The Cervix Frequently Seen and Ignored
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Reference Sheet 1
MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum. -
Ovarian Cancer and Cervical Cancer
What Every Woman Should Know About Gynecologic Cancer R. Kevin Reynolds, MD The George W. Morley Professor & Chief, Division of Gyn Oncology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI What is gynecologic cancer? Cancer is a disease where cells grow and spread without control. Gynecologic cancers begin in the female reproductive organs. The most common gynecologic cancers are endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. Less common gynecologic cancers involve vulva, Fallopian tube, uterine wall (sarcoma), vagina, and placenta (pregnancy tissue: molar pregnancy). Ovary Uterus Endometrium Cervix Vagina Vulva What causes endometrial cancer? Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer: one out of every 40 women will develop endometrial cancer. It is caused by too much estrogen, a hormone normally present in women. The most common cause of the excess estrogen is being overweight: fat cells actually produce estrogen. Another cause of excess estrogen is medication such as tamoxifen (often prescribed for breast cancer treatment) or some forms of prescribed estrogen hormone therapy (unopposed estrogen). How is endometrial cancer detected? Almost all endometrial cancer is detected when a woman notices vaginal bleeding after her menopause or irregular bleeding before her menopause. If bleeding occurs, a woman should contact her doctor so that appropriate testing can be performed. This usually includes an endometrial biopsy, a brief, slightly crampy test, performed in the office. Fortunately, most endometrial cancers are detected before spread to other parts of the body occurs Is endometrial cancer treatable? Yes! Most women with endometrial cancer will undergo surgery including hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) in addition to removal of ovaries and lymph nodes. -
Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System Visual
Biology 202: Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System 1) Label the diagram below. Some terms may be used more than once. Spermatozoa (N) Mitosis Spermatogonium (2N) Spermatids (N) Primary Oocyte (2N) Polar bodies (N) Ootid (N) Second polar body (N) Meiosis I Primary spermatocyte (2N) Oogonium (2N) Secondary oocyte (2N) Ovum (N) Secondary spermatocytes (2N) First polar body Meiosis II Source Lesson: Gametogenesis & Meiosis: Process & Differences 2) Label the diagram of the male reproductive system below. Seminal vesicle Testis Scrotum Pubic bone Penis Prostate gland Urethra Epididymis Vas deferens Bladder Source Lesson: Male Reproductive System: Structures, Functions & Regulation 3) Label the image below. Rectum Testis Ureter Bulbourethral gland Urethra Urinary bladder Pubic bone Penis Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens Epididymis Prostate gland Anus Source Lesson: Semen: Composition & Production 4) Label the structures below. Inner and outer lips of the vagina Mons pubis Vaginal opening Clitoris Anus Urethral opening Perineum Vulva Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 5) Label the diagram below. Some terms may be used more than once. Clitoris Vulva Labia majora Labia minora Perineum Clitoral hood Vaginal opening Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 6) Label the internal organs that make up the female reproductive system. Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries Cervix Vagina Endometrium Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 7) Label the diagram below. LH Follicular -
Chapter 28 *Lecture Powepoint
Chapter 28 *Lecture PowePoint The Female Reproductive System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The female reproductive system is more complex than the male system because it serves more purposes – Produces and delivers gametes – Provides nutrition and safe harbor for fetal development – Gives birth – Nourishes infant • Female system is more cyclic, and the hormones are secreted in a more complex sequence than the relatively steady secretion in the male 28-2 Sexual Differentiation • The two sexes indistinguishable for first 8 to 10 weeks of development • Female reproductive tract develops from the paramesonephric ducts – Not because of the positive action of any hormone – Because of the absence of testosterone and müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) 28-3 Reproductive Anatomy • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of the ovary – Trace the female reproductive tract and describe the gross anatomy and histology of each organ – Identify the ligaments that support the female reproductive organs – Describe the blood supply to the female reproductive tract – Identify the external genitalia of the female – Describe the structure of the nonlactating breast 28-4 Sexual Differentiation • Without testosterone: – Causes mesonephric ducts to degenerate – Genital tubercle becomes the glans clitoris – Urogenital folds become the labia minora – Labioscrotal folds -
Chapter 24 Primary Sex Organs = Gonads Produce Gametes Secrete Hormones That Control Reproduction Secondary Sex Organs = Accessory Structures
Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapter 24 primary sex organs = gonads produce gametes secrete hormones that control reproduction secondary sex organs = accessory structures Development and Differentiation A. gonads develop from mesoderm starting at week 5 gonadal ridges medial to kidneys germ cells migrate to gonadal ridges from yolk sac at week 7, if an XY embryo secretes SRY protein, the gonadal ridges begin developing into testes with seminiferous tubules the testes secrete androgens, which cause the mesonephric ducts to develop the testes secrete a hormone that causes the paramesonephric ducts to regress by week 8, in any fetus (XX or XY), if SRY protein has not been produced, the gondal ridges begin to develop into ovaries with ovarian follicles the lack of androgens causes the paramesonephric ducts to develop and the mesonephric ducts to regress B. accessory organs develop from embryonic duct systems mesonephric ducts / Wolffian ducts eventually become male accessory organs: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct paramesonephric ducts / Mullerian ducts eventually become female accessory organs: oviducts, uterus, superior vagina C. external genitalia are indeterminate until week 8 male female genital tubercle penis (glans, corpora cavernosa, clitoris (glans, corpora corpus spongiosum) cavernosa), vestibular bulb) urethral folds fuse to form penile urethra labia minora labioscrotal swellings fuse to form scrotum labia majora urogenital sinus urinary bladder, urethra, prostate, urinary bladder, urethra, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral inferior vagina, vestibular glands glands Strong/Fall 2008 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapter 24 Male A. gonads = testes (singular = testis) located in scrotum 1. outer coverings a. tunica vaginalis =double layer of serous membrane that partially surrounds each testis; (figure 24.29) b. -
Echography of the Cervix and Uterus During the Proliferative and Secretory Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Bonnet Monkeys (Macaca Radiata)
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 53, No 1 Copyright 2014 January 2014 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 18–23 Echography of the Cervix and Uterus during the Proliferative and Secretory Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Bonnet Monkeys (Macaca radiata) Uddhav K Chaudhari,1,* Siddnath M Metkari,2 Dhyananjay D Manjaramkar,2 Geetanjali Sachdeva,1 Rajendra Katkam,1 Atmaram H Bandivdekar,3 Abhishek Mahajan,4 Meenakshi H Thakur,4 and Sanjiv D Kholkute1 We undertook the present study to investigate the echographic characteristics of the uterus and cervix of female bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. The cervix was tortuous in shape and measured 2.74 ± 0.30 cm (mean ± SD) in width by 3.10 ± 0.32 cm in length. The cervical lumen contained 2 or 3 col- liculi, which projected from the cervical canal. The echogenicity of cervix varied during proliferative and secretory phases. The uterus was pyriform in shape (2.46 ± 0.28 cm × 1.45 ± 0.19 cm) and consisted of serosa, myometrium, and endometrium. The endometrium generated a triple-line pattern; the outer and central lines were hyperechogenic, whereas the inner line was hypoechogenic. The endometrium was significantly thicker during the secretory phase (0.69 ± 0.12 cm) than during the proliferative phase (0.43 ± 0.15 cm). Knowledge of the echogenic changes in the female reproductive organs of bonnet monkeys during a regular menstrual cycle may facilitate understanding of other physiologic and pathophysiologic changes. Ultrasound imaging is a noninvasive, atraumatic, and simple Materials and Methods method to assess various organs in humans and nonhuman pri- Animals and husbandry practices. -
The Cyclist's Vulva
The Cyclist’s Vulva Dr. Chimsom T. Oleka, MD FACOG Board Certified OBGYN Fellowship Trained Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologist National Medical Network –USOPC Houston, TX DEPARTMENT NAME DISCLOSURES None [email protected] DEPARTMENT NAME PRONOUNS The use of “female” and “woman” in this talk, as well as in the highlighted studies refer to cis gender females with vulvas DEPARTMENT NAME GOALS To highlight an issue To discuss why this issue matters To inspire future research and exploration To normalize the conversation DEPARTMENT NAME The consensus is that when you first start cycling on your good‐as‐new, unbruised foof, it is going to hurt. After a “breaking‐in” period, the pain‐to‐numbness ratio becomes favourable. As long as you protect against infection, wear padded shorts with a generous layer of chamois cream, no underwear and make regular offerings to the ingrown hair goddess, things are manageable. This is wrong. Hannah Dines British T2 trike rider who competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics DEPARTMENT NAME MY INTRODUCTION TO CYCLING Childhood Adolescence Adult Life DEPARTMENT NAME THE CYCLIST’S VULVA The Issue Vulva Anatomy Vulva Trauma Prevention DEPARTMENT NAME CYCLING HAS POSITIVE BENEFITS Popular Means of Exercise Has gained popularity among Ideal nonimpact women in the past aerobic exercise decade Increases Lowers all cause cardiorespiratory mortality risks fitness DEPARTMENT NAME Hermans TJN, Wijn RPWF, Winkens B, et al. Urogenital and Sexual complaints in female club cyclists‐a cross‐sectional study. J Sex Med 2016 CYCLING ALSO PREDISPOSES TO VULVAR TRAUMA • Significant decreases in pudendal nerve sensory function in women cyclists • Similar to men, women cyclists suffer from compression injuries that compromise normal function of the main neurovascular bundle of the vulva • Buller et al. -
Cervical Stenosis Causing Haematocervix and Haematometra in a Postmenopausal Woman Nicola English, Ellen Harker, Mathias Epee-Bekima
Images in… BMJ Case Reports: first published as 10.1136/bcr-2016-217161 on 23 August 2016. Downloaded from Cervical stenosis causing haematocervix and haematometra in a postmenopausal woman Nicola English, Ellen Harker, Mathias Epee-Bekima King Edward Memorial DESCRIPTION Prior to the procedure she presented with wor- Hospital for Women Perth, A 73-year-old woman was referred to our gynaecol- sening suprapubic pain. She was febrile and tender Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia ogy clinic with a 2-week history of pelvic and suprapubically. An emergency EUA was performed vaginal pain. The pelvic ultrasound and CT scan with a presumptive diagnosis of an infected Correspondence to suggested a 10 cm haematometra and a 4 cm haematometra. Dr Nicola English, nicola. cervical cyst (figures 1–4). At time of surgery the initial cervical mass was [email protected] She had no history of postmenopausal bleeding found to be a large haematocervix with stenosis of Accepted 6 August 2016 and her most recent pap smear was normal. the external os. The cervix was incised and dilated The patient had been using tamoxifen for the which drained 800 mL of old blood from the previous 10 years for primary breast cancer. cervix and uterus. The underlying endometrium Examination revealed a large, mobile uterus and appeared normal on hysteroscopy. Histology was what appeared to be a cervical mass obscuring the also normal. cervical os. She was discharged home well on day 4 She was booked for an examination under anaes- postoperatively. thesia and hysteroscopy. http://casereports.bmj.com/ Figure 1 Pelvic ultrasound scan featuring a large haematometra. -
Word You Cannot Say on Tv
THE “V” WORD YOU CANNOT SAY ON TV SHELAGH LARSON, DNP, APRN WHNP, NCMP © Copyright 2020 Shelagh Larson Title Lorem Ipsum Dolor Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet 2017 2018 2019 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet CELEBRITIES CAUGHT IN AWKWARD POSITIONS PARTS Vulva vagina is a specific internal structure, whereas the vulva is the whole external genitalia Gateway to the vagina is the seat for female sexual pleasure helps by flushing out the vulvovaginal fluids and usually maintains normal vaginal health Vestibule Secretions of fluid from the vestibule glands lubricate the vaginal orifice during sexual excitement. is the space between the labia minora and vagina Vagina The inside parts The hallway to the Uterus ◦ Vagina Dentata. Vagina Myths ◦ •Period Is Punishment ◦ •Hysteria ◦ •You Can’t Get Pregnant If It’s Legitimate Rape ◦ Sex With A Virgin Can Cure HIV/AIDS ◦ You can see someone's vagina if they go commando ◦ Douching after sex prevents pregnancy ◦ You can't get STDs from oral sex. ◦ You can lose something if inserted into the vagina ◦ You can't get pregnant if you have sex on your period The Vagina ◦ women of reproductive age, Lactobacillusis the predominant constituent of normal vaginal flora. ◦ Colonization by these bacteria keeps vaginal pH in the normal range (3.8 to 4.2), ◦ High estrogen levels maintain vaginal thickness, bolstering local defenses. ◦ Postmenopause a marked decrease in estrogen causes vaginal thinning, increasing vulnerability to infection and inflammation. ◦ Some treatments (eg, oophorectomy, birth -
The Reproductive System
27 The Reproductive System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The reproductive system is designed to perpetuate the species • The male produces gametes called sperm cells • The female produces gametes called ova • The joining of a sperm cell and an ovum is fertilization • Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • Overview of the Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Ejaculatory duct • Spongy urethra (penile urethra) • Seminal gland • Prostate gland • Bulbo-urethral gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I Pubic symphysis Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Seminal gland Membranous urethra Rectum Corpus cavernosum Prostate gland Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens Penis Bulbo-urethral gland Epididymis Anus Testis External urethral orifice Scrotum Sigmoid colon (cut) Rectum Internal urethral orifice Rectus abdominis Prostatic urethra Urinary bladder Prostate gland Pubic symphysis Bristle within ejaculatory duct Membranous urethra Penis Spongy urethra Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus cavernosum Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • The Testes • Testes hang inside a pouch called the scrotum, which is on the outside of the body -
Cervical Polypectomy
Cervical Polypectomy Author: Consultant Department: Gynaecology/ Colposcopy Document Number: STHK1225 Version: 4 Review date: 01/10/2022 What is a polyp? Your doctor/nurse has advised you to have a polypectomy, which is the removal of a polyp. A polyp is a flesh-like structure (often described as looking like a cherry on a stalk or a skin tag), which can develop in many places in the body, including the cervix and uterus. It may have blood vessels running through it, which can often be the cause of bleeding. If it is thought the polyp is in your uterus, you will need to have a hysteroscopy (a procedure that uses a narrow camera to look inside the cavity of the uterus). This procedure is carried out as a gynaecology outpatient appointment at the Women’s Centre, and is performed in a special clinic in the Diagnostic Suite. You will receive a further appointment for this treatment and be given a different leaflet to explain the hysteroscopy procedure. If for any reason the polyp cannot be removed or fully removed during either of these treatments, the doctor will advise you of other options. Reasons for the procedure As you know you have been referred to the Colposcopy Clinic because you have a polyp on the cervix. Sometimes the cervical polyp is broad based, where it does not have a stalk but sits on the cervix. Often they cause no symptoms and are found as a result of other examinations. Polyps are usually benign (non-cancerous). Less than 1 % (1 in 100) may have pre-cancerous or cancerous changes within them; it is therefore advisable to have them removed. -
Female Genital Tract Done By
Systemicist Pathology.. Lecture # 9& 10 Title : Female Genital Tract Done by: Dema Mhmd Khdier A man may die, nations may rise and fall…….But an idea lives on Vulva afeect all the linning of gt Some diseases can affect the vulva: 1)Vulvitis 2)Bartholin cyst :Obstruction of the excretory ducts of the gland 3)Dermatologic disorders 4) Non-specific epithelial disorders 5)Tumors Tumors & tumor like lesions Condyloma accuminatum : Hyperpigmented papules on genital skin OR Genital warts appear. caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. 1) Condyloma accuminatum : 1)Usually multiple lesions 2)Associated with HPV 6 and HPV 11 Koilocytosis hollow. low grade 3) Not precancerous 4) May coexist with foci of (VIN grade I ) 2) Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) 1)Classic VIN Differentiated VIN _Young patients (40-60 y) _HPV associated _Usually multiple **low grade VIN (VINI) _HPV 6, 11 _NOT precancerous lesion _May coexist with conduloma accuminatum **High grade VIN: VIN II and VIN III (CIS) _HPV 16, 18 _May coexist with vaginal or cervical carcinoma. 2)Differentiated VIN _Older women > 60 y _NOT HPV associated _P53 mutation 3)Carcinoma of the vulva _3% of all genital tract cancers in women _Squamous cell carcinoma 95% _ Adenocarcinoma : 1-Bartholin gland CA 2 -Eccrine gland CA _ Extramammary paget disease _Melanoma _ Basal cell carcinoma (extremely rare Gross Appearance leukoplakia :white patch on a mucous membrane & associated with risk of cancer. Exophytic: describe solid organ lesions arising from the outer surface of the organ Most common on labia majora endophytic: grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin.