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Arabismes Dans Les Chansons De Rap Français : Traitement Lexicographique, Adaptation Phonique Et Rôle De L’Origine Des Rappeurs

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Arabismes Dans Les Chansons De Rap Français : Traitement Lexicographique, Adaptation Phonique Et Rôle De L’Origine Des Rappeurs Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav románských jazyků a literatur Anna Zelenková Arabismes dans les chansons de rap français : traitement lexicographique, adaptation phonique et rôle de l’origine des rappeurs Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Alena Polická, Ph.D. Brno 2013 1 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitìm uvedených pramenů a literatury a že se elektronická verze plně shoduje s verzì tištěnou. V Brně dne 30.4. 2013 …………………………………………………… Anna Zelenková 2 Je tiens à remercier Madame Alena Polická, directrice de mon mémoire, pour son soutien, ses corrections et ses conseils précieux. Je voudrais remercier également les locuteurs arabophones - Dominique Caubet, Roland Laffitte, Tomáš Duběda, Igor Dostalìk et Midou Benterari - à qui je me suis adressée et qui ont patiemment répondu à mes questions concernant la langue arabe. 3 Table des matières INTRODUCTION. .......................................................................................................................................6 1. EMPRUNTS ET ARABISMES ..................................................................................................................9 1.1. DEFINITION DE L’EMPRUNT. ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. EMPRUNTS À L’ARABE PARMI LES AUTRES TYPES D’EMPRUNTS LEXICAUX ..................................................................... 12 1.3. ARABISMES AU COURS DE L’HISTOIRE .................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. LANGUE ARABE. ............................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.1. Arabe maghrébin ................................................................................................................................. 18 1.4.2. Arabe maghrébin en France ................................................................................................................ 19 1.5. BANLIEUE, IMMIGRATION ET LANGAGE ................................................................................................................. 22 1.6. ROLE DES ARABISMES DANS LES PARLERS DES JEUNES ............................................................................................... 24 1.6.1. Influence des arabismes sur le français .................................................................................................... 28 1.7. RAP, IMMIGRATION ET EMPRUNTS ....................................................................................................................... 32 2. METHODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................................. 34 2.1. CHOIX DES INTERPRETES .................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2. RECHERCHE DES ARABISMES ............................................................................................................................... 38 2.3. VERS LA PARTIE ANALYTIQUE .............................................................................................................................. 39 3. ASPECT FREQUENTIEL .................................................................................................................... 41 3.1. ARABISMES DANS LES CHANSONS DU CORPUS ........................................................................................................ 42 3.2. ARABISMES DANS LES SUBCORPUS ........................................................................................................................ 44 3.3. ARABISMES AUX FREQUENCES ELEVEES. ................................................................................................................. 45 3.4. ARABISMES AUX FREQUENCES BASSES ................................................................................................................... 49 3.5. VARIANTES GRAPHIQUES .................................................................................................................................... 50 3.6. RAPPEURS ET LES ARABISMES. ............................................................................................................................. 50 3.6.1. Les plus grands utilisateurs des arabismes .............................................................................................. 55 4. ANALYSE LEXICOGRAPHIQUE ........................................................................................................... 55 4.1. TYPOLOGIE DES DICTIONNAIRES ........................................................................................................................... 55 4.1.1. Dictionnaires généraux de langue ....................................................................................................... 55 4.1.2. Dictionnaires de l’argot ....................................................................................................................... 56 4.1.3. Dictionnaires spécialisés en argot contemporain des cités ................................................................. 56 4.1.4. Autres sources ..................................................................................................................................... 56 4.2. RESULTATS DE LA RECHERCHE LEXICOGRAPHIQUE .................................................................................................... 57 4.2.1. Présence des arabismes dans les dictionnaires ................................................................................... 57 4.2.1.1. Arabismes présents dans les trois groupes des dictionnaires ......................................................................... 60 4.2.1.2. Arabismes présents dans les dictionnaires généraux et dans les dictionnaires de l’argot ........................... 68 4.2.1.3. Arabismes présents seulement dans les dictionnaires spécialisés en argot contemporain des cités ............. 69 4.2.1.4. Arabismes qui ne sont présents dans aucun dictionnaire ........................................................................ 71 4.2.2. Fréquence des arabismes dans les dictionnaires ................................................................................. 77 4.2.3. Variantes graphiques des arabismes dans les dictionnaires ............................................................... 81 5. ADAPTATION PHONIQUE ................................................................................................................. 87 5.1. PHONETIQUE ARABE .......................................................................................................................................... 88 4 5.1.1. Système vocalique ............................................................................................................................... 89 5.1.2. Consonnes propres à l’arabe ............................................................................................................... 90 5.1.2.1. Consonnes postérieures ......................................................................................................................... 92 5.1.3. Accentuation des syllabes ................................................................................................................... 92 5.2. ANALYSE PHONIQUE .......................................................................................................................................... 93 5.2.1. Consonne kh [x] ................................................................................................................................... 93 5.2.1.1. Proposition de la réalisation graphique du [x] ....................................................................................... 95 5.2.2. Consonnes ḥ [ħ], h [h] .......................................................................................................................... 96 5.2.2.1. Proposition de la réalisation graphique des [ħ], [h] .............................................................................. 100 5.2.3. Consonnes ‘ [ʔ], ᶜ [ʕ] ........................................................................................................................ 100 5.2.3.1. Proposition de la réalisation graphique des [ʔ], [ʕ] .............................................................................. 102 5.2.4. Consonnes emphatiques .................................................................................................................... 103 5.2.4.1. Proposition de la réalisation graphique des consonnes emphatiques ..................................................... 103 5.2.5. Voyelles ............................................................................................................................................. 104 5.2.5.1. Proposition de la réalisation graphique des voyelles ............................................................................ 107 6. LEMMATISATION DES ARABISMES ................................................................................................ 108 6.1. VARIABILITE GRAPHIQUE DES ARABISMES DANS LES DICTIONNAIRES ET DANS LE CORPUS ................................................ 108 6.2. METHODE DES FILTRES SUCCESSIFS ....................................................................................................................
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