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Rap and Islam in France: Arabic Religious Language Contact with Vernacular French Benjamin Hebblethwaite [email protected]

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Rap and Islam in France: Arabic Religious Language Contact with Vernacular French Benjamin Hebblethwaite Hebble@Ufl.Edu Rap and Islam in France: Arabic Religious Language Contact with Vernacular French Benjamin Hebblethwaite [email protected] 1. Context 2. Data & methods 3. Results 4. Analysis Kamelancien My research orientation: The intersection of Language, Religion and Music Linguistics French-Arabic • Interdisciplinary (language contact • Multilingual & sociolinguistics) • Multicultural • Multi-sensorial Ethnomusicology • Contemporary (rap lyrics) Religion This is a dynamic approach that links (Islam) language, culture and religion. These are core aspects of our humanity. Much of my work focuses on Haitian Vodou music. --La fin du monde by N.A.P. (1998) and Mauvais Oeil by Lunatic (2000) are considered breakthrough albums for lyrics that draw from the Arabic-Islamic lexical field. Since (2001) many artists have drawn from the Islamic lexical field in their raps. Kaotik, Paris, 2011, photo by Ben H. --One of the main causes for borrowing: the internationalization of the language setting in urban areas due to immigration (Calvet 1995:38). This project began with questions about the Arabic Islamic words and expressions used on recordings by French rappers from cities like Paris, Marseille, Le Havre, Lille, Strasbourg, and others. At first I was surprised by these borrowings and I wanted to find out how extensive this lexicon --North Africans are the main sources of Arabic inwas urban in rap France. and how well-known --Sub-Saharan Africans are also involved in disseminatingit is outside the of religiousrap. lexical field that is my focus. The Polemical Republic 2 recent polemics have attacked rap music • Cardet (2013) accuses rap of being a black and Arab hedonism that substitutes for political radicalism. • Cardet calls Muslim-influenced rap “islamo-racaille” (hoodlum Islam) • Right-winger, Alain Soral, is the publisher. • Breddan (2014) argues that rap is a vehicle for “indoctrination” and “brain washing” • “The accelerated Islamization of the hip hop movement reflects the spirit of conquest and conversion from the early days of Islam” (29, my trans.). Snapshots of Rap and Islam in France L’Institut du monde arabe Construction permit for a new mosque in Nanterre Advertisements for Ramadan food products in the Paris metro Halal fast food joint in Saint-Denis. Notice the large AVS logo in the window. AVS is an organization that certifies halal meat in France. http://www.halal-avs.com/ Muslim-themed advertisement for a phone card for the Maghreb in the Paris metro. http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/2014/07/08/peux-gassar-sans- Ethnic marketing in Paris 2014 compter-marketing-ethnique-banalise-253506 Advertisements for hip hop albums or concerts are posted all over Paris. Hip hop advertising on kiosques. Advertising in the metro. Both Frenchmen, Hayce Lemsi (of Algerian descent) and Lacrim (of Moroccan descent) draw from the Islamic lexicon Hayce LM is the “Kalash humaine” Lacrim was formly a bank-robber. Hip hop in the mainstream: Hip hop workshops for children aged 5-12. Hip hop workshop in led by Charles Norton. Using English-language hip hop to get kids excited about studying English at Café Culturel Saint-Denis Hip hop culture includes graffiti and Paris is dotted with stylized vehicles and structures Paris is home to Europe’s glossy graffiti magazine Paris Tonkar (est. in 1991) The Ghetto Fabulous Gang perform at La Bellevilloise in Belleville. Cultural note: Very little alcohol was purchased by the audience and no alcohol use was observed on stage. Friends and family of the Ghetto Fabulous Gang celebrate on stage at the end of the concert. Apparently it was one of the few times these kids had ever left their ghetto to visit downtown Paris. From Saint-Denis, Shaolyn Gen Zu plays at Paris Hip Hop 2014. This Muslim crew blends the imagery of Samurai and Islamic culture. S.pri Noir opens for Scred Connexion at Le Hangar (Ivry-sur-Seine) Scred Connexion performs at Le Hangar in Ivry-sur-Seine. Note Mokless wearing the Palestinian keffiyeh. XV BARBAR performs at the Bataclan. Many hip hop crews are Black and Arab in France. Hayce Lemsi appears on stage with a Sheikh head piece. The audience was Black, Blanc, Beur… Volts Face at the Bataclan. Notice he is holding the Algerian flag during this tense World Cup period in France. Hip Hop Culture in France Every year the Paris Hip Hop festival offers 2 weeks of non-stop hip hop culture to Parisians. • Rap concerts • Graffiti workshops • Dance shows • Skateboarding competitions • Academic conferences Sponsored by the Paris government Workshop with the creators of Shtar Academy. The first hip hop album recorded inside of French prisons. A Venezuelan hip hop activist who works with inmates. Hip hop takes to the streets during La fête de la musique. Here a crew from Saint-Denis raps in front of L’Église Saint-Ambroise (completed in 1869). A crew raps on Boulevard Voltaire in Paris during La fête de la musique. Notice the Palestinian keffiyeh on the right. Street DJ set-up on Boulevard Voltaire LANGUAGE PRACTICES IN THE MOSQUES OF PARIS 1. Mosquée Okba Ibnou Nafaa in Nanterre, east of Paris • Language practices: Friday sermon was exclusively in Arabic. • The mosque was packed for Juma’a. 2. Mosquée - Kardeslik Vakfi, Montreuil • Language practices: Friday sermon was exclusively in Arabic. • The mosque was packed for Juma’a. 3. L'Institut des Cultures d'Islam: 18th arrondissement, Goutte d’Or neighborhood • A government-funded cultural center that also serves as a mosque for Friday Juma’a. • Language practices: Friday sermon was entirely bilingual in Arabic and French with the imam and interpreter going back-and-forth. • A Salafist and a Sufi imam preached on the same day. • The mosque was packed for Juma’a. 5. Grande Mosquée de Paris Contrasts • Largest mosque in France. • Built with financial support from the French 4. Mosquée Abou Bakr As Saddiq in Belleville government in memory of the Muslims who died A tiny mosque in the 11th arrondissement fighting in WWI. • Sermons are exclusively in Arabic. • The Imam is Algerian. Sermons are now uploaded weekly via Soundclound http://www.mosqueedeparis.net/ Union des organisations islamiques de France: • Their website offers a debate on whether music is haram in Islam. • Music is controversial in Islam. UOIF argues that music is allowed in Islam. • The Muslim rapper Médine. Studying lexical borrowing in urban French in the Age of Rap • the lexicon of religion is one of the most influential lexical fields in language contact situations (Holm 2000:114). • Haitian Vodou’s African lexicon is an example of a religious lexical field’s triumph against a colonial power. • Arabic borrowings among youth symbolize an “identity culture” distinct from both the dominant French culture and from the parental Arabic-based culture (Calvet 1995:39). • Arabic Islamic culture within French reflects a “bicultural hybridization” in which traditional values converge with occidental ones (Fasla 2008:68). Basic facts about rap & Islam in France • Rap is “Islam-friendly” (Lanaspeze in Valnet 2013:6) • Muslim rappers present a perspective on layperson Islam that blends the religion’s culture and worldview into the rappers’ personal life-narratives. • Rap is a synchronic record of a representation of urban vernacular French. The great Mosque of Paris courtesy of Flickr Basic facts about rap & Islam in France --Rap is a planned, stylized and marketed representation of the urban vernacular --Rap is not naturalistic or spontaneous; it is poetry. --Rap is an impactful form of art in terms of the diffusion of language, culture and economic effects (Perrier 2010:13). Médine: France’s ‘Arabian Panther’ Copies sold between 2004-2012 (from Le Figaro) 1. Guy de Maupassant: 3.790.000 exemplaires 2. Molière: 3.400.000 exemplaires “Classic” literature 3. Émile Zola: 2.900.000 exemplaires 4. Albert Camus: 2.810.000 exemplaires versus Rap in units sold 5. Victor Hugo: 2.710.000 exemplaires 6. Agatha Christie: 2.650.000 exemplaires Les 10 albums les plus vendus : 7. Stefan Zweig: 2.510.000 exemplaires 8. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: 2.310.000 exemplaires 1. MANAU - Panique Celtique : 1 650 000 9. Voltaire: 2.200.000 exemplaires 10. Honoré de Balzac: 2.020.000 exemplaires 2. IAM - L'école du micro d'argent : 1 080 000 11. William Shakespeare: 1.510.000 exemplaires 3. MC SOLAAR - Prose Combat : 880 000 … 4. DIAMS - Dans Ma Bulle : 860 000 15. Charles Baudelaire: 1.280.000 5. NTM - Supreme Ntm : 805 000 Les 10 artistes ayant vendus le plus d'albums depuis le 6. MC SOLAAR - 5e As : 805 000 commencement 7. DOC GYNECO - 1ere Consultation : 730 000 1. MC SOLAAR : 2 700 000 8. SNIPER - Gravé dans la roche : 430 000 2. IAM : 1 800 000 9. MC SOLAAR - Paradisiaque : 415 000 3. MANAU : 1 650 000 4. NTM : 1 400 000 10. BENNY B - L'album: 415 000 5. DIAMS : 1 100 000 (Convert) From (www.2kmusic.com/fr) 6. DOC GYNECO : 1 050 000 7. SNIPER : 850 000 Recent rap hits: L’apogée, Sexion d’Assaut, 556 000 (#3 in 2012) 8. FONKY FAMILY : 700 000 9. ROHFF : 650 000 10. 113 : 600 000 Basic facts about the history of Arabic borrowings in French Periods of borrowing from Arabic in the history of Maghreb and urban French: • Middle ages/Renaissance – abricot, alambic, alguazil, coton, hasard, matelas, alcool, alcali, azimuth, luth, nadir, ramadan, salamalec and zénith • Modern (19th century, colonial period) – baraka, derbouka, fatiha, kleb, makroud, rebab, souk, tajine and youyou • Contemporary period – ayatollah, chahid, djihad, hizb, intifada, moutahadjiba, oukht, tchi-tchi (all examples from Fasla 2008:64) “The Rap Period” – Nonreligious Arabic borrowings • la hagra (misery)/le kheye (brother) – “Avec tes fausses histoires de gangster tu me fais mal au veau-cer. La hagra c’est gratuit kheye, le respect ça vaut cher” (Niro, Imposture).
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