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4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system Essential questions

• What are the functions of the female reproductive system? • What are some common disorders of the female reproductive system? • How do you relate the body’s control to the female reproductive system? • How do you relate the body’s use of to the female reproductive system?

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 3 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

• Hormone Production • • • Conception • •

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 4 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • • Two functions: • Produce and store the ova • Produce the female sex : and • : • Aka: , , ova • Immature called • Estrogen: • Development of many female reproductive organs • Dev. of many female sex characteristics (broadened pelvis, …) • Progesterone : • Thickens uterine lining so it can receive developing • Produced during the of menstruation 5 Functions of the female reproductive system • Fallopian tubes • Cilia and peristalsis of fallopian tubes/oviducts help propel ovum into the • What are fimbriae and what is their function? • Fimbriae are fingerlike projections at ends of nearest ovary. The sweeping motion of their cilia help direct the ovum into the fallopian tubes • Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes!!

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 6 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

•Uterus • Hollow muscular organ that is responsible for the development of the embryo and during pregnancy • Inner mucous layer is • Each month the endometrium thickens into a blood vessel rich layer in preparation for a fertilized ovum to implant

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 7 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • • Lowest region of the uterus that extends into • Narrow opening serves as passageway between vaginal cavity and • Endometrium shed monthly through this opening • Babies pass through when born • enters via this opening Pap Smear is a procedure where doctor inserts a speculum into vagina to get a clear view of cervix. They then swab the cervix to get tissue samples. Samples are sent to test for cervical as well as and .

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 8 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • Vagina • Connects cervix of uterus to (outside structures). • Passageway that: • Menstrual flow leaves through • Receives during intercourse • Baby passes through during

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 9 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

• External genitalia • Provide protection for the internal female reproductive organs

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 10 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

• Mammary glands (breasts) • Provide milk to infants

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 11 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

Female Reproductive Structures/Functions VIDEO

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 12 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • • Cycle in where an egg matures, is ovulated (released) and either gets fertilized and implants into endometrium OR isn’t fertilized so gets discharged along with endometrium. • Usually 28 days • Four stages 1. Follicle stage 2. Ovulation stage 3. stage – “luteal stage” 4. Menstruation stage

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 13 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

• Follicle stage • Usually lasts about 10 days (starts around day 5) • Follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone is released by the pituitary • FSH stimulates the follicle and ovum to mature • Resulting in the release of estrogen and preparation of the uterine lining

14 Functions of the female reproductive system • Ovulation stage • The starts producing (LH)  LH surge • At day 14 in the menstrual cycle, the follicle ruptures and the ovum is released • During this phase, LH, estrogen and FSH are all circulating in the body

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 15 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • Corpus luteum stage “aka Luteal Phase” • Ruptured follicle turns into “corpus luteum”  • Secretes progesterone and continues to do so if the egg is fertilized, preventing further ovulation and maintaining the uterine lining • Lasts about 14 days

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 16 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

• Menstruation stage • Final stage if fertilization of the ova has not taken place • The corpus luteum diminishes and progesterone production decreases • The uterine lining is broken down and discharged along with unfertilized ovum over the course of 3 to 6 days

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 17 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system

Ovulation and the Menstrual Cycle Video

18 Functions of the female reproductive system

Menopause - “change in life” • When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end • Usually happens around 45-55 • End of follicle growth and ovulation because of natural decline of reproductive hormones • Can be induced prematurely by an • surgical removal of one or both • Symptoms: • Irregular periods in months leading up to • Vaginal dryness • Hot flashes • Night sweats • Fatigue 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 19 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system Menstrual cycle disorders • • Absence of menstrual cycle • • Painful menstruation • Menorrhagia • Abnormally heavy bleeding at menstruation • • Group of symptoms experienced just prior to menstrual cycle

20 Disorders of the female reproductive system cancer • The leading cause of death in woman between the ages of 32 and 52 • Treatment • Chemotherapy • Radiation therapy • Partial or full mastectomy • Lumpectomy • Life saving measures • Monthly breast exams • Mammogram – specialized x-ray that can detect tumor early, before you can feel them • Ultrasound

21 Disorders of the female reproductive system

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1. Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at 4 your sides 2. Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or abnormal appearance of the nipple. 3. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your 2 5 breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area. 4. There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns. 5. Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately. 6. Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right 3 6 breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area.

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 22 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system

Things you’re looking for:

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 23 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system

• • Most often caused by HPV ( that causes warts) • HPV vaccine can now prevent cervical HPV and prevent cervical cancer caused by HPV • All sexually active women should have an annual pap smear to screen for cervical cancer!!! • Treatment: • Chemo, radiation,

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 24 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system • Endometrial tissue is found somewhere other than inside the uterus • usually around ovaries or other organs in pelvic region • Continues to act as endometrium (thickening and shedding monthly) but no way to escape body • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain (often with menstruation and sexual activity) • Excessive menstrual bleeding • Can irritate and damage organs • (difficulty or inability to get pregnant) • Treatment: • Hormone treatment • Surgery to remove spots • Worst case scenario – hysterectomy or hysterectomy and oophorectomy 25 Disorders of the female reproductive system Mastitis • Infection of breast tissue • Usually happens when • clogged milk duct or bacteria entering crack or duct opening • Symptoms: • Flu-like symptoms • Red area • Tender • Edematous • Treatment:

• Antibiotics 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 26 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) • Infection of female reproductive organs • Usually after STD has spread up • Risk factors: • Multiple sex partners, sex without … • Symptoms (mild or none): • • heavy/irregular period • Fever • scarring of organs • Complications: • (egg cant get out of oviducts bc of scarring) • Infertility • Chronic pelvic pain • Treatment: • Antibiotics 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 27 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Caused by imbalanced hormones • Idiopathic but probably genetic • Classic symptoms: • Infrequent/Irregular periods • Infertility • Cysts in ovaries • Excessive facial/body hair • • Treatment is symptomatic. • Meds to help regulate cycle, ovulate, reduce hair…

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 28 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system Toxic shock syndrome • Happens when toxins produced by bacteria (usually staph) enters bloodstream • Usually associated with misuse of • Old type of super-absorbent tampons were most likely to cause • Symptoms: • Sudden fever, vomiting/diarrhea • Abd tenderness • Hypotension • Resp distress • Renal failure • Treatment: • Antibiotics • Meds to stabilize BP if it’s dropped

29 Disorders of the female reproductive system

Vaginal yeast infection Not a sexually transmitted illness. However, can be spread through sexual activity. • Usually caused by antibiotic use Partners need to be treated to prevent re-infection. • Prevention: stay dry (change wet bathing suits, wear cotton underwear…) • Symptoms: • Vaginal itching and burning • • Thick white cottage cheese looking drainage • Treatment: • Antifungal med • Either vaginally or orally

30 Understand the functions and disorders of the Essential questions

• What are the functions of the male reproductive system? • What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system? • How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 32 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system

•Hormone production

•Reproduction

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 33 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system

Hormone production • • Stimulates growth of male reproductive organs • Sex drive • Secondary sex characteristics • Increased muscle mass • Facial, chest, pubic hair • Deep voice

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 34 reproductive system Function of the male reproductive system

Reproduction • The creation of a new individual

Males contribute to this process via sperm.

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 35 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system: Discuss the functions of these structures: Testes • Produce testosterone • Seminiferous tubules make sperm

Epididymis • Connects to testes • Stores sperm while they mature !

36 Functions of the male reproductive system Sperm

. What is the function of the sperm? . Fertilize the ovum . How many sperm does the average male have? . 20-200+ million per mL . Less than 20 million/mL = sterile/infertile . How is this different from the female reproductive system?

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 37 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system:

Discuss the functions of these structures: Vas Deferens • Connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct • Transports mature sperm

Ejaculatory duct • Short duct that adds from to sperm and carries them to

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 38 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system: Seminal vesicles • Produce secretions to nourish and protect sperm!! • This fluid makes up most of the semen and is added to sperm at moment of

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 39 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system: Urethra

• Reproductive system: carries semen to outside the body

• : carries urine from the bladder to outside the body

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 40 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system: Prostate gland • Produces a fluid that aids in expulsion of semen and of sperm !!! • (Contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine flow)

What would happen it this hypertrophied?

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 41 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system:

Bulbourethral glands • Also called Cowper’s gland • Pea-sized and inferior to prostate • Produce an alkaline fluid that helps to neutralize any acidity in urethra or vagina

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 42 reproductive system Functions of the male reproductive system:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- XQcnO4iX_U

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 43 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments

Cryptorchidism • Undescended testicle • Seen most in premature babies • Risks: • Infertility • Testicular cancer • Treatment: • Many resolve on own within few months • Surgery

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 44 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments

Epididymitis • Inflammation of the epididymis • Usually caused by bacterial infection (usually STI’s) • Symptoms: • Swollen, tender scrotum/testes • Groin pain • Treatment: • Antibiotics

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 45 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments

Erectile Dysfunction - AKA Impotence • Failure of the penis to become rigid enough for intercourse to occur. • Common causes: • Physiological (most common): high bp, diabetes, heart/vascular disease, hormone imbalance, med side effect • Psychological (less common): , stress • Treatment: • Treat underlying cause • Medications that increase blood flow to penis

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 46 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) • Enlarged prostate gland • NONcancerous – idiopathic (think related to hormone changes as you age) • Risk factors: age (half of men over 50) and family history • Symptoms: • Difficulty urinating • Frequent, urgent, trouble starting, weak stream, dribbling… • Treatment: sometimes none • Medicines • Surgery to cut away some of prostate

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 47 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Prostate cancer • Most common cancer after 50 • Usually very slow growing • Symptoms: • None early • Advanced – problems urinating • Treatment: • Watchful waiting • Chemo • Surgery • Prostatectomy can cause ED if nerves are damaged

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 48 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Testicular cancer • Risk factors: • Undescended testicle • Family history • White males 15- 35 • Symptoms: • Scrotal heaviness • Back pain • and tenderness • Lump/enlargement of testicle • Treatment: • Removal of testicle

49 Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments

Testicular self-examination • Testicular self-examination is an examination of the testicles. The testicles (also called the testes) are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. They are located in the scrotum under the penis.

• Perform this test during or after a shower. This way, the scrotal skin is warm and relaxed. It's best to do the test while standing.

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 50 reproductive system Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments

Testicular self-examination • 1.Gently feel your scrotal sac to locate a testicle. • 2.Hold the testicle with one hand while firmly but gently rolling the fingers of the other hand over the testicle to examine the entire surface. • 3.Repeat the procedure with the other testicle.

You may perform a testicular self-exam every month if you have any of the following risk factors: • •Family history of testicular cancer • •Past testicular tumor • •Undescended testicle • •You are a teenager or young adult

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 51 reproductive system Reproductive process: conception

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 52 reproductive system Reproductive process Conception • Conception (or fertilization) occurs when the sperm and the egg unite • Forms a zygote (fertilized egg) • Usually occurs in the fallopian tube/oviduct • Pregnancy occurs

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 53 reproductive system Reproductive process: fertilization Discuss the process of conception. • Millions of sperm ejaculated into vagina • (many die from acidity, temp, lack of motility…) • Sperm make way into cervix, through uterus and into fallopian tubes • After ovulation, egg stays in fallopian tube a day or two. This is chance for fertilization. • Sperm reaches egg and in sperm head helps it “burrow” into ovum. • Once sperm nucleus fuses with ova nucleus, DNA unite. Genetic code for baby is set.

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 54 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system Pregnancy • Period from conception to • Gestational period in humans = 40 weeks • Starts first day of last period • Terms to remember: • Embryo • 1-8 weeks • Fetus • 9-40 weeks • Newborn • At birth

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 55 reproductive system Reproductive process: fetal development Fetal Development Slides Fetal Development VIDEO

• 6-8 weeks • 17-19 weeks

• 12-14 weeks • 5-6 months

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 56 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system Labor • Dilation stage • From the onset of labor until cervix is fully dilated (10 cm) • The uterine begins to contract • Contractions move the fetus down the uterus and cause the cervix to dilate

http://www.refinery29.com/2017/11/179815/childbirth- 4.06 Understand the functionsballoon and disorders-viral of the-video 57 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • Expulsion stage • From fully dilated to when baby is actually delivered • Natural – vaginal delivery • Cesarean – baby surgically removed via incision into abdomen

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 58 reproductive system Functions of the female reproductive system • Placental stage • The last stage of labor • Also known as afterbirth • Delivered due to final uterine contractions

59 Functions of the female reproductive system VAGINAL BIRTH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlQlYS4t NXs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqgXDR UCMUM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF4hdCi Tm04 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OIem M-XvGY

60 Disorders of the female reproductive system Ectopic pregnancy • Fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the uterus. • Usually in fallopian tube • Baby can not survive. Untreated, fallopian tube rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding. • Risk factors: infection or structural issues in fallopian tubes • Symptoms: • Starts out normally (missed period, breast tenderness, nausea) • Abd/pelvic pain and light bleeding may occur • Treatment: • Injection to stop growth and dissolve cells • Surgery to remove

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 61 reproductive system Disorders of the female reproductive system Baby Blues - • New often feel mood swings, anxiety, fatigued and sad • Usually passes quickly – days or couple weeks

Postpartum - • Symptoms do not go away quickly and are more severe • Some new moms worry they will hurt themselves or their babies • Seek help if: • Doesn’t pass after couple weeks • Interferes with taking care of baby • Thoughts of hurting baby or self 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 62 reproductive system Disorders of the reproductive system Infertility • Unable to become pregnant after a year of trying • Woman keeps having spontaneous - also called infertility • Numerous causes, including: • Damage to fallopian tubes • Low sperm count/mobility • Hormonal imbalance • Which disorders we’ve discussed?

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 63 reproductive system Disorders of the reproductive system Infertility Treatment options: • Surgery to clear blocked oviducts, endometriosis • Artificial – concentrated dose of sperm is put into woman’s uterus/fallopian tube via catheter • drugs – usually increase ovulation • In vitro fertilization (IVF) – mature eggs removed, fertilized in lab, then placed into uterus. • GIFT or ZIT – (gamete or zygote intrafallopian transfer) – similar IVF but they’re placed into fallopian tubes

64 Reproductive process: Female contraception

• Abstinence • • • Barrier methods • Female condom • • Diaphragm • •

65 Reproductive process: Female contraception Hormonal Methods • Work by containing synthetic versions of estrogen and progesterone or just progesterone. • Synthetic estrogen and/or progesterone prevent release of FSH and LH, which prevents ovulation. • Pills • Birth control shot • Birth control • Birth control Patch • (IUD) • Either contains progesterone or can just be copper • Stays in place for up to 7-12 years

• Risk of causing PID 66 Reproductive process: male contraception • Abstinence

• Vasectomy • Vas Deferens are severed then tied/sealed to produce sterility in men • Permanent • Done through incision in scrotum

•

• Contraceptive TEDTalk Video

67 Sexually transmitted infections • Chlamydia • Genital warts • Gonorrhea • Herpes • HIV • • Trichomonas

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 68 reproductive system Sexually transmitted infections Gonorrhea • Bacterial infection • Symptoms: • In males: • Painful urination • Yellow discharge from penis • In females: • Usually NO symptoms • Or very mild and mistaken for UTI or yeast infection • Untreated: PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy • Treatment: antibiotics

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 69 reproductive system Essential questions • What are the functions of the female reproductive system? • What are some common disorders of the female reproductive system? • What is the function of the male reproductive system? • What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system? • How do the male and female reproductive system work together? • How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems?

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the 70 reproductive system