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History of England, Vol. V. 1623–1625 Samuel Rawson Gardiner History of England, Vol

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History of England, Vol. V. 1623–1625 Samuel Rawson Gardiner History of England, Vol History of England, Vol. V. 1623–1625 Samuel Rawson Gardiner History of England, Vol. V.: 1623–1625 Samuel Rawson Gardiner This document is in the public domain. Contents of the Fifth Volume Note on the Text ............................................................................................................. iv XLIII. The Journey to Madrid. ......................................................................................... 1 XLIV. The Marriage Contract. ........................................................................................ 23 XLV. The Prince’s Return. ............................................................................................. 47 XLVI. The Breach with Spain. ....................................................................................... 69 XLVII. The Dissolution of the Spanish Treaties. .............................................................. 91 XLVIII. Buckingham’s Ascendency. ............................................................................. 113 XLIX. The French Marriage Treaty. .............................................................................. 131 L. The Last Days of James I. ........................................................................................ 148 LI. Military and Diplomatic Projects of the New Reign. ................................................. 167 LII. The First Parliament of Charles I. at Westminster. ................................................... 178 LIII. Pennington’s Fleet. ............................................................................................... 198 LIV. The First Parliament of Charles I. at Oxford. ......................................................... 209 iii Note on the Text This document is a reproduction of Gardiner’s History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War, volume V. The text is based on a printing dated 1891. It has been produced from digital scans made available by the Internet Archive [https://archive.org/]. History of England, vol. V was first printed in 1883. It is a revision of the first volume of History of England under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I., originally published in 1875. Some formats of this e-book include superscripted numbers in angle brackets. These correspond to the first words of pages in the original printing. They are included to aid in following citations to pages of the physical book. When they appear in a footnote, they indicate where the footnote was broken across multiple pages. For the most recent version of this book, check the Web site [https://elwin.sdf.org/mon51/]. iv Chapter XLIII. The Journey to Madrid. <1>Almost a year had passed since Gondomar received from the lips of the Prince of Wales the assurance of his intention to visit Spain. To Baby Charles, as his father appropriately named him, the impolicy of the step which he was about to take appeared not to be worth a moment’s consideration. Of the intrigues which would gather round him, of the strange expectations to which his mere presence at Madrid would give rise, he had simply no conception whatever. What he saw before him was a gay ride across a continent, a lovers’ meeting, a brilliant adventure, with the spice of peril which made the enterprise all the more attractive to his irresolute mind, incapable, as it was, of weighing calmly the advantages and the dangers likely to ensue. If he had not himself approved of the plan, doubt would have been impossible in the presence of that brilliant creature, so self confident and so insinuating, to whom his father in his weakness had entrusted the companionship of his tender years. A worse guide for such a youth it was impossible to select. Charles, ready now, as in future life, to resent opposition which presented itself in the name of popular rights, or of a higher wisdom than his own, had no objection to raise against the boisterous familiarity of his friend. For <2>Steenie, as he was called from some real or imaginary resemblance to a picture of St. Stephen in the King’s possession, never asked him to trouble himself with the painful operation of thinking, whilst he took care to represent his own foregone conclusions with all outward forms of respect. He had early discovered how easy it was to make a tool of Charles. The inertness of the father, which had so often refused to comply with his sudden freaks, had no place in the son. Had Charles been on the throne in James’s place, there can be little doubt that England would have been engaged in a war with the Emperor in 1620, in a war with the Netherlands in 1621, and in a war with Spain in 1622. At what time the King was first acquainted with the plan is uncertain; but, on the whole, it is most probable that before the end of the year his consent had been won to the project, though in a different shape from that which it afterwards assumed. If Buckingham was to go as Admiral of the Fleet to fetch the Infanta home in May, there would be comparatively few objections to his taking the Prince on shipboard with him. By that time the dispensation would have arrived, and the conditions of the marriage would be irrevocably settled. It could not, therefore, be said that there was any likelihood of Charles being treated as a hostage for the enforcement of new and exorbitant conditions.1 <3>This was not, however, what Charles and Buckingham wanted. To arrive after all difficulties were at an end was far too commonplace an arrangement to suit their fiery imaginations. One day in February, after binding the King to secrecy, they told him that they wished for his leave to go at once. It would be a long time before the fleet could be ready. A pass to travel through France would not be granted without delay. Why should they not travel incognito? It would surely not be difficult, by hard riding, to reach the Spanish frontier before they were missed at Whitehall. 1“And I have it de bonâ manu, and under the rose, that the Prince himself goes in person.” Chamberlain to Carleton, Jan. 4, S. P. Dom. cxxvii. 5. This puts out of the question Clarendon’s story of the journey being suggested at once just before the Prince started. It must be remembered that our only knowledge of the scene which follows is derived from him. He undoubtedly obtained his information from Cottington, and that part of his narrative which relates to things which passed before Cottington’s own eyes may be at once accepted. But the remainder of his story, though doubtless generally true, is liable to error whenever it touches upon those circumstances of general history with which Clarendon had not made himself familiar. Clarendon, for instance, incorrectly asserts that the Marquis and the Prince had been at variance up to this time, that the journey to Spain was the beginning of James’s dissatisfaction with Buckingham, and that Frederick had already ‘incurred the ban of the Empire in an Imperial diet,’ all of which statements are manifestly incorrect. I suspect that the first conversation took place about New Year’s Day, and related only to <3>going with the fleet, and that there was an interval of some weeks before the question of the journey by land was mooted. Bristol was informed of Buckingham’s intention to come to Spain to the Infanta’s marriage. 1 The Journey to Madrid. Never in the whole course of his life did James find it easy to say “No” to those with whom he was on terms of familiar intercourse, and of late years his fatal habit of irresolution had increased. His body was racked with terrible attacks of gout, and his mind was deadened by a sense of failure, which did not exercise the less influence upon his temper because he was unwilling to confess its existence. If he had been asked to do anything himself, he would undoubtedly have resisted any pressure that could be brought to bear upon him. As it was, he gave way without difficulty, and accorded the required permission. Before the morrow came, the mistake which he had committed rose before James’s mind. As soon as the spell of the young men’s presence was removed, he was able to think of the dangers into which his beloved son was about to run, and of the extreme probability that the Spanish ministers would raise their demands as soon as they had such a hostage in their hands.2 Accordingly, when the Prince returned with the Marquis the next morning to make arrangements for the journey, James adjured him to think of <4>the danger into which he was running. If any evil befell the Prince, he added, turning to Buckingham as he spoke, it was at his door that the blame would be laid, and his ruin would be unavoidable. Then, bursting into tears, he begged them not to press him to a thing so mischievous in every way, the execution of which was sure to break his heart. Neither Charles nor Buckingham took the trouble to argue the question. With Buckingham, at least, it was a fundamental article of faith that opposition and difficulty must give way before him. The Prince contented himself with reminding his father of the promise which he had given the day before, and with assuring him that if he were forbidden to go to Spain, he would never marry at all. The insolent favourite took higher ground, and told the King that if he broke his promises in this way, nobody would ever believe him again. He must have consulted some one, in spite of his engagement to secrecy. If the rascal who had suggested such pitiful reasons could be discovered, he was sure the Prince would never forgive him. The poor King was completely cowed. He swore that he had never communicated the secret to anyone, and allowed the young men to discuss the details of the journey, as if there had been no question of stopping it. Cottington and Porter were soon mentioned as proper persons to accompany the Prince. Upon this the King sent for Cottington, in the hope that he would prove more successful than himself in combating the idea. As Cottington entered the room, Buckingham turned to Charles.
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