Global

Electricity Up-to-date data and insights on the Review transition to fossil-free March 2020 electricity Introduction

Ember is an independent climate think- This report has two aims. tank accelerating the global electricity transition. First, to be the earliest authoritative report to The spreadsheet contains a complete dataset give unbiased insights into last year’s global of 224 countries, with generation by fuel type We have rebranded from “Sandbag”, where electricity generation changes. It incorpora- by year from 2000 to 2019. every January for the last 6 years, we tes 2019 electricity generation data covering have released a report called “European 85% of world’s electricity generation, and Whilst BP and the IEA do a similar task, BP Power Sector Review”, analysing Europe’s informed estimates of the remaining 15%. For publish 4 months later and through the ana- rapid electricity transition. This is our first the key four regions, we have taken 2019 as lytical lens of an oil and gas major, and the annual review of the global power sector. follows: IEA data is delayed for 1-2 years, is under copyright and not easily accessible. → China - China Electricity Council (CEC) from 21st January In a world racing to reduce power sector → United States - Energy Information greenhouse gas emissions we want to Administration (EIA) 26th February give people access to critical information → India - Central Electricity Authority as quickly as possible. (CEA) from 31st January → European Union - via Ember’s ‘European We hope you enjoy reading this report, Power Sector Review’ from 5th February Harry Benham, Chairman of Ember Second, to make the entire dataset free and easy to download for others to perform their Bryony Worthington, Founder of Sandbag own analysis. and Non-Executive Director of Ember

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Disclaimer

The dataset used for this report is provided on an ‘as is’ basis, and was assembled using the best available data at the time of writing. In order to remain as transparent as possible, we have prioritised clarity over complexity where appropriate. A full explanation of the methodology used to assemble the dataset is provided in the ‘Data Method’ section. Unless their organization is mentioned, peer reviewers are commenting in an indepen- dent capacity. We take no responsibility for errors. Please do contact us if you spot any errors or have suggestions at [email protected]. Contents

Detailed Data Regional Analysis Data Method 64 World 12 China 66 China 16 United States 67 European Union 20 India 68 India 24 European Union 69 USA 28 Rest of World 70 Rest of World 32 National Data 71

CO2 Methodology 72 Capacity Data 73 Key Findings Generation and Demand Contributors to this Report 74 Summary 1 Key fnding 1 2 Electricity Demand 38 Key fnding 2 4 Fossil-Free Generation 42 Key fnding 3 6 Wind & Solar Generation 46 Key fnding 4 8 Wind & Solar Progress 48 Fossil Generation 50 Coal Generation 52 Coal Capacity 54 Gas Generation 56

Power Sector CO2 Emissions 58 Future Scenarios 60

F 2020 Global Electricity Review G Key Findings Key Findings

H 2020 Global Electricity Review I Key Findings The following pages give evidence on Key Findings each of these key findings and discuss Summary their implications. #1

Global coal-fired electricity generation fell by 3% in 2019, leading to a 2% fall in

CO2 power sector emissions. Both of these are the biggest falls since at least 1990. Coal collapsed in the EU and the US; but Chinese #2 coal generation rose and for the frst time was responsible for half of global coal generation. But falling coal generation is not yet The carbon-intensity of global electricity is the “new normal”, which means limiting now 15% lower than in 2010. climate change to 1.5 degrees is looking extremely difficult. The coal fall in 2019, as well as relying on the structural shift towards wind and solar, relied on many other one-of factors. Progress is being made on reducing coal generation, but with nothing like the #3 urgency needed to meet global climate goals, especially in Asia.

Wind and solar generation rose by 15% in 2019, generating 8% of the world’s electricity. Compound growth rate of 15% of wind and solar generation is needed every year to meet the Paris climate agreement. This was achieved in 2019 and lower prices #4 provide hope it can be sustained. However, maintaining this high growth rate as volumes The US coal collapse is undermined by scale up will require a concerted efort from a switch to gas, whereas the EU is leap- all regions. frogging from coal to wind and solar. Coal generation collapsed by 24% in the EU and 16% in the US in 2019, and is now half the level of 2007 in both the EU and US. Since

2007, US CO2 power sector emissions fell by 19-32%, whereas they fell by 43% in the EU.

J 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 Key Findings Global coal-fred electricity generation fell by 3% 2019 global electricity generation changes in key coal consuming countries TWh (Year on year change) in 2019, leading to a 2% fall in CO power sector #1 2 350 emissions. Both of these are the biggest falls since 123 at least 1990. Coal collapsed in the EU and the US; 86 41 but Chinese coal generation rose and for the frst time 64 113 73 77 was responsible for half of global coal generation. The 0

-150 carbon-intensity of global electricity is now 15% lower -180 than in 2010.

- 250 USA EU India South Japan South Australia Malaysia Philippines Indonesia Pakistan Vietnam China Korea Africa

Coal Gas Wind & Solar Hydro & Nuclear

400 24 %

Coal generation fell 3% (-259 TWh) Coal collapsed in the EU and the 300US; but Some Asian countries also saw an increase 18 % This is because: 2019 global electricity generation changes China coal rose and is now responsible400200 in coal: Indonesia (+11%) Malaysia (+5%) 24 12% %

400 and Philippines (+12%) saw higher electricity24 % 400 24% for half of global coal generation300100 18 %6 % 1. Electricity demand increased by the least 22 % demand which was met almost exclusive- 200300 1218 % in a decade due to low economic growth 0 ly with coal, with near-zero wind and solar 0 % 12 % Coal generation collapsed by 24% in the EU 200 12 % and mild winter months. It rose by +357 and 16% in the US due to a combination100-100 of being built. Pakistan commissioned a new 6 %-6 %

TWh in 2019, almost half the 2010-2019 4 % new wind and solar installations, more100-2000 gas coal plant, which replaced oil generation. 06-12 % % 1 % 1 % average of +643 TWh. 4 % Vietnam coal increased (+34%) caused by a generation and a small drop in electricity0 0 % 0 0 -100-300 -6-18 % % demand. record drought, despite a huge surge in solar 2. Wind and solar generation rose by 15% -3 % -2 % -200-100-400 -12-6-24 % % Coal Gas capacityWind built.Solar Hydro Nuclear Demand Emissions (+270 TWh). in MtCO2 China saw the biggest increase in coal-300-200 gene- -18-12 % 3. Coal-to-gas switching in the US (113 TWh) ration, 77 TWh (2%), pushing it to-400-300 50.2% of But some Asian countries saw less coal: in--24-18 % and the EU (73 TWh). Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Demand Emissions TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change (dots) global coal generation. In China, wind, solar, credibly even India (-3%) fell as electricityin MtCO2 - 400 - 24% -400 -24 % Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Demand Emissions 4. Nuclear generation rose by the highest this nuclear and hydro all saw increases, but this demand growth paused, new solar wasin MtCO2 added Coal Wind Hydro Demand CO2 century (+101 TWh), following one-of re- Gas Solar Nuclear (in Mt) was not enough to meet another year of rapid and hydro had bumper conditions. Coal fell starts in South Korea and Japan, and new electricity demand growth. It grew at 4.7%,Wind + Solar Electricityin South generation Korea (-5%) and Japan (-4%) due to Transition Benchmarks plants in China. over three times the global average,10000 despite nuclear restarts, and a fall in electricity de- IPCC 1.5°C Scenario its weakest economic growth in 30 years.TWh To mand. Global coal generation & power sector emissions changes Wind + Solar Electricity generation 0 % per year (2019-2030) meet this demand, both coal and gas8000 genera- Transition Benchmarks Global power sector CO emissions fell 2%. 10000 2 8% Wind + Solar Electricity generation tion increased. Chinese coal feet efciency IPCCIEA 1.5°C Sustainable Scenario Development This takes into account the 4% rise in gas TWh Transition Benchmarks 10000 0 %Scenarioper year (2019-2030) 6000 increased by 0.3%, the lowest fall since 2006 per year (2018-2025) generation; although doesn’t include the cli- 8000 TWh IPCC+0 1.5°C % Scenario when reporting began. 0 % per year (2019-2030) IEA Sustainable Development mate impact of the methane leaks. It includes 8000 4000 Scenario a fall in oil generation and the small improve- 6000 IEA Sustainable Development Change in 2019 +0 % per year (2018-2025) ment in China’s coal feet efciency. Scenario 6000 +0 % 2000 +0 % per year (2018-2025) 4000 The falls are the biggest since at least 0% Change in 2019 4000 0 +0 % 1990, when the IEA started reporting. 2000 2010 Change in 20192015 2020 2025 2030 +0 % 2000 This is true for both the 3% fall in coal gene- Percentage change (Year on year) - 4% 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 ration and the 2% fall in power sector CO 1992 2019 2 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 emissions. Coal generation changes Power sector CO emissions changes 2 16

2 2020 Global Electricity Review 3 Key Findings 16 16 But falling coal is not yet the “new normal”, #2 which means limiting climate change to 1.5 degrees is looking extremely difcult. The coal fall in 2019, as well as relying on the structural shift towards wind and solar, relied on many other one-of factors. Progress is being made What happened onin 2019? reducing coal generation, but with nothing like China 2019 – YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Coal generation increased by 2%, due the urgency needed to meet global climate goals, 20 % to rapid electricity demand growth. 15 %

Fortunate hydro conditionsespecially prevented in Asia. 11 % 15 % the rise in coal being even higher. 8 % 7 % -7% 10 % China still installed 32GW new coal in -6 % 2019. Wind and solar generation rose, 5 % adding 1.2% to production. But it The 3% (-259 TWh) fall in 0Coal % generation needs to collapse by 11% per year to keep0 % The lack of urgency on Ten countries account for 87% of the world’s coal generation. fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise Key findings -1,4%-5 % inglobal electricity coal demand. generation is to 1.5 degrees. coal - especially in the Whilst progress is being made in most countries on coal, none

not yet the “new normal” - -10 % top 10 coal-generating of the top 10 coal countries have yet made commitments to → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was Even if the record 3% fall in coal were to happen every year, it reduce coal that are consistent with the IEA’s Sustainable it happened largely due to -15 % countries - means marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t one-off factors. still wouldn’t-14 % be enough. The IPCC’s 1.5 degrees median sce- limiting climate change Development Scenario, let alone the tougher IPCC 1.5 degrees -20 % China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free -nario 15% shows coal generation must collapse at 11% per year to to 1.5 degrees is looking scenario. The only one of these countries to set a coal phase- Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet Electricity demand increa- 2030. The IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario requires extremely difficult. out date is Germany, of 2038, which is not consistent with year-on-year falls of 4% every year from 2018 to 2025. what is required to meet 1.5 degrees. average this electricity sed by the least in a decade, by 357 TWh in 2019, which → China was the only demand rise Iswas it almosthappening half the 2010- Percentage of country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 Generation TWh GW opened GW closed Coal phase- 2019 average of 643 TWh. Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios global coal fast enough? Country (% change in 2019) in 2019* in 2019* out date Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth The 73 TWh of coal-to-gas generation in 2019 1510,000 % in coal generation stalled Coalswitching needs to infall the rapidly EU to cannot be 38% of China’sbe repeated, electricity as mix the by 2030.econo This- 1. China 50.2% 4560 (+2%) 43.8 7.0 - is mostly achieved with coal being mics in 2019 swung frmly Change in 2019 2. India 11.0% 999 (-3%) 8.1 0.8 - replacedagainst by coal, wind and solar. few Whilenew -3 % Transition Benchmarks overallgas plants demand are will being increase, built. the rise in electricity demand will also need to 0 % IEA Sustainable 3. United States 10.6% 966 (-16%) 0 16.5 - slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it Development Scenario What needs to happen? Nuclear generation rose by -4 % per year (2018-2025) needs to be falling, at at least 1% per 4. Japan 3.1% 285 (-4%) 1.3 0.1 - year101 toTWh, 2025, ofand which thereafter 39 at TWh xxx %. IPCC 1.5°C Scenario was restarts in South Korea -11 % per year (2019-2030) 5. South Korea 2.5% 223 (-5%) 0.2 0 - Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year TWh and needs Japan. to maintain However, 15% year-on- the -0 15% 6. South Africa 2.2% 198 (-4%) 1.6 0.5 - year270 growth TWh to increase 2025. There in arewind big 2019 2030 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 questionand solar marks. was bigger than the 259 TWh fall in coal. Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 7. Germany 1.9% 172 (-25%) 0 1.2 2038 55 % Sustaining the decrease in 8. Russia 1.8% 166 (0%) 0.9 1.4 - emissions seen this year will 50 % require increasing invest- Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018 9. Indonesia 1.8% 163 (+11%) 2.4 0 - ments in zero emissions ca- Transition Benchmarks 15 % 40 % pacity and increasing energy IPCC 1.5°C Scenario 10. Australia 1.6% 144 (-4%) 0 0 - 35 % efciency. 15 % per year (2019-2030) * Source: Global Energy Monitor, “Global Coal Plant Tracker,“ January 2020 IEA Sustainable Development Scenario +15 % per year (2018-2025) 4 0 % 2020 Global Electricity Review 5 Key Findings

10 % 10 % Change in 2019 +15 %

13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other - 15% 2010 2019 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

6 2020 Global Electricity Review 10 7 Key Findings What happened in 2019? China 2019 – YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Coal generation increased by 2%, due to rapid electricity demand growth. 15 % Fortunate hydro conditions prevented 11 % the rise in coal being even higher. 8 % 7 % -7% China still installed 32GW new coal in -6 % 2019. Wind and solar generation rose,

adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise Key findings -1,4% in electricity demand. What happened in 2019? On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity The coal rise was China → 2019 – YoY Fuel Change → change from 2018 Coal marksgeneration the increased year by that 2%, due demand continued because there wasn’t -14 % 20 % to rapid electricity demandWind growth. and 15solar % generation rose by 15% in Wind + solar share of electicity mix by region Percentage of total electricity generation China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% Fortunate hydro conditions prevented 11 % 15 % 20 % Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt. 2019, generatingfve times 8% the of global the world’sgeneration electricity. to meet 20 % the#3 risetime in coal – beingproduces even higher. 8 % -7% World 8.2 % China 8.6 % USA 9.7 % 7 % 10 % China still installed 32GWCompound new coal in growthaverage rate of 15% of windthis-6 electricity% and solar 15 % 2019. Wind and solar generation rose, 5 % → China was the only demand rise 10 % adding 1.2% to production.generation But it 0is % needed every year to meet the Paris 0 % Is it happening country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise 5 % Coal Generation Key findings climate agreement. This was achieved in 2019 -1,4%-5 % fast enough? in electricityVietnam, demand. to see a rise generation growth 15 % in coal generationand lower pricesstalled provide hope it can be sustained.-10 % Coal0 %0 % needs to fall rapidly to be 38% of → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was China’s electricity mix by 2030. This -15 % marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t However, but maintaining-14 % this high growth rate as is mostly achieved with coal being 2020 % % -20 % China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% replacedEU by wind and solar. While 17.6 % India 8.0 % Rest of World 4.0 % volumes scale up,Coal willGas requireWind a concertedSolar Hydro efortNuclear Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet overall15 % demand will increase, the rise from all regions. in electricity demand will also need to 0 % average this electricity 10 % What needs to happen? slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it → China was the only demand rise needs to be falling, at at least 1% per Is it happening 5 % Wind and solar year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. country, except → Coal Generation change from 2018 fast enough? Wind0 %0 % and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year 15 % and needs2010 to maintain 15% year-on- 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 Coal needs to fall rapidly to be 38% of - 15% in coal generation stalled year growth to 2025. There are big China’s electricity mix by 2030.2019 This 2030 2010 2019 2030 question marks. is mostly achieved with coal being Actual IEA SDS* IPCC Change in 2019 replaced by wind and solar. While -3 % 55 % overall demand will increase, the rise Transition Benchmarks in electricity demand will also need to 0 % Wind and solar50 % generation The wind and solar growth rate of 15% mustIEA Sustainable be maintai - Wind and solar generated 8% of the Record low wind and solar prices in 2019 slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it Development Scenario Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018 What needs to happen? grew by 15% (+270 TWh) in ned to meet the emissions reductions needed-4 % per foryear (2018-2025) the Paris world’s electricity in 2019, up from only 3% should give hope that compound growth needs to be falling, at at least 1% per Transition Benchmarks 2019. 40climate % agreement. in 2013. 15 % rates can be maintained. year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. IPCC 1.5°C Scenario IPCC 1.5°C Scenario +15 % Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed-1135 % per%per yearyear (2019-2030) per year (2019-2030) andThe needs wind to andmaintain solar 15% genera year-on-- Compound growth of 15% is needed for many years, to meet In the biggest countries, wind and solar made Record solar prices were established in Por- IEA Sustainable Development yeartion growth rise of to 2025.270 TWhThere arewas big the -both 15% the IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario, and also the up a sizeable amount of national electricity tugal where French developer Akuo won a 2019 2030 2010 2019 2030 Scenario questionsecond marks. biggest on record, IPCC’s 1.5 degree median case. production in 2019: 8% in India, 9% in China project with a price of US$16/MWh.+15 % per year (2018-2025) Record but the growth rate is slo- Actual IEA SDS* IPCC and 11% in the US. The EU stands0 out,% with wind prices were established in Brazil with a 55 % wing - the 15% growth rate 18% - more than double the global average - price of US$21/MWh. was the lowest this century.10 % 10 % coming from wind and solar. Change in 2019 +15 % 50 % Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year Of the four key regions, Transition Benchmarks The Rest of the World generated only 4% of 1510,000 % 40 % China showedCoal & theGas fastestWind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar IPCCOther 1.5°C Scenario its electricity from wind and solar - in15% 2019. TWh 2010 2019 2030 35 % growth of 16% (+86 TWh) 15 % per year (2019-2030) Some of the lowest rates are: South Korea and the US the slowest with 2.9%, Philippines 2.2%, Ukraine 1.3%,Actual IEA SDS* IPCC with 11% (+41 TWh); India IEA Sustainable Development Taiwan 1.0%, Kazakhstan 1.0%. Malaysia Scenario and EU both recorded 13% +15 % per year (2018-2025) 0.7%, Iran 0.4% Saudi Arabia 0.2%, Russia 2020 Global Electricity Review 7 Key Findings 6growth rates (+13 TWh and 0 % 16 0.1%, and Indonesia 0.1%, and Iraq 0.1%. +64 TWh respectively). Five 10 % 10 % further countries added 40 Change in 2019 +15 % TWh between them: Japan, Brazil, Mexico, Australia 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other and Vietnam. -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

6 2020 Global Electricity Review 10 7 Key Findings 6 2020 Global Electricity Review 7 Key Findings 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 The US coal collapse is undermined by a 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 #4 switch to gas, whereas the EU is leap-frogging from coal to wind and solar. Coal generation collapsed by 24% in the EU and 16% in the US United States power sector CO emissions in 2019, and is now half the level of 2007 in both 2

Coal - 2,004 Gas - 415 2007 the EU and US. Since 2007, US CO power sector 2007 2007 2 2007 0 2 4 60 82 104 126 8 10 12 2019 emissions fell by 19-32%, whereas they fell by 43% 2019 Coal - 977 Gas - 676 -33 % Reduction 2019 2019 -33 % Reduction 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 in the1000 EU. 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 CHFactoring4 100 in methane leakage - based on 100-year warming period CH4 100

