Pocket Guide for Western North Carolina Partnership (SACWMP), 2011

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pocket Guide for Western North Carolina Partnership (SACWMP), 2011 DO NOT BUY Invasive Exotic Plant List Produced by the Southern Appalachian Cooperative Weed Management pocket guide for western north carolina Partnership (SACWMP), 2011 Western North Carolina has to offer! offer! to has Carolina North Western ) allegheniensis Rubus do not buy these invasives buy natives or alternatives ( Blackberry Allegheny ) alba Quercus ( Oak White of beautiful native plants that that plants native beautiful of ! Mimosa (Silk Tree) Albizia julibrissin Common Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) ) nigra Juglans ( Walnut Black Eastern Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) multitude the enjoy and environment, To use your pocket guide: ) virginiana Diospyros ( Persimmon Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) whole the of quality the to Add counts. ) pumila Castanea ( Chinquapin the environment a favor on both both on favor a environment the 1 Print on letter-size paper. Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii Mountain Pepperbush (Clethra acuminata) wildlife for great Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica) doing are you plants, native planting Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) By habitat. species’ of loss the and 2 Cut along outer black line. are the spread of invasive exotic plants plants exotic invasive of spread the are ) fistulosum Eupatorium Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) ( Weed Pye Joe ) ) purpurea (Echinacea Coneflower Purple Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Carolina North Western in problems 3 Fold on dotted blue lines. ) syriaca Asclepias ( Milkweed Common Joe Pye Weed (Eupatorium fistulosum) environmental biggest the of Two Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Climbing Hydrangea (Decumaria barbara) butterflies for great ) sempervirens Lonicera Carolina Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) ( Honeysuckle Trumpet ) ) benzoin Lindera Passion Vine (Passiflora incarnata) ( Spicebush ) didyma Monarda ( Tea Oswego / Balm Bee ) ) syriaca Asclepias ( Milkweed Common ) sempervirens Lonicera ( Honeysuckle Trumpet ) ) arborea Amelanchier Crown Vetch Coronilla varia Creeping Phlox (Phlox subulata) ( Serviceberry Common ) cardinalis Lobelia Goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana) ( Flower Cardinal ) radicans Campsis ( Creeper Trumpet Russian/Autumn Olive Elaeagnus spp. Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) deer to unpalatable Washington Hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) hummingbirds for great Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) ) ) dentatum Viburnum Burning Bush Euonymus alatus Witch Alder (Fothergilla gardenii) ( Arrowwood ) ) canadensis Sambucus Mountain Witch Alder (Fothergilla major) ( Elderberry ) benzoin Lindera Oak Leaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) ( Spicebush ) virginiana Juniperus Swamp-haw (Viburnum nudum) ( Cedar Red ) ) montana Ilex ( Winterberry Mountain ) acuminata Clethra English Ivy Hedera helix Marginal Woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis) ( Pepperbush Mountain Alum Root (Heuchera villosa) Creeping Mint (Meehania cordata) birds for great Privet Lingustrum spp. American Holly (Ilex opaca) Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) Produced by the Southern Appalachian Cooperative Weed Non-native Honeysuckles Lonicera spp. Southern Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla sessilifolia) Management Partnership (SACWMP), DO NOT BUY Carolina Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) Nick Rose 2011 Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) Invasive Exotic Plant List Chinese Silvergrass Miscanthus sinensis Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) for western north carolina Switch Grass (Panicum virgatum) Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans) Princess Tree Paulownia tomentosa Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea) Umbrella Tree (Magnolia tripetela) Bradford Pear Pyrus calleryana Alternate-leaved Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) Washington Hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) www.sacwmp.org Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Mountain Winterberry (Ilex montana) SACWMP Partners [Fallopia japonica] Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra) Western North Carolina Alliance [Polygonum cuspidatum] Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum) Equinox Environmental Consultation & Design Japanese Spiraea Spiraea japonica Sweet Shrub (Calycanphus floridus) Wild Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) Appalachian Trail Conservancy Meadowsweet Spiraea (Spiraea alba) USDA Forest Service Periwinkle Vinca spp. Northern Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum) National Park Service Southern Lady Fern (Athyrium asplenioides; North Carolina Division of Forest Resources Athyrium felix femina) Protect Your Yard Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) Mountain Valleys Resource Conservation & Development From Noxious Weeds! Non-native Wisteria Wisteria spp. Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) North Carolina Department of Transportation American Wisteria (Wisteria frutescens) .
Recommended publications
  • Pilgrimage Schedule
    43RD ANNUAL SPRING WILDFLOWER PILGRIMAGE MAY 04 - 06, 2012 CLAYTON, RABUN COUNTY, GEORGIA & ADJACENT AREAS Clayton, our headquarters for the 43rd Spring Wildflower Pilgrimage, is nestled in the Blue Ridge Mountains of northeast Georgia just a stone’s throw from the Carolinas. The Sumter National Forest is to the east, the Nantahala National Forest is to the north, and the Chattahoochee National Forest is all around Clayton. Some of Georgia’s highest mountains are but a short drive. A diverse group of interested persons from four or more states are expected to participate. The pilgrimage will consist of a Friday night social with a program and great food, a Saturday banquet with a special presentation program and more great food, and fantastic field trips to some very special places located in the region. Clayton and the surrounding area have a diversity of interesting shops that will entice you to shop for local arts, crafts, and foods. Clayton is the county seat for Rabun County, founded in 1819 from land formally inhabited by the Cherokee and named for Governor William Rabun. The 377 square miles of Rabun County comprise the most northeastern section of Georgia’s Blue Ridge Geographical Province, a region that encompasses a mere 5% of Georgia. Sixty percent of the county is public lands under the management of the US Forest Service or the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. This beautiful area of scenic valleys, high rugged mountains, clear streams, and lush forests is attractive year round, but offers a special floristic bounty each spring. Join the Georgia Botanical Society for the Annual Spring Wildflower Pilgrimage and share in this rich and beautiful bounty.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinator Gardening
    HOME & GARDEN INFORMATION http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic HGIC 1727 1-888-656-9988 CENTER Pollinator Gardening In 2007, the U.S. Senate designated a week in June as National Pollinator Week to increase the general public’s awareness of the importance of pollinators to food production. What is pollination? Pollination is the movement of pollen from the male flower part (anther) to the female flower part (stigma) on the same plant or between two plants of the same species. Proper pollination is critical for the development of many fruits and crops. These are the parts of a flower. Walker Massey, Clemson University A Monarch butterfly, bumble bee & honey bee on a Sunflower Approximately one third of the food that ends up on (Helianthus annuus). Millie Davenport, ©2015 HGIC, Clemson Extension a plate is there because of pollinators. When pollination is mentioned, most people think of Planting a pollinator garden will encourage the honey bees but there are so many other insects that presence of native pollinators. Like all living things, help get the job done such as native bees, beetles, pollinators need food, shelter, and water. Start by flies, wasps and butterflies. selecting a sunny area in the landscape and evaluating the area for existing nest sites, nectar Of these, bees are a very important group for sources and habitat. Then add plant species to the pollination because they deliberately harvest pollen area that will increase nectar and pollen sources for to feed their offspring; they visit similar flower pollinator insects through the spring, summer and species per foraging trip and accidentally transfer fall months.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States
    Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Common Name Genus and Species Page atamasco lily Zephyranthes atamasco 21 bitter sneezeweed Helenium amarum 20 black cherry Prunus serotina 6 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 14 black nightshade Solanum nigrum 16 bladderpod Glottidium vesicarium 11 bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum 5 buttercup Ranunculus abortivus 9 castor bean Ricinus communis 17 cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 6 chinaberry Melia azederach 14 choke cherry Prunus virginiana 6 coffee senna Cassia occidentalis 12 common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 25 common cocklebur Xanthium pensylvanicum 15 common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale 19 common yarrow Achillea millefolium 23 eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia 18 fetterbush Leucothoe axillaris 24 fetterbush Leucothoe racemosa 24 fetterbush Leucothoe recurva 24 great laurel Rhododendron maxima 9 hairy vetch Vicia villosa 27 hemp dogbane Apocynum cannabinum 23 horsenettle Solanum carolinense 15 jimsonweed Datura stramonium 8 johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 7 lantana Lantana camara 10 maleberry Lyonia ligustrina 24 Mexican pricklepoppy Argemone mexicana 27 milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 22 mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia 6 mustard Brassica sp . 25 oleander Nerium oleander 10 perilla mint Perilla frutescens 28 poison hemlock Conium maculatum 17 poison ivy Rhus radicans 20 poison oak Rhus toxicodendron 20 poison sumac Rhus vernix 21 pokeberry Phytolacca americana 8 rattlebox Daubentonia punicea 11 red buckeye Aesculus pavia 16 redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus 18 rosebay Rhododendron calawbiense 9 sesbania Sesbania exaltata 12 scotch broom Cytisus scoparius 13 sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia 6 showy crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis 5 sicklepod Cassia obtusifolia 12 spotted water hemlock Cicuta maculata 17 St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum 26 stagger grass Amianthum muscaetoxicum 22 sweet clover Melilotus sp .
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Common Native Plants the Diversity of Acadia National Park Is Refl Ected in Its Plant Life; More Than 1,100 Plant Species Are Found Here
    National Park Service Acadia U.S. Department of the Interior Acadia National Park Checklist of Common Native Plants The diversity of Acadia National Park is refl ected in its plant life; more than 1,100 plant species are found here. This checklist groups the park’s most common plants into the communities where they are typically found. The plant’s growth form is indicated by “t” for trees and “s” for shrubs. To identify unfamiliar plants, consult a fi eld guide or visit the Wild Gardens of Acadia at Sieur de Monts Spring, where more than 400 plants are labeled and displayed in their habitats. All plants within Acadia National Park are protected. Please help protect the park’s fragile beauty by leaving plants in the condition that you fi nd them. Deciduous Woods ash, white t Fraxinus americana maple, mountain t Acer spicatum aspen, big-toothed t Populus grandidentata maple, red t Acer rubrum aspen, trembling t Populus tremuloides maple, striped t Acer pensylvanicum aster, large-leaved Aster macrophyllus maple, sugar t Acer saccharum beech, American t Fagus grandifolia mayfl ower, Canada Maianthemum canadense birch, paper t Betula papyrifera oak, red t Quercus rubra birch, yellow t Betula alleghaniesis pine, white t Pinus strobus blueberry, low sweet s Vaccinium angustifolium pyrola, round-leaved Pyrola americana bunchberry Cornus canadensis sarsaparilla, wild Aralia nudicaulis bush-honeysuckle s Diervilla lonicera saxifrage, early Saxifraga virginiensis cherry, pin t Prunus pensylvanica shadbush or serviceberry s,t Amelanchier spp. cherry, choke t Prunus virginiana Solomon’s seal, false Maianthemum racemosum elder, red-berried or s Sambucus racemosa ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • Passiflora Incarnata Family: the Passionflower Family, Passifloraceae
    Of interest this week at Beal... Purple Passionflower Passiflora incarnata Family: the Passionflower family, Passifloraceae. Also called May-Pop, and Wild apricot W. J. Beal The purple passionflower, Passiflora incarnata,is an herbaceous vine, native to the Botanical Garden southeast quadrant of North America. It, and its fruit often are called maypops. It is the fruits of passionflowers that provide the most popular of the food uses for the plant, used in drinks and ice creams. But it is the flower, captivating by its complex beauty, and its history as an icon of Christian myth that generate the most interest. There are many passionflower species (Passiflora spp.) and all of them are native to the new world tropics, or near-tropics. Depending on which taxonomy you choose, there are between 400 and 600 species in this genus. The purple passionflower is found farther outside the tropics than any other passionflower. It has been found at least as far north as Missouri in the West and New Jersey in the eastern United States. Although the intricate and striking flowers are beautiful and fragrant, their connection to passion is not over love or romance. Passion, in this context, refers to the Passion of Christ. Spanish Christian missionaries, saw the numerological aspects of the flower as a sign from God that their mission in the New World was God’s will. When the Vatican received the first drawings of the flowers, the clerics reviewing them thought the illustrations were so fanciful as to not be real. It was not until much later, after many missionaries were interviewed, that these unmistakable flowers were accepted as a possibly real organism.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Properties of Passiflora Foetida L. – a Common Exotic Medicinal Plant
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (23), pp. 2650-2653, 3 December, 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2007 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Antibacterial properties of Passiflora foetida L. – a common exotic medicinal plant C. Mohanasundari1, D. Natarajan2*, K. Srinivasan3, S. Umamaheswari4 and A. Ramachandran5 1Department of Microbiology, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, P. Velur, 638 182, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, South India. 2Department of Botany, Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620 023, Tamil Nadu, South India. 3Department of Biology, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai Nefhi, Asmara, North East Africa. 4Department of Eco-Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, South India. 5Forest Utilization Division, Tamil Nadu Forests Department, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, South India Accepted 20 October, 2006 Passiflora foetida L. (stinking passion flower) is an exotic medicinal vine. The antibacterial properties of leaf and fruit (ethanol and acetone) extracts were screened against four human pathogenic bacteria i.e. Pseudomonas putida, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes by well-in agar method. The results showed the leaf extract having remarkable activity against all bacterial pathogens compared to fruits. This study supports, the traditional medicines (herbal extracts) to cure many diseases like diarrhea, intestinal tract, throat, ear infections, fever and skin diseases. Key words: Passiflora foetida, antibacterial activity, ethanol and acetone extracts, human pathogenic bacteria. INTRODUCTION Human infections particularly those involving micro- many unsafe and fatal side effects have recently been organisms i.e. bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, they reported (Ikegami et al., 2003; Izzo, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Milkweeds (Asclepias, Family Apocynaceae) in Texas
    Identification of Milkweeds (Asclepias, Family Apocynaceae) in Texas Texas milkweed (Asclepias texana), courtesy Bill Carr Compiled by Jason Singhurst and Ben Hutchins [email protected] [email protected] Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Austin, Texas and Walter C. Holmes [email protected] Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas Identification of Milkweeds (Asclepias, Family Apocynaceae) in Texas Created in partnership with the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Design and layout by Elishea Smith Compiled by Jason Singhurst and Ben Hutchins [email protected] [email protected] Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Austin, Texas and Walter C. Holmes [email protected] Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas Introduction This document has been produced to serve as a quick guide to the identification of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) in Texas. For the species listed in Table 1 below, basic information such as range (in this case county distribution), habitat, and key identification characteristics accompany a photograph of each species. This information comes from a variety of sources that includes the Manual of the Vascular Flora of Texas, Biota of North America Project, knowledge of the authors, and various other publications (cited in the text). All photographs are used with permission and are fully credited to the copyright holder and/or originator. Other items, but in particular scientific publications, traditionally do not require permissions, but only citations to the author(s) if used for scientific and/or nonprofit purposes. Names, both common and scientific, follow those in USDA NRCS (2015). When identifying milkweeds in the field, attention should be focused on the distinguishing characteristics listed for each species.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological and Chemical Studies Upon the Milkweed (Asclepias Syriaca L) Fisk Gerhardt Iowa State College
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1928 Physiological and chemical studies upon the milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L) Fisk Gerhardt Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Gerhardt, Fisk, "Physiological and chemical studies upon the milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L)" (1928). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14748. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14748 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMl films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMl a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plants for Your Backyard
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Native Plants for Your Backyard Native plants of the Southeastern United States are more diverse in number and kind than in most other countries, prized for their beauty worldwide. Our native plants are an integral part of a healthy ecosystem, providing the energy that sustains our forests and wildlife, including important pollinators and migratory birds. By “growing native” you can help support native wildlife. This helps sustain the natural connections that have developed between plants and animals over thousands of years. Consider turning your lawn into a native garden. You’ll help the local environment and often use less water and spend less time and money maintaining your yard if the plants are properly planted. The plants listed are appealing to many species of wildlife and will look attractive in your yard. To maximize your success with these plants, match the right plants with the right site conditions (soil, pH, sun, and moisture). Check out the resources on the back of this factsheet for assistance or contact your local extension office for soil testing and more information about these plants. Shrubs Trees Vines Wildflowers Grasses American beautyberry Serviceberry Trumpet creeper Bee balm Big bluestem Callicarpa americana Amelanchier arborea Campsis radicans Monarda didyma Andropogon gerardii Sweetshrub Redbud Carolina jasmine Fire pink Little bluestem Calycanthus floridus Cercis canadensis Gelsemium sempervirens Silene virginica Schizachyrium scoparium Blueberry Red buckeye Crossvine Cardinal flower
    [Show full text]
  • Native Ground Covers & Low-Grows
    Native Ground Covers & Low-Grows For the Sun Anemone canadensis (Canada windflower) Antennaria spp. (pussy toes) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (bearberry) Campanula rotundifolia (thread leaf bellflower) Cheilanthes lanosa (hairy lip fern) Coreopsis spp. (tickseed) Dodecatheon meadia (shooting star) Drosera spp. (sundew) Empetrum nigrum (black crow berry) Eragrostis spectabilis (purple love grass) Gaylussacia baccata (black huckleberry) Geum spp. (prairie smoke) Houstonia caerulea (bluets) Hypoxis hirsuta (yellow star grass) Iris cristata (dwarf iris) Juniperus communis (common juniper) Juniperus horizontalis (creeping juniper) Meehania cordata (creeping mint) Mitella diphylla (bishop’s cap) Opuntia humifusa (prickly pear) Paxistima canbyi (cliff green) Phlox subulata (moss phlox) Polemonium spp. (Jacob’s ladder) Sarracenia purpurea (pitcher plant) Sedum nevii (stonecrop) Sedum ternatum (stonecrop) Courtesy of Dan Jaffe Propagator and Stock Bed Grower New England Wild Flower Society [email protected] Native Ground Covers & Low-Grows Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (three toothed cinquefoil) Silene spp. (campion) Sisyrinchium angustifolium (blue eyed grass) Stokesia laevis (Stokes aster) Talinum calycinum (fame flower) Tellima grandiflora (frigecups) Uvularia sessifolia (bellflower) Vaccinium angustifolium (low-bush blueberry) Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) Vaccinium vitis-idaea(mountain cranberry) Viola pedata (birds-foot violet) For the Shade Anemone spp. (Hepatica) Allium tricoccum (ramps) Asarum spp. (wild ginger) Asplenium spp. (spleenwort) Carex spp. (sedge) Chamaepericlymenum canadense (bunchberry) Chimaphila maculata (spotted wintergreen) Chrysogonum virginianum (green and gold) Claytonia virginica (spring beauty) Clintonia borealis (blue bead lily) Coptis trifolia (goldthread) Dicentra canadensis (squirrel corn) Dicentra cucullaria (Dutchmen’s breaches) Epigaea repens (mayflower) Courtesy of Dan Jaffe Propagator and Stock Bed Grower New England Wild Flower Society [email protected] Native Ground Covers & Low-Grows Erythronium spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Elderberry (Pdf)
    f BWSR Featured Plant Name : American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.) Plant Family: Adoxaceae (Moschatel) American Elderberry is a shrub that is Statewide Wetland both beautiful and functional. Its showy Indicator Status: white flowers develop into black berries FACW that are used by a wide variety of birds and mammals. Carpenter and mason bees also use its stems for nesting and it provides pollen for a wide variety native bees, flies and beetles. Its ability to form dense stands in riparian areas makes it well suited to buffer planting and other The flat-topped shape of the flower head soil stabilization projects. is very distinctive photo by Dave Hanson The leaves are long and lace- Identification like in shape Photo by Dave This thicket-forming shrub can be identified by its unique flowers and berries. The Hanson stems are tall, erect, and arching. The newest branches are green in color and glabrous. Older branches are grayish-brown, and have warty-like lenticels. With age the branches become rougher. The leaves are pinnately compound and deciduous with elliptical or lance-like leaflets. Leaflet surfaces are dark green, slightly hairy, and have finely serrated margins. Bases of the leaves are rounded, while the tips abruptly come to a point. The stalks of the leaflets are green with a hairy channel running up the stalk. Numerous flat-topped flower heads appear and bloom from late June to early August. Flowers are white and have a very distinctive odor. The fruit, which is a round berry, ripens from July to August. Although the purple-black fruit is edible, it is slightly bitter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Properties of Sambucus Ebulus: a Review
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(2), pp. 095-103, 18 January, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.026 ISSN 1996-0875© 2010 Academic Journals Review The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties of Sambucus ebulus: A review M. Shokrzadeh1 and S. S. Saeedi Saravi2* 1Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Accepted 16 December, 2009 Sambucus ebulus is known as dwarf elder or elderberry. S. ebulus extracts are an important area in drug development with numerous pharmacological functions in the Middle East. However, their pharmacological functions have not been clearly studied. For a long time, S. ebulus has been prescribed in traditional medicines for the treatment of inflammatory reactions, such as hemorrhoid, bites and sore-throat. In addition, S. ebulus has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti- nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic and anti-oxidative activities. Ebulitin, ebulin 1, flavonoid, athocyanin and other components have been isolated from S. ebulus and identified as active ingredients of biological and pharmacological activities. Due to the easy collection of the plant and remarkable biological activities, this plant has become both food and medicine in the coastal area of Iran. This review presents comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical, toxico- pharmacological and clinical aspects of S. ebulus. Key words: Sambucus ebulus, Adoxaceae, RIPs, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti- oxidative. INTRODUCTION Sambucus ebulus whose common name is dwarf elder, Iran and distributed in moist grasslands or forest margins elderberry or danewort, is a native perennial herb of the on Northern coast of Caspian Sea, Iran (Azadbakht, Adoxaceae family in the order of the Dipsacales, that 1999).
    [Show full text]