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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Protektorate in Südosteuropa im 19. Jahrhundert - ein Strukturvergleich“ Verfasserin Rosa Cornelia Engl angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Geschichte Betreuer: Univ.- Prof. Dr. Oliver Jens Schmitt Danksagung Mein besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr. Oliver Jens Schmitt für die umsichtige Betreuung dieser Diplomarbeit. Er hat von Beginn meines Studiums an mein Interesse für Südosteuropa geweckt und mich für dieses Diplomarbeitsthema begeistert. Herzlichen Dank auch meiner Familie (Heinz, Elisabeth und Magdalena) dafür, dass sie mich in meinen vielfältigen Interessen stets unterstützt und auch die nötige Geduld für das Korrekturlesen aufgebracht hat. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ................................................................................................................................................. 3 I. Ausgangslage ................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Diplomatische Lösungen ................................................................................................................... 21 A. Politische Akteure ......................................................................................................................... 21 A.1. Griechenland und die politischen Akteure ............................................................................. 30 A.1.1. Die Großmächte und ihre Einflusssicherung ................................................................... 30 A.1.2. Die ausländische politische Elite ..................................................................................... 40 A.1.3. Die einheimische politische Elite..................................................................................... 42 A.2. Die Donaufürstentümer und ihre politischen Akteure .......................................................... 48 A.2.1. Russlands Einflusssicherung ............................................................................................ 48 A.2.2. Die ausländische Elite ...................................................................................................... 53 A.2.3. Die einheimische Elite ..................................................................................................... 54 A.3. Bulgarien und seine politischen Akteure ............................................................................... 55 A.3.1. Russland und seine Einflusssicherung ............................................................................. 55 A.3.2. Die ausländische Elite ...................................................................................................... 61 A.3.3. Die einheimische Elite ..................................................................................................... 63 A.4. Übereinstimmungen und Differenzen ................................................................................... 65 B. Modernisierungsstrategien ........................................................................................................... 68 B.1. Griechenland .......................................................................................................................... 69 B.1.1. Modernisierungsstrategien in Griechenland .................................................................. 69 B.1.2. Widerstand gegen das bayerische Regime ..................................................................... 78 B.2. Die Donaufürstentümer ......................................................................................................... 84 B.2.1. Modernisierungsstrategien in den Donaufürstentümern ............................................... 84 B.2.2. Widerstand gegen die Organischen Statuten ................................................................. 95 B.3. Bulgarien ................................................................................................................................ 97 B.3.1.Modernisierungsstrategien in Bulgarien .......................................................................... 97 B.3.2. Die Verfassung in der Praxis .......................................................................................... 104 B.4. Sicherung durch das Militär - Aufbau einer nationalen Armee ........................................... 106 B.4.1. Das Militär in Griechenland ........................................................................................... 106 B.4.2. Das Militär in den Donaufürstentümern ....................................................................... 110 1 B.4.3. Das Militär in Bulgarien ................................................................................................. 111 Zusammenfassung: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede - Parallelen zu heute? .............................. 113 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 127 English Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 128 Karte der Balkanländer 1815-1878 ..................................................................................................... 129 Literaturliste ........................................................................................................................................ 130 Curriculum Vitae .................................................................................................................................. 135 2 Einleitung Im 19. Jahrhundert, dem Jahrhundert der Entstehung von Nationalstaaten und nationalen Identitäten in Südosteuropa, entstand nach der Dreimächteintervention Englands, Frankreichs und Russlands 1827 im griechischen Unabhängigkeitskampf mit dem Osmanischen Reich ein Protektorat1 der drei Schutzmächte über das seit 1830 unabhängige Griechenland. Nach dem militärischen Eingreifen Russlands 1828 bzw. 1877 wurden in nominell noch osmanischen Gebieten die Donaufürstentümer Moldau und Walachei zum russischen Protektorat sowie das Fürstentum Bulgarien als russisches Protektorat geschaffen2. Diese Arbeit ist als Vergleich dieser drei Protektorate angelegt und widmet sich deren Funktionsweise. Als Vergleichszeitraum wurde für das Protektorat in Griechenland die Zeitspanne von 1832 bis 1843, in den Donaufürstentümern von 1829 bis 1834 und in Bulgarien von 1878 bis 1885 gewählt. Der Betrachtungszeitraum der jeweiligen Protektorate entspricht, mit Ausnahme Bulgariens, nicht der tatsächlichen jeweiligen Protektoratszeit, sondern der jeweils prägend wirkenden Phase 3 . Ein Vergleich über zeitlich stark unterschiedliche Betrachtungszeiträume wäre nicht zielführend, da der Untersuchungszeitraum dann äußerst ungleich wäre. Die hier behandelten Abschnitte der Protektorate in Griechenland und den Donaufürstentümern fallen in etwa denselben Zeitraum. Bulgarien folgte mit einer zeitlichen Verschiebung von rund einem halben Jahrhundert, da es sich wegen seiner Nähe zu Konstantinopel erst vergleichsweise spät vom Osmanischen Reich lösen konnte. Die Gesellschaftsstrukturen in den jeweiligen Protektoraten waren ganz unterschiedlich. Jene Regionen, in denen im 19. Jahrhundert die Staatsgebiete Griechenlands und Bulgariens entstanden, waren jahrhundertelang Teil des Osmanischen Reiches gewesen, hatten in ihm aber einen unterschiedlichen Stellenwert. Der französische Historiker Gilles Veinstein spricht von drei Teilräumen im Osmanischen Reich. Jedes der drei zu untersuchenden Protektorate lag in einem anderen Teilraum: 1 Protektorat oder Schutzherrschaft ist die staats- oder völkerrechtliche Befugnis zur Ausübung von Schutz und zu einem gewissen Maß an Aufsicht und Beeinflussung der inneren Angelegenheiten eines an sich fremden Gebietes. Metzeltin Michael, Die Entwicklung des Zivilisationswortschatzes im südosteuropäischen Raum im 19. Jahrhundert, Wien 2005, 84. 2 Die Donaufürstentümer Moldau und Walachei: ca. die Hälfte des heutigen Rumänien, ausgenommen Siebenbürgen, Bukowina und zeitweise Bessarabien und die Dobrudscha. 3 Das Protektorat der drei Großmächte England, Frankreich und Russland in Griechenland dauerte von 1832 bis 1923 (Vertrag von Lausanne, Couloumbis Theodore u.a. (Hg), Foreign Interference in Greek Politics, New York 1976, 20, 21.), das russische Protektorat in den Donaufürstentümern von 1829 bis 1856, das ebenfalls russische Protektorat im Fürstentum Bulgarien von 1878 bis 1885. 3 Der erste Teilraum umfasste die nördlich von Donau und Save gelegenen Länder und damit die Donaufürstentümer. Diese waren dem Osmanischen Reich von jeher nur indirekt unterstellt und tributpflichtig. Sie hatten ihre eigenen Institutionen und eine Adelsgesellschaft ausgebildet. Der griechische Raum war Teil der intermediären Zone des Osmanischen Reiches und ist charakterisiert durch eine relativ große Entfernung vom Reichszentrum4. Die muslimische Bevölkerung war auf die Städte und Siedlungen entlang der Hauptstoßrichtungen der osmanischen Eroberung konzentriert. Griechenland war, wie andere Gebiete, aus naturräumlichen Gründen schwer in das Osmanische Reich integrierbar. Manche Landesteile verwalteten sich de fakto selbst oder genossen innere Autonomie5. Im osmanischen Teilraum Bulgarien, Thrakien, Makedonien und Dobrudscha (auch als innere Kernländer des osmanischen Reichs
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