2007 Coal - 2,004 Gas - 544 2007

2019 -28 % Reduction 2019 Coal - 977 Gas - 886 -28 % Reduction 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2007 United2007 States electricity generation 2007 2007 FactoringCH4 20 in methane leakage - based on 20-year warming period CH4 20 2019 2019 2019 2019 -33 % Reduction -33 % ReductionThe calculation uses a methane

Coal - 2,016 Gas - 910 2007 Coal - 2,004 Gas - 830 leakage rate of 2.3% for U.S gas 0 500 1000 2007 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2007 0 500 1000 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2007 2007 production, as documented in EDF’s 2015 research. Note, we didn’t 2019 -19 % Reduction 2019 CH4 100 Coal - 977 CH4 100Gas - 1,353 Reduction United 2019 Coal - 966 Wind+Solar - 407 Gas - 1,595 2019 2019 -19 % Reduction -33 % Reductioninclude EU gas methane as the 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 generation was broadly unchanged. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000 States 0 TWh 3000 0 MtCO e 3000 2007 2007 2

Coal Wind & Solar Gas CH4 100 Coal Other fossil fuels Gas US since 2007: 2019US since 2007: 2019 -28 % Reduction -28 % Reduction 2007 2007 2007 2007 0 500 1000 2007 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000 → Coal halved → CO2 fell 33% 2019 Replaced 35% with wind and solar COCH4 20e fell 23%, when-43 % ReductionincludingCH4 20 methane leaks on 100-year warming period. 2019 → 2019→ 2 -43 % Reduction2019 -28 % Reduction 2019 2019 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 → Replaced1500 65%2000 with gas2500 generation3000 2007→ CO0 2e fell 50019%, when1000 including2007 0 1500 methane500 2000 leaks1000 2500 on 20-year1500 3000 warming2000 period.2500 3000

CH4 20 2019 2019 -19 % Reduction -19 % Reduction

0 500 1000 2007 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000

European Union electricity generation European Union power sector CO2 emissions 2019 -19 % Reduction

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2007 2007 Coal - 965 108 Gas - 740 2007 Coal - 965 154 2007Gas - 315

European 2019 Coal - 465 Wind+Solar - 568 Gas - 700 2019 Coal - 456 87 Gas - 280 -43 % Reduction -43 % Reduction 2019 2019 2019 2019 Union0 500 1000 2007 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 2007 0 1500 500 2000 1000 2500 1500 3000 2000 2500 3000 0 TWh 3000 0 MtCO2e 3000

Coal Wind & Solar Gas Coal Other fossil fuels Gas 2019 -43 % Reduction EU since 2007: EU since 2007: 2019 0 500 1000 1500 20001 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 → Coal halved → CO2 emissions fell by 43% → Replaced entirely with wind and solar → Gas generation unchanged → In 2019, wind and solar generation exceeded coal generation for the frst time in the EU

1 1 8 2020 Global Electricity Review 9 Key Findings

1 Detailed Regional Analysis

10 2020 Global Electricity Review 11 Detailed Regional Analysis What happened in 2019? ChinaWorld 2019 –Changes YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 CoalElectricity generation demand increased rose by by 1.4%, 2%, duethe 20 % toleast rapid in aelectricity decade. Coal demand generation growth. 15400 % 20%

Fortunatefell by a record hydro 3%. conditions All other prevented forms of 11 % 15 % 12 % thegeneration rise in coal rose. being Wind even and higher. solar rose 8 % 7 % -7% 10 % Chinabut set still no records.installed Gas 32GW increased new coal in in -6 % 4 % 2019.US and Wind EU. andNuclear solar grew generation at a record rose, 4 % 5 % 1 % 1 % 4% due to restarts in Japan and South adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % 0 %0 fuelledKorea. COonly emissions a quarter offell the 2%. 4.8% rise 2 -2 % Key findings -3 % -1,4%-5 % in electricity demand.

-10 % → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was -15 % demand continued -14 % marks the year that because there wasn’t TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change (dots) - 400 - 20% China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% -20 % CoalCoal Gas Gas Wind WindSolar HydroSolar Nuclear Hydro DemandNuclear CO2 Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet (in Mt) Key Messages average this electricity → China was the only demand rise → Coal generation fell a record → 2019 saw lowest electricity Is itthe happening transition country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 fasthappening enough? fast enough? Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios Vietnam,3%, but falling to see coala rise is not yetgeneration the growthdemand growth since 2009. This 1510,000 % “new-normal”. Coal fell because was because of weak GDP growth CoalNo. It’s needs not to clear fall rapidlyyet that to falling be 38% of in coal generation stalled TWh wind and solar generation rose, and a mild winter. China’scoal generation electricity is mix the by “new 2030. nor This- ismal”. mostly achieved with coal being electricity demand growth slowed, Change in 2019 replaced by wind and solar. While -3 % gas replaced coal in the US and the → Wind and solar growth rose by overallCoal generation demand will will increase, need to thefall riseat Transition Benchmarks EU, and nuclear plants restarted 270 TWh, the second biggest rise in11% electricity per year demand every year will until also need2030, to 0 % IEA Sustainable slow.to meet Coal the rose IPCC’s by 2% median in 2019, scenario but it Development Scenario Whatin needs South to Korea happen? and Japan. These on record. But the growth rate is -4 % per year (2018-2025) needsfor 1.5 to degrees. be falling, Even at atthe least less 1% ambi per- were more one-of factors than slowing - the 15% growth rate was yeartious to IEA 2025, Sustainable and thereafter Development at xxx %. IPCC 1.5°C Scenario structural. the lowest this century. Windscenario and needs Solar dropsgrew at of 16% 4% inper 2019, year. -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed-11 % perper yearyear (2019-2030) and needs to maintain 15% year-on- 0 yearCompound growth growthto 2025. rate There of 15%are big of - 15% → Global CO power2019 sector emissions 2030 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 2 questionwind and marks. solar generation is needed fell by a record 2%. coal was every year to meet the Paris climate Actual IEA SDS* IPCC partly ofset by a 4% rise in gas 55 % agreement. This was achieved in generation, which tempered the 2019 and lower prices provide hope 50 % it can be sustained. However, main- Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018 fall in CO2 emissions. The carbon taining this growth rate, as the ab- Transition Benchmarks intensity of electricity fell by 3% solute volume increases, will require 1510,000 % 40 % IPCC 1.5°C Scenario over the year. The carbon intensity a concerted effort from all regions. TWh 35 % 15 % per year (2019-2030) of global electricity is now 15% IEA Sustainable Development lower than ten years ago. Scenario +15 % per year (2018-2025) 0 %

10 % 10 % Change in 2019 +15 %

13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

2020 Global Electricity Review Detailed Regional Analysis 612 2020 Global Electricity Review 10 713 Key Findings World

Electricity demand Fossil-free Wind and solar Coal generation fell Gas generation CO2 emissions fell 2 %

growth slowed generation growth generation growth a record 3 % rose 4 % This doesn’t take into account

Electricity demand rose by 1.4%, set no records slowed to 15 % Coal fell 3% (-259 TWh), as coal This happened mostly as a result the climate impact of methane leaks from the additional gas the slowest increase since the Nuclear generation rose at the (+270 TWh) collapsed in the EU and the US, of gas generation replacing coal generation.The carbon intensity 2009 recession. This was due to fastest rate this century, because but rose in China. This is be- in the EU and US. The wind and solar generation of electricity fell by 3% over the low GDP growth of 3%, and also of restarts in Japan and South cause wind and solar generation rise of 265 TWh was the se- year. At 442 gCO /kWh, it is now because of the weather - especi- rose, electricity demand increa- 2 Korea, and also new capacity cond biggest on record, but the ally milder winter months in the sed by the least in a decade, gas 15% lower than the start of this installed in China. Hydro gene- growth rate slowed - the 14% US and EU. replaced coal in the US and the decade, as fossil-free generation ration rose, but mostly due to wet growth rate was the lowest this EU, and nuclear plants restarted has grown faster than fossil. conditions in China and India. In century. Of the four key regions, in South Korea and Japan. China, where most new hydro is China showed the fastest growth being built, hydro capacity was of 16% (+86 TWh) and the US New coal-fred generation ca- up only 4 GW, compared to 16 the slowest with 11% (+41 TWh); pacity continues to rise, driven GW average this decade. India and EU both recorded 13% primarily by new additions in growth rates (+13 TWh and +64 China. The overall utilisation of TWh respectively). Five further coal-fred plants continues on countries added 40 TWh bet- a downward trend, falling from ween them, mostly solar: Japan, 54% in 2018 to 51% in 2019. This Brazil, Mexico, Australia and will reduce coal proftability. Vietnam.

Electricity Demand Change Fossil & Fossil-Free Generation Change Wind Generation & Capacity Change Coal Generation Change Gas Generation Change CO2 Emissions Change

7 % 1400 200 120 10 % 10 % 10 % TWh YoY change TWh GW

4 %

0 % 0 % 0 %

0 -2 % 0 % - 200 0 0 - 4 % -3 % - 4 % - 4 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Demand Growth GDP Fossil Fossil-Free Demand Generation Capacity

Electricity Demand per Capita Fossil-Free Generation Change Solar Generation & Capacity Change Coal in the Electricity Mix Gas in the Electricity Mix CO2 Intensity Of Electricity

4 1,400 200 120 100 % 100 % 800 MWh per capita 3.4 TWh YoY change TWh GW

442

24 %

35 %

0 gCO2 / kWh 0 - 150 0 0 0 % 0 % 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

World Wind Solar Hydro Generation Capacity Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other World

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

14 2020 Global Electricity Review 15 Detailed Regional Analysis 1 What happened in 2019? China 2019 –Changes YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 CoalWind, generation solar, hydro increased and nuclear by 2%, all due 15400 % 20% toincreased, rapid electricity but not bydemand as much growth. as TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change Fortunateelectricity hydrodemand. conditions This necessitated prevented 11 % 18% 15% thean increase rise in coal of 2% being in coal even generation. higher. 8 % -7% 11% 7 % 11% ChinaGas generation still installed rose 32GW11%, but new from coal a in -6 % 10% 2019.small base.Wind Theseand solar led togeneration a 2% rise rose,in 6% CO emissions. 5% adding2 1.2% to production. But it 0 % 5% fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise 2% 2% Key findings -1,4% in electricity demand. 0 0%0 China’s electricity The coal rise was → On our data, 2019 → → -5% marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t -14 % - 200 - 10% China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% -10% CoalCoal Gas Gas Wind WindSolar HydroSolar Nuclear Hydro DemandNuclear CO2 Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet (in Mt) Key Messages average this electricity → China was the only demand rise → China in 2019, for the frst time, → Wind and solar generation grew Is itthe happening transition country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 was responsible for more than by 86 TWh. The year on year fasthappening enough? fast enough? Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth 155,000 % half of the world’s coal generation. growth rate of 16% was the lowest CoalNo. Coal needs generation to fall rapidly rose toin beChina 38% of in coal generation stalled TWh Transition Benchmarks Since 2015, when the Paris Climate for China this century. The year on China’sin 2019, electricity but it needs mix to by be 2030. falling. This Agreement was signed, China’s coal year growth rate of 16% was the lo- isBuilding mostly newachieved coal powerwith coal plants being shows replacedinvestment by iswind not andaligned solar. with While redu - IEA Sustainable generation has risen by 17%, whe- west for China this century. A pick- overallcing climate demand change. will increase, the rise Development Scenario Change in 2019 -1% per year (2018-2025) reas coal generation in the rest of up in new wind was ofset by an- in electricity demand will also need to 0 % 2% Whatthe needs world to hashappen? fallen by 9%. other big fall in solar installations. slow.Chinese Coal electricity rose by 2%demand in 2019, growth but it rose at twice the rate modelled in the New wind installations were 26 needs to be falling, at at least 1% per yearIEA Sustainableto 2025, and Development thereafter at Scenaxxx %.- Climate Analytics → Coal generation rose by 2% in GW, below the 34 GW installed in Windrios, making and Solar the grew challenge at 16% of in limiting 2019, -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed-11% perper year year (2019-2030) 2019. This is because the rise in 2015; new solar installations were andcoal needsgeneration to maintain very tricky. 15% year-on- 0 year growth to 2025. There are big - 15% wind, solar, nuclear2019 and hydro was 30 GW, below2030 the 53 GW installed 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 questionSolar and marks. wind need compound not enough to meet electricity de- in 2017. growth of 15% per year to triple gene- Actual IEA SDS* IPCC mand growth. 55 % ration by 2030. Although generation → Nuclear growth continuing, but rose by 16% in 2019, the new capacity 50 % of wind and solar built in 2019 was Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018 → China’s electricity demand increa- new hydro is slowing. New nucle- not enough to maintain this growth

sed by 4.7%, over three times the ar added 54 TWh, on 4 GW of new 5,000 40 % rate for next year. 15 % global average of 1.3%. Chinese capacity. The 69 TWh increase in TWh 35 % electricity demand per capita is hydro generation was driven by now higher than in the UK, but less more rain, as new hydro installati- Transition Benchmarks than half that in the US. ons slowed. 0 % IEA Sustainable Development Scenario +15% per year (2018-2025) 10 % 10 % Change in 2019 +16%

13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

2020 Global Electricity Review Detailed Regional Analysis 616 2020 Global Electricity Review 33 717 Key Findings China

Electricity demand Fossil-free generation Wind and solar Coal rose to half of Gas rose from CO2 emissions rose 1.6 continued to soar added less than generation growth the world’s coal a low base % with coal and gas

Electricity demand rose by 4.7% electricity demand slowed to 16 % generation Gas-fred generation rose by 11% generation in 2019, more than three times Fossil-free generation grew by (+86 TWh) Coal-fred generation rose 2% in 2019, increasing to 3% of the Despite huge investment in new the global average of 1.4%. The electricity mix. 6 GW of new gas 10% (+227 TWh), which was Growth of 86 TWh (40 TWh of in 2019. Since 2015, China’s coal coal plants, the reported carbon large rise was despite China’s capacity was built in 2019. less than the 329 TWh growth wind and 46 TWh of solar) was generation has risen by 17%, intensity of the Chinese coal feet slowest GDP growth in 30 years, in electricity demand, neces- the lowest growth since 2016. compared to a fall of 9% in the improved just 0.3% in 2019, the and follows on the back of a sitating a rise in fossil (coal) But the growth rate of 16% was rest of the world. For the frst lowest improvement since re- huge 8% rise in 2018. Electricity generation of 102 TWh to meet the lowest this century. New time, China is now responsible porting began in 2006. China’s demand per capita is now 53% extra demand. Hydro generation wind installations were 26 GW, for over 50% of global coal ge- carbon intensity of electricity has above the global average. At 5.2 was driven more by heavy rains below the 34 GW installed in neration. At 62%, coal’s relative fallen by 24% since 2019. MWh, per capita demand now rather than new capacity - hy- share of the electricity mix is However at 576 gCO /kWh it 2015. New solar installations 2 exceeds the level in the UK, but dro capacity was up only 4 GW, were 30 GW, below the 53 GW falling, but only because total is still 30% above the global remains less than half the level compared to 16 GW average installed in 2017. electricity demand has increased average. The high efciency of in the US. this decade. Nuclear generation even more dramatically. This its coal feet only goes so far in increased as 4 GW more capacity hides the absolute rise in coal limiting the impact of the high came online. generation which has doubled coal generation in China. in 12 years. China continued to build coal power plants, adding 44 GW in 2019. Coal utilisation fell in 2019 as a result.

Electricity Demand Change Fossil & Fossil-Free Generation Change Wind Generation & Capacity Change Coal Generation Change Gas Generation Change CO2 Emissions Change

16 % 600 70 60 40 % 40 % 40 % TWh GW

11 %

2 % 1.6 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 TWh YoY change 0 % - 100 0 0 - 10 % - 10 % - 10 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Demand Growth GDP Fossil Fossil-Free Demand Generation Capacity

Electricity Demand per Capita Fossil-Free Generation Change Solar Generation & Capacity Change Coal in the Electricity Mix Gas in the Electricity Mix CO2 Intensity Of Electricity

6 600 70 60 100 % 100 % 800 MWh per capita TWh YoY change TWh GW 576 5.2 3 %

3.4 443 62 %

0 gCO2 / kWh 0 - 100 0 0 0 % 0 % 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

China World Wind Solar Hydro Generation Capacity Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other China World

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

18 2020 Global Electricity Review 19 Detailed Regional Analysis 1 What happened in 2019? ChinaUnited States 2019 –Changes YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Coal generation increasedcollapsed by16%, 2%, as due the 15200 % 20% toswitch rapid into electricity gas accelerated. demand growth. It was TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change 15% Fortunatealso helped hydro by a rareconditions fall in electricity prevented 11 % 15% thedemand, rise in and coal by being some even new higher. wind 10% 8 % -7% 8% 7 % Chinaand solar. still installed 32GW new coal in -6 % 10% 2019. Wind and solar generation rose,

adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % 5%0 0% fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise -1% Key findings -1,4% in electricity demand. 0% -6% -8% On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was → -16% -5% marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t -14 % - 200 - 20% China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% -10% CoalCoal Gas Gas Wind WindSolar HydroSolar Nuclear Hydro DemandNuclear CO2 Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet (in Mt) Key Messages average this electricity → China was the only demand rise → Coal generation fell by a record → Wind and solar growth was lower Is itthe happening transition country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 16% (-180 TWh) in 2019, to the than in any other region. Wind fasthappening enough? fast enough? Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth 152,400 % lowest level since 1975. This was and solar generation grew at 11% CoalNo. The needs “unprecedented” to fall rapidly tofall be in 38% US of in coal generation stalled TWh due to a 113 TWh increase in gas (+41 TWh). This is the lowest of China’scoal needs electricity to happen mix every by 2030. year. This Coal generation, a 58 TWh fall in electri- any major region: China grew at isgeneration mostly achieved must be with mostly coal phased-out being replacedby 2030, byand wind without and solar.increasing While gas Transition Benchmarks city demand, and a 36 TWh rise in 16% (+86 TWh) India 13% (+13 overallgeneration. demand Wind will and increase, solar need the comrise - Climate Analytics wind and solar. TWh) and EU 13% (+64 TWh). inpound electricity growth demand at 12% willevery also year need to to 0 % Change in 2019 -16% -11% per year (2019-2030) What needs to happen? slow.meet theCoal IEA rose SDS. by 2% The in 2019 2019, growth but it rate had already slowed to 11%. → The fall in CO emissions was → The small fall in US electricity needs to be falling, at at least 1% per IEA Sustainable 2 year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. Development Scenario -14% per year (2018-2025) undermined by the “gas bridge”. demand in 2019 is mostly weat- Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year Power sector CO emissions fell her-related. Demand continues to and needs to maintain 15% year-on- 2 0 year growth to 2025. There are big - 15% by 8% in 2019, 2019as coal’s 16% fall be very high,2030 with US citizens still 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 question marks. was tempered by the rise in gas using four times the global average. Actual IEA SDS* IPCC emissions. When including the 55 % methane leaks, the additional gas 50 % generation means that the drop in Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018 US emissions is even smaller. New 40 % 152,400 % gas generation capacity continues TWh 35 % to be built apace, with 7 GW more in 2019, cumulatively adding over 100 GW last decade. This enabled 0 % the switch from coal to gas. Transition Benchmarks 10 % 10 % Change in 2019 +11% IEA Sustainable Development Scenario 13 % in 2019 15 % needed+12% per peryear year (2018-2025)

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

2020 Global Electricity Review Detailed Regional Analysis 620 2020 Global Electricity Review 33 721 Key Findings United States

Electricity demand fell Fossil-free generation Wind and solar Coal generation Gas generation CO2 emissions fell due to a mild winter barely grew because of generation grew at collapsed - and was continued to soar by 8%, coal’s fall was

Electricity demand fell 1.4%, weak wind and only 11% (+41 TWh) replaced largely with It rose by 8%, and now stands at tempered by the rise in correcting for a large rise in solar growth This is the lowest of any major gas generation 38% of the electricity mix. New gas emissions 2018. Weather was the biggest region: China grew at 16% (+86 gas capacity continues to be built Nuclear generation was unchan- Coal generation fell by 16% When you include methane leaks driver: 2019 winter months were TWh) India 13% (+13 TWh) and apace, with 7 GW more in 2019, ged, and hydro generation fell, (-180 TWh), to 24% of total from gas generation the fall in warm, correcting for a colder EU 13% (+64 TWh). Wind and cumulatively adding over 100 after a wet year in 2018. generation. This was due to a 113 US greenhouse gas emissions is 2018. Industrial demand decli- solar generation increased by GW last decade. TWh increase in gas generation, reduced. The carbon intensity of ned at 5% as economic growth 41 TWh (+27 TWh of wind, 14 a 58 TWh fall in electricity de- US electricity continued to fall, slowed. US electricity demand TWh of solar). Neither solar nor mand, and a 41 TWh rise in wind and is slightly below the global per capita is one of the highest wind set new records for new and solar. This fall is the largest average. However, because the in the world. The average US installations: 9 GW of solar was on record, and the ffth year of average US citizen uses so much citizen uses almost four times installed, below the 11 GW re- consecutive falls. It brings US electricity, the absolute CO2 more electricity than the global cord in 2016, and 9 GW of wind coal generation to half its 2007 emissions per person is over average, and more than twice the was installed, below the 13 GW level, and the lowest since 1975. three times higher than the glo- European or Chinese per capita record in 2012. bal average in the power sector. levels.

Electricity Demand Change Fossil & Fossil-Free Generation Change Wind Generation & Capacity Change Coal Generation Change Gas Generation Change CO2 Emissions Change

8 % 200 40 20 20 % 20 % 20 % TWh GW 8 %

0 % 0 % 0 % 0

0 % -8 % TWh YoY change -16 % - 2 % - 150 0 0 - 20 % - 20 % - 20 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Demand Growth GDP Fossil Fossil-Free Demand Generation Capacity

Electricity Demand per Capita Fossil-Free Generation Change Solar Generation & Capacity Change Coal in the Electricity Mix Gas in the Electricity Mix CO2 Intensity Of Electricity

16 200 40 20 100 % 100 % 600 MWh per capita 12.7 TWh YoY change TWh GW

442

0 38 % 406

23 % 3.4 gCO2 / kWh 0 - 150 0 0 0 % 0 % 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

United States World Wind Solar Hydro Generation Capacity Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other United States World

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

22 2020 Global Electricity Review 23 Detailed Regional Analysis 1 What happened in 2019? ChinaEuropean Union 2019 –Changes YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Coal generationcollapsed by increased 24%. This by was 2%, due 20% tocaused rapid partly electricity by wind demand and solar growth. gene - 20015 % 20% TWh (Year on year change)14% Percentage change Fortunateration, and hydro partly conditions by carbon preventedpricing 12% 11 %

thedriving rise ain switch coal being from even coal higher.to gas. New 8 %7% 10% 7 % -7% Chinawind and still solar installed generation 32GW increasednew coal in -6 %

2019.by 14% Wind and 7%and respectively solar generation in 2019, rose, 0 0%0 -1% bringing their share of electricity ge- -2% adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % fuelledneration only up toa quarter a new high of the of 4.8%18%. rise -6% Key findings -1,4%-10% in electricity demand. -13% On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was -20% → -24% marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t -14 % China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15%300 --30% 30% CoalCoal Gas Gas Wind WindSolar HydroSolar Nuclear Hydro DemandNuclear CO2 Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet (in Mt) average this electricity → China was the only demand rise → Coal generation collapsed by 24%, → Wind and solar growth is healthy. Is itthe happening transition country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 leading to a 13% fall in power sec- Although it set no records, falling fasthappening enough? fast enough? Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth 155,000 % tor emissions. Coal fell due to a rise costs and a positive policy land- CoalYes, ifneeds current to fall progress rapidly holds. to be 38%The of in coal generation stalled TWh in wind and solar generation, swit- scape for wind and solar in Europe China’sEU is putting electricity climate mix at by the 2030. heart This of ching from coal to gas driven by in- means that growth will accelerate. ispolicy, mostly promising achieved net-zero with coal emissions being replacedby 2050, byand wind to increase and solar. its While2030 CO 2 Transition Benchmarks creases in the EU carbon price, and overalltarget. Coaldemand generation will increase, fell by the24% rise in Change in 2019 Climate Analytics a small fall in electricity demand. → Germany, Greece and Hungary in2019. electricity With 15 demand coal countries will also commit need to- 0 % -24% -12% per year (2019-2030) What needs to happen? made new commitments to pha- slow.ting to Coal total rose phase-out by 2% in by 2019, 2030, but coal it needswill continue to be falling, to collapse. at at least Germany 1% per → Since 2007, coal generation has sing-out coal. This means a total of IEA Sustainable yearand Polandto 2025, are and the thereafter main obstacles at xxx to%. Development Scenario halved, replaced entirely with 15 EU countries have committed to Windphasing and out Solar coal grew by 2030. at 16% Wind in 2019, and -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed-14% per yearper year (2018-2025) wind and solar, leaving gas ge- phase-out coal, and will ensure coal andsolar needs generation to maintain grew at 15% 13% year-on- in 2019, 0 yearand solargrowth and to ofshore 2025. There wind are capacity big - 15% neration unchanged.2019 The carbon generation2030 falls rapidly through the 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 questionare both growingmarks. sufciently to main- intensity of EU electricity is now 2020‘s. tain the growth rates. Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 42% below the global average. 55 %

50 % Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018

40 % 155,000 % TWh 35 %

0 %

Transition Benchmarks 10 % 10 % Change in 2019 +13% IEA Sustainable Development Scenario 13 % in 2019 15 % needed+11% per peryear year (2018-2025)

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

2020 Global Electricity Review Detailed Regional Analysis 624 2020 Global Electricity Review 33 725 Key Findings European Union

Electricity demand fell Fossil-free generation Wind and solar ge- Coal generation Gas generation CO2 emissions due to a mild winter increase driven neration increased in collapsed increased by 12% collapsed because of

Electricity demand fell 1.7% by wind 2019 by 13% (+64 TWh) The EU saw a record 24% fall The one-of switch in economics the fall in coal in 2019, falling in most count- Hydro and nuclear generation Wind generation saw a large in coal-fred generation in 2019. resulted in a 73 TWh rise in gas EU power sector emissions fell ries, because of warm winter fell slightly, with drier conditions increase, helped by new ofshore Coal now stands at half its 2007 generation, which was a big by 13% in 2019, the largest fall months. Electricity demand per afecting hydro, and outages at installations. However German peak, and makes up only 14% contribution to coal’s fall. this century. The carbon intensi- person is still almost double French and UK nuclear plants. onshore wind slowed on new of the electricity mix. In 2019, ty of EU electricity is collapsing the world average but the gap is planning laws. Solar genera- coal’s fall is attributable to the rapidly, and is now 42% below narrowing as world consumption tion showed a strong rise, with rise in wind and solar, swit- the global average. rises. Anticipated rises in elect- capacity additions doubling over ching from coal to gas driven by ricity demand from electric cars 2018. Spain leapt to become the increases in the EU carbon price, and electrifcation of heat and largest solar installer in the EU. and a small fall in electricity industry are not yet showing. The growth of wind and solar demand. continues to be concentrated in western Europe, with eastern European countries lagging.

Electricity Demand Change Fossil & Fossil-Free Generation Change Wind Generation & Capacity Change Coal Generation Change Gas Generation Change CO2 Emissions Change

5 % 200 60 30 20 % 20 % 20 % TWh GW 12 %

0 % 0 % 0 %

0 0 % -13 %

TWh YoY change -24 % - 3 % - 150 0 0 - 30 % - 30 % - 30 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Demand Growth GDP Fossil Fossil-Free Demand Generation Capacity

Electricity Demand per Capita Fossil-Free Generation Change Solar Generation & Capacity Change Coal in the Electricity Mix Gas in the Electricity Mix CO2 Intensity Of Electricity

7 200 60 30 100 % 100 % 800 MWh per capita TWh YoY change gCO / kWh TWh GW 2 443

6.3 0

22 % 256 3.4 14 % 0 - 150 0 0 0 % 0 % 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

EU World Wind Solar Hydro Generation Capacity Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other EU World

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

26 2020 Global Electricity Review 27 Detailed Regional Analysis 1 What happened in 2019? ChinaIndia 2019 –Changes YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 CoalIndia generation saw a surprising increased 3% fallby 2%, in coal due 30% generation because electricity demand 30015 % 30% to rapid electricity demand growth. TWh (Year on year change) 27% Percentage change Fortunateunexpectedly hydro shrank conditions in the secondprevented 11 % thehalf rise of 2019 in coal due being to weak even economic higher. 8 % 20% 7 % -7% Chinagrowth. still A recordinstalled monsoon 32GW newseason coal led in 18% -6 % 14% 2019.to a 14% Wind growth and solarin hydro generation generation, rose, 10% which helped reduce coal. A relatively 5% adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % 1% fuelledsmall 8 onlyGW aof quarter new coal of plantsthe 4.8% were rise 0 -3% 0%0 Key findings -5% -1,4% inbuilt electricity in 2019, demand. although there is a fur- -3% ther 29 GW in the pipeline that could -10% → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was be built. Solar capacity installations marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t accelerated considerably. This increa- -14 % China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free sed solar generation by 27%, but wind - 15%200 --20% 20% Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Demand CO generation increased only 5%. Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear 2 Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet (in Mt) Key Messages average this electricity → China was the only demand rise → Coal generation fell for the frst → Solar generation saw strong Is itthe happening transition country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 time on record, posting a decline growth, although not-so for wind fasthappening enough? fast enough? Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth 155,000 % of 3%. As a result, power sector generation. New solar capacity in- CoalIndia needs has good to fall intentions. rapidly to India be 38% has of in coal generation stalled TWh China’sambitious electricity plans to mix deploy by 2030. new wind This CO2 emissions also fell by 3%. stalled did set a record, with 12 GW Transition Benchmarks installed in 2019. isand mostly solar. achieved However, with it’s coalalso beingbuilding replacednew coal byplants. wind The and 3% solar. fall Whilein coal IEA Sustainable → Low GDP growth, a bumper hydro overallgeneration demand in 2019 will was increase, a good the sign, rise Development Scenario Change in 2019 -1% per year (2018-2025) year and a nuclear pick-up ena- inbut electricity it’s likely demanda one-of will for alsonow. need Coal to 0 % -3% Whatbled needs the to fall happen? in coal. Therefore, the slow.generation Coal rose needs by to 2% be in falling 2019, every but it needsyear. Wind to be andfalling, solar at generationat least 1% grewper fall in coal is likely to be a one-of Climate Analytics at 13% in 2019, but from India’s low year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. -13% per year (2019-2030) for now. Wind and solar did also Windbase that’s and Solar not fast grew enough at 16% - windin 2019, and -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year play a role in coal’s falls, and this andsolar needs generation to maintain must quadruple15% year-on- by 0 year2025 growth to reach to the 2025. IEA There SDS. areThis big re - - 15% will become much2019 more important 2030 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 questionquires compound marks. growth rate of 24%. in time. Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 55 %

50 % Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018

40 % 155,000 % TWh 35 %

0 %

10 % 10 % Change in 2019 Transition Benchmarks +13% IEA Sustainable Development 13 % in 2019 15 % neededScenario per year +24% per year (2018-2025) Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

2020 Global Electricity Review Detailed Regional Analysis 628 2020 Global Electricity Review 33 729 Key Findings India

Electricity demand Fossil-free generation Solar capacity Coal shows a surprise Gas generation also CO2 emissions fell in growth paused boosted by record additions increased to fall fell in 2019 line with coal

Indian electricity demand grew solar additions and a record 12 GW Coal generation fell for the frst It fell 5%. However, the change generation by only 0.8% in 2019 compared monsoon New solar capacity hit a new time since at least 1990 when the is relatively unimportant as gas The carbon intensity of India’s to an average annual increase IEA’s reporting began. The fall only provides a small (3%) part Hydro generation was boosted record at 12 GW, solar provided electricity generation fell by 4% of 7% per year from 2010 to was likely a one-of for now, cau- of India’s generation. by the strongest monsoons in 25 3.4% of all electricity in 2019. in 2019, but remains much more 2018. This was due to low GDP sed by the combination of a large years. Nuclear generation also India opened the world’s largest carbon-intensive than the global growth of 4.8%, the lowest since reduction in demand growth, showed an increase. solar farm in 2019. The growth average. 2008. However, with electricity in wind was less impressive. and weather-driven increase demand per person at less than Wind generation grew at the in hydro generation. Wind and one-third of the global average, lowest rate since 2015, and new solar also played a role. Coal-f- subdued demand growth is likely wind installations fell for the red generation fell 3%. However, to be a temporary phenomenon. second year running. coal still contributes 72% to the Indian electricity mix, and India is still building new coal plants. In 2019, GEM data shows there was 8 GW of new coal capacity brought online, with almost no old coal plants closed.

Electricity Demand Change Fossil & Fossil-Free Generation Change Wind Generation & Capacity Change Coal Generation Change Gas Generation Change CO2 Emissions Change

12 % 100 15 15 20 % 20 % 20 % TWh GW

0 % 0 % 0 % -3 % -3 % -5 %

0 0 0

TWh YoY change 0 % - 40 - 5 - 5 - 30 % - 30 % - 30 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Demand Growth GDP Fossil Fossil-Free Demand Generation Capacity

Electricity Demand per Capita Fossil-Free Generation Change Solar Generation & Capacity Change Coal in the Electricity Mix Gas in the Electricity Mix CO2 Intensity Of Electricity

16 100 15 15 100 % 100 % 800 MWh per capita TWh YoY change 651 TWh GW 3 %

72 % 443 3.4 0 0 0

1.0 gCO2 / kWh 0 - 40 - 5 - 5 0 % 0 % 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

India World Wind Solar Hydro Generation Capacity Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other India World

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

30 2020 Global Electricity Review 31 Detailed Regional Analysis 1 What happened in 2019? ChinaRest of the World 2019 –Changes YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 CoalElectricity generation demand increased rose by by 1.4%, 2%, dueits 20 % tolowest rapid rate electricity in a decade. demand Fossil-free growth. 15200 % 20% TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change Fortunatesources met hydro most conditions of this increase, prevented 11 % thealthough rise in both coal coalbeing and even gas higher. also nee - 8 % -7% 7 % 7 % Chinaded to stillrise installedslightly to 32GW meet newincreased coal in -6 % 10 % 2019.electricity Wind demand. and solar Solar generation generation rose, increased by 33% (+46 TWh), with adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % 1 % 1 % fuelledstrong contributionsonly a quarter fromof the Japan, 4.8% rise 1 % 1 % Key findings -0-1,4% % inSouth electricity Korea, demand. Vietnam and Australia. 0 0 %0 Wind generation grew by 11% → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was (+21 TWh) with good additions from marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. -14 % - 100 - 10% China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% -10 % CoalCoal Gas Gas Wind WindSolar HydroSolar Nuclear Hydro DemandNuclear CO2 Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet (in Mt) Key Messages average this electricity → China was the only demand rise → Solar growth accelerated, → Coal generation increased slightly, Is itthe happening transition country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 especially Japan, South Korea, by 1%. Nuclear restarts led to a fasthappening enough? fast enough? Coal Generationgeneration with future scenarios Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth 155,000 % Australia and Vietnam. But wind fall in coal generation in Japan CoalNo. Coal needs generation to fall rapidly is still to rising,be 38% of in coal generation stalled TWh is setting no growth records. and South Korea, but that was China’sand it needs electricity to be falling.mix by 2030.Many This undermined by a rise in coal in iscountries mostly achievedare doing with well, coal but being few are replaceddoing well by enough. wind and solar. While → Electricity demand growth slowed. Indonesia, Vietnam and Pakistan. overall demand will increase, the rise Change in 2019 The biggest coal generators need to 0 % Falls in OECD demand mask in electricity demand will also need to 1 % Whatcontinued needs to happen?increases in developing → Gas generation also increased slow.take the Coal most rose urgent by 2% action. in 2019, OECD but it countries, notably Japan, South Korea nations, notably in Vietnam and slightly, by 1%. There was strong needs to be falling, at at least 1% per Transition Benchmarks yearand Australiato 2025, andneed thereafter to have mostly at xxx %. Indonesia. growth in Saudi Arabia, Mexico IEA Sustainable Windphased-out and Solar coal grewby 2030. at 16% Non-OECD in 2019, -3 % in 2019 -4 % neededDevelopment per year Scenario and Iran. It was tempered by a big andcountries, needs notablyto maintain Russia, 15% South year-on- -5 % per year (2018-2025) 0 yearAfrica growth and Indonesia to 2025. Thereneed to are have big - 15% 2019 fall in Turkish2030 gas generation on 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 questionmostly phased marks. out coal by 2040. None higher hydro generation. of these countries are taking sufcient Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 55 % action to make sure that happens.

50 % Wind &+ solarSolar generationGeneration with future scenarios change from 2018

40 % 155,000 % TWh 35 %

0 % Transition Benchmarks

IEA Sustainable Development Scenario 10 % 10 % Change in 2019 +21 % +18 % per year (2018-2025)

13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

2020 Global Electricity Review Detailed Regional Analysis 632 2020 Global Electricity Review 33 733 Key Findings Rest of World

Electricity demand Fossil-free generation Solar generation Coal grew Gas generation CO2 emissions fell rises slowly rises on solar growth growth accelerated slightly by 1% rose by 1% slightly, by 0.5%

Demand rose at 1.4%, its lowest and nuclear restarts markedly in 2019, but Coal generation fell in Japan Gas generation rose by 1%. There Although coal and gas genera- level since 2009. Falls in OECD Nuclear generation increased as wind generation lags (-4%, -11 TWh), South Korea were signifcant increases in tion rose very slightly, oil genera- demand mask continued increa- reactors returned in Japan and behind (-5%, -12 TWh) and South Africa Saudi Arabia (+11%, 24 TWh), tion falling especially in Iran and ses in developing nations, nota- South Korea. (-4%, -9 TWh), and were ofset Mexico (+9%, 17 TWh), and Pakistan actually led to a very Solar generation increased by bly in Vietnam and Indonesia. At by rises in Indonesia (+11%, 16 Iran (+8%, +20 TWh). These slight fall in rest of the world CO2 2.4 MWh, the average demand 33% (+46 TWh) as a record TWh), Vietnam (+34%, 25 TWh) rises were tempered by a large emissions overall. per capita is made up of a very level of new solar capacity was and Pakistan (+95%, +16 TWh). fall in gas generation in Turkey wide range of consumption installed. There were strong (-39%, 34 TWh), where there levels. These range from more additions from Japan, South was a large increase in hydro than 15 MWh in Canada and Korea, Vietnam and Australia. generation. some Middle Eastern nations Vietnam solar capacity increased to less than 0.2 MWh in many from 0.1 GW to 5.5 GW in African countries. 2019 alone. Wind generation grew 11% (+21 TWh) with good additions from Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. However, wind generation grew at only half that of solar generation.

Electricity Demand Change Fossil & Fossil-Free Generation Change Wind Generation & Capacity Change Coal Generation Change Gas Generation Change CO2 Emissions Change

7 % 500 50 50 12 % 12 % 12 % TWh GW

0 1 % 1 % -0.5 % 0 % 0 % 0 % TWh YoY change 0 % - 200 0 0 - 2 % - 2 % - 2 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Demand Growth GDP Fossil Fossil-Free Demand Generation Capacity

Electricity Demand per Capita Fossil-Free Generation Change Solar Generation & Capacity Change Coal in the Electricity Mix Gas in the Electricity Mix CO2 Intensity Of Electricity

4 500 50 50 100 % 100 % 800 3.4 TWh YoY change MWh per capita TWh GW

442

2.4 36 % 388 0

21 % gCO2 / kWh 0 - 200 0 0 0 % 0 % 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

ROW World Wind Solar Hydro Generation Capacity Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other ROW World

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

34 2020 Global Electricity Review 35 Detailed Regional Analysis 1 Generation and Demand

36 2020 Global Electricity Review 37 Generation & Demand What happened in 2019? China 2019 –Electricity YoY Fuel demandChange changes changechange fromfrom 20182018 Electricity Demand CoalElectricity generation demand increased growth by slowed 2%, due to 16% to1.4%, rapid the electricity slowest increase demand since growth. the 15400 % 16 % Fortunate2009 recession. hydro Thisconditions was due prevented to low 11 % theGDP rise growth in coal of being3%, and even also higher. because 8 % 12% 7 % -7% Chinaof the stillweather installed - especially 32GW mildernew coal win in- -6 %

2019.ter months Wind inand the solar US andgeneration EU. Almost rose, 8% addingall the growth1.2% to came production. from China. But it Chi - 0 % 5% fuellednese electricity only a quarter demand of rosethe 4.8% at over rise 4% Key findingsMessages Whatthree times happened the global average, in 2019? and -1,4% in electricity demand. 1% 1% 2019 – YoY Fuel Change 1% change from 2018 China demand per capita is now higher than → Electricity demand growth → Chinese electricity demand rose → Slower electricity demand Coal generation increased by 2%, due 0% → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was 0 16%0 % slowed to 1.4%, the slowest in- at over three times the global growth is critical to reducing toin rapidthe UK. electricity Electricity demand demand growth. was 15 % -1% markscrease since the the year 2009 recession.that demandaverage. Its continueddemand per capita becausecoal generation. there This wasn’t will Fortunateweak elsewhere. hydro conditionsDemand even prevented fell in TWh (Year-14 on year % change) 11 % -2% Percentage change the US, EU, India, Japan, Canada and -- 15%100 -4%- 4 % ChinaThis was –due for to low the GDP frst growth itsis now fast higher rise, than rising in the UK. at enoughrequire robust fossil-free energy efciency the rise in coal being even higher. 8 % -7% 12% South Korea. Coal 7Gas % Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt. timeof 3%, and– produces also because of the fve times the global generationmeasures to moderate to meet China still installed 32GW new coal in World China USA EU-6 % Inda ROW weather - especially milder win- demand pressures from the 2019. Wind and solar generation rose, 8% ter months in the US and EU. average thisdecarbonisation electricity of transport, adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % → China was the only demandindustry and rise heat. fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise Key findings Is it happening -1,4% 4% in electricity demand. country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 fast enough? Coal Generation OnVietnam, our data, to see 2019 a rise China’sgeneration electricity growth The coal rise was 0% → → → 15 % Coal needs to fall rapidly to be 38% of marksin coal thegeneration year that demandstalled continued because there wasn’t -14 % China’s electricity mix by 2030. This - 15% -4% China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free is mostly achieved with coal being 1 2 Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet replaced by wind and solar. While Demand per Capita (MWhaverage per person) this electricity overall demand will increase, the rise in electricity demand will also need to 0 % → China was the only demand rise 2010-2019 WhatElectricity needs demand to happen? per capita in 2019 Isslow.Is itthe Coalhappening transition rose by 2% in 2019, but it Target country, except → Wind and solar 300 needs to be falling, at at least 1% per change from 2018 fasthappening enough? fast enough? CoalAverage Generation annual electricity demand changes by region Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. It’s not yet clear. Electricity demand 157 % % in coal generation stalled CoalWind needs and Solar to fall grew rapidly at 16% to be in 38%2019, of -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year China’sandgrowth needs inelectricity theto maintain coming mix decade by15% 2030. year-on- will This 6.3% - 15% 5.9% isyearneed mostly growth to slow achieved to to 2025. about with There half coal the are being rate big of 2010 2019 2030 2019 2030 200 the previous decade. Global electricity replacedquestion bymarks. wind and solar. While 4.6% Actual IEA SDS* IPCC overalldemand demand rose on will average increase, 2.5% the per rise year from 2010 to 2019, and the IEA 55 % in electricity demand will also need to 0 % year) - SDS shows just a 1.5% per year increa- 2010-20192010-2019 average slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it 2.5% on

What needs to happen? - 2.2% 50 % 100 needsse is needed to be falling, until 2030. at at leastThe biggest1% per Target 1.9% 1.5% change from 2018 Wind & Solar Generation 1.4% yeardiference to 2025, is China. and thereafter Chinese atelectricity xxx %. 2018-2030 demand growth will need to slow to 40 % Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, 15 % IEA SDS -3 % in 20190.1% 0.0% -4 % 0.2%needed per year 0 % -0.4% TWh TWh (Year and2% thisneeds decade, to maintain compared 15% to year-on- the 6% 35 % yeargrowth growth seen toin 2025.the previous There are decade. big -- 15%1 % 2019 2030 0 2010World China USA2019 EU Inda ROW 2030 questionChina has marks. already begun its journey to electrify transport. Robust energy Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 2010-2019 average 2018–2030 IEA SDS efciency measures will be critical to 55 % 0 % prevent electricity demand spiralling 50 % -100 upward as extra electricity will be nee- 10 % 10 % ded for the electrifcation of transport, Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018 Powered by Bing World © GeoNames, HERE, MSFT, Microsoft, NavInfo, Thinkware Extract, Wikipedia industry and heat. 40 % 15 % 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year 35 % Coal & Gas Wind0 MWh & Solar / capita Other Coal & Gas Wind &>16 Solar MWh / capitaOther - 15% 2010 2019 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

0 % 16.92383 638 2020 Global Electricity Review 41 739 KeyGeneration Findings & Demand 10 % 10 % 1 Demand per Capita (MWh per person) 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other - 15% 2010 2019 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

6 2020 Global Electricity Review 41 7 Key Findings Electricity Demand

United States Electricity demand fell China Rest of World due to a mild winter World ElectricityChina demand USA EU India ElectricityROW demand World China USA European EUUnion India India ROW continued to soar Electricity demand fell 1.4%, rises slowly correcting for a large rise in Electricity demand fell Electricity demand Electricity demand rose by 4.7% 2018. Weather was the biggest due to a mild winter growth paused Demand rose at 1.4%, its lowest in 2019, more than three times driver: 2019 winter months level since 2009. Falls in OECD World the global average of 1.4%. The were warm, correcting for a Electricity demand fell 1.7% in Indian electricity demand grew demand mask continued increa- Electricity demand large rise was despite China’s colder 2018. Industrial demand 2019, falling in most countries, by only 0.8% in 2019 compared ses in developing nations, nota- growth slowed slowest GDP growth in 30 years, declined at 5% as economic because of warm winter months. to an average annual increase bly in Vietnam and Indonesia. At and follows on the back of a growth slowed. US electricity Electricity demand per person is of 7% per year from 2010 to 2.4 MWh, the average demand Electricity demand rose by 1.4%, huge 8% rise in 2018. Electricity demand per capita is one of the still almost double the world ave- 2018. This was due to low GDP per capita is made up of a very the slowest increase since the demand per capita is now 53% highest in the world. The average rage but the gap is narrowing as growth of 4.8%, the lowest since wide range of consumption 2009 recession. This was due to above the global average. At 5.2 US citizen uses almost four times world consumption rises. Antici- 2008. However, with electricity levels. These range from more low GDP growth of 3%, and also MWh, per capita demand now more electricity than the global pated rises in electricity demand demand per person at less than than 15 MWh in Canada and because of the weather - especi- exceeds the level in the UK, but average, and more than twice the from electric cars and electrifca- one-third of the global average, some Middle Eastern nations ally milder winter months in the remains less than half the level European or Chinese per capita tion of heat and industry are not subdued demand growth is likely to less than 0.2 MWh in many US and EU. in the US. levels. yet showing. to be a temporary phenomenon. African countries.

Electricity Demand Change Electricity Demand Change Electricity Demand Change Electricity Demand Change Electricity Demand Change Electricity Demand Change

15 % 15 % 15 % 15 % 15 % 15 %

0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1.4 % 4.7 % 0.8 % 1.4 % -1.4 % -1.7 % - 5 % 1.4 % - 5 % 4.7 % - 5 % - 5 % - 5 % 0.8 % - 5 % 1.4 % -1.4 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 -1.72019 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 Demand GDP

Electricity Demand Change per Capita Electricity Demand Change per Capita Electricity Demand Change per Capita Electricity Demand Change per Capita Electricity Demand Change per Capita Electricity Demand Change per Capita

15 15 15 15 15 15 MWh / person 12.7

12.7 6.3 5.2 6.3 5.2 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.4 3.4 1.0 0 3.4 0 3.4 0 3.4 0 0 0 2.4

2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

World Country

40 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 41 Generation & Demand 1 What happened in 2019? China What happened in 2019? 2019 – YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Fossil-Free Generation Coal generation increased by 2%, due Wind toWind rapid generation electricity increased demand growth. by 12%. 15150 % 60% FortunateThree-quarters hydro of conditions the rise was prevented from 11 % just 7 countries: China, US, Germany, the rise in coal being even higher. 8 % 14 % 12 % 11 % 10 % -7% 11 % 7 % 5 % ChinaUK, France, still installed Sweden 32GW and Brazil. new coal in -6 % 0 0 % 2019. Wind and solar generation rose, TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change Solar generation increased by 22%. - 50 - 20 % adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % fuelledChina saw only the a quarter biggest ofgeneration the 4.8% inrise- Key findings crease but a capacity slowdown means -1,4% Key Messages in electricity demand. Solar it will be lower next year. 150 60% China’s electricity The coal rise was → On our data, 2019 → → 33 % → Wind and solar generation grew → Hydro and nuclear generation → The compound growth needed 26 % 27 % Hydro generation only increased by 22 % bymarks 15% (+270 the TWh) year in 2019. that The rose,demand but unlike continued wind and solar, forbecause wind and solarthere over wasn’t the next -14 % 15 % 1%. China, the main country building 7 % windChina and solar – for generation the frst rise of thereits isfast no big rise, pick-up rising in deploy at- yearsenough will be veryfossil-free challenging - 15% new hydro, built much less. Wet 0 Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt.0 % 270 TWh was the second biggest ment. Nuclear plants restarted in to achieve. Record low wind and time – produces fve times the global generation to meet conditions in China and India ofset a - 50 - 20 % on record, but the growth rate is Japan and South Korea. Whilst solar prices in 2019 give hope that average this electricity drier EU and US. slowing - the 15% growth rate was new nuclear plants in China rose, compound growth rates could be → theChina lowest thiswas century. the Ofonly the four it built less new hydro capacity maintaineddemand if governmentsrise Hydro IsNuclear it happening generation rose 4%, the most keycountry, regions, China except showed the fas- thanWind the last and few years.solar step up. 150 60% → this century. This was due to new Coal Generation change from 2018 test growth of 16% (+86 TWh) and fast enough? Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth plants in China and restarts in South the US the slowest with 11% (+41 15 % 14 % CoalKorea needs and Japan.to fall rapidly to be 38% of TWh);in coal India generation and EU both recor- stalled 1 % 1 % China’s electricity mix by 2030. This 0 -6 % 0 % ded 13% growth rates (+13 TWh 6 % is mostly achieved with coal being - 50 -6 % - 20 % and +64 TWh respectively). replaced by wind and solar. While overall demand will increase, the rise Nuclear in electricity demand will also need to 0 % 1 150 60% What needs to happen? slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it Wind and solar generation, as a percentage of national electricity production needs to be falling, at at least 1% per 18 % 18 % Wind and Solar % of electricity mix year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. 4 % 7 % Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, Percentage of total electricity generation 0 -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year 0 % Series1 and needs to maintain 15% year-on- 0 % -1 % - 50 - 20 % 30.00% - 15% year growth to 2025. There are big World China USA EU Inda ROW 2019 2030 2010 2019 2030 question marks. Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

55 %

0.00% 50 % Is the transition WindGlobal & windSolar + Generation solar generation with future scenarios change from 2018 happening fast enough? Transition Benchmarks 40 % 1510 %000 IPCC 1.5°C Scenario It’s not yet clear. Wind and solar TWh 15 % per year (2019-2030) 35 % generation increased by 15% in 2019. Huge compound growth is needed IEA Sustainable Development to more than double wind and solar Scenario generation by just 2025. It’s not yet +15 % per year (2018-2025) 0 % clear governments are ready to facili- tate this. However, record low prices 10 % 10 % for wind and solar give hope that Change in 2019 +15 % deployment rates can be sustained in countries with record deployment, 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year and increased elsewhere. Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 0 % >30 % 2010 2019 2030 2010Actual IEA SDS*2019 IPCC 2030

Powered by Bing © GeoNames, HERE, MSFT, Microsoft, NavInfo, Thinkware Extract, Wikipedia 6 2020 Global Electricity Review 26 7 Key Findings 42 2020 Global Electricity Review 43 Generation4 & Demand Fossil-Free Generation World China USA EU India Rest of World World China USA EU India Rest of World

China Fossil-free generation added less than the World growth in electricity Fossil-free generation demand growth keeps pace with weak electricity Fossil-free generation grew by demand 10% (+227 TWh), which was less than the 329 TWh growth Nuclear generation rose at the in electricity demand, necessita- fastest rate this century, because ting a rise in fossil generation of United States European Union India of restarts in Japan and South 102 TWh to meet extra demand. Fossil-free generation Fossil-free generation Rest of World Korea, and also new capacity in- Hydro generation increased Fossil-free generation stalled in China. Hydro genera- 69 TWh, driven more by heavy barely grew because of increase driven boosted by record Fossil-free generation tion rose, but mostly due to wet rains rather than new capacity weak wind and by wind solar additions and rises on solar growth conditions in China and India. In - hydro capacity was up only 4 solar growth monsoon and nuclear restarts China, where most new hydro is GW, compared to 16 GW average Hydro and nuclear generation being built, hydro capacity was this decade. Nuclear generation Nuclear generation was unchan- fell slightly, with drier conditions Hydro generation was boosted Nuclear generation increased as up only 4 GW, compared to 16 increased 54 TWh as 4 GW more ged, and hydro generation fell, afecting hydro, and outages at by the strongest monsoons in reactors returned in Japan and GW average this decade. capacity came online. after a wet year in 2018. French and UK nuclear plants. 25 years. South Korea.

Fossil + Fossil-Free Change Fossil + Fossil-Free Change Fossil + Fossil-Free Change Fossil + Fossil-Free Change Fossil + Fossil-Free Change Fossil + Fossil-Free Change

1,400 600 600 600 600 600 TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh

0 0 0 0 0 0 -150 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 Fossil Fossil-Free Demand

Fossil-Free Change Fossil-Free Change Fossil-Free Change Fossil-Free Change Fossil-Free Change Fossil-Free Change

600 600 600 600 600 600 TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh

0 0 0 0 0 0 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Wind Solar Hydro

Nuclear Total Fossil-Free

44 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 45 Generation & Demand 1 Wind & Solar Generation

World Wind and solar Rest of World generation growth United States Solar generation slowed to 15% Wind and solar European Union growth accelerated (+270 TWh) China generation grew at Wind and solar genera- markedly in 2019, but The wind and solar generation Wind and solar only 11% (+41 TWh) tion increased in 2019 India wind generation lags rise of 270 TWh was the second by 13% (64 TWh) behind. biggest on record, but the growth generation growth This is the lowest of any major Solar capacity rate slowed - the 15% growth slowed to 16% region: China grew at 16% (+86 Wind generation saw a large additions increased to Solar generation increased by rate was the lowest this century. (+86 TWh) TWh) India 13% (+13 TWh) and increase, helped by new ofshore a record 12 GW 33% (+46 TWh) as a record Of the four key regions, China EU 13% (+64 TWh). Wind and installations. However, German level of new solar capacity was showed the fastest growth of Growth of 86 TWh (40 TWh of solar generation increased by onshore wind slowed on new New solar capacity hit a new installed. There were strong 16% (+86 TWh) and the US the wind and 46 TWh of solar) was 41 TWh (+27 TWh of wind, 14 planning laws. Solar genera- record at 12 GW, solar provided additions from Japan, South slowest with 11% (+41 TWh); the lowest growth since 2016. TWh of solar). Neither solar nor tion showed a strong rise, with 3.4% of all electricity in 2019. Korea, Vietnam and Australia. India and EU both recorded 13% But the growth rate of 16% was wind set new records for new capacity additions doubling over India opened the world’s largest Vietnam solar capacity increased growth rates (+13 TWh and +64 the lowest this century. New installations: 9 GW of solar was 2018. Spain leapt to become the solar farm in 2019. The growth from 0.1 GW to 5.5 GW in 2019 TWh respectively). Five further wind installations were 26 GW, installed, below the 11 GW re- largest solar installer in the EU. in wind was less impressive. alone.Wind grew 11% (+21 TWh) countries added 40 TWh bet- below the 34 GW installed in cord in 2016, and 9 GW of wind The growth of wind and solar Wind generation grew at the with good additions from Brazil, ween them, mostly solar: Japan, 2015. New solar installations was installed, below the 13 GW continues to be concentrated in lowest rate since 2015, and new Argentina and Mexico. However, Brazil, Mexico, Australia and were 30 GW, below the 53 GW record in 2012. western Europe, with eastern wind installations fell for the wind generation grew at only Vietnam. installed in 2017. European countries lagging. second year running. half that of solar generation.

Wind Change Wind Change Wind Change Wind Change Wind Change Wind Change

160 160 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 Generation Capacity

Solar Change Solar Change Solar Change Solar Change Solar Change Solar Change

160 160 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW TWh GW

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Generation Capacity

46 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 47 Generation & Demand 1 What happenedWhat happened in 2019? in 2019? change from 2018 2019 – YoY2019 Fuel – YoYChange Fuel Change change from 2018change from 2018 ChinaChina Coal generation increased by 2%, due Coal generationCoal generation increased byincreased 2%, due by 2%, due 15 % to rapid electricityto rapid electricitydemand growth. demand growth.15 % 15 % 11 % Fortunate Fortunatehydro conditions hydro conditions prevented prevented 11 % 11 % the rise in coal being even higher. 8 % the rise in thecoal rise being in coaleven being higher. even higher. 8 % 8 % -7% -7% 7 % 7 % -6 % China still Chinainstalled still 32GW installed new 32GW coal in new coal in -6 % -6 % 2019. Wind2019. and Windsolar generationand solar generation rose, rose,

adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % adding 1.2%adding to production. 1.2% to production. But it But it 0 % 0 % Wind and fuelled onlyfuelