forbes’ Henry botanist the from dates vegetation the about e (Statterfield forests monsoon semi and deciduous moist as either S snakes). 2001 Dijk ethnographer S constraints environmental of fragility consideration environmental the shares Tanimbar islander diasporas. from remittances of existence the and community, and identity of sense strong a char networks, society Tanimbar support. international gained they which for 2005) remarka human major from it preserved have resource traditional Sasaoka use 2004; al. et still Purwanto 1994; people many and markets, as known village practices management local in traded traditionally are products timberforest Non fish. and copra trading and from harvesting comes communities most local s A market and health education, access to and developed poorly is infrastructure investment, government significant or development industrial attract to remote Too livelihoo islands Tanimbar The Introduction Indonesia southeastern Tanimbar; Yamdena; conservation; management; resource natural Keywords Acceptedf easonal ocial Article ubsistence economy based on swidden cultivation cultivation swidden on based economy ubsistence , ,

. In 1992, Tanimbar residents began a campaign to stop logging on the largest island, Yamdena, Yamdena, island, largest the on logging stop to campaign a began residents Tanimbar 1992, In . 1995), 1995), - o brs Kitchener birds; for

clgcl nweg is knowledge ecological in Indonesia in

l hsoy f oa atos o eit eore xliain rm outsiders from exploitation resource resist to actions local of history ble Buwalda (1939). (1939). Buwalda ds heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture and wild products from the sea and forest. forest. and sea the from products wild and agriculture subsistence on dependent heavily ds

saoa tois saoa eegen oet mit eiuu frs; r dcdos forest; deciduous dry forest; deciduous moist forest; evergreen seasonal tropics; seasonal : orests orests

ny a only , (Drabbe

a any rchipelago are known to still to known are

. The region is geographically, politically and economically isolated, with most most with isolated, economically and politically geographically, is region The . few biologists biologists few agricultural or infrastructural infrastructural or agricultural ,

1940)

linked to climate. to the more seasonal linked

south of the Banda sea Banda the of south

Maryanto &

and t al. t

“ also anthropologists ( anthropologists sasi

, Yamdena on areas large cover have have 1998), 1998), -

vrre frss Mn e al. et (Monk forests evergreen - ” & ey ege o ti pr o Indonesia. of part this for meagre very nue evrnetl aae, h cmuiis do communities the damages, environmental induced

r

egulating access on land, coastal reefs and estuaries (Zerner (Zerner estuaries and reefs coastal land, on access egulating Laumonier, 2012). 2012). Laumonier, , visited the islands (Bishop (Bishop islands the visited

1995 and

have not been studied in detail. The only information information only The detail. in studied been not have ,

o sal aml; How mammals; small for

Waterson, 1990; 1990; Waterson, (Fig. 1) exemplifies the problems faced by remote by faced problems the exemplifies 1) (Fig. many development development remains

small islands, and besides social welfare welfare social besides and islands, small s While the remoteness of the island may may island the of remoteness the While

is

the norm, the both difficult and expensive. andexpensive. difficult both

- il need will

McKinnon Tanimbar acteristics include tight kinship kinship tight include acteristics , &

97 o semi or 1997)

Brickle while

& , but they but , ,

to take into account account into take to 1991

,

the main income for for income main the Kitchener 1999 Besides Besides ; 1884, 1884,

de Jonge de - ; (Topatimasang (Topatimasang evergreen and and evergreen

esn t al. et Jepson are described described are missionary missionary , 85 and 1885)

1997 for for 1997

have a a have &

van van ,

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted and uncontrolled keeping season, dry the during Even with knots) Territoryaffecting Northern Australia April).(November to in 10 to 8 the of average north mostly (monthly lies archipelago Tanimbar the period but knots), 30 to up same (gusts weather stormy the occasional during occur winds strongest high is rainfall intermediate in peak seasons main two mm 2000 to 1500 from ranging rainfall annual records station The lowestthe (25.7 8.2 difference month 2,5°C exceed doesn’t month ( coolest and hottest the of low temperature very is temperature daily mean monthly Saumlaki station meteorological existing only The Climate Article innumerableare seasonal rainfed streams andstreamlets part western the 15 (average 45% to up but west the in m 250 of island The Study and Material climate management resource natural adequate the of characteristics and island, Yamdena of vegetation management With

the ultimate goal of improv of goal ultimate the area ?

asl

(

in mind that that mind in February) and the drier the and February) highest highest

. city

The island's physiography is flat to undulating with slopes ranging from 3 from ranging slopes with undulating to flat is physiography island's The

and conservation in the midst of of midst the in conservation and

trajectories of the infamous tropical cyclones developing in the Arafura sea and sea Arafura the in developing cyclones tropical infamous the of trajectories Me lot windless almost °C). . Yamdena Yamdena

The mean annual temperature is 21°C and the the and 21°C is temperature annual mean The , originating from originating , wild fires have ever been recorded been ever fireshave wild with thod °C), en al temperature daily mean :

July the westerly dominated westerly the it

s maximum 28.6 temperature the lower annual rainfall values occur values rainfall annual lower the

is and

(7°36′ S, 131°25′ E) 131°25′ S, (7°36′ only seasonal

August the

trying to answer the following questions: following the answer to trying representing the climate of Saumlaki of climate the representing

ing

eid in periods relative air humidity monthly values values monthly humidity air relative south

oet ye in types forest

the the knowledge on the local e local the on knowledge

and are the coolest month when month coolest the are large large east trade winds season winds trade east –

conservation strategies for small islands under more seasonal seasonal more under islands small for strategies conservation 25%) 25%) operates modern 83C mxmm eprtr 3.° ad daily and 32.5°C temperature maximum 28.3°C,

between central monsoon on covers

.

the

the east coast. east the

the the °C anddaily difference development, in in development, at the very southeast southeast very the at 781

Tanimbar

Fg 2) (Fig.

3300 km 3300 ( ifrne ewe the between difference rainy season rainy km throughout

nvironment for better informing forest informing better for nvironment 2

Ran Armoye watershed Armoye Ran ring .

archipelago 2

h itrnul aiblt of variability interannual The (

A few A June with the m the

interannual variability of variability interannual

southern tip of the island the of tip southern this paper we analyse the main main the analyse we paper this during El Niño events. Niño El during , )

. the the island. ean high remain December to December W . to a maximum a Nove ean daily temperature is temperature daily ean large large The hat are the extent, status status extent, the are hat corner November

5.30°C ht a help can that mber is the hottest hottest the is mber island rivers flow rivers

of the island the of monthly mean mean monthly

. (

rud 75%, around

elevation elevation experiences May with a with May ) with brief brief with ) , but there there ,but %

identify identify

across across to 8% to )

. No . The The the the

of in

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. and were sampled climbers other and rattans was time more the to preferred and projection crown was tree individual strata by coverage foliage of Estimation ones. estimated checking and were anomalies) trunk or buttresses plot each In position 1999 al., more considered is (valley bottom, position plots sample major topographical the to m transects perpendicular 100 along vegetation systematically to relevant variables environmental and geology U 0.63 use also We bands. of set this (0.53 green and we later the For computerized combining m 30 of resolution spatial the by acquired Hirzel a used We sampling Mapping, n (Alfisols) Luvisols the of terminology the sandstones and tuffs older overlapping have soils Most Soil orth Accepted(GIS), system information geographic a sing Article

- ir 0.69 µm and blue 0.45 blue µmand 0.69 w measured using a using measured h cnrbto o te ao life major the of contribution The relevant

est &

on on different ). This design also helps separate the effects of soil soil of effects the separate helps also design This ). . Guisan, 2002) Guisan, our margins of margins our

equally n

covered a covered overlaid were topography (100 x 20 m) 20 x (100

measurements ,

sampled using a using sampled hence

evolved from a substrate of substrate a from evolved – used LANDSAT LANDSAT

1800 0.59)

i suitable for extrapolation to landscape lev landscape to extrapolation for suitable n the east, the n

sites and measurements and

taiid apig d sampling stratified 4,5,3 4,5,3 counting individuals counting

wide

Haga altimeter. Haga vouchers . slope in

US okn Gop R ( WRB Group Working IUSS

. The vegetation vegetation The (ground truth data truth (ground .

. Epiphytes were estimated using an abundance scale abundance an using estimated were Epiphytes . error to be less than than less be to error

The sites represent a total of of atotal sitesrepresent The , diameter at diameter , color composites color follows used method The band combination of combination band

–

with range of land facets, which are defined defined are which facets, land of range

, ridge). Such a design maximizes the maximizes design a Such ridge). , 8 0.51 µm)0.51 d was Leptosols Leptosols

satellite network of small 0.2 small of network the 7,4,2 band combination band 7,4,2 the

collected, collected, the help the

measured for measured was done was

(

with the land cover land the with to interpret areas with swamp vegetation more vegetation swamp with areas to interpret Using the Using Simandjuntak et al. 1993) al. et Simandjuntak breas prtoa Ln Iae (L) instrument (OLI) Imager Land Operational

( and land use were use land and

om i te oet structure forest the in forms Rendolls, Rendzinas Rendolls, of tree climbers climbers tree of

sg t sml te eeain n is environment its and vegetation the sample to esign

later

was was . raised coralline limestone, calcareous sediments or marls or sediments calcareous limestone, coralline raised and

Variations in moisture content are are content moisture in Variations t height (DBH) height t

for each for 3

and and

identified at the Bogor Herbarium Bogor at the identified preferred m for the tall the for m supervised classification) supervised each tree each red (0.64 (0.64 red

. same team of surveyors of team same ihn each Within in

the the ha survey plots laid down approximately down laid plots survey ha

12 the absence of climatic maps, climatic of absence the 10 x 10 m 10 x 10 2015 procedure

. ha ( who were were who for –

Total Total

to identify homogeneous units homogeneous identify to

(shortwave infrared 2.11 2.11 infrared (shortwave interpreted 0.67 0.67 ),

Table 1

≥ standing palms, screwpines, bamb screwpines, palms, standing )

el and modeling purpose modeling and el trees and less than 1 than less and trees gradient. Positioned i Positioned gradient.

the Yamdena island soils belong to to belong soils island Yamdena the in the southwest, and Vertisols in the in Vertisols and southwest, the in 10 cm (measured (measured cm 10 variations

height

. µm

subplot. For some life forms, cover cover forms, life some For subplot.

strata

Besides mangroves, mangroves, Besides habitat range of data collected and and collected data of range habitat recommended by King ( King by recommended here collecting botanical collecting , ).

near infrared (0.85 (0.85 infrared near

a as recorded also was , and height and

at 1:100 at in ,

forest forest

and manual interpretation. manual and terms of their topographic topographic their of terms and frequently and according to topographic topographic to according - consuming mapping of of mapping consuming .

Al better identified better

000 scale from scale 000 site . l

at 1.3 m or above above or m 1.3 at

of the first branch first the of together m forest way, this n accurately

s

in in of maps digital – for the shorter shorter the for and following and

were

2.29 µm 2.29

( 2016 samples, we we samples, Laurance et Laurance

–

calibrating calibrating ( in term of term in

2002 , al 2 Table 0.88

60

equally equally .

ih a with

every every

plots plots , ) with with µm data data oos, oos, (see red red for ) ) .

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. cover. highest sapling wasthe least of theMDF canopy The lower totheseasonal deciduous dry identifiedabove The structure and Physiognomy C from Arui) axis second the and part negative the in soil of type Correspond soil topography, in to variations linked by modulated (right) northwest characteristics to (left) southeast from dryness Fig. therefore degraded The Ordination Results package ecology performed Braak differences using and individuals 2009) index Shannon To FAO and nutrients retention water analy auger collected were samples Soil a

Accepted Article content compare diversity of these lowland forests, we we forests, theseof lowland compare diversity

bio dendrometric and structural andstructural dendrometric DCA analysis analysis DCA

3 z – , defined implicitly by the formula S formula the by implicitly defined , , ordination plots the between

ed for for ed

rsns h frt w ae o te DCA the of axes two first the presents 1986 ISRIC logical attributes such as such attributes logical

:

ran nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) potassium (P), phosphorus (N), nitrogen

eodr regrowth secondary

(Fig. 4) (Fig. using using variation e other other

in ) of the f the of c Analysis nce

another round of DCA of round another physico ,

to look for patterns for look to

species association and association species

19 and depth. depth. and . infiltration; , since 

The basal area as well as theas well area The basal

was techniques (Oksanen et al. 2017). etal. (Oksanen Luvisols sites of the east coast east the of sites Luvisols 90 statistical R is .

seisb lt matrix) plots by (species orest

).

a constant derived derived constant a

- Noticeable differences are also are differences Noticeable

separating separating Fisher’s Fisher’s in soil soil in

chemical properties chemical .

All together together All

plots on axis second The

(Detrended Correspond (Detrended

evergreen forest types whereas the average canopy height remained similar. height remained canopy the average types whereas forest evergreen at

Chemical

(Appendix ol n lrsi data floristic and soil 

s confirme as softwar

soil horizons soil computation ie ad cluster and sites deeper

is relatively insensitive to rare species rare to insensitive relatively is o that rganic m rganic more analyses on the the on analyses 132

( Dvlpet oe em 2015 Team, Core Development (R e

could could : , more alkaline and iron rich iron and alkaline more , forest types and use and types forest from the sample data set data sample the from p

1) nitrogen rich nitrogen

s , CEC, H, (

dense oil samples oil

d in a complementary analysis analysis complementary a in d Texture: particle size distribution, bulk density, p density, bulk distribution, size particle Texture: =

atter upper canopy canopy upper

was summarized in Table inTable summarized

be interpreted on on interpreted be of  of all plots immediately segregate immediately plots all of ln

.

soil soil

(Sangliat, Alusi (Sangliat, but had the highest pole tree cover. DDF had thehad DDF poletreecover. hadthe highest but but interpret to difficult more somewhat (C)

s h frt axis first The (1+n/ used

discernable all remaining plots in an indistinct group. We We group. indistinct an in plots remaining all e

and ) non pit ht show that nce Analysis nce ,

,

following standard procedures ( procedures standard following

(topsoil and and (topsoil soils the s  calcium (Ca) calcium

-

) where S is number of taxa, n is number of of number is n taxa, of number is S where ) plant secondary secondary (0 crown cover increased significantly from the from significantly increased cover crown

Fisher's alpha diversity alpha Fisher's –

in the positive part of of part positive the in 100 cm) 100 Canonical Correspondence Analysis Correspondence Canonical -

in the lifeforms ed available concentrations of the major major the of concentrations available an

. W . ) represent

3 , Hill , that have that itnto bten high between distinction ecological basis ecological

m subsequent and and e ,

atched the ordination clusters ordination atchedthe Luvisol also in in magnesium ( magnesium

& non and sample size sample and 44 of the of 44 ed

performed performed Gauch

- higher CEC CEC higher

) mangrove a

variant and and density or cover density

gradient of increasing increasing of gradient deeper horizon deeper running a Canonical Canonical a running , d

198 the the indice . forest plot forest V Mg

the mangrove and and mangrove the All analysis were were analysis All egan community community egan s data

0 first ) and iron (Fe) iron and )

(Latdalam and and (Latdalam Landon, 1984; Landon, forest forest ) , see Colwell Colwell see , and available available and

to to (preferred to to (preferred

exploration axis

was assert any any assert / ratio C/N s data set data

. orosity, orosity, s

and ,

)

likely likely

while were were

(

ter ter by by

; .

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. eucalypt. andno no Proteaceae additional Pacific. abu elements with affinity Tanimbar the of flora The Floristics no light more allowing of the individuals/ha,but between 35 ( trees emergent sparser but large by overtopped canopy forest The forest (DDF) deciduous Dense dry forest climbers woody Big evergreen. abundant mostly is storey lower the while trees the to gener The increases. species deciduous proportion the table, water the in or seasonally whether available, are water of amounts limited Where forest(MDF) deciduous moist Dense lowand relatively oflianas density the by confirm characterized this season dry of the of entire character peak the of evergreen at observations majority Our a type. forest and this characterize ramiflory or cauliflory buttresses, Frequent sparse. is vegetation ground herbaceous although dense generally is Undergrowth between masseswith foliage concentrated present (2014) seasonal dense The Seasonal evergreen forests (SEF) the adjacent adjacent the – 480 Accepted Article pandans ndance of ndance high 4 0 . Undergrowth remains dense remains . Undergrowth

Te life The . m high. During the dry season all tree species lose their leaves. leaves. their lose species tree all season dry the During high. m individuals/ha. Beside the interesting the Beside , epiphytes occasional to frequent. to occasional epiphytes , s tree est

h 30

oprn wt ohr types other with comparing forest Australasian genera genera Australasian 25 ad

seasonal

the Lesser Sunda Sunda Lesser the and to 50 to

Olea paniculata Olea apparently been less successful than southward migration of Malaysian elements. elements. Malaysian of migration southward than successful less been apparently and SEF

species species

as shared shared with MDF

cm DBH was also the lowest of the three forest types with a with types forest three the of lowest the also was DBH cm . The The .

om pcrm yial sos oiac o paeohts laa are lianas phanerophytes, of dominance shows typically spectrum form a high density density high a

3 described by Whitmore (19 Whitmore by described of the dense dry deciduous forest deciduous dry dense the of m and m 5 evergreen forests ( forests evergreen on

S densitytreesof divers upper upper

apling cover apling the undergrowth. the

represents an an represents in MDF MDF in

were were presence of of presence

region rather than with the Moluccas. Moluccas. the with than rather region

ity canopy is still high, between 30 and 35 m 35 and 30 between high, still is canopy

mret trees emergent

forest of the three type three the of collected collected

and epiphytes are epiphytes and

was at levels 8 to 15 m, 16 to 25 m, with an upper canopy layin m, withm, anupper 15to25 levels8to at 16

a higher densityoflianas a higher f am (rc ad atn) n o pandan of and rattans) and (erect palms of bt rattans but ,

a ofepiphytes lowabundance al physiognomy physiognomy al

was noteworthy, a native from Yunan that reached Australia and the the and Australia reached that Yunan from native a noteworthy, impoverished impoverished ye ih o eiuu species deciduous no with type Corynocarpus Corynocarpus between SEF ( Pleiogynium the

In Mature parts of the forest show structural layering structural show forest the of parts Mature ) of the eastern lowlands of Yamdena are typical typical are Yamdena of lowlands eastern the of )

highest striking

84

iig o egt o u t 40 to up of heights to rising , 10 r ls cmo ta i te seasonal the in than common less are

with a mixture of evergreen and and evergreen of mixture a with 10 individuals 10 also ) cribbianus

, , Leigh (1999), Leigh , and 30 and predominantly oriental Asiatic oriental predominantly Delarbrea of the dense moist deciduous forest forest deciduous moist dense the of

of the three types, three the of

more common than in SEF in more than common contrast is slightly lower (around 30 m), and is and m), 30 (around lower slightly is

cm was DBH (Queensland, Papua New Guinea), New Papua (Queensland, , .

Flindersia

Northward migration of Australian Australian of migration Northward with SEF, DDF had DDF SEF, with /ha on average), still reaching still average), on /ha ,

.

Richards (19 Richards mesophy , and t and , ,

Elattostachys n sal lianas small and

the high Te ye is type The . he forest forest he The density of trees trees of density The more open more l os evs b leaves lous , with an average with, anaverage

. n average of average n flora, with more more with flora, ,

96 Tasmannia - eiuu big deciduous s

exhibits ) , 45

no palms, palms, no or Corlett or a evergreen

d y a by nd is are

meters. meters. canopy similar similar

), but but ), even even very

also The The f est ew 62 of of g

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. bou the multivariate by types ascorroborated forest distinct represent some manually define to arbitrarily somewhat decide to had we Although discontinuity. perceptible without another one into grade communities many that fact the especially known, well are maps vegetation and classifications sensing remote of Limitations map Vegetation Gardenia were Aleurites families of The another different associationsin terms ofsoil one into grade types The Clusiaceae m as considered be could It families. Apocynaceae cloud the of part distinct three images, associations species satellite the on differentiable not Although are There DBH). (about regulations Indonesian under harvesting ( species timber valuable the number, species the to As wood) (ebony bijuga Intsia big ferrea, Cryptocarya as such Clusiaceae were the In type Canarium forest Evergreen Seasonal the the of Members G The eneral oist oist

Accepted Article

bigger than 40 than bigger

Diospyros se size, and in contrast to the two other types, other two the to contrast in and size, xetd pce richness species expected d

notable ry

representative associations lower d

floristic characteristics of eachtype of characteristics floristic cdos forest eciduous d also abundant. abundant. also

, moluccanus, eciduous forest eciduous vulgare Planchonella families is a is

canopy Myristica lepidota Myristica was ) were

ping

noticeable cm DBH and Burseraceae

. found at at found

) re

also

, emerge and a and present was Mkta 1 o Eeaee Epobaee Cuica (Latdalam) Clusiaceae Euphorbiaceae, Ebenaceae, or 1) (Makatian Fabaceae, f th of less aohlu soulattri Calophyllum nsa bijuga Intsia and Strychnos lucida Strychnos

, . much less

Terminalia large population of population large

was associati

oiae b mmes f the of members by dominated common

Meliaceae e Alstonia d a

ed

,

as well as the the as well as MDF

Oleaceae fr deciduous density of only about about only of density dominated

. intermediate om the or the om , a , , Kayu Kayu , with o infcn dfeecs ee bevd ewe these between observed were differences significant No

on species common was

but fairly distributed and distributed fairly but

or spectabilis s , or .

Aglaia lawii. Aglaia , Myristicaceae and Myristicaceae , Apocynaceae b

vn ihr than richer even Vitex. were Most slope characteristics.slope

esi;

are highlighted

was dination of field data field of dination “ first formerly known only from Papua Papua from only known formerly monsoon Diospyros Diospyros ihr α Fisher 9 and 4 respectively 4 and 9

trcru indicus Pterocarpus than inother typesthan situations where SEF and moist deciduous forest deciduous moist and SEF where situations

a good indicator of a of indicator good a

either by members of the of members by oiebe n the in noticeable and

Pterocarpus indicus Pterocarpus were

the most the

spp

ne in index ”

acna celebica Garcinia Among the high the Among Mnsemca and Menispermaceae , 3

oiae by dominated .

also characteristic also

flora

below below individual with an average of 4 individuals 4 of average an with h SEF, the ndaries, the the ndaries,

, Linggua) reaching a suitable size for for size suitable a reaching Linggua) , Anacardiaceae ,

creased from DDF to SEF (Fig. (Fig. SEF to DDF from creased and structural structural and

“

and in Table Table 4 in and characteristic Combretac Ebenaceae, uh as such

individuals/ha greater than 50 than greater individuals/ha representative . (Fig.3)

with the highest occurrence of of occurrence highest the with s

Ebenaceae pe canopy upper per ha. per dry deciduous dry interpreted interpreted

- was

m value timber species of species timber value Meliaceae .

, Buchanania The first type first The

oist oist . analysis above. analysis

Lauraceae

al Many . families dominate families ”

Diospyros

most missing and missing most

d MDF.

and Aru and also also (several species (several eciduous forest forest eciduous units units Euphorbiaceae , other

were forest type forest of the type type the of Gnetaceae

,

The other other The

per h per accurately accurately eae and and eae ,

uh as such Ehretia (central species several several genera

large a that that a

cm cm 5 ). d . , , ,

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. tolandforms. linked micro thelocal and waterretention to related especially soils, the of characteristics season, the (Russell ambiguous ar forests these of classifications rather being as out pointed been has term the but rainfall, heavy of season a by followed season dry (Whitmore long a plants experiences to limiting periodically is water where forests ‘ Archipelago) Wetar; for 1993, general; in of part this in ecosystems seasonal (1938) been have al. et Bowman 1999 1988), (Pascal India for reported 1995). al. et Bullock 1986; Lugo & Murphy forests Seasonal ecological U landscape management strategies types forest making decision in to addition In (Black fertility soil maintaining well local the while provisioning resource and supply for freshwater essential services, and good providing population, counterparts humid their than important are They 2008). al. et (Lasco change climate to vulnerable most the as considered and 2011) al. et Dirzo 2012; al. et (Gillespie hotspots biodiversity in forests protected least & Vieira 2005; al. et under significantly and 1988), (Janzen ecosystem forests seasonal tropical The Discussion forests coastal raised coral rivers main the along forests riparian ( evergreen forest The area. surface total island's use land agricultural and formations 6 in The m 5 0 niqueness %) and %) non forest onsoon % undisturbed forest undisturbed % Accepted Article 20

status of the forest cover in Yamdena in cover forest the of status ; 1

Bunyavejchewin , Champion Champion , 6

forest coverage was was coverage forest

forest new descri Meijer

and biological

, but the definitions of seasonal forests remain quite arbitrary (Leigh, 1999). The 1999). (Leigh, arbitrary quite remain forests seasonal of definitions the but ,

of ,

ihihe above highlighted problems of definition of problems logged 1991) and some islands of the Pacific (Gillespie (Gillespie Pacific the of islands some and 1991)

bed as bed ’

( - the 45 ae en oty eerhd n eta America Central in researched mostly been have Drees, 1951, for Sumbawa; Metzner, 1977, Cowie, 2006, for Timor; Leach Leach Timor; for 2006, Cowie, 1977, Metzner, Sumbawa; for 1951, Drees, s sd s cnein tr in term convenient a as used is otbo e a. 19 fr h Au archipelago Aru the for 1997 al., et Nooteboom & %), moist deciduous ( deciduous moist %),

Tanimbar’s Seth (1968) Seth Scariot 2006). Once widespread throughout Malesia, they are now the rarest and and rarest the now are they Malesia, throughout widespread Once 2006). Scariot

et al. 2011 al. et - o ntrl eore management resource natural for vr operation over “

moist deciduous forest” by Schimper (1898), Champion (1936) and Burtt and (1936) Champion (1898), Schimper by forest” deciduous moist and and ,

but they were too limited ext in theywere too but c. knowledge 10

have long been recognized as the most threatened tropical terrestrial terrestrial tropical threatened most the as recognized been long have 2

ie et al. 2014). ie etal. % Bangladesh (Zaman et al. 2011), 2011), al. et (Zaman Bangladesh 28 ), ,

e difficult because of the high variability of the intensity of the dry dry the of intensity the of variability high the of because difficult e

while in Indonesia they have been understudied. I understudied. been have they Indonesia in while the logged the world the

000

seasonal

in mle te need the implies

, some ,

Australian Northern Territories (Webb, 1959; Russel 1959; (Webb, Territories Northern Australian – trig 2014 starting

ls cud e ute dvdd no agoe ( mangrove into divided further be could class the ofIndonesia seasonal areas

ha in previous in respectively respectively -

31 over forest forest over . is Forest Forest

- %), dry deciduous ( deciduous dry %), In remarkable come from a handful of limit of handful a from come fresh water fresh mt, 91. 1991). Smith,

forests intheIndo

h Id Mlsa ad aii regions Pacific and Malesian Indo the - made researched (Mooney et al. 1995; Sanchez 1995; al. et (Mooney researched

the

n h SEF the in surveys and literature and surveys ersns prxmtl 2% n 10% and 20% approximately represents (Fig. (Fig.

up no aein n Pcfc regions Pacific and Malesian Indo

for Indonesia. Indonesia. for swamp forest swamp to e 70% of the total surface area, consisting of of consisting area, surface total the of 70% 6 the , nt to to bem nt

). The remaining vegetation remaining The ). r

e Standardized continent - & 6 -

being of the world’s poorest rural rural poorest world’s the of being evaluat 5) W ietfe well identified We (5%). %), existence

Jaffré

- ,

Malesian region and 198

over and , apped at that scale. scale. that at apped

The The as well as marginal beach and and beach marginal as well as

, West Africa (see for instance instance for (see Africa West

4) al e . claimed as being even more more even being as claimed ed studies ( studies ed 2003

-

, e.g. when the vegetation vegetation the when e.g. , logged forest from the 90s’ the from forest logged southeast southeast

vegetation map shows that that shows map vegetation

local

Purwanto, 2002, for Kei Kei for 2002, Purwanto,

of that structural and floristic floristic and structural ; Pau et al., 2009 al., et Pau ; the

brought osrain and conservation se nformation on the the on nformation Van Steenis, 1957 1957 Steenis, Van Asia ( Asia ,

very they and 8

%), -

– Smith Marod et al. al. et Marod

-

confusion &

developed developed

secondary have been been have lack of lack - different different for those those for

Azofeifa Azofeifa seasonal seasonal - Dunlop, Dunlop, climate climate ). ). , f the of

- 1991; 1991; Davy They They term term

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. exacerbated location.in such the tha probable highly is it but lacking, still are changes climate to forests Yamdena’s of vulnerability higher of evidences 2014), UNEP sea change, climate of espe being as recognized unanimously are islands small While ecosystems Threats onfragile of of additional that goals. management sustainable unknown to vulnerable more auto become regeneration, regarding kanosiensis known species. is main the of nothing dynamics population and cycles, geochemical and knowledge these of dynamics associat forest MDF the of some for diff The west the during island the of side leeward monsoon. the into clouds showery concentrates still topography the island flat such on DDF) MDF, In with 1983; find not did undergrowth we DDF and MDF both Hammond Steege ter 2011; al. et (Parmentier Asia southeast Guyanaand Africa, of forests rain humid 2004; al. et (Bunyavejchewin Thailand northern in forest seasonal diversity species overall The define “semi & “ as or 1944), similar the Besides

Bruce local local Yamdena Accepted change climatic Article

lmt change climate

should should seasonal

Gillison

structurally societies iculty however that we encountered in providing satisfying ecological interpretation ecological satisfying providing in encountered we that however iculty , .

1986 Such knowledge Such biological

2001 ) itself lo e od niaos o te monitoring the for indicators good be also - , esnl evergreen seasonal of the SEF the of

evergreen” criteriainourmosaictypes. monsoon forest of

s forest forest theelsewhere in region s found as

), but we prefer to use the term moist deciduous forest since it was difficult to to difficult was it since forest deciduous moist term the use to prefer we but ), emi 1983 , the ,

. aa xs on exist data

-

in the region, with consequent with region, the in evergreen and deciduous vine thickets vine deciduous and evergreen (not for (not Indonesian and the potential needs for mitigation and adaptation strategies strategies adaptation and mitigation for needs potential the and

; Marod e Marod ;

existence of three contrasted three of existence et al. 2010; Labriè 2010; al. et and - ee rs, n etee vns Ccln 99 Mmr e a. 2007; al. et Mimura 1999; (Cocklin events extreme and rise, level o smlr eeain type vegetation similar for demonstrates very poor natural regeneration, and hence is likely to to likely is hence and regeneration, natural poor very demonstrates ecological

flora is compulsory is was

global

t al. 1999; Saravanan et al. 2014) al. et Saravanan 1999; al. t

f h Tnma’ SF is SEF Tanimbar’s the of

seasonal Nothing is known as well of the soil macro and micro fauna micro and macro soil the of well as known is Nothing phenology, remarkable. With only a little relief hardly reaching 250 m in the east, east, the in m 250 reaching hardly relief little a only With remarkable. ) ye drier type,

to what to

changes, changes, ions illustrates the fact that fact the illustrates ions knowledg re et al. 2015 al. et re

oet types forest t the t in of signs

was to define to For instance the instance For

is given in table is givenintable

litterfall, productivity or production, water or or water production, or productivity litterfall, forest

although

environmental and social challenges brought by by brought challenges social and environmental e described as “ as described but still undocumented still but

is particularly urgent given potential effects effects potential given urgent particularly is

effect s natural

s

proper proper

e e we

with Fisher with in are

h eooy f hs pce i a yet as is species this of ecology the s

te rgos of regions other

of on agriculture and agriculture on ” ncounter still oe ta wa ws eotd for reported was what than lower

ie curne ifunig the influencing occurrences fire (

measures to set conservation and conservation set to measures 5 csse health. ecosystem Webb highly value highly s .

emi

cially vulnerable to the effects effects the to vulnerable cially ra fr furth for areas

the . α

-

A quantitative comparison quantitative A evergreen forests evergreen , d n Tanimbar in ed ranging from 25 to 44 to 25 from ranging

1959

biology, functioning biology, α seasonal forest types (SEF, (SEF, types forest seasonal

= 21.3), =

; d

Baur h world the torim the vulnerability vulnerability the r research: er - , in contrast in h need The clg and ecology 1968

( Manilkara

” r quite are

(Blasco ; ( il be will

Beard White

).

and

for for

no In & to ,

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. planned poorly under destroyed oriented business was vegetation original the once management, water with such of fragility the corroborates vegetation secondary shrubby a forests lowland Tanimbar’s I indicus Pterocarpus envision to worth be could It regenerate. to left be should su detailed more odorata by invaded vegetation secondary of mosaic a now is villagers, to according (mainly species timber valuable high of s is company the years, two these During activities. its by people company The 1992. in concession bef a years granted two for been operated has company logging A 90s. the of period logging It seve the of degradation a is risk main The logging. as such development industrial The lamun’ ‘padang beds, seagrass reef and fisheries traditional scale small of productivity the on siltation data) (unpublished erosion soil catastrophic risk The timber. of contribution the income, total twice the of 8% represent Non after. looked cautiously very and managed traditionally are spp.) ( shells top and cucumber sea as such products marine valuable Other households. for income tubers and rice represe upland mostly corn, vegetables, chickens and goats, pigs, as such cultivate Livestock fertilizer. chemical little use and season, the people to according copra, Besides income. population’s Resource a such environment. fragile in development planned poorly and exploitation resource unsustainable by threatened easily extraction resource aspire illegal legitimately and culture and languages of loss potential the youth, already T rsosbe ogn entrepreneurs logging rresponsible ll former large forest areas in the the in areas forest large former ll animbar society animbar

Acceptedwas Article re water shortages downstream. re watershortages forest forest

with few remaining standing trees. standing remaining few with quite difficult to obtain accurate information about what really happened during the industrial industrial the during happened really what about information accurate obtain to difficult quite many other challenges and uncertainties for their future, linked to rural to linked future, their for uncertainties and challenges other many

for for - based activities (agriculture, fisheries and fores and fisheries (agriculture, activities based ecosystem erosion erosion nt savings. Depending on the season, fishing also provides substantial additional additional substantial provides also fishing season, the on Depending savings. nt

rvey would be needed to confirm this field this confirm to needed be would rvey in some of the of in some

may not themselves be so much concerned by concerned much so be themselves not may development.

suggest there would be a large and negative impact from increased runoff and and runoff increased from impact negative and large a be would there suggest to

is also is s

are very fragile fragile very are mrv te well the improve if

ore leaving the area because of the large social turmoil created among local local among created turmoil social large the of because area the leaving ore

the the very high very . Whenever industrial logging has been allowed in similar environments, environments, similar in allowed been has logging industrial Whenever .

se or grasslands. grasslands. or tree cover tree

I degraded areas, degraded smallislands. nvasive species such as such species nvasive

south . After long drought period drought long After . ) who who and an extreme care must be ensured before embarking into large large into embarking before ensured be must care extreme an and .

Pterocarpus

-

is en o ter people their of being

Regeneration of the main logged species seems rare, though though rare, seems species logged main the of Regeneration chronically and and

significan Evidence from Flores, Sumba, Wetar and Selaru islands islands Selaru and Wetar Sumba, Flores, from Evidence

southeast C instead o instead ommuniti , Intsia tly degraded tly

visit the archipelago archipelago the visit

and f the

of Indonesia have disappeared, replaced by by replaced disappeared, have Indonesia of some rehabilitation work based on replanting replanting on based work rehabilitation some t products) represent more than 70% of the the of 70% than more represent products) t Chromolaena odorata Chromolaena observation es have encountered difficulties, noticeably noticeably difficulties, encountered have es Manilkara

teak

aid to have harvested around 20 around harvested have to aid

bt long but ,

(approximately (approximately

. sudden cloudbursts could could cloudbursts sudden climate change change climate The The

trials - . ) hi timbe . What was a forest in the 80s, 80s, the in forest a was What . This

that were that were Lantana camara Lantana gh potential erosion estimates erosion potential gh - em ieiod cud be could livelihoods term

southern part part southern r forest products (NTFPs) (NTFPs) products forest r - seasonal seasonal to could - urban migration of the the of migration urban 150,000 150,000

issues . will proliferate, as it it as proliferate, will not successful. omnt leaders Community

seriously threaten threaten seriously forests triggering triggering forests ,

and and since h a of fringing of a of the island island the of bring about bring Chromolaena Chromolaena

they face they Trochus , solely solely , 000 m 000

3

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. or agriculture any on fo impact direct has This 4). to 3 5; months to dry 4 mmm, months 1800 dry rainfall annual mm, mean 1500 SEF rainfall annual mean MDF 6; to 5 months dry mm, 1200 rainfall annual “biocl 3 with island the for map climatic a rainfall annual mean station unique The accurate, large usingmore archipelago of theTanimbar scale environment questionable extremely correspond and protection watershed while ( groups regulations existing Indonesia’s under flat, mostly is topography exis the modify to used be could analysis and research non forest simplistic scale Several and conservation zoning, for revised Urgent needs interests face economic of and 2008) al. et services transportation s the in new species of development ten a in led, has extraction wood in involved the induced market of immediately diversification has city capital in like prevails, still system customary strong a regulations lar loggers entrepreneur local create roads, and rivers along Concentrated problems. environmental of devoided re recent until ex wood 1992, in logging industrial on ban local the After the on impacts disastrous have to likely are Yamdena. in forests of theseasonal theterm long on sustainability and regeneration Borneo, and Sumatra in utilised system silvicutural now) to up (2014 place. observe been has restry development. Accepted Article material valuable of wastage ge

absence of long term climatic data from a number of different locations different of number a from data climatic term long of absence could be initiated be could

and and

also also

Although many communities many Although

n rifl cass, l frss al ihn h tme pouto cat production timber the within fall forests all classes), rainfall and attempts have been made to define to made been have attempts without much knowledge of the island the of knowledge much without s much damage given the low intensity of the processes because of a poor recovery rate and a a and rate recovery poor a of because processes the of intensity low the given damage much can be put be can . This shows how fragile traditional environmental sustainability practices can be in the the in be can practices sustainability environmental traditional fragile how shows This .

o ih rso, a erosion, high to under -

installment of loggers near Watmuri village Watmuri near loggers of installment required that a new climate map be prepared using main forest types as surrogate as types forest main using prepared be map climate new a that required outh of the island the of outh d at the southern tip of Yamdena where large scale industrial logging once took took once logging industrial scale large where Yamdena of tip southern the at d

esnl rpcl climat tropical seasonal -

enttd ogn oeain nrh at f h iln, using island, the of east north operations logging reinstated forest criteria used usually to take decision on land land on decision take to usually used criteria forest

and length of the dry season dry the of length and

reveal the existence of a of existence the reveal in practice in

. using our findings our using

E

. xistin activities at the closest villages. The overwhelming number of villagers villagers of number overwhelming The villages. closest the at activities

g official land allocation criteria criteria allocation land official g soil under under soil

in some kind of community fo community of kind some in

ting criteria used for land classifications under classifications land for used criteria ting osrain area conservation and notably a shortage of ebony wood used f used wood ebony of shortage a notably and .

t a bcm mr val if viable more become may It continued

to clearly re clearly to imatic” zones based on forest type forest on based zones imatic” . A e. category erosion low under falls climate seasonal

land - year period, to an over an to period, year higher

to Yamdena

revised land zoning, zoning, land revised zoning zoning ’s . oppose

s Our biophysical

- - are ß landscape design the spatial composition of forest functions functions forest of composition spatial the design scale and up to date spatial information. information. to spatial date andup scale

diversity for diversity vegetation map could directly be translated into into translated be directly could map vegetation

and land use options, use land and

, the building of a new asphalt road from the the from road asphalt new a of building the , minimal logging companies installation companies logging . traction The harvesting by local people is people local by harvesting The

restry program in the future the in program restry

and social and management . r nt dpe to adapted not are

“ In this model where high rainfall rainfall high where model this In

oet score Forest - was forest types forest exploitation of th of exploitation pta planning spatial specific reduced impact logging logging impact reduced specific

essentially community essentially allocation and LUP and allocation

characteristics. characteristics. gr (rdcin Forest) (Production egory

other then then other mostly on paper on mostly

delineation

or carving or

” existing for this region, which which region, this for

ae o soe soil slope, on based

exercise

e most valuable valuable most e such h vr same very the

law , the recently the , the

. (DDF mean mean (DDF (Laumonier (Laumonier

Even when Even Beyond the Beyond . flat , , Saumlaki Saumlaki

Since the the Since

our field our which is is which at larger larger at also not not also , small , - based island island s of of -

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. immediate place. in put research be can policies use sustainable and strategies first conservation rehabilitate to difficult be stages degradation various at communities successional by replaced be will environment drier forests tropical dry and seasonal Indonesia Indon the of part this significant. of resources natural the of management the for results as agricultu for the explain may local between reached been have may equilibrium of kind some that suggests behavior cultural and between density clearance population forest of low rate low exceptionally isolation, of combination A there. found only nowadays are Indonesia of stands forest lowland deciduous dry and deciduous moist seasonal significant last The literature. the in documented previously was what than types forest seasonal varied more of existence the well as revealing region, the of types forest” “monsoon the on findings highlights paper This Conclusion properly by account into taken are rights planning process. a participatory in society civil communities and engaging use forest traditional that ensure made, collaboratively pr forest sustainable and agriculture permanent from outputs maximizing way, that in Made Conservation). land main 4 the of one sub allocateindividual to followed canbe that indicators of set alogical propose be to Conserv and but MoEF, Rehabilitation Land the within including everywhere, almost planning spatial Finally Loss (USLE). Equation Soil Universal the using estimated be could hazard erosion soil potential which from database infe to model elevation digital data climate with conjunction in sampling field from data survey soil the using risk erosion soil potential and actual of estimation and evaluation better a addition, In

Accepted local by expressed Article the the

1988 and 2002, 2002, and 1988 foresters n n deve and

action and monitoring and action it

adoption of watershed as the basic planning unit should be should unit planning basic the as watershed of adoption ral land ral

is even mor even is

initiative

as precautionary principle precautionary as are not implemented quickly, it is feared that most of the remnant native vegetation native remnant the of most that feared is it quickly, implemented not are lopment

and the available land in Tanimbar in land available the and new a have communities and government and communities e critical e and

. The use of watershed has often become a standard land use planning tool tool planning use land standard a become often has watershed of use The . . status categories (Production, Limited production, Watershed protection, protection, Watershed production, Limited (Production, categories status yet to define silviculture system, management and conservation policies for for policies conservation and management system, silviculture define to yet

These forests, the last of this type l type this of last the forests, These

large scale scale large on 0.4% / year in average between 2002 and 2016, unpublished data) unpublished 2016, and 2002 between average in year / 0.4% r slopes r

. If If . the seasonal seasonal the .

in such such in prpit ln ue lnig oiis and policies planning use land appropriate . It could be used as the basic information to populate populate to information basic the as used be could It . extent, status and characteristics of probably the last natural natural last the probably of characteristics and status extent, plan should minimize the possibility of soil erosion while while erosion soil of possibility the minimize should plan environment under periodic periodic under environment

observed for for observed and further research further and ecosystems

is real is . However, aspiration for modern d modern for aspiration However, .

h ps decades past the f Indonesia of ,

and in that respect, implications implications respect, that in and

The argely intacts in the archipelago the in intacts argely

before proper adapted management management adapted proper before

formidable water stress. water

oduction, at the same time, if if time, same the at oduction, recom ht s Tanimbar is that

on depleted soils that may that soils depleted on (

ation department of the the of department ation population .% ya i average in year / 0.3% natural natural m

esian archipelago are are archipelago esian adapted

ended and high resolution resolution high and

The challenge challenge The - watersheds into into watersheds could

laboratory laboratory

for for

requirements measures evelopment evelopment evergreen, evergreen,

such

deserves deserves be made be a

spatial spatial of our our of ,

need

new will will and

for for to to

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Cambridge, &

1903. Rodr – Kei Kei f orest orest i

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, This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted S S2Photos Moist Deciduous, Photo Evergreen, Seasonal S1, Yamdena. Photo of types main forest the S1.of seasonal Photographs Appendix Appendices 199 C. Zerner, Zaman,S. 1984 Whitmore, T.C. Article C.M.N. White, 1959. L.J. Webb, 1990. R. Waterson, Vieira, D.L.M. 2014. UNEP, 2005. R. Topatimasang, H. ter Steege, d http://www.unep.o Process. Press c e r community in Indonesia’s Maluku Islands. aw and Society Review(5) 28 Society Islands.aw and Maluku inIndonesia’s community 4:1315 moist London London, of Society Zoological Islands, Indonesia): Sunda Press, University Oxford ain ry ry onservation: Histories and and Histories onservation: xperience. f f orests for orests , , Lanham, US. , Lanham, orest in Guyana in orest

deciduous forest of of forest Bangladesh deciduous Siddiquee –

1321

URL URL Emerging Issues for Small Island Developing States: Result Developing Small Island Issues for Emerging & 4

& & . Through a green lens: the construction of customaryof construction the lens: a green . Through

Hammond In

A physiognomic classificat Bruce of Principles 2006. A. Scariot, .

: r

The Living House: An LivingHouse: The estoration Brosius, Brosius,

. S.U. Tropical rain forest of the forestthe of rain Tropical rg/pdf/Emerging_issues_for_small_island_developing_states.pdf , Mapping as a Mapping

M.D. M.D. .

& , D.S Ecology

J.P., Katoh

. UK.

1986. 1986. Restoration Ecology Restoration

. 2001. . 2001. a

p

n annotatedn checklist. olitics of of olitics Lowenhaupt

, M. 2011. , M. 82 The birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, the (Sulawesi, the Wallacea The of birds t ool for ool for ( Character 11 Anthropology of Architecture in South in Architecture of Anthropology — ) : c , UK ommunity 3197 ion of Australian rain forests rain Australian of ion a case study in Thakurgaon in a casestudy

Species composition and forest structure in tropical tropical in structure forest and Species composition c

Tsing, A. Tsing, ommunity ommunity 3 and S4 Dry Dry andS4 3 . n Far East Far - c

atural 3212 onvergence, onvergence,

14 -

. (1) b British Ornithological Union Checklist n° Checklist Union Ornithological British

r , ased egeneration of of egeneration & . , pp. ,11 pp. o Clarendon Press, Oxford Clarendon rganizing agains

Zerner n D

atural d eciduous forest types. eciduous iversity, and and iversity, – , C. (eds.) , C. 20

re . environmental law and lawand environmental

source source t . ropical

. Arab J. of Geoscience J.ofGeoscience Arab s of the UNEP Foresight UNEPForesight the s of Moluccas and L and Moluccas J. Ecol. t . p Communities and and Communities d m ower: A Moluccas ower: AMoluccas isturbance in

: anagement. AltaMira AltaMira anagement. - 1079 East Asia East

4 , UK 7 ,

-

1122 5 –

.

51 esser . . 263 pp 263 .

t

ropical 7. 7. . This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Table 1. 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 code Site

Accepted Article

Wunlah 2 Wunlah 1 Wunlah Abat 2 Abat 1 2 Makatian 1 Makatian Alusi Sangliat Ilngei Lermatang Latdalam Site Study site Study site locations, dominanttype soil and area sampled (n=60)

7° 19' 54.03 7° 18' 2.90 7° 23' 0.49 7° 22' 14.52 7° 34' 22.23 7° 32' 39.09 7° 36' 21.30 7° 42' 15.33 7° 45' 42.80 7° 57' 7° 55' 8.43 7° (South) Latitude 15.88

" " "

" " " " " " " "

131° 25' 0.82 131° 24' 29.52 131° 20' 37.70 131° 20' 6.09 131° 34' 0.72 131° 26' 55.69 131° 23' 16.64 131° 131° 8' 28.86 131° Longitude 131° 29' 14.64 131° 29' 15.08 131° 13'

50.80

(East) " " " "

" " " " " " "

Vertisol Vertisol Vertisol Vertisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Leptosol Leptosol type Soil Vertisol Vertisol

5 x (100 x 20) = 1 x20)=1 (100 x 5 x20)=1 (100 x 5 6 6 x20)=1 (100 x 5 6 6 x20)=1 (100 x 5 6 (ha) Areasampled 5 x (100 x 20) = 1 x20)=1 (100 x 5 x20)=1 (100 x 5

x (100 x20)=1 (100 x x20)=1 (100 x x20)=1 (100 x x20)=1 (100 x x20)=1 (100 x

.2 .2 .2 .2 .2

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Table AcceptedEpiphytes Liana < Liana cluster Rotan solitary Rotan ArticleScrewpine Palm Shrubs Sapling trees Pole canopy Lower canopy Upper Emergent trees Variable 2 s

. Recorded variables intheplots variables . Recorded ≥

s

5 cm 5 5 cm 5

s

Code of abundance of epiphytes (0 none to 4 very abundant) 4 very none to (0 epiphytes of abundance of Code ≥ 5cm climbersof DBH Number cm < 5 climbersof DBH Number rattans of cluster of Number rattans solitary of Number of Number palms of Number m) <4 (1.5 m≤ height shrubs cover Crown m) <4 cm height 10 and < trees(DBH cover Crown Crown cm) <30 ≤ DBH trees(10 for cover Crown cm) <50 ≤ DBH trees(30 for cover Crown cm)≥ 50 emergent trees of (DBH cover Crown Explanation cover trees (DBH < 10 cm and height > 4 m) >4 cm height 10 and < trees(DBH cover

screwpines

.

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted trees Emergent plot) (per ± SEM Cover Mean Tree Epiphytes Small liana liana Big pandan Large Other palms Rattan trees canopy Lower trees Upper canopy trees Emergent All trees (per plot) ± Density SEM Mean Tree (m) branch of Height first of trees Height plot SEMper Mean ± Sapling Pole tree canopy Lower Upper canopy trees Emergent Cover (m Epiphytes Article Small liana liana Big pandan Large Other palms Rattan trees canopy Lower trees Upper canopy trees Emergent All trees Density (ha Basal area (ha Per hectare Deciduous of Table 3.Comparison

2

and %ha f -

orest

1)

-

1)

(m)

types

-

1)

of Yamdena of

the the

forest structure forest structure .

9 67 11 34 37 206 502 105 25 632 31,8 SEF 257,7 ± 32,7 ±5,6 1,3 ±42 4,8 ±6,8 4,7 60,6± 14,3 ±23 7,8 146 ± 13,7 17,8± 4,2 ± 6 1 ±2,5 0,5 26,2± 6 10,8± 0,1 20,2± 0,5 SEF 3010 (17%) 2263 (12,5%) 6325 (35%) 5135 (28,5%) 1288 (7%) of

the Seasonal E the Seasonal

vergreen

17 159 33 8 16 5 403 74 14 491 25,6 MDF 105,7 ± 29,5 ±9,3 2 100,5 ± 16,3 ±20 2,9 ±6,4 2,2 ± 3 1,5 15,9± 2,9 ±4,8 0,7 ± 2 0,3 ±13 2,9 11,2± 0,14 17,2± 0,20 MDF 4056 (25%) 2660 (16%) 5269 (32%) 3332 (20,5%) 904 (5,5%) 9 ± 9 5

,

Moist Deciduous Moist

and 1 114 20 0 0 0 480 62 10 552 20,2 DDF 91,3± 24,4 0 57,8± 6,5 ±9,8 5,6 0 0 0 20,3± 4,7 ±4,9 1 ± 2 0,5 22,5± 5 11,8± 0,1 16,8± 0,1 DDF 5009 (33,5%) 1984 (13%) 5280 (35%) 2195 (15%) (3%)457

Dry

Canopy Upper Emergent This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Sapling Pole tree canopy Lower Upper canopy

Accepted Article

Canarium vulgare Canarium Seasonal Evergreen Myristica fatua Myristica Cryptocarya altilis Artocarpus sureniToona Chisocheton ceramicus Mangifera laurina Trichad lepidota Myristica Cananga odorata celebicus Haplolobus forstenii Semecarpus kanosiensis Manilkara pinnata Pometia Dillenia pteropoda Canarium Chionanthus bijuga Intsia kanosiensis Manilkara pinnata Pometia Dillenia pteropoda Chisocheton

e nia philippinensis nia

asperum

cf. pentandrus costata

sp.

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 10 14 3 5 10 10 14 21 Ab

601,9 ± 89,1 452 ± 33 ±1265 51,7 956,4 ± 32,3 Combretum acuminatum Combretum foetidissima Terminalia indicus Pterocarpus pterocarpum Peltophorum ceiba Bombax bijuga Intsia Deciduous Mixed Garuga floribunda Garuga ramiflora Cynometra hospita Kleinhovia cofasus Vitex umbelliflora Pisonia Corynocarpus pterocarpum Peltophorum ovalifolia Lagerstroemia acuminatum Combretum maritima Diospyros Inocarpus fagifer bijuga Intsia indicus Pterocarpus Cerbera odollam ebenum Diospyros rubiginosa Terminalia

cribbianus

727,5 ± 43,7 465,7 ± 46,4 875,3 ± 38,6 540,3 ± 47,9

2 4 6 6 10 18 Ab 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 13 13 15 20

Terminalia sp. Terminalia corymbosa Premna Sterculia insularis pterocarpum Peltophorum Unidentified sp. indicus Pterocarpus Dry Deciduous Premna corymbosa Premna Mimusops elengi siamea Senna Alstonia villosa lucida Strychnos Ochrosia glomerata pterocarpum Peltophorum quinata Vitex spinosa Scolopia Cerbera odollam ebenum Diospyros maritima Diospyros indicus Pterocarpus 1001,8± 40,3 396,8 ± 33,2 ±1056 31,2 439 ± 64

3 3 3 4 4 4 7 8 11 14 15 18 18 1 1 2 3 3 6 Ab

(pole) * Storey Lower Canopy Lower This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. cm, H>4mclass. * Yamdena. 4. Table

No Accepted Article

density measurements for pole tree class tree forpole measurements density Gnetum gnemon tokbrai Blumeodendron Cananga odorata lepidota Myristica sp. Chionanthus littorale Gonocaryum dulcis Garcinia asperum Canarium Cleistanthus Trevesia sp. Neonauclea horsfieldii Saccopetalum Leea indica Hymenodyction australiana Gomphandra rumphii Podocarpus corymbosum Parinarium Mangifera laurina soulattri Calophyllum hebecarpa Diospyros

Absolute abundance (Ab Absolute abundance

glabra oblongifolius

oxirense

) per strata for tree species recorded in the three main forest types of main forest in the three recorded fortreespecies ) perstrata 14 14 15 16 16 17 19 39 41 42 47 51 66

Lagerstroemia ovalifolia Lagerstroemia argentea Aglaia Cleistanthus celebica Polyalthia racemosa Barringtonia lucida Strychnos Cerbera odollam dulcis Garcinia hospita Kleinhovia rubiginosa Terminalia indicus Pterocarpus Chionanthus ebenum Diospyros maritima Diospyros Morinda citrifolia Ixora timorensis incana Alphitonia Crudia Murraya paniculata paniculata australiana Gomphandra , field collection of what was “looking” abundant in Ø ≤ 10 Ø ≤10 abundantin was“looking” of what collection, field blancoi

sumatranus sp.

Olea Olea 15 16 16 16 21 22 25 26 34 39 48 124 147

Strychnos ligustrina Strychnos ghaesembilla Antidesma Ochrosia glomerata indicus Pterocarpus Alstonia maritima Diospyros Claoxylon sp. sp.Aporusa sp. Undetermined lucida Strychnos spinosa Scolopia Aleurites ebenum Diopsyros Cerbera odollam Citrus macroptera Citrus ramiflora Cynometra Streblus ilicifolius foetida Voacanda Ailanthus triphysa lucida Strychnos Aleurites

spectabilis moluccanus moluccanus

21 26 34 38 46 48 59 72 81 81 102 122 153

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Table AcceptedYamdena, Moluccas, Indonesia Yamdena, Moluccas, Indonesia Yamdena, Moluccas, Indonesia Little Andaman, India Little Andaman, India Coromandel, India (gbh Cat Tien, Vietnam Cat Tien, Vietnam Sakaerat,Thailand (diam ≥ 4.5cm) Mae Klong, Thailand Huai Article≥10cm) Thakurgaon, Bangladesh Location Kha Khaeng, Thailand 5 .

* Comparison Comparison

= gbh above 10cm for Thakurgaon and Coromandel, dbh dbh andCoromandel, above 10cmThakurgaon for = gbh Monsoonforests

of of ≥10cm)

(gbh Yamdena’s Yamdena’s

7°18 S 7°35 S 7°40 S 10°40N 10°40N 10°50N 11°25N 11°25N 14°30N 14°35N 15°40N N 25°57′ Lat. monsoon forest monsoon

50 100 100 50 50 50 150 150 100 100 450 150 Alt.

- - - - 300 300 600 300

types

1200 1500 1800 3000 3000 1140 2450 2450 1240 1660 1475 1500 Rainfall Annual

with other seasonal forest types seasonalforest other with

- - -

3500 3500 1800

measurement starting at 4.5 cmat 4.5 Sakaerat for measurementstarting 5 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 Months Dry

------6 5 4 4 4 6 5 5 6

35 45 55 58 83 18 98 57 65 50 65 59 /ha Tree sp

------45 65 75 27 111 64

p.

in thein Indo

552 491 632 5 935 700 3 4 1 1115 NA 438 651 Density 20 90 70 500*

- - - - 1200* 4 540 685* - 20

- Malaisian

Dry deciduous Moist deciduous Seasonal evergreen Deciduous Semi evergreenDry Seasonal evergreen Semi Seasonal evergreen Mixed deciduous evergreen Seasonal dry Moist deciduous Forest type ; NA= non available. non ; NA= - - region region evergreen deciduous

(lowlands < (lowlands

this study this study this study Rasimgan Rasimgan Anbarashan& Parthasarathy (2013) Blanc etal. (2000) Blanc etal. (2000) Bunyavejchewin (1999) Marod et al. (1999) Bunyavejchewinet al. (2004) Zamanet al.(2011) S 500 m). 500 ource

& &

Parathasarathy (2009) Parathasarathy (2009)

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted Article

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted Article

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted Article

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted Article

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted Article

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted Article