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Brevard County Invasive Plant Booklet

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Brevard County Invasive Plant Booklet Identification and Control of Non-Native Invasive Plants in East Central Florida For Homeowners & Professionals Notes Introduction This guide is intended to assist Brevard County residents, employees, and professionals to identify and control non-native invasive plant species found in upland sites. What is a non-native plant? A native plant is a species that was here when Europeans began to explore and settle the New World. Non-native plants are those species that have been brought here from other parts of the world since that time. What is an invasive plant? An invasive plant is a species that will invade an undisturbed natural area and displace native species. Invasive plants are often more aggressive in disturbed areas, like roadsides. Non-native invasive plants are also commonly called exotic plants, invasive exotic plants, noxious weeds, and more. Note: This guide includes only the plants from other parts of the world that are most invasive in Brevard County’s natural areas, displacing native species and degrading the environment for native plants and wildlife. About the descriptions: The header of the plant description pages has the English name(s), the scientific name in italics, and in parentheses the scientific name of the family. Photographs of the plants are on the page opposite the plant descriptions. If the captions refer to more than one object, they will refer to the objects from left to right. The coins in the photographs are always quarters. The diameter of a quarter is 15/16”, roughly an inch. 111 Credits Funding of this brochure has been made possible by an award from the National Oceanic and Atmo- spheric Administration’s Coastal Impact Assistance Program. Created By: Brevard County Natural Resources Management Office (BCNRMO) Primary Author & Photographer: James Tear Contributors: Kari Ruder, Suzanne Kennedy, Susan Gosselin, Chris Koeppel, Gayle Hoffman - BCNRMO. Karen Weichman and Carol Hebert - Conradina Chapter, Florida Native Plant Society. Graphic design - Trese Printing and James Tear. Editing: Kari Ruder, Deb Coles, Susan Gosselin, Chris Koeppel, Raleigh Berry - BCNRMO References Brevard County Environmentally Endangered Lands Program. 2004. Exotic Plant Herbicide Protocol. Unpublished. Higgins, Angela. 2005. The power of partnerships - island style. Wildland Weeds, p. 11-14, Spring. Langeland, K.A. and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. University of Florida, Gainesville. Langeland, K.A. and R.K. Stocker. 2000. Control of Non-native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida. SP 242. University of Florida, Gainesville. Tu, M., Hurd, C., and J. M. Randall. 2001. Weed Control Methods Handbook. The Nature Conservancy. http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu. 222 Purpose Increase awareness of the adverse effects of non-native invasive plants on Brevard’s biodiversity and ecosystems Provide a tool for residents and land managers to use to identify and effectively control non-native invasive plants Encourage public participation in the removal of non-native invasive plants Reduce the habitat losses from non-native invasive plant infestations Reduce the impacts on endangered species via habitat loss and alteration Demonstrate the need to prevent habitat losses through pest-plant management Highlight the socio-economic and adverse health impacts of these plants (e.g., increased wildfires in Melaleuca areas) Provide information that helps managers set priorities for control programs This field guide is also available on Brevard County’s website: http://www.brevardcounty.us/natres/ publications.cfm 333 About Toxicity and Allergies Many plants contained within this guide produce toxins and result in allergic conditions when handled, cut, burned, or harvested. Gloves and Personal Protective Gear (e.g., long-sleeve shirts, glasses, hats) are strongly recommended when handling any plant material, especially of unknown origin. Cases of people being sensitized, or having an increasing allergic response to particular plants, and their components (leaves, bark, odor, toxins, sap) have been documented. Helpful Links Additional and more detailed information can be found on the following websites or by contacting the organizations directly. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/botany/ noxweed.html Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Invasive Plant Management - http://www.dep.state.fl.us/lands/invaspec/ Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council - www.fleppc.org Invasive and Exotic Species - http://www.invasives.org National Wildlife Federation - http://enature.com/native_invasive/ The Nature Conservancy - http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/ University of Florida IFAS, Center For Aquatic and Invasive Plants - http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/ 444 Contents Page ...................................... Title 1 ......................................... Introduction 2 ......................................... Credits & References 3 ......................................... Purpose 4 ......................................... About Toxicity & Links 5 ......................................... Contents 6-7 ........................................ Plant List 7 ......................................... Glossary of Terms 8-57 ...................................... Species Accounts 58 ......................................... Plants to Watch For 59-61 .................................... Control Methods 62-65 .................................... Plant Replacements Guide printed July 2006 Please note::: This guide does not include non- native invasive aquatic plants. For information on invasive aquatic plants, please visit: Plant Management in Florida Waters http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/ or http://www.dep.state.fl.us/lands/invaspec/ 2ndlevpgs/Aquaticplnts.htm 555 Plant ListPlant List 8 Air Potato (& Winged Yam) 10 Australian-Pine 12 Beach Naupaka 14 Brazilian Pepper 16 Camphortree 18 Carrotwood 20 Castorbean 22 Chinaberry 24 Chinese Tallowtree 26 Cogon Grass 38 Coral Ardisia 30 Creeping Oxeye 32 Downy Rosemyrtle 34 Japanese Climbing Fern 36 Kudzu 38 Leadtree 40 Melaleuca 42 Mexican Petunia 444444 Old World Climbing Fern 464646 Rosary Pea 484848 Schefflera 505050 Simpleleaf Chastetree 666 Plant ListPlant List 52 Surinam Cherry 54 Tropical Soda Apple 56 Woman’s Tongue Glossary of Terms Leaf Arrangement: simplesimplesimple - a single leaf, such as a maple compoundcompoundcompound - multiple leaflets on one leaf, such as a hickory or bean twice compound - leaflets on a compound leaf divided into more leaflets alternatealternatealternate - one leaf per node This is a caption for the above photo. oppositeoppositeopposite - two leaves per node Flower Anatomy: carpelcarpelcarpel - The ovule-bearing (seed-bearing) unit of the flower stamensstamensstamens - male organ of the flower, consisting of an anther and filament stigmastigmastigma - The upper part of the carpel that is receptive to pollen stylesstylesstyles - The more or less elongated part of the carpel between the ovary and stigma 777 Air Potato Dioscorea bulbifera (Dioscoreaceae) Growth form Twining vine without tendrils LeavesLeavesLeaves Large heart-shaped leaves may be more than 8" long; simple, alternate FlowersFlowersFlowers Rarely flowers in Florida; greenish yellow flowers in hanging clusters FloweringFloweringFlowering May - September seasonseasonseason FruitsFruitsFruits Rare in Florida Aerial tubers Light brown, up to 6” across; grow along the vines near the leaf stalks; resemble potatoes with many small bumps; found on the ground under the vines year round HabitatHabitatHabitat Hardwood forests, pinelands, wetlands, disturbed sites, residential areas (where they are often confused with Kudzu vines) ThreatThreatThreat Grows rapidly, smothers trees, and invades disturbed sites, pinelands and hammocks OriginOriginOrigin Tropical Asia Distributed by Aerial tubers are carried long distances in flowing water ToxicityToxicityToxicity Aerial and underground tubers may be poisonous when raw AllergiesAllergiesAllergies No information found 888 Air Potato Simple leaves Vines twining around each other Aerial tuber Winged Yam Dioscorea alata (Dioscoreaceae) Winged Yam is very similar to Air Potato but has larger, more frequent underground tubers, longer and less round shaped aerial tubers, and opposite leaves. The cross section of its stem has purple tinged “wings.” Fruit is a 3-parted capsule and the seeds are also winged. Winged Yam is currently not as common in Brevard County as Air Potato, but is still an invasive plant where it does occur. 999 Australian-Pine (three species included) Casuarina spp. (Casuarinaceae) Growth form Tree up to 150 feet tall; resembles a pine but is not closely related LeavesLeavesLeaves Scale like, almost microscopic around the joints of the “needles”; “needles” are actually branches 4-8” long; “needles” pull apart at the joints FlowersFlowersFlowers Inconspicuous FloweringFloweringFlowering One species, fall, winter; other two seasonseasonseason species, spring FruitsFruitsFruits Resemble small, woody pine cones, about 1/2” across. Numerous small seeds in spring HabitatHabitatHabitat Dunes, beaches, pinelands, dis- turbed sites; planted as windbreaks ThreatThreatThreat Highly invasive in many disturbed and natural habitats; grows 5-10 feet per year; forms thick stands that crowd out native species; displaces native vegetation on dunes leading to significant dune erosion during storms; disrupts sea turtle nesting OriginOriginOrigin Tropical
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