Page ·a-ryt o ~a 2 Against All Odds: Growing Franklinia in Boston Peter Del Tredici Volume 63· Number 4 ’ 2005 8 A Silver Anniversary: The Fall Plant Arnoldia (ISSN 004-2633; USPS 866-100) is Distribution and Sale, 1980-2005 published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum of 9 The Dove Tree: A Long Journey West Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid at Richard Schulhof Boston, Massachusetts. 11I Ilex pedunculosa: The Longstalk Holly Phyllis Andersen Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable m advance. Single copies of 13 ’Yoshino’: An Outstanding Cultivar of the most issues are $5.00 (plus postage); the exceptions Japanese Cedar are 58/4-59/1 (Metasequoia After Fifty YearsJ and Kim E. Tripp Source-book Cultivar which are 54/4 (A of Names), 155 Microbiota decussata: A Versatile Conifer $10.00. Remittances may be made m U.S. dollars, Nancy Rose by check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international money order; or by Visa or Mastercard. Send orders, 177 Chionanthus retusus: The Chinese remittances, change-of-address notices, and all other Fringetree subscription-related commumcations to Arnoldia, Peter Del Tredici ~ Jianhua Li Arnold 125 Arboretum, Arborway, Jamaica Plam, 199 Beach Plum: A Shrub for Low-Maintenance Massachusetts 02130-3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; facsimile 617.524.1418; e-mail arnoldia@arnarb. Landscapes harvard.edu. Richard H. Uva ~ Thomas H. Whitlow 211 Calycanthus chinensis: The Chinese Postmaster: Send address changes to Sweetshrub Arnoldia Jianhua Li & Peter Del Tredici The Arnold Arboretum 23 Rhus trilobata: Worthy Plant Seeks 125 Arborway Worthy Name Jamaica Plam, MA 02130-3500 Nancy Rose 26 Karen Editor Demystifymg Daphnes Madsen, Bob Mary Jane Kaplan, Copyeditor Hyland Lois Brown, Editorial Assistant 29 Index to Volume 63 Andy Winther, Designer Front cover: The flowers of Stewarna ovata forma accession received Editorial Committee grandiflora, number 18244-B, from T. G. Harbison of Highlands, North Carolma, in 1925. Phyllis Andersen This specimen is unusual in producmg five-petaled Robert E. Cook flowers with either purple or nearly white anther fila- Peter Del Tredici ments, and occasionally chimeric flowers with both. Jianhua Li Photograph by Peter Del Tredici Richard Schulhof Stephen A. Spongberg Inside covers: A photo gallery of plants to be offered on Kim E. Tripp September 18, at the Arboretum’s 25th fall plant sale. See list of photographers on page 32. Copyright © 2005. The President and Fellows of Back cover: The graceful fruit of the longstalk holly, Harvard College Ilex pedunculosa. Photograph by Ethan W. Johnson. Against All Odds: Growing Franklinia in Boston

Peter Del Tredici

he year 2005 gives the Arboretum an part of its growth strategy and gives the plants to celebrate two of its most his- an air of dynamism that suggests they will have toricallyexcuse significant plants: it marks the moved to a completely different part of the Arbo- centennial of the Franklinia alatamaha located retum by the time of their next centennial. along Chinese Path, on the southwest slope of The larger of the two plants (#2428-3-B) is Bussey Hill. Two specimens, growing side by now 21 feet (6.3m) tall by 53 feet ( 16m) wide and side, were propagated in 1905 as cuttings from has eight more-or-less vertical "trunks" greater a tree received by the Arboretum in 1884. Since than 5 inches (12cm) in diameter (the largest is 7 then, the plants have become giant shrubs that inches, or 18cm). The smaller plant (#2428-3-A) sprawl across the landscape, taking root wherev- is also 21 feet tall but just 30 feet (9m) wide, and er their branches touched the ground. This "self- has six stems larger than 5 inches in diameter. layering" habit of Franklinia is an important In the ranks of monumental trees, these are not

Franklima alatamaha, # 2428-3-B, at the Arnold Arboretum. 3

The spectacular flower of Franklinia. impressive dimensions, but they are enough to able to collect seed from the plants, which he place them among the largest Franklinias any- took back to Philadelphia. Several other collec- where in the world. More important, they are the tors later visited the Bartram’s Franklima site oldest Franklinias of known, documented lin- along the Altamaha River, the last being the eage. To put it another way, we know where the English nurseryman John Lyon in 1803.2 Since plants came from and when, which is more than then, no one has reported finding Franklinia most people can say about their Franklinias. growing in the wild.3.3 The title of "oldest documented Franklinia" The species was first described and given was bestowed on the Arboretum’s plants in 2000 the name Franklinia alatamaha in 1785 by after a two-year survey of cultivated Franklinias William’s cousin Humphry Marshall in his throughout the world that was conducted by groundbreaking book, Arbustum Americanum: Historic Bartram’s Garden in Philadelphia.’ To The American Grove. William’s own descrip- appreciate the significance of this finding, we tion of his encounter with Franklinia in the wild must review the plant’s colorful history. The did not appear until 1791, when he published species was discovered in southeast Georgia, Travels after a long series of delays. Unfortu- along the Altamaha River near Fort Barrington, nately Bartram’s very American name did not on October 1, 1765, by John Bartram and his take hold in Europe, where botanists chose to son William. The plant was not in flower at refer to Franklinia as Gordonia pubescens.4 This the time, so its identity remained uncertain. name stuck until 1889, when Sargent changed William returned to the area in 1773 and pro- it to Gordonia altamaha.5 It wasn’t until after duced a beautiful illustration of the plant in 1925 that Humphry Marshall’s original name flower that he ranked as being "of the first order for the plant, Franklinia alatamaha, was widely for beauty and fragrance." In 1776, William was recognized by botanists as legitimate.6 4

William sowed the Franklinia seed he had collected shortly after his return to Philadelphia in January 1777, and they germinated soon after. The resultmg plants produced their first flowers four years later, in 1781, and their first seed in 1782.’ On August 16, 1783, William wrote to Linnaeus that he had raised a total of five Franklinia seedlings-two he sent to France and two he planted in his own garden, which were currently flowering and "full of seed nearly ripe."8 In November 1831, William Wynne, The Arboretum’s original accession card for the Franklinia alatamaha the foreman at Bartram’s Garden, (received as Gordonia pubescens) from Thomas Meehan m December reported that one of the original seed- 1884 lings was fifty feet tall,9 and in 1832, the botamst Constantine Rafinesque visited the garden and described a specimen that was "nearly 40 feet high."’° In 1846, D. J. Browne noted a Franklinia in Bartram’s garden that was "fifty-two feet in height, with a trunk three feet and nine inches in circumference [which equals a diam- eter of 14 inches]."" Seven years later, Thomas Meehan measured one of Bartram’s Franklinias at "about thirty feet high [with] a diameter of from

This drawmg appears in The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, rev. ed., 1916, with this caption : "A tender tree bound m branches of hemlock. The protected tree is a specimen of gordoma [Frankhnia] about Thomas Meehan (1826-1901).). 10 feet high, at Arnold Arboretum, Boston." 5

nine to twelve inches." He went on to note that "the finest specimen lately blew off in a gale,"’z a statement that clearly indicates that only one of Bar- tram’s original seedlings-the smaller of the two-was alive in 1853. The last measurement of the origi- nal trees was in 1890, by Joseph Mee- han, Thomas’ younger brother, who reported in Garden and Forest:

This tree was supposed to be dead, and in fact it did die to the ground, but on a recent visit to it I observed a sucker of several feet m length from a portion of the stump beneath the ground.

In this same article, Meehan reported the existence of a 25-foot-tall speci- men of Franklinia growing in the garden of William De Hart in Phila- delphia that was "raised by layering a branch of the original tree in Bar- tram’s Garden."13 Unfortunately this tree no longer exists. The two plants that grew in Bar- tram’s garden were a ready source of Franklinia seed-indeed, the only source-and they were distributed by William and later by his nephew, Robert Carr.’4 As Franklinia became more common in the Philadelphia area, a number of local nurseries began propagating it. Foremost among the early propagators was Thomas Meehan, who had immi- C. E. Faxon’s illustration of Franklima alatamaha (Tab XXII) from volume to the United States in 1848 grated one of Silva of North America by C. S. Sargent (1890). and worked as the gardener at Bar- tram’s Garden before establishing his own nurs- It was therefore appropriate that Thomas ery in Germantown in 1853.’S In that same year, Meehan should have donated a Franklinia plant Meehan published The American Handbook of to the Arnold Arboretum. It was accessioned Ornamental Trees in which he described the under #2428 as Gordonia pubescens in Decem- cultivation and propagation of Franklinia: "It ber 1884. Meehan’s donation was most likely seems to thrive best in a light rich loam, con- propagated from a specimen of Franklinia grow- tiguous to moisture; and may be propagated by ing in his nursery in Germantown, just outside either seeds or layers."’~ During the 1870s and Philadelphia. Sargent mentions this tree in the 80s, the Arboretum’s first director, C. S. Sargent, Franklima entry of the first volume of Silva of worked closely with Meehan to save Bartram’s North America where he published a beautiful house and what was left of the garden from illustration of it.l8 The specific technique that destruction, a goal that was accomplished in was probably used to propagate this plant was 1891 when the property officially became part described by Thomas Meehan’s younger brother of the Philadelphia park system."7 Joseph in Garden and Forest: "The tree can be 6

is necessary every autumn here to bend its stems over, to as near the ground as possible, and protect them from the rigors of wmter with leaves, soil or other protecting matemal. After pegging the branches down, the best protection is afforded by putting dry leaves over and among them, and then covering the whole with soil thrown up m the form of a little mound, so as to shed the rams. It might pass the winters without such pro- tection if planted m the shelter of some warm walls. In any case, it is well worth any extra care bestowed upon it ... It may be propagated by layers or cuttmgs.2’ Jack’s reference to the propagation of Frank- linia by cuttings was later corroborated by Sar- gent, also in the pages of Garden and Forest, where he noted: Two or three plants of Gordoma altamaha are now in flower in the Arnold Arboretum. The plants are only about three feet high and are from cuttmgs taken in July, 1891. They have stood out two wmters without protection and nothmg but the new growth was killed.22 Indeed, a check of the Arborctum’s records shows that cuttings from #2428 were taken in July 1891 and given a new accession number, 2428-1. And it’s a good thing, too, because the Frankhma’s fall fohage. original plant from Meehan died in 1896. Cut- from #2428-1 were rooted in increased by layering. If good soil be placed about tings successfully July 1900, on July 5, 1905, and finally in 1908. it, and the layer not disturbed for two years, a The plants from both the 1905 and 1908 strong, well-rooted plant results."’9 cuttings were given the accession number 2428-3. Two of Franklinia at the Arnold Arboretum the plants from this third-generation accession of Franklinia are still growing on Bussey Hill, In 1889, Sargent announced in the pages of Gar- one hundred and after their den and Forest that: twenty-one years arrival at the Arnold. Gordonia has flowered this at the pubescens year The decision to plant Franklinia on the Arnold in the Arboretum, growing open ground. southwest slope of Bussey Hill was based on The plant was bent over and covered with soil last the knowledge-gained from experience-that wmter. Though not hardy at Boston, it might do this was one of the best locations for growing well when tramed agamst a sheltering wall. A few in the Arboretum’s 260 acres. Over the of its beautiful flowers would well repay a little plants trouble and care.2° years, this area (now known as "Chinese Path") has consistently provided Arboretum staff with The in the following year, September 24, 1890, a perfect location for growing plants whose har- issue of Garden and the Forest, Arboretum’s diness is either marginal or unknown. The soil, G. that dendrologist, J. Jack, reported Franklinia which is deep and relatively free of stones, pro- was again flowering at the Arboretum, and in vides an excellent balance of moisture retention 1893 he elaborated on the technique used to and drainage, and the mid-slope location gives protect the plant in winter: protection from both the cold winter winds and [A]t the Arboretum, after growmg m its present the unpredictable frosts of spring and fall. position for about eight years, it is a several- The Arboretum’s early experiments with cul- stemmed shrub eight or ten feet high. Moreover, it tivating Franklinia were primarily focused on 7

its hardiness. From the perspective of 120 years’ species of Theaceae indigenous to the Umted States. hindsight, however, the plant’s susceptibility to Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32: 123-138. disease-especially from the wilt-causing fun- ’ H. Marshall 82/G~: 6. 1785 Arbustum Amencanum: the Amencan Grove. Crukshank: gus Phytophthora cinnamoni-appears to be a Joseph Philadelphia. more critical problem. This pathogen is particu- J. J. T. Fry. 2003. More on Frankhmas The American Gardener larly troublesome in heavy, wet soils, but even where drainage is not an issue, Franklmia has W. Wynne 1832. Gardener’s Magazme (London) 8: the well-deserved reputation of being difficult 272-277. to keep alive-a "miffy" plant, to use an English 10 C. S. Rafinesque. 1832. New plants from Bartram’s horticultural term. A second factor that makes Botamc Garden. Atlantic journal 1, 2: pp 79-80. Franklinia tricky to grow is its requirement for " D. J. Browne 1846. Trees of America. Natme and New York. Brothers. acid soil-with a pH between 5 and 6-an obser- Foreign Harper vation that was not documented until 1927.23 ’z T. Meehan. 1853 The Amencan Handbook of Ornamental Trees. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, This reconstruction of Franklinia’s long history and Co. at the Arboretum makes it obvious that much ’3 J. Meehan. 1890. Gordoma Altamaha (pubescens/. Garden and Forest 445. See also Meehan. of the horticultural that we take for 3/133~: J. knowledge 1888. Garden and Forest 1(36) : 429. exists because of the work granted today only " of persistent staff members constantly push- J. Fry. 1996. Bartram’s garden catalogue of North American plants, 1783. Journal of Garden History ing the limits of what they could cultivate. The 16. Franklinia growing today on Bussey Hill are ’S L. H. Bailey. 1916. The Standard Cyclopedia of a to the efforts of living legacy untiring John Horticulture, pp. 1587-88. New York: The Macmrllan Bartram and his son William, Thomas Meehan, Co. Charles and on a Sargent, John Jack. Indeed, ’~ T. Meehan. 1853. The Amencan Handbook of crisp fall day m October, a knowledgeable visi- Ornamental Trees. Philadelphia: Lrppmcott, Grambo, tor to the Arboretum can sense the presence of and Co. these men amidst the stunning display of pure " J. Meehan. 1897. In Bartram’s Garden. Meehans’ white flowers and rich crimson foliage. They Monthly 7’ 50. were able to accomplish great things because ’n C. S. Sargent. 1890. Silva of North Amenca 1~ 45-4G they believed in the importance of their work Houghton Mifflin, Boston Frankhma is classified as and stuck with it through all kinds of adver- Gordonia altamaha in this work. sity. Without their concerted efforts, Franklinia 1v J. Meehan. 1888. Garden and Forest 1(3G~: 429. never into the z° might have survived twenty-first C. S. Sargent. 1889. Notes. Garden and Forest 2(84) century, let alone come into flower on Bussey 480

Hill in the 2005. z’ year --- 1893. Noteworthy late-flowering shrubs. Garden and Forest 6(295): 436-437. Endnotes 22 C. S. Sargent 1884. Notes. Garden and Forest 7(344): ’ Historic Bartram’s Garden. 2000. Franklinia Census. 390. Special publication of the John Bartram Association ~ F. V. Coville. 1927. The effect of alummum sulfate on 2 F. Harper, ed. 1958. The Travels of Wilham Bartram, rhododendrons and other acid-soil plants. Smithsonian Naturahst’s Edition New Haven: Yale Umversity Institution 1926 Annual Report, Washington, D.C., Press; J. Ewan. 1968. Wilham Bartram. Botanical pp.369-382. and Zoological Drawings, 1756-1788 Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Acknowledgments 3 and A. N. Leeds. A F. Harper 1937. supplementary The author would especially like to thank Joel T. on Frankhma alatamaha. Bartonia 19: 1-13. chapter Fry, Curator of Historic Collections at Bartram ’s 4 for him to in J. Fry. 2000. Franklmia alatamaha, a history of that Garden, directing the articles Garden and "very curious" shrub. Bartram Broadside, Spring Forest describing the Arnold Arboretum’s efforts at 2000. cultivating Frankhnia. 5 C. S. Sargent. 1889. Gordoma pubescens. Garden and Forest 2(96): 616 Peter Del Tredici is a senior research scientist at the 6 C. E. Kobuski. 1951. Studies in the Theaceae, XXI: the Arnold Arboretum. A SILVER ANNIVERSARY The Fall Plant Distribution and Sale, 1980-2005

In 1980 the flyer for the Fall Plant Distribution and Sale -the first-noted that many of the species being offered Arboretum’swere rarely seen even in the botanical gardens of North America. Members were encouraged to take their time and browse carefully, "so that you don’t overlook those rare gems seldom found in private gardens." That advice is just as apt today, as many of these unusual plants remain hard to find. In honor of the sale’s silver anniversary, Arnoldia asked notable plant people to contribute comments on their favorites from the list of plants at this year’s sale. Photographs of many of the plants to be offered are displayed on the inside front covers as well as on this page. The Dove Tree: A Long journey West Richard Schulhof

hether for a plant collector or a gardener with a taste for the W remarkable, there is much to recommend in a tree that combines a curious beauty with a storied past. For those interested in the history of plant introduction, few species conjure more images of turn-of-the-century explora- tion than the famed dove tree (Davidia involucrata). And for horticulturists, the first encounter with the dove tree is often like one’s first taste of cham- pagne, initially peculiar to the palate but greatly prized by the end of the glass. It was like that for me. The occasion was a student field trip on a blustery An specimen Davidia mvolucrata var. vilmonniana, m in outstandmg of spring day Boston, Massachusetts; ~11 hkhhood the oldest m North America, accession #5159, resides on the location was the Arnold Arboretum. Bussey Hill’s Chmese Path. After a long search for the tree, we were a little disappointed with our first glimpse of I was familiar with the story of Wilson and a specimen that was surprisingly inconspicu- the dove tree, having recently read Stephanne B. ous from a distance-the many white, fluttering Sutton’s marvelous biography of the Arboretum’s bracts might have been mistaken for leaves with founding director, Charles Sargent. In 1869, the a pale underside. Closer examination, however, species was first discovered by French mission- revealed inflorescences of exquisite complex- ary Pere Armand David in Sichuan Province, ity. Uneven pairs of improbable greenish-white near the Tibetan border. Described and named bracts ~"doves") hung dramatically from malt- after its discoverer in 1871, the Davidia was ball-sized globes of a wonderful chocolate subsequently sighted by Augustine Henry, an brown. With my hand lens I made out scores of English physician with a great passion for bot- small male flowers covering these balls like the any then stationed in China. In 1893, he wrote florets of a dandelion; near the center stood enthusiastically, "Davidia is worth any amount the single female flower. I had never seen any- of money. I saw only one tree of it, but doubt- thing quite like it. less there are others in the district ... Davidia /I But the experience was especially memorable is wonderful." because we believed the tree before us was not Sir Harry Veitch of the prominent Veitch Nurs- just any dove tree but a historic specimen grown ery in Chelsea, England, read Henry’s encomium from seed collected by Ernest H. Wilson, the and resolved to be the first to offer the heralded celebrated plant explorer most closely associated new species commercially. He hired Wilson, with the Arnold Arboretum. Ironically, how- then a twenty-two-year-old horticulturist, to ever, the tree in question-the Arboretum’s best travel to China, giving him clear instructions: specimen-results not from a Wilson expedition "The object of the journey is to collect a quan- but from that of an earlier plant explorer, French tity of seeds of a plant (Davidia) ... This is the missionary Pere Paul Guillaume Farges. object-do not dissipate time, energy or money 10

on anything else." Beginning in the spring of 1900, Wilson, working from a map provided by Henry, searched a large area of central China only to discover that the one tree of known location had been cut for lumber. Undeterred, he eventually found several fruiting trees, and he sent hundreds of seeds back to England. The first plant came into bloom at the Veitch Nursery in 1911. However, unbeknown to both Wilson and Veitch, Pere Farges had in 1897 sent 37 seeds to the arboretum of Maurice de Vilmorin in Les Barres, France. In 1899, one of those seeds ger- minated and the resulting tree bloomed in 1906. So even though Wilson could claim responsibil- The distmctme bark tree ity for broadly distributing the dove tree, thanks of the dove to the large quantities of seed he had gathered, flower on or about Lilac Sunday, perched on the the credit for the first to introducing specimen west-facing slope of Bussey Hill along Chinese the west belonged to Farges. Smarting from the Path near several other spectacular specimens loss of greater glory, Wilson wrote, "After my of similar vintage. Interestingly, a few feet away successful introduction of Davidia in 1901, and grows a dove tree that originated from the seed its free one germmation in 1902, I had yet little collected Wilson for the Veitch and " by Nursery cup of bitterness to drain." sent to the Arboretum as a sapling in 1911. A It is from the one plant germinated from somber reminder of failed the Wil- seed that the expectations, Farges’ outstanding specimen son specimen (accession #14473*A) resides in the at the Arnold Arboretum (accession #5159*A~ shade of stewartias and has never attained the originated. The plant, a rooted layer, was physical prominence of its nearby neighbor. Like obtained Charles and at the by Sargent planted most dove trees in cultivation, both specimens Arboretum in 1904. severe cold Injured by early are of the botanical variety Davidia involucrata m the tree from its base to form life, resprouted var. vilmoriniana, which differs from the species the multi-stemmed specimen we know today. in having smooth rather than felted leaves. When it bloomed for the first time in then 1931, Still rare in gardens, Davidia is unrivaled Arboretum director Oakes in the Ames, writing among hardy trees for historical, botanical, and Arboretum’s Bulletin for Popular Information, horticultural distinction. More than a one-season declared that the was more specimen notable for ornament, it offers attractive mottled, reddish- its botanical than for its novelty beauty: gray bark along with three- to five-inch leaves We are told that in its native land, when laden that are a bright green and usually free of pests from top to bottom with enormous white floral or disease. The large round fruits, roughly one- bracts, some of them attammg a length of eight and-one-half inches in diameter, dangle singly mches or more, D. mvolucrata presents a wonder- and often persist into the winter. Although ful aspect. But from an aesthetic of view it pomt once established it is hardy to USDA zone 6, has httle to recommend it. Its claim to a place in young plantmgs may require some protection in the garden rests on the bizarre form rather than extreme winters. Please note that if a the beauty of the mflorescence. you plant seedling from the Arboretum plant sale, you will If he could see the mature fully specimen of wait up to ten years before seeing a bloom. Yet today, Oakes Ames might very well revise his according to E. H. Wilson, the flowers of "the opinion. Now over 30 feet in height, the tree most interesting and beautiful of all trees of the in bloom is without question an outstanding north temperate flora" are well worth the wait. feature of the Arboretum’s spring landscape the dove tree is an alternate- (remember, though, Richard Schulhof is deputy director of the Arnold year bloomer). You can usually find it in full Arboretum. Ilex pedunculosa: The Longstalk Holly Phyllis Andersen

In the fall of 1892, during his first plant col- The plant that had so impressed Sargent was trip to Japan, Charles Sprague Sargent Ilex pedunculosa, the longstalk holly, first Ilectingadmired a distinctive holly growing along described for publication by the Dutch botanist the Nagasendo Highway, the famous mountain Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in 1868. Its road connecting Kyoto to Edo (now Tokyo). He affinity with the hollies of New England made it found the plant growing both in the wild and in of particular interest to Sargent, who was com- the gardens of local inns, sometimes as a shrub mitted to researching the similarities between only two to three feet high and sometimes as the floras of eastern Asia and eastern North a well-formed tree as tall as twenty to thirty America. The plant’s appeal was further enhanced feet, with a narrow, round-headed top. Its oval by Sargent’s desire to add plants of significant leaves were a lustrous, dark green. But its most ornamental value to the Arnold Arboretum’s distinctive feature was its long flower stems, collection. Later Sargent hired the British plant or peduncles, which in the early fall drooped explorer E. H. Wilson to further pursue the study under the weight of bright red fruit, not unlike of Asian flora, and in 1907 Wilson sent seeds of the stems of fruiting cherry trees. I. pedunculosa from China back to Boston.

With lustrous leaves, bnght red frmt, and dependable hardmess throughout zone 5, the longstalk holly is a broadleaf evergreen that fewm New England can nval 12

resemblance to those of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifoliaJ; Sargent, on the other hand, compared them to those of "our wild cherry." In the Boston area, the plant produ- ces inconspicuous white flowers in mid June. The bright red berries, or drupes, as they are called, are often as large as those of I. aqui- folium, nearly one inch long and one-quarter inch in diameter. They appear in early fall and persist on the plant throughout the season if not eaten by the birds. The branching pattern of the longstalk holly is generally up- right, becoming more open as the plant matures. While plants in the wild can attain up to 30 feet in height, they are smaller in cultivation, reaching at most 15 feet. Like all hollies, Ilex pedun- culosa prefers a well-drained, slightly acidic soil and thrives in partial shade. It has few disease or pest problems. In common with other hollies, it is dioecious, hav- ing male and female reproductive structures on separate plants; for a good fruiting display on female plants, grow a small male plant in the same general area. (A ratio E. H. Wilson photographed this 25-foot-tall longstalk holly in China, 1909. of one male to up to six females In cultivation the plant attams httle more than half that helght is recommended.)/ Having observed that in Japan The first plants propagated from this seed llex pedunculosa was tound at high elevations /I were set out on the Arboretum’s Hickory Path, that were subject to "excessive winter cold," where their ornamental qualities and hardiness Sargent hoped that the plant would thrive in were evaluated for many years. Having per- New England, where the traditional English formed well at that site, they were moved in and American hollies are prone to winter 1970 to an area near the Arboretum’s administra- injury. His hopes were fulfilled: I. pendun- tion building, where they still form a distinctive culosa is dependably hardy through USDA part of the setting. zone 5 and has survived severe winters at the Arnold Arboretum better than many other The evergreen leaves of Ilex pedunculosa are broadleaved evergreens. oval in shape, one to three inches long and three- fourths to one-and-one-quarter inch wide. They Phyllis Andersen is a landscape historian and instructor lack the so characteristic of the American spines in the Landscape Institute of the Arnold Arboretum. She holly (I. opaca) and the European holly (I. aqui- was the director of the Arboretum’s Institute for Cultural folium). Several writers have noted the leaves’ Landscape Studies. ‘Yoshino’: An Outstanding Cultivar of the Japanese Cedar Kim E. Tripp undreds of exceptional conifers exist, regions of the eastern coastal plain and pied- one among them stands out: a plant mont. It prefers a rich, deep, acidic soil, but it butthat combines great beauty and diver- has performed well in many soil types through- sity of form with ease of propagation and tough out the country. One of its great attributes is its adaptability. I refer to Cryptomeria japonica, or range of adaptability, extending from the cool, Japanese cedar. moist Northwest to the hot, wet Southeast. It Japanese cedar is a monotypic genus native prefers higher soil moisture than many other to Japan and southern China. In Japan, it has conifers and suffers during extended dry periods. been grown and selected for hundreds of years Its root system is a vigorous, fibrous mass, and as an important forestry crop, a valuable orna- even large trees transplant readily with minimal mental, and a bonsai subject. Revered plantings browning and dieback if adequate water is regu- of Japanese cedar, or sugi, surround several of larly provided following transplanting. the oldest monastery temples. Many of them Like almost all conifers, Japanese cedar needs are over 300 years old and reach well over 100 full sun for rapid growth, but it also grows well feet in height, with trunk diameters of 10 feet. in partial shade. Deep or constant shade, how- But these massive trees bear little resemblance ever, will lead to thinning and interior dieback. to the average Japanese cedar on this continent. Avoid planting Japanese cedars in exceptionally Nor are these venerable specimens similar to the windy sites, too, especially in borderline cold- Japanese cedars often seen languishing in estab- hardiness areas where excessive winter bronzing lished landscapes. In North America the oldest may be a problem. Partial shade will minimize specimens are usually seedlings that have aged winter bronzing. into thinning, gangly individuals. They do not Japanese cedar is a problem-free plant with represent the handsome forms now available, one exception: Stressed plants can be suscep- and unfortunately, they have given Japanese tible to the fungus Phyllosticta aurea (redfire/. cedar an undeserved reputation for tattiness. It causes foliage to die and branches to turn a The "classic" Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria bright reddish brown. It generally attacks older ~aponica var. japomca, takes on a loosely conical, foliage on individual branches first, then-in semiformal shape and can reach heights of 50 to severe cases-progresses throughout the tree 80 feet. The short, flexible, somewhat incurved until only the actively growing tips remain needles give the foliage a soft, refined appear- green. However, susceptibility is highly vari- ance and an easily handled texture. (Most people able among cultivars, and ’Yoshino’ is one of begin unconsciously stroking the branches of the most resistant. Japanese cedar within minutes of standing next Cold can be another of Japanese cedar’s adver- to it.) As it matures, C. japonica var. japonica saries. From time to time, late spring freezes- and related types (including ’Yoshino’) resemble or fall freezes on actively growing, unhardened tightly knit, forest-green clouds billowing up imported plants-will kill the soft tip growth from the ground. However, this characteristic of the branches. Happily, this is never serious varies greatly among its many cultivars, which because it has a wonderful ability to regrow differ so much from one to another that they after dieback or cutback. (I have seen a 4-foot- hardly seem to be the same species. tall plant of ’Benjamin Franklin’ reduced to 4 Japanese cedar is hardy throughout zones inches by a large mower twice in three months; 6 to 9-even in mountainous areas and hot the unrepentant operator of the mower dubbed 14

it "the bionic plant.") Frost or freeze damage to soft tip growth is easily differentiated from the symptoms of redfire fungus. Redfire usually pro- gresses from older to younger tis- sue along a branch and up the tree. Insects are seldom a problem. Since bagworms, which plague Leyland cypress in some areas, are not nor- mally a pest of Cryptomeria, the full- size forms of Japanese cedar make an excellent alternative to Leyland cypress. Almost all forms of Japanese cedar can be propagated easily from cut- tings, which are best taken from November through February but will root at almost any time of year if mature, hardened wood is available. Full-size cultivars like ’Yoshino’ will usually root even if no visible mature wood is available (albeit more slow- ly/, but avoid cutting during active flushes of growth. Wound cuttings minimally and treat them with mod- erate concentration of rooting hor- mones and place them under mist. (In winter, bottom heat can help.) As one might expect in a hydrophilic plant, it roots faster at higher mist frequencies than those used for other conifers. The cultivar ’Yoshino’ is a full- sized form that will reach 50 feet -=>0>--""’" ~~J and retain a quite rapidly uniform, in a in . 1 11 . ~ I ~ I . II Cryptomeria japonica growing nursery Maryland. mormamy pyramiaai namt mtn tne type species’ cloudlike silhouette. It is the most Dirr, M.A. 1990. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. reliably cold-hardy cultivar and the best choice Stipes Pub. Co. for zone 6 gardens. A beauty as a specimen, in Hornibrook, M. 1938. Dwarf and Slow-Growmg Comfers, numbers it will also rapidly make a handsome 2nd ed. Theophrastus, Noble. screen. ’Yoshino’ has been used to create a lush Krussmann, G. 1985. Manual of Cultivated Comfers. background to the waterfall and mountain paths Timber Press. of the at Boston’s Tenshin-en, Japanese garden Van Gelderen, D.M., and I. R. P. van Hoey Smith. 1986. Museum of Fine Arts. Conifers Timber Press. References Vidakovic,M. 1991 Com fers, Morphology and Vamation. Graficki Zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb. Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus Third MacMillan Pub. Co. 341

Den Ouden, P, and B. K. Boom. 1965. Manual of Kim Tripp, a Putnam Fellow at the Arnold Arboretum, Cultivated Conifers The Hague, Martinus 1994-1995, is now director of the New York Botanical Ni~hoff, Netherlands. Garden. Microbiota decussata: A Versatile Conifer

Nancy Rose

decussata is an elegant, low- arborvitae), but the two are different enough to evergreen shrub that is finding maintain their separate designations. ~/-L /~V1 /icrobiota growing its way into more gardens every year. With a height at maturity averaging only ten Its combmation of graceful form, attractive foli- to eighteen inches in most landscape plantings, age, cold hardiness, and landscape value earned the plant’s low, widespreading form resem- it a 1998 Cary Award, which annually honors bles that of spreading junipers. (Interestingly, outstanding woody plants for New England native Siberian specimens with heights ranging gardens. Microbiota decussata has gamed favor from eight inches to over three feet have been well beyond New England, however, and gar- reported, indicating that it may be possible to deners in many states may find it an excellent select shorter or taller types from wild popu- addition to their landscapes. lations.) Many long stems radiate horizontally This unique conifer has a remote and limited from the plant’s crown, creating a spread that native range: the Sikhote Alin mountain range can reach ten feet or more. As these main in the southeastern leg of Siberia, bordering the stems grow outward, numerous gently arching Sea of Japan. It is often found growing above secondary branches rise from them, develop- the treeline, frequently in association with ing first near the center of the plant. Since all of Pinus pumila, a shrubby pine species, and in Microbiota decussata’s branch tips nod down- shrubland areas m the upper mountain valleys ward, the result is a wonderfully graceful, softly of the region. The species was first recorded by layered appearance. The nodding branch tips are botamst I. K. Shishkin in 1921, in the mountains characteristic of the species and make it easy to northeast of Vladivostok, and named by botanist differentiate it from spreading jumpers, whose V. L. Komarov in 1923. branch tips tend to flare upward Despite being discovered and named over 80 The individual branchlets of Microbiota years ago, Microbiota decussata is often described decussata are arranged in lacy, fernlike sprays, in garden catalogs as "new" or "recently discov- much like those of arborvitae; no doubt this ered." This claim is actually not so far off, since accounts for another common name for the there was a significant lag between the plant’s plant, "Russian arborvitae." The branchlets are discovery and its introduction to gardeners in covered with closely pressed, scale-like needles North America. The species was not mentioned arranged in opposite pairs. The pairs emerge at in Hortus Third, the 1976 edition of the vener- 90-degree angles from each other, resulting in a able tome that lists cultivated plants of the U.S. neatly layered, four-ranked arrangement termed and Canada. It has slowly become more available decussate-hence the plant’s specific epithet in the nursery trade over the past 20 years, how- decussata. The individual needles are tiny (one- ever, and is clearly now here to stay. eighth inch or less), with convex outer surfaces, Microbiota decussata is the lone species in its a triangular shape, and tips that feel slightly genus, but it is not without relatives. It belongs sharp when you run a finger down the branchlet to the cypress family, a wide-ranging group of backwards, from tip to base. coniferous trees and shrubs that includes well- The foliage can safely be described as a pleas- known evergreen genera like Jumperus, Thu~a ant bright green during the growing season but (arborvitae), and Chamaecyparis (false cypress). describing its winter color is a highly subjec- Taxonomically, M. decussata is perhaps most tive exercise. Those who don’t like the plant similar to Platycladus orientahs (oriental use terms like "dull brown" or "dirty purplish 16

of organic mulch-wood chips, shredded bark, or pine needles- applied in a wide circle around the plant will help keep the root zone cool and moist. So far M. decus- sata has not shown susceptibility to Phomopsis tip blight, a com- mon disease problem for some of the spreading junipers, and appears to be free of other major disease or insect problems. When Microbiota decussata started to become available in nurseries it was often touted as extremely shade tolerant. This was seen as a great advantage over spreading junipers, which grow poorly and exhibit thinning foliage Microbiota decussata has a natural affimty for rocks in shade. More experience with brown" while those who find it appealing M. decussata has led to modified recommenda- describe the color as anything from "magnificent tions, however. It too is prone to limited growth " copper" to "rich bronze" or "burgundy purple." and thinner foliage when grown m dense, full Beauty (and color descriptions) are clearly in the shade, so the better choice seems to be partial eye of the beholder. Plants grown where they shade or full sun exposure. In regions with hot are shaded during the winter show less bronzing summers this Siberian native appears to benefit than those in full sun. Some plants seem to green from partial shade, especially in the afternoon. up more quickly than others in the spring; per- Microbiota decussata is usually sold in con- haps in the future nursery growers should select tainers at nurseries and garden centers, but for this trait in new cultivars. is also available from a number of mail order Being a conifer, Microbiota decussata does of garden catalogs. While it can be grown from course bear cones, but they are so small as to be seed, most commercial propagation is by rooted hardly noticeable. Male and female cones occur stem cuttings. on the same plant-in other words, it is monoe- This is a plant with multiple uses in the land- cious. The male cones are the smaller, about scape. Because of its low height and wide spread, one-sixteenth to one-eighth inch long; they it makes an ideal evergreen groundcover, its ferny, release pollen in the spring. Female cones, about layered foliage creating a three-dimensional that is in It one-eighth inch long, consist of a single naked effect lacking many groundcovers. seed held within two to four leathery scales; the has a natural affinity for rocks, whether sweep- a decorative seeds mature in late summer or early autumn. ing around the base of well-placed or over the of a stone retam- It is a very cold hardy plant, surviving through boulder spilling top wall. Attractive it also combines well USDA zone 3 (average annual minimum temper- ing alone, ature minus 30 degrees to minus 40 degrees F). In with small deciduous shrubs, herbaceous peren- and other conifers. Even its bronze winter fact, it seems to prefer cooler climates and may nials, fail to thrive in areas warmer than USDA zone color shows to advantage when contrasted with the dark of the colorful 6. Excellent soil drainage is a must, but as long green foliage evergreens, fruit of shrubs like Ilex verticillata ’Red as the site is well drained the plant can adapt Sprite’, or the tones of ornamental to a range of soil types and pH levels. It grows light grasses. well in evenly moist soil, but once established it also tolerates drier conditions. An inch or two For a note about the author, see page 25. ° Chionanthus retusus: The Chinese Fringetree

Peter Del Tredici ~ jianhua Li

T Tandsome is a word often used to the Chinese fringetree describe~. -L (Chionanthus retusus). When planted in the open, this species devel- ops into an elegant small tree, twenty to thirty feet high with approximately the same spread. A century-old speci- men at the Arnold Arboretum is about twenty feet tall by thirty feet wide, and when in bloom from late May through mid June is totally covered with showy, white flowers. It is no exaggeration to say that this tree is capable of putting on one of the Arboretum’s best floral displays. The blue-purple fruit, which matures from late September to Octo- ber, provides a second season of inter- est. Chinese fringetree is more tree-like and graceful than its straggly American cousin, C. vmginicus, and is not nearly so late to leaf out in the spring. The species has a broad distribution m Asia, where it shows considerable varia- tion in its growth habit. In cultivation at the Arnold, some specimens are mul- tistemmed, while others-especially those raised from Korean seed-are dis- tinctly single-stemmed. The plant seems to have broad ecological adaptability, well in the growing equally warm, dry An retusus at the climate of southern California eighteen-year-old specimen of Chionanthus growmg (USDA Arnold Arboretum. Note the smgle-stemmed growth habit that has zone moist climates of 9) and the cold, developed without prunmg. New England (USDA zone 5).( . When young, the Chinese fringetree’s bark the ends of the branches and completely hide is a pale buff color, peeling off in papery strips. the foliage when the tree is in bloom. In New On mature trees, the bark is tight, with dis- England the fall color, being pale yellow, is tinct ridges and furrows. The lustrous leaves hardly spectacular; in warm climates, there are elliptic to ovate in shape, three to eight is no fall color to speak of and green leaves inches long and one-and-one-half to four inches stay on the tree through December. It is adapt- wide. The white flowers, each with four strap- able in its environmental responses, being like petals, are about an inch across and give tolerant of full sun to partial shade, moderate off a delicate fragrance. They are produced at summer drought, and a wide range of soil con- 18s

The showy flowers and blue-purple fruit of Chionanthus retusus. ditions. It is generally not bothered by insect to 4 cm~ to Chionanthus and evergreen species pests or diseases. with small flowers (corolla less than I cm) to The Chinese fringetree belongs to the genus Linociera. However, a small-flowered Ecuador- Chionanthus, which was described by Carl ian species (L. pubescens) is a deciduous tree Linnaeus m his Genera Plantarum ( 1737, 1754). while a deciduous Florida species (C. pygmaeus) The name was based on the American fringe- has small flowers. Other morphological traits tree, which had been introduced to Europe before overlap between Chionanthus and Linociera, 1736. Like the Chinese fringetree, Chionanthus and no clear-cut differences separate the two. virginicus produces a profusion of showy, white Therefore, Stearn’s proposal to unite them has flowers in spring, which explains Linnaeus’ been widely accepted in the botanical commu- choice of name for the genus ( chion = snow; nity. The combined group is referred to as Chion- anthos = flower). anthus because this name was published earlier The taxonomic history of the genus is also than Linociera. The union has led to the transfer interesting. In 1788, Swartz described a small, of numerous species from Linociera to Chion- evergreen, Jamaican tree with small corolla lobes, anthus even though genetic studies have not naming it Thouinia to commemorate the French been performed to determine the evolutionary gardener Andre Thouin (1747-1824). However, relationships of deciduous and evergreen species. Linnaeus had already used this name in 1781. Modern DNA research will surely help clarify Accordingly, Swartz gave his new genus a dif- the taxonomy of Chionanthus and Linociera. ferent name, Linociera, in honor of a sixteenth- References century French physician, Geoffrey Linocier. Between 1791 to 1976 many species of Linociera Dirr, M. A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. IL. were described from both the old world and the Stipes Publishing, Champaign, new. In 1976, William Stearn proposed the union Gilman, E. F., and D. G. Watson. 1993. Chionanthus of Linociera and Chionanthus. The of retusus, Chinese Frmgetree. Fact Sheet ST-160. difficulty Department of Environmental Horticulture, of Loniciera and distinguishing species Chionan- Flonda Cooperative Extension Service, Institute thus had been recognized as long ago as 1860 by of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University George Thwaites, who suggested the two genera of Florida. be merged but did not present a formal proposal. Thus, prior to 1976 botanists generally referred Peter Del Tredici is a senior research scientist and Jianhua deciduous species with big flowers (corolla 1.5 Li is a taxonomist at the Arnold Arboretum. Beach Plum: A Shrub for Low-Maintenance Landscapes

Richard H. Uva and Thomas H. Whitlow each plum (Prunus maritimaJ, shrub native to the Atlantic Bcoast, is familiar to beachgoers from southern Maine through Mary- land, where populations can be found on and near the coastal dunes. Since colonial times its fruits have been col- lected in the wild for preserves and jelly and were reportedly used even earlier by Native Americans. Nowa- days, although beach plum is occasion- ally found in the nursery trade, it is rarely grown in cultivation. Demand is increasing for native species that can thrive in low-maintenance, poor-

------nutrient landscapes-reclamation Prunus mantima. sites, roadsides, sand dunes in need of stabilization-and beach plum is an excellent we would appreciate hearing about it.) More candidate to fill that need. By virtue of its showy recently, the Cape May (New Jersey) Plant spring flower display and colorful fruits, beach Materials Center of the Natural Resources Con- plum also warrants increased use in more inten- servation Service (NRCS) has released a selec- sively managed ornamental landscapes. tion known as ’Ocean View’; it was developed Beach plums have extensive root systems, no for stabilizmg coastal sand dunes, but could doubt an adaptation to a habitat that is character- be used in any sunny, well-drained location. ized by high wmds, blowing sand, unstable sub- The information below has been adapted from strates, wind-borne salt, and soil that is low in NRCS’ "Notice of Release of ’Ocean View’."1/ nutrients and water-holding capacity. It should A New Cultivar of Beach Plum be noted that beach plum’s distribution is not limited to sandy soils, however; it also thrives ’Ocean View’ is a cross of four wild-growing under cultivation on moist, rich soil as long as strains from Delaware, New Jersey, and Massa- it has good drainage and full sun. Today, jelly chusetts that were selected for their exceptional production from wild-growing shrubs is a small seedling vigor, foliage abundance, disease and but thriving cottage industry in the Northeast, insect resistance, leaf retention, fruit produc- and farmers are beginning to plant beach plum tion, and cold tolerance. It has been field-tested to make fruit more readily available. on sandy coastal sites from North Carolina to The horticultural literature of the 1940s Maine and is recommended for use within mentions several cultivars of beach plum that zones 5b to 8b. had been selected for fruit production at that This new cultivar is an upright, densely time, but we have been unable to locate speci- branched shrub with pale green foliage. Its mens. (If a reader knows of any still existing, alternate, serrated leaves are elliptical to ovate 20

Beach plum on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. in shape and range from about 1.5 to 2.5 inches The availability of this new cultivar gives in length and half that in width. In early spring, gardeners in the Northeast an opportunity to before the leaf buds unfold, clusters of snowy- enjoy a bit of native beach vegetation in their white blooms emerge to cover the crown of the backyards without adding to their list of mainte- shrub, creating a frothy splash in the otherwise nance tasks. And if you don’t care to use the fruit gray landscape. The individual flowers, only yourself for jelly, wildlife will appreciate it. about one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch References in diameter, take on a pink hue before dropping off to be replaced by the emerging leaves. The James B. Newman and Cecil B. Currin. 1994. Notice round fruits ripen to a bright red in late August of release of ’Ocean View’ beach plum. U S. of Soil Conservation or early September. Department Agriculture, Service, Technology and ’Ocean View’ should be at Development seedlings planted Apphcation, Ecological Science, Washington, a depth of approximately two inches above the D.C. http://www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda. root collar on stable sand dunes and no deeper gov/njpmc/releases.html than the root collar on inland soils. Fertiliza- For information on beach plum fruit crop development tion helps with good establishment and vigorous please visit our website: www.beachplum. plant growth. Recommended spacing of plants cornell.edu See also Arnoldia 62 4, "Taming the Wild Beach Plum" R. H. varies with intended use: to provide a dense bar- by Uva. rier of protective vegetation, seedlings should be about four to six feet and when placed apart, Dr. Uva and Professor Whitlow have collaborated on the used inland for residential areas or wildlife plots, development of beach plum as a fruit crop for several about six to eight feet apart. years at Cornell University. Calycanthus chinensis: The Chinese Sweetshrub jianhua Li ~ Peter Del Tredici

chinensis is a ~ beautiful deciduous shrub alycanthuswith a narrow geographic distribution m Zhejiang Province, China. It grows up to ten feet tall with a broad profile. The leaves are oppositely arranged with short petioles and are glossy green with a touch of roughness on the upper surface. In the Boston area its nod- ding flowers appear in mid to late spring. Appearances notwithstand- ing, the sepals and petals are not differentiated (therefore termed tepals): the outer tepals are a silky white with a tinge of pink and a diameter of two to three inches, while the inner tepals are a waxy pale yellow to white with maroon markings. Unlike the native Caly- canthus floridus the flowers are not fragrant and are pollinated by small beetles. Tepals and stamens occupy the rim of a deep floral cup; the ovaries are attached to the side of the cup. The fruits, top-shaped with many seeds, overwinter on the shrub. In its natural habitat, it grows under- neath a canopy and therefore is best cultivated in partial shade with wind protection and good soil mois- ture. In 1998 Michael Dirr described it as "a unique plant but doubtfully " as worthy as Calycanthus floridus. as to the Opinions may vary species’ The pendant flowers of Calycanthus chinensis have an unusual, waxy texture. comparative garden worthiness, but where evolutionary and taxonomic histories are Calycanthus chinensis belongs to Calycan- concerned, C. chinensis definitely provokes more thaceae, which includes two genera and about interest. As a practical matter, the species is rare ten species.’ Chimonanthus (wintersweet) is in the wild and needs our help to survive. the other genus; it differs from Calycanthus in 22

In this closeup of a Calycanthus chinensis flower, the mner The flowers of our natme eastern sweetshrub differ from and outer whorls of tepals are clearly msible. those of their Chinese relatme both in form and fragrance.

many features, including morphology, wood ing survived temperatures of minus 10 degrees anatomy, pollen, and embryology. Species of F in 2003. The plants being offered for sale were Chimonanthus are literally called "waxy raised from seeds produced by plants growing prunus" in Chinese because it blooms in winter outdoors at the Arnold Arboretum since 1998. with waxy yellow flowers that resemble cherries. The parent plants were raised from seeds col- C. chinensis was first described as a species of lected at the Nanjing Botanical Garden in 1994. and was later as a Calycanthus2 recognized Endnotes ~ separate genus, Sinocalycanthus.3 Morphologi- T. and P. Del this differs from other of ‘ Li, J. Ledger, Ward, Tredici. 2004. cally, species species Phylogenetics of Calycanthaceae based on molecular in its Calycanthus white flowers and dimorphic and morphological data, with a special reference (two forms), broadly ovate tepals. Therefore, to divergent paralogues of the nrDNA ITS region. many authors recognize this species as a separate Harvard Papers m Botany 9: 69-83. 2 genus from Calycanthus.4 However, we prefer to W. C. Cheng and S. Y. Chang. 1963. Scientia Srlvae 8: 1. 3 treat this plant as a species of Calycanthus for - - -. 1964. Genus novum calycanthaceaearum chmae onentahs Acta Smica the following reasons. Phytotaxonomica 9: 135-138. it is rare that of different First, species genera ’ hybridize but chinen- L Li 1989. Cytogeographical study of Calycanthus successfully, Calycanthus Lmnaeus. Gmhaia 9: 311-316; Y. Li and P. T. Li. sis has been successfully crossed with C. flori- 2000. Cladistic analysis of Calycanthaceae. journal dus and C. occidentalis.s Second, differences of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 8: 275-281; M. in DNA sequences are few among C. floridus, Dirr. 1998. Manual of Woody Plants, 5th ed. Stipes, C. occidentalis, and C. chinensis.6 Third, this Champaign, IL. treatment shows Calycanthus’ disjunct distri- 5 F. T. Lasseigne, P. R. Fantz, and J. C. Raulston. 2001. ~ raulstonn bution in eastern Asia and North America. And Smocalycalycanthus (Calycanthaceae/: A new mtergeneric hybrid between Sinocalycanthus a final a serious one-is consideration-hardly chinensis and Calycanthus flondus HortScience the tongue twisting required to pronounce the 36: 765-767; Todd Lasseigne, pers. comm. long hybrid name Sinocalycanthus. ‘ Li et al. 2004. When Calycanthus chinensis was first intro- 7 G. H. Straley. 1991. Presenting Sinocalycanthus duced into cultivation in North America in the chinensis. Arnoldza 51 / 1 18-22. early 1980s, its hardiness was unknown. But at the Arnold Arboretum has shown experience Jianhua Li rs a taxonomist and Peter Del Tredici is a semor the plant to be fully hardy in USDA zone 6, hav- research scientist at the Arnold Arboretum Rhus trilobata: Worthy Plant Seeks Worthy Name

Nancy Rose addled with common names like skunk- province of Saskatchewan south to Texas and bush, stinking sumac, and ill-scented Mexico but skipping the moist coastal areas of sumac, Rhus trilobata is clearly a shrub the Pacific Northwest. It grows in many ecologi- in need of a good public relations agent. Those cal regions, from the Great Plains grasslands to unflattering names refer to the strong scent its mountain shrubland, chapparal, and forest areas, foliage and stems emit when crushed. Ignore and is found in association with numerous spe- the unappealing monikers, and you will find cies of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs that its ornamental and environmental assets as well as with grasses and forbs. are more than sufficient to make R. trilobata a Within its native range this deciduous shrub valuable landscape plant. can grow from two to twelve feet tall, with Rhus trilobata has a wide native range in west- four to six feet being typical in most land- ern North America, reaching from the Canadian scape settings; its height is determined in part

A lemonade-hke drmk can be made from the attractme red fruits. 24

by moisture availability. Its form ranges from irregularly upright to mounded, with numerous slender, branched stems rising upward from the crown. These flexible young stems have been used in basketry by Native Americans, accounting for one of the plant’s lesser-known common names: basketbush. Shoots also emerge from the extensive sys- tem of woody rhizomes that spread laterally below ground, creating a dense thicket that in width can equal two or more times the plant’s height. A taproot together with a large mass of more shallow fibrous roots anchor the shrub. The leaves of Rhus trilobata, compound and alternately arranged on the branches, consist of three subsessile (nearly stalkless) leaflets that are generally ovate or rhom- boidal in shape. The terminal leaf- let is the largest, with a length of one to two-and-one-half inches; it is often distinctly three-lobed (hence the specific epithet trilobata) but at times displays only shallow or negligible lobing. Its leaf margins are coarsely toothed, most teeth being rounded although some are slightly pointed. Leaf surfaces, while on variably pubescent young New leaves are downy, usually becommg smooth and glossy mth matumty. become smooth leaves, usually In fall the green gives way to yellows, orange, reds, and reddish purple. and slightly glossy as the foliage matures. Medium to dark green in summer, fruits have a tart taste; a tangy lemonade-like the leaves often develop excellent fall foliage drink can be made by steeping them in water. color that ranges from yellow to orange, red, and The fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of R. tri- reddish purple. lobata have been used for various culinary, In spring Rhus trilobata blooms before its medicinal, and other utilitarian purposes by foliage appears, the flowers emerging from native cultures in the western United States. short, catkin-like spikes borne at the branch Six naturally occurring varieties of Rhus tips. Individual flowers may be unisexual or trilobata are recognized: var. anisophylla, var. bisexual, with both types occurring on most pilosissima, var. quinata, var. racemulosa, var. plants. Only about one-eighth inch long, they simplicifolia, and var. trilobata. R. trilobata are light yellow or greenish yellow and have five var. trilobata-so named to indicate that it dis- petals. The fruit is a red, subglobose (not per- plays the species’ typical morphology-covers fectly round) drupe about one-quarter inch long, the entire native range. The other varieties vary slightly hairy and a bit sticky on the surface and in such features as height, growth habit, leaf containing a single dark brown nutlet. Mature size and form, and fruit pubescence. Where the 25

ranges of these varieties overlap, plants often show Rhus trilobata can be propagated in several mtermediate morphological characteristics. ways. One of the simplest is by root (rhizome) Rhus trilobata looks very much like its more cuttings. In spring, sections of rhizome can be widely available cousin, R. aromatica. The dug up, cut into sections, and potted or planted resemblance is close enough that skunkbush in a propagation bed. Alternatively, softwood was previously listed in taxonomic references as stem cuttings taken in early to mid summer can a variety (R. aromatica var. trilobata) rather than be rooted in a peat-perlite medium under mist. as a separate species. Morphological differences For seed propagation, the fleshy pulp should first between the two are few. R. trilobata’s leaves, be removed from the seeds of ripe fruits. The flowers, and fruits are generally smaller and seeds (nutlets) have a very hard coat that must its terminal leaflets more distinctly lobed than be cracked by mechanical or chemical scarifica- those of R. aromatica, but these features show tion, after which they can be planted directly enough variability to make them unreliable as in a seedbed. Plants of R. trilobata can most diagnostic tools. It is in geographic distribution easily be found in nurseries in western states, that the two species show clear differences, with but several mail-order garden catalogs offer R. trilobata occupying a western range while container-grown plants for sale. R. aromatica is found east of the Great Plains. This sumac can be used effectively in several A corresponding difference is found in their ways. Its dense network of roots and rhizomes environmental adaptations: R. trilobata toler- makes it an ideal plant for holding soil on steep ates fairly dry, alkaline soils while R. aromatica slopes, banks, and terraces. It also works well prefers moist, slightly acidic sites. The leaves of in large-scale mass plantings since its suckering both species emit a distinct odor when crushed, habit allows it to fill an area quickly. Its ability but the somewhat less pungent scent of R. aro- to tolerate drought and grow in rocky or grav- matica earned it the common name "fragrant elly soil makes it a good choice for dry, difficult sumac" while R. trilobata is stuck with its less- sites. New England gardeners should not be put than-flattering nicknames. off by Rhus trilobata’s affinity for arid soils, As its wide natural range might indicate, Rhus however. As long as it is planted on a sunny, trilobata is an adaptable plant. It grows well in well-drained site where flooding is not a prob- somewhat alkaline soils but also appears to tol- lem, it will do well in those hilly or rocky areas erate neutral to slightly acidic soils. Most refer- that are common in the Northeast but less than ences list it as winter hardy to USDA zone 4 ideal for more common garden shrubs. Once (average annual minimum temperature minus established, R. trilobata requires little mainte- 20 to minus 30 degrees F), but the hardiness of nance ; pruning to control height and improve individual plants is likely to vary depending appearance can be done as needed. With its on seed provenance. It thrives in either full sun attractive spring flowers, colorful fruit, and or partial shade, but fall foliage color is usually bright fall color, R. trilobata is a worthy addition better in full sun. to native plant displays, naturalized gardens, Because it is well adapted to drier climatic commercial properties, and other sites in need conditions, Rhus trilobata is an excellent choice of a tough, adaptable shrub. for xeriscaping. Annual precipitation in most of its range averages just 10 to 20 inches; by con- Rose is a horticulturist and educator with the trast, the is 42.5 inches in Boston and Nancy average University of Minnesota Extension Service. She has 29.4 inches in Paul. In USDA Minneapolis-St. been growing and evaluating woody ornamental plants regional evaluations, a seed-grown selection of for many years, most recently at the University of R. trilobata from Bighorn County, Wyoming, Minnesota Landscape Arboretum and previously at the fared best at evaluation sites with drier climatic Morton Arboretum near Chicago. She is also a garden writer and a column for conditions. failed to thrive photographer, writing gardening Specimens and/or the Star-Tmbune and and showed incidence of leaf in Mmneapol1s wriring editmg higher fungal spots for several gardemng magazines. Nancy is co-author of sites with poorly drained soils, higher rainfall, the books Shrubs and Small Trees for Cold Chmates and higher humidity. and The Right Tree Handbook. Demystifying Daphnes Bob Hyland

have been a fan of shrubby daphnes for a long even cancer, which seems odd since all parts of despite their reputation as persnickety the plant are poisonous. andtime unpredictable garden plants. I love to In the Northeast several Daphne species are drink in their heady fragrance when they are hardy and have long been cultivated for their in bloom. My first encounter with the genus handsome foliage and intoxicating fragrance. was with Daphne odora (winter daphne)-to be Daphne flowers are tubular and flare at the exact, a handsome cultivar called ’Aureomar- mouth into four spreading lobes. They appear ginata’. It’s a deliciously sweet-smelling shrub, on small to mid-sized shrubs that make superb very reminiscent to me of jasmine. Its leathery garden plants. Their dense, broad, mounded leaves are evergreen, a deep, shiny green edged form is particularly well suited to small, inti- with yellow. The almost white flowers are an mate gardens where they can be viewed closeup, attractive reddish purple on the outside. but daphnes have a place in any landscape. They Daphne odora is hardy to USDA zones 7 to 9. combine nicely with many perennials that toler- With careful siting, a little extra winter protec- ate sun or partial shade. Good bedfellows include tion, and some tender loving care, I was able to low-growing thymes and sedums, variegated coax it into overwintering in my garden in Wilm- hakone grass (Hakonocloa macra ’Aureola’/, ington, Delaware. Later, in my San Francisco sedges jCarexj, hostas, coral bells (Heuchera), garden, the generally frost-free, Mediterranean and hardy geraniums. Most of their alleged climate made the ~ob much easier; m fact, some unpredictability can be overcome with care- of my snobbier gardening friends considered it a ful placement in the garden and good culture. bit pedestrian. I heartily agree with Michael Dirr and other Daphne serves as both the common name and daphne-philes-a single flowering season would genus epithet of some fifty species of decidu- justify their use. ous, semi-evergreen, or evergreen shrubs native to Eurasia (Europe, N.Africa, and temperate Growing Daphnes and subtropical Asia). The genus is a member Daphnes are widely thought to be unpredict- of Thymelaeaceae (mezereum family), which able and subject to dying for no apparent rea- includes about forty genera of deciduous and son : many a gardening friend has told me not to evergreen trees and shrubs native to temperate get too attached to one. It is true that daphnes and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Other dislike extremes of moisture or temperature. lesser-known cultivated ornamental plants in Their root systems are picky, preferring not to this family include Dirca and Edgeworthia. sit in water or to dry out. Moist but well-drained, The plant’s name may have come from the humus-rich soil is ideal, and mulching helps nymph of classical Greek mythology. As the keep roots cool in summer. Some English garden story is told, Daphne was loved and relent- books suggest that daphnes do best in limestone lessly pursued by Apollo, the god of prophecy, soils, but this has not been my own experience. music, medicine, and poetry, whose advances I recommend acidic to slightly alkaline soils. At she tried to thwart. After praying for help to the Arnold Arboretum, several Daphne species Gaia, goddess of the earth, she was changed grow well in acid soils of pH 4.5 to 5. into a laurel tree and evaded her pursuer. It is Generally speaking, you can plant daphnes more likely, however, that the name comes in full sun to partial shade, but the foliage, par- " from an Indo-European word meaning "odor." ticularly on the variegated leaves, does not like The root and bark of Daphne are said to have to bake in hot summer sun-afternoon shade is been used for toothaches, skin diseases, and ideal. Daphnes also do not take kindly to trans- 27

The variegated leaves of Daphne x burkwoodii ’Carol Mackie’.’. planting once established m the garden; it is best gardener and a very active member and officer of to plant container-grown stock in a permanent the Garden Club of Short Hills and the Garden location. Keep pruning to a minimum, with judi- Club of America. She developed a deep mterest cious deadheading and light tip pruning. Do not in unusual plants and a very keen eye for the rare try to rejuvenate plants by cutting back hard- and unusual. this can easily sound the death knell. Her namesake cultivar is highly prized for Besides this basic knowledge, all that’s needed its small, intensely green leaves that are hand- for successful daphne culture is planning ahead somely edged in a creamy white to golden yel- and some extra tender loving care. Find just the low. In May and June in New England, the foliage right spot, take the time to prepare and amend is enhanced by rose-pink buds that unfold to the soil, monitor moisture levels, provide a win- star-shaped, richly fragrant, pale pink flowers ter mulch over the roots, and daphnes will gener- borne in dense, terminal umbels, two inches in ally flourish and bloom for many years. diameter. Individual flowers are about a half- The Arnold Arboretum will offer the follow- mch in diameter and are followed by small, red, ing three dazzling daphnes at their fall 2005 drupehke fruits. plant sale. ’Carol Mackie’ matures into a dense, mounded shrub that ultimately reaches three to four feet x burkwoodii ’Carol Mackie’ Daphne m height and width. It exhibits a tough constitu- This is one of the most striking of all daphnes- tion and is hardy to USDA zones 4 to 8; it was for that matter, of all variegated shrubs. A genetic once listed as a "Top Ten" ornamental plant mutation, or sport, of hybrid Daphne x burk- in Vermont. Accordmg to Michael Dirr m the woodii (D. cneorum x D. caucaslca/, this cul- fifth edition of his Manual of Woody Landscape tivar was discovered and originally propagated Plants, Daphne x burkwoodii ’Carol Mackie’ by Carol Mackie in her Far Hills, New Jersey, survived minus 30 degrees F without injury in garden in 1962. Carol Mackie was a passionate the Umversity of Maine’s display gardens. In 28

more southerly parts of its hardiness range, the plant remains evergreen through winter. Tom Ward, co-director of living collections at the Arboretum, holds D. x burkwoodii ’Carol Mackie’ in high esteem. He reports that it has performed well both at the Arboretum and in his own New England garden. If you’ve had the same success with’Carol Mackie’, you might try a newer cultivar, ’Briggs Moonlight’. Introduced by Briggs Nursery, Elma, Washington, it offers the reverse leaf variegation of ’Carol Mackie’, with creamy yellow centers and narrow, dark green margins. Daphne x transatlantica ’Summer Ice’.’. Daphne genkwa (Lilac Daphne) records also indicate that wild-collected seed of Daphne genkwa hails from China; it was intro- D. from China was received from E. H. duced into cultivation in the United States in genkwa Wilson in 1907. 1843. An open, deciduous shrub with erect, slen- branched it is a in the der, sparsely stems, gem Daphne x transatlantica ‘Summer Ice’ spring garden. Axillary clusters of two to seven lovely, one-fourth-to-three-fourths-inch diam- Daphne x transatlantica is a newly found hybrid, the result of a cross between eter, lilac-colored flowers bloom during May naturally occurring D. collina and D. caucasica (caucasian daphne). on naked stems of the previous year’s growth, it combines the small stature and strong fra- just before and while new foliage is beginning to grance of D. collina with the fragrance and emerge. Floral fragrance is very subtle to nonex- long of D. x transat- istent. Dry, ovoid fruits develop after flowering; blooming period caucasica. D. lantica is a compact, semi-evergreen, mounded they are grayish white shrub that blooms in New and nothing to write continuously England home about. from May to frost with small, delightfully fra- white flowers. The late founder one- to grant, Jim Cross, Mid-green, of leaves, Environmentals Nursery in Cutchogue, Long three-inch-long is for this lance-shaped to ovate, Island, responsible introducing hybrid into the nursery trade. He sold it as are arranged oppositely originally a form of D. but (occasionally alternate- caucasica, molecular studies later proved it to be a that has been named ly) on stems. This is hybrid D. x transatlantica. unusual among daphne The cultivar ’Summer Ice’ grows into a well- species, which nor- domed shrub that reaches three to four mally sport alternately behaved, feet in and width. The varie- arranged leaves. Leaves height delicately gated leaves sport fine, creamy white are softly silky when edges- first unfurling. similar to but more demure than D. burkwoodii ’Carol Mackie’. Its white flowers are borne Daphne genkwa is spicy abundantly at the ends of branches in late hardy to USDA zones spring, Daphne genkwa. followed summer bloom and a 5 to 7 and generally by sporadic strong . I’ . 11. 11, ... fall show. ’Summer Ice’ is to zone 5. matures to three to four feet in height and hardy width. Currently no specimens of D. genkwa are planted out in the Arboretum’s living collec- Bob Hyland is co-owner and manager of Loomis Creek tions, but one-descendant of wild-collected Nursery, Hudson, New York, pubhc garden consultant, and former vice president of horticulture and operations from the former Czech plants Republic -is at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. He frequently writes about growing in the nursery. The Arboretum’s plant plants when not watering. Index to Volume 63 Numbers m parentheses refer to issues, those m boldface to illustrations of the entnes.

"A Good Day Plant-Collecting in Bartram, John 3: 29; 4: 3, 7 - vmgmicus 4: 17, 188 Taiwan," Rob Nicholson 1. 20-27 Bartram, William 4: 3, 4, 5, 7 "Chosenia: An Amazing Tree of Abies nephrolepis 3: 26 Bartram’s Garden 4: 4, 5 Northeast Asia," Inna Kadis 3. Abies nordmanmana 4. 8 "Beach Plum: A Shrub for Low-Main- 8-177 Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, "Herbar- tenance Landscapes," Richard H chosema 3: 8-9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24 ium Specimens as a Novel Tool for Uva & Thomas H. Whitlow 4: Chosema 3: 21, 22, 23, 24 Climate Change Research," with 19-20 -arbutifoha 8, 9, 10 13 Damel Pnmack et al. beach plum 4. 19, 20 Cmnamomom camphora 3: 36 Acer alleghamensis 4: inside front beautybush 4’ 8 - sp. 2: front cover cover Betula ermannn 3: 26 Concord, MA 2: 14 - negundo 1: 28 - platyphylla 3 : 25 Connor, Sheila, "The Nature of - pensylvamcum 1: 28 Bhthdale Romance [Nathaniel Haw- East Asia: Botanical and Cultural -platanoides 1~ 28 thorne] 3 : 28, 30 Images from the Arnold Arboretum - ru brum 1: 29 Book of Fruit 3: 28 Archmes" 3: 34-44 Aceraceae 1: 28 box elder 1: 28 Corlett, Richard, "Dipterocarps: Trees Adelges tsugae (HWA) 2: 33 Brook Farm, West Roxbury, MA 3: That Dominate the Asian Ram For- Aesculus 1: 3, 4 29,30 est" with Richard Pnmack 3: 2-7 1: 5 D 4: 4 Cornales 1: 9 -hippocastanum 3, 4, Browne, J. , - hippocastanum cv. ’Baumanml’ 1: 3 buckeye 1: 3, 5 cornel, Japanese 1: 9 -pama 1: 3, 4, 5 - red 1: 3, 4,5 cornelian cherry, European 1: 9 -x x carnea 1~ 3, 4, 5, 6 Bull, Ephraim Wales 2: 14, 15, 177 Cornus altermfoha 1: 9 "Agamst All Odds: Growing Franklm- - flonda 1: 9 ia in Boston" 4: 2-7 Caesalpmioideae 3: 6 - kousa 1: 9 Alisan National Scemc area [Taiwan] "Calycanthus chinensis The Chmese -mas 1 : 9 1: 23 Sweetshrub," Jianhua Li & Peter -nuttallm 1: 9 Alpinia speciosa 1: 24 Del Tredici 4: 21-22 - officmalls 1 : 9 Amentotaxus Preserve [Taiwan] 1: 24 Calycanthus chinensis 4: 21, 22 crabapples 1: 8 Amentotaxus formosana 1: 22-25 - flondus 1 : 4; 4: 21, 22 cranberry 2: 19, 20 Ames, Oakes 4: 10 Calhcarpa dichotoma ’Issai’ 4: inside cryptomena, Japanese 1: 8 Andersen, Phyllis, "Ilex pedunculosa back cover Cryptomena japonica 1: 8; 4: 13, 14 The Longstalk Holly" 4: 11-12 camphor tree 3: 4, 36 --’Yoshmo’ 4. 14 Anemone ’Groene Ridder’ 1: inside "Capturing and Cultivating Chose- Cycads 1: 25 front cover nia," Peter Del Tredici 3: 18-27 Cycas taitungensis 1: 25, 26, 27 amse, false 1: 10 Carr, Robert 4:5 cypress, Leyland 4: 144 arbormtae, oriental 3: 41, inside back Carya ovata 3: 9 - sawara false 1: 6, 7 cover Caryophyllus florepleno 1 : 1 - Russian 4: 15 cedar, Japanese 4: 13, 14 dammar [resm] 3: 4 Arnold Arboretum 1: 32, 2: 16, 26, Cephalotaxus mlsomana 1: 22-24 daphne, lilac 4: 28 27 Cercis canadensis 1: 8 - winter 4: 26

-- Bussey Hill 4: 2, 6, 9 Chamaecypans 1 : G, 10 Daphne x burkwoodm ’Carol Mackie’ - - Center for Tropical Forest Sci- - pisi f era 1: 6, 7 4: 27 ence 3: 7 - cvs. 1. 6, 7 - genkwa 4. 28 -- Chinese Path 4: 2, 6, 9 Changbai Shan 3- 13, 16 18-19 20 21 - odora 4: 26 -- collection of eastern Asian pho- 25-27 - x transatlantica ’Summer Ice’ 4: tographs 3’ 34 Chatsworth Bakewell, Derbyshire 2: 28 -- Dana Greenhouses 2: 3; 3: 22 inside front and back covers Damdia mvolucrata 3: 37; 4: 8, 10 -- Fall Plant Distribution and Sale, Chaw, Shu-Mlaw 1: 22-24, 25, 26 - - var. mlmonmana 4: 8, 10 1980-2005 4: 8 Chen, Chih-Hui 1: 24-26 De Hart, William 4: 4 -- Hemlock Hill 2: 35-36, 37, 38 chestnut 3: 3 Del Tredici, Peter 3: 26; photos by 2: -- Leventritt Garden 1: 8 Chimonanthus 4: 21, 22 front cover; 4: front cover --Phellodendron amurensis col- China 3: 9, 10, 16,34,38,43 - - - "Agamst All Odds: Growmg lection 1: front and back covers "Chionanthus retusus. The Chmese Frankhnia m Boston" 4: 2-7

--- - - Weather Station Data-2003 Fnngetree," Peter Del Tredici & "Calycanthus chinensis: The 63:2 Jianhua Li Chinese Sweetshrub," with Jianhua Astragalus 3: 14 Chionanthus retusus 4: 17, 18 Li 4: 21-22 30

- - - "Capturing and Cultivating Formosa, see Taiwan Hovey, Charles 2: 15 Chosema" 3: 18-27 Frankhma alatamaha 4: 2-6, 7 Howard, Richard Alden 2: 2-7 --- "Chionanthus retusus: The fringetree, Chmese 4: 18 HWA (Adelges tsugae~ 2: 33-36 Chinese Fnngetree," with Jianhua Hwang, Shy-Yuan 1: 26 Li 4: 17-18 genetic variation, mutational 1: 2 hybridization 1: 3-6 - - - "Finding a Replacement for Gondwana 3: 3 Hyland, Bob, "Demystifying Daph- Eastern Hemlock: Research at the Gore, Christopher 2: 10 nes" 4: 26-29 Arnold Arboretum," with Alice grape, Concord 2: 9, 15, 16, back Kitayma 2: 33-39 cover Ilex aqmfolmm 1 : 8; 4: 122 - - - "Herbarium Specimens as - European wme 2: 144 - opaca 1: 8; 4: 12 a Novel Tool for Climate Change - fox 2: 144 - pedunculosa 4: 12, back cover Research," with Abraham J. Miller- Greeley, Horace 2: 15 "Ilex pedunculosa. The Longstalk Rushmg et al. 2: 26-32 gum, East Asian 1: 9 Holly," Phyllis Andersen 4: 11-122 "Demystifying Daphnes," Bob Hyland - eastern American black 1: 9 illipe nuts 3: 6 4: 26-29 Imbres, Caroline, "Herbarium Speci- Diospyros 3: 4 Hamamehs x intermedia 1 : 4 mens as a Novel Tool for Chmate - kaki 3: 38, 39 - japonica 1 : 4 Change Research," with Abraham J. Diploblechnum frasem 1 : 24 - molhs 1: 4 Miller-Rushing et al. 2: 26-32 Dipterocarp 3: 2-6, 7 Hamilton, William 2: 100 "In Favor of Trees," John Bnnckerhoff Dipterocarpaceae 3: 3 Hammond Woods, Newton, MA 1: Jackson 1: 13-19 "Dipterocarps: Trees That Dominate 28, 29 "In Memonam : Richard Alden How- the Asian Ram Forest, " Richard Harvard University 1: 29 ard, 1917-2003," Judith A Warne- Corlett and Richard Primack 3: - - Herbaria 2: 3 ment and Carroll E. Wood, Jr. 2: 2-7 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 3: 28-30, 31, 2-7 Dipterocarpus 3: 3 32-33 "In the Library: Hortus Nitidissimis," - costulatus 3: back cover Heather 2: 22 Sheila Connor 1: 32 Dirr, Michael 4: 21, 26, 27-28 Hedysarum 3: 14 Indonesia 3: 3 disjunct species, East Asian-eastern hemlock woolly adegid 2: 33 International Umon for Conservation North America 1: 10 hemlock, Carolina 2: 33 of Nature and Natural Resources dogwood, alternate-leaved 1: 9 - Chinese 2: 33, 34-36, 39 Red List of Threatened Plants 1: 211 - East Asian giant 1: 9 - eastern or Canadian 2: 33, 35, 36 Ishikawa, Shmgo 3: 22 - flowering 1: 8 - mountain 2: 33 - kousa 1: 9 - northern Japanese 2: 33, 34 Jack, John George 3: 34, 35-36; 4: 6, 7;

- western flowering 1: 9 - southern Japanese 2’ 34 photos by 3: 366 " "Dove Tree: A Long Journey West, - western 2: 33 Jackson, John Brinckerhoff, "In Favor Richard Schulhof 4: 9-100 Henry, Augustine 4: 9, 10 of Trees (1994)" 1: 13-19, drawmgs dove tree 4: 9, 10 "Herbarium Specimens as a Novel by 1: 15, 16 Dryobalanops aromatica 3 : 4 Tool for Climate Change Research,"" Japan 3: 9, 22, 35 Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Damel Jefferson, Thomas 2: 10 East Tennessee State University 1: 2, Pnmack, Richard B. Pnmack, Caro- Johnson, Ethan W., photo by 4: back 7,88 line Imbres, and Peter Del Tredici cover El Niiio-Southern Oscillation events 2: 26-32 Juniperus squamata var. meyen 3: 41 3: 5,6 herbarium specimens 2: 26-32 elm, American 2: 9, 11, 12, 13, 16-177 Hers, Joseph 3: 35, photos by 3: 41 Kadis, Irma 3: 21, 22 - Enghsh 2: 111 hickory, shagbark 3: 9 - - "Chosema: An Amazing Tree of "Elms at Yale College," engraving by Hippocastanaceae 1: 5 Northeast Asia" 3: 8-177 W. H. Bartlett 2: 8-9 Historic Bartram’s Garden 4: 3 Kalmia latifoha ’Comet’ 4: inside Ericaceae 2: 188 holly, American 4: 122 back cover Evelyn, John 1: 14, 16-17, 19 - European 4: 122 2014 2014 ’Raspberry Glow’ 4: 8 - evergreen American 1: 8 kapur tree 3: 4 Famchild, David 2: 3, 177 - - European 1: 8 Kitajima, Ahce, "Finding a Replace- Farges, Paul Guillaume 4: 9, 10 Hopea 3: 4 ment for Eastern Hemlock: " Farrar, Reginald 3: 411 - ponga 3 : 5 Research at the Arnold Arboretum," Faxon, C. E., illustration by 4: 5 horse chestnut 1: 3, 4, 5 with Peter Del Tredici 2: 33-39 Fernald, M. L. 1: 29 --red 1:33 Kolkmtzla amabihs ’Pink Cloud’ 4: 8 "Finding a Replacement for Eastern "Horticulture and the Development Korea 3: 9, 18, 20, 35 Hemlock: Research at the Arnold of American Identity, " Philip J. Arboretum," Peter Del Tredici and Pauly 2: 8-177 Lan Lee 3: 42 Alice Kitajima 2: 33-39 House of Seven Gables [Nathaniel Larix olgensis 3 : 27 Flora of the Lesser Antilles 2 : 6 Hawthorne] 3: 32 Lenox, MA 3: 32 31

Levy, Foster, "Using Arboreta to mezereum family 4: 26 - Lombardy 2: 10 Teach Biological Concepts" 1: 2-12 "Microbiota decussata A Versatile Poncirus tnfol1ata 4’ inside back with Tim McDowell Conifer," Nancy Rose 4’ 15-17 cover Li, Jianhua, "Calycanthus chinensis Microbiota decussata 4: 15-16 Populus 3: 21 The Chinese Sweetshrub, " mth Nhquel, Fnednch Anton Wilhelm 4: 11 Primack, Damel, "Herbarium Speci- Peter Del Tredici 4. 21-22 Mongohan athletes 3 40 mens as a Novel Tool for Chmate -- "Chionanthus retusus. The Chi- morphological variarion 1: 6-8 Change Research," with Abraham J. nese Fnngetree," with Peter Del Mosses from an Old Manse [Nathan- Miller-Rushing et al. 2: 26-32 Tredici 4~ 17-18 iel Hawthorne] 3: 30 Pnmack, Richard, "Dipterocarps: Lilmm regale 3: 37 mountain laurel 4. 8 Trees That Dominate the Asian lrly, Easter 3: 37 Mussaenda pubescens 1~ 24 Ram Forest" with Richard Corlett lime tree 1. 17 3.2-7 linden 17 Nakal, Takenoshm 3: 10 - - "Herbamum Specimens as a "Lmgonberry: Dainty Looks, Sturdy Nanjing Botanical Garden 3. 19; 4: 22 Novel Tool for Climate Change Disposition, and Tasty Berries," Lee Natural History Museum, London Research," with Abraham J. Miller- Reich 2’ 18-25 1: 32 Rushing et al. 2: 26-32 lingonberry 2 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, Nature of East Asia: Botanical and - - "The Sex Life of the Red Maple" 24-25 Cultural Images from the Arnold 1: 28-31 Lmociera 4’ 18 Arboretum Archrves," Sheila Con- Prince family nursery 2: 10, 14 Lmodendron chmense 1. 12 nor 3: 34-44 Pnnceton Nurseries 2: 16 - tuhpifera 1: 8, 12 Nicholson, Rob, "A Good Day: Plant- Prunus mantima 4: 19 -- x chmense 1: 12 Collectmg m Taiwan" 1 ~ 20-27, 25 -- ‘Ocean View’ 4: 19 locust, black 1: 4 North American-Chinese Plant Ex- Pseudodrynana coronans 1: 26 - bristly 1: 4 ploration Consortium (NACPEC) Purdom, William 3: 34, 35, 39-41; - casque rouge 1: 4 3: 18, 20 photos by 3: 40 longstalk holly 4: 11, 12, back cover Nyssa smensls 1: 9 Pusey, Nathan 2: 3 Lyon, John 4: 3 - sylvatica 1. 9 Pyrus 2: 27

Madsen, Karen, photo by 1 ~ front and oak 3: 3-4, 6 Rafinesque, Constantine 4: 4 back covers Old Manse, Concord [MA] 3. 30 rain forest, Amazoman 1. 14 magnolia, lrly-flowered 1: 3, 4 Our Old House [Nathaniel Haw- -- Asian 3: 4 - saucer 1:4 thorne] 3 : 33 redbud 1: 8 - Yulan 1. 3,4 Oxytropis 3: 14 redfire 4: 13 Magnolia denudata 1: 2, 3, 4 Rehder, Alfred 3: 35 - hlnflora 1: 2, 3, 4 Panax gmseng 3: 20 Reich, Lee "Lingonberry Dainty - x soulangiana 1: 3 parent-hybnd combinations 1: 4 Looks, Sturdy Disposition, and ---’Alexandrma’ 1: 2, 3, 4 Pauley, Philip J., "Horticulture and Tasty Berries" 2: 18-23, 24, 25 - stellata ’Centennial’ 4: 8 the Development of American Rhododendron dauncum 1: 11 - vmgmana ’Moonglow’ 4: inside Identity" 2: 8-17 -mmus 1: 11 front cover Peabody,Sophia 3’29 30 -’P.J.M.’ 1: 11 Malay Peninsula 3: 3 pear tree 2: 27 - vasey 2: 28 Malaysia 3: 3 Perry, Lily M. 2: 2 Rhus aromatica 4’ 25 Manmng, Robert 3. 28 persimmon sugar 3: 38 "Rhus trilobata- Worthy Plant Seeks maple, Norway 1: 28 Philippines 3’ 3 Worthy Name," Nancy Rose 4: - red 1 ~ 8, 29, 30, 31 Phomopsis 4: 16 23-26 - striped 1. 28 Phyllosticta aurea 4: 13 Rhus trilobata 4: 23-24, 25 Marble Faun [Nathaniel Hawthorne] phylogenetic biogeography 1: 2, 8-10 Robmia hispida 1: 4 3: 33 Phytophthora cmnamom 4: 7 - pseudoacacia 1: 4 Marshall, Humphry 4: 3 Pierce, Franklin 3: 32 - x margaretta 1: 4 McDowell, Marta, "Verdant Letters: Pmus x acenfoha 1: 4 Rock, Joseph 3: 34, 35; photos by 3’ Hawthorne and Horticulture" 3: - koraiensis 3: 25 42~13

28-33 - pumila 4: 15 Rosa ’L’admirable’ 1 ~ inside back McDowell, Tim, "Usmg Arboreta to - sylvestmformis 3: 25 cover Teach Biological Concepts" 1: 2-12 - occidentahs 1: 4 Rose, Nancy, "Microbiota decussata~ with Foster Levy - onentalls 1: 4 A Versatile Comfer" 4: 15-17 Meehan, Joseph 4: 4 Platycladus omentahs 3: 41, inside - - "Rhus tmlobata: Worthy Plant Meehan, Thomas 4: 4, 5, 6, 7 back cover Seeks Worthy Name" 4: 23-26 Meyer, Frank Nicholas 3: 34, 38-39; plum yew, Wilson’s 1. 22, 23 Royal Botamc Gardens, Kew 1: 32; 3: photos by 3: 38, 39 Polygonatum alte-lobata 1: 23 37,39 Meyer, Paul 1: 22 poplar 3: 9, 13 Rutgers Umversity 2: 16 32l

"Salem Common on Training Day," Taxus chinensis 1 : 22-23 viburnum, Chmese snowball 1: 4 painting by George Ropes, Jr. 2: 10 Taylor, George 2: 3 - fragrant snowball 1: 4 Salem, MA 3: 28, 32 Thoreau, Henry 2: 13 - Korean spice 1: 4 Salicaceae 3: 10, 13, 21 Thymelaeaceae 4: 26 Viburnum x carlcephalum 1 : 4 Sahx 3: 21 Tomlinson, P. Barry 1: 29 - carlesil 1 : 4 - tnandra 3: 9 tree as symbol 1: 177 - dilatatum ’Erie’ 4: inside front Sargent, C. S. 1: 32; 3: 32, 27, 28, 41, tree, culture of 1: 188 cover 42 ; 4 : 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 Tripp, Kim E., "’Yoshino’: An Out- - macrocephalum 1: 4 Scarlet Letter [Nathaniel Hawthorne] standing Cultivar of the Japanese Vilmorin, Maurice de 4: 100 3: 30-31 Cedar" 4: 13-14 Vitexrotundifoha 4: 8 scholar tree, Chinese 3: 36 Tsuga 2: 34 Vitis labrusca 2: 14, 177 Schulhof, Richard, "The Dove Tree: A - canadensis 2: 33-34, 36 -vmifera 2: 14, 177 Long journey West" 4: 9-10 - carohmana 2: 33 "Sex Life of the Red Richard - chinensis 2: 38 Maple," 33-34, Ward, Alan, photos by 2: inside front Pnmack 1: 28-31 - 2: 33 dmersifoha and back covers Plant Institute - 2: 33 Shanghai Physiology heterophylla Warnement, Judith A., "In Memori- 2: 2 - mertensiana 2: 33 am : Richard Alden Howard, 1917- Institute of Ecol- - sieboldn 2: 34 Shenyang Applied 33, 2003," with Carroll E. Wood, Jr. 3: 19 American 1: 8 ogy tulip poplar, 2: 2-7 Shorea 3: 3 --Chmese 1: 8 Bradford 2: 3 Siberia 3: 10 9 Washburn, 8, 9, tupelo 1: MA 3: "Silver The Fall Plant ’I’mce Told Tales 3: 29 ’Wayside’, Concord, 31, 32 Anniversary: Thomas 7 Distribution and 1980-2005" Welch, 2: 16, 17 Sale, Thomas "Beach Plum: A 4: 8 U.S. of 3: Whitlow, H., Department Agriculture Shrub for Low-Maintenance Land- Sm No 3: 42 38,42 scapes," with Richard H. Uva 4: Botanical Garden 3: 38 Ulmus amencana 2: 111 Singapore 19-20 Sinocalycanthus 4: 22 - procera 2: 111 willow 3: 8-10, 13, 16, 20-21 - cAjnensn 1. 4 Umi Hachiman Shr~ne 3: 36 E. H. 1: 2: 3: sister mcanant 1: 10 Arboreta to Teach Wilson, 21-23; 35; 34, species, "Using Biological 4: 3: Francis 1: 32 Foster and Tim 37-38; 9, 10, 11; photos by 11, Skinner, Concepts," Levy 4: 12 Skinner, Jr., Francis 1: 32 McDowell 1: 2-122 37; wintersweet 4: 211 species concepts 1: 2 Uva, Richard H., "Beach Plum: A witch hazel 1 : 4, 100 spruce, Mornson’s 1: 23 Shrub for Low-Maintenance Land- -- Chmese 1: 4 Stewartia ovata forma grandiflora 4: scapes," with Thomas H. Whitlow 1: 4 front cover 4: 19-20 --Japanese Wong, K. M., photo 3: back cover Styphnolobmm ~apomcum 3: 36 by Carroll E. 2: 2 Sun Long Xing 3: 21, 22 Vaccmmm angustifoha 2: 21 Wood, Wood, Jr. ----- "In Memonam: Richard Sutton, Stephanne B. 4: 9 - macrocarpon 2: 199 Alden with sycamore, eastern 1: 4 - uhgmosum 3: 27 Howard, 1917-2003," A. Warnement 2: 2-7 - London 1: 4 - vitis-idaea var. minus 2: 18, 21, 25 Judith Wilham 4: 4 - oriental 1:4 - - - - cvs 2: 25 Wynne, Sylva [John Evelyn] 1: 14 - - var. mtis-idaea 2: 18, 21, 25 Syringa vulgans ’Krasavitsa Moskvy’ ----cvs 2: 25 Yalu River 3: front cover, 21, 38 4: inside back cover Van Mons, Jean Baptist 2: 14-155 yew 1: 17, 22 Syzygium 3: 4 Vatica 3: 3 - Chmese 1: 1: 22 Veitch Nursery 2: 35; 3: 37, 39; 4: - Taiwan catkin 1: 24 Taiwan 1: 20-21, 35 9, 10 Ym Hung-chang 2: 2 - conifers of 1: 21 "Verdant Letters: Hawthorne and "’Yoshino’: An Outstanding Culti- taiwania 1: 21-22 Horticulture," Marta McDowell 3: var of the Japanese Cedar," Kim E. Taiwania cryptomemoides 1: 21 28-33 Tripp 4: 13-14 Taxaceae 1: 24 via.harvard.edu 3: 35, 42 YuShan National Park [Taiwan] 1: 23

On the inside front cover, clockmse from top left: Magnolia virginiana ’Moonglow’, courtesy of Broken Arrow Nursery; Betula alleghaniensis, photo by Peter Del Tredici; Viburnum dilatatum ‘Erie’, courtesy of Sprmg Meadow Nursery; the habit of Betula alleghaniensis, photo by Peter Del Tredici. On the inside back cover, clockwise from top left: Syringa vulgaris ’Krasavitsa Moskvy’, photo by John H. Alexander III, Poncirus trifoliata, the hardy orange tree, and Kalmia latifolia ’Comet’, both by Peter Del Tredici; Callicarpa dichotoma ‘Issai’, courtesy of Spring Meadow Nursery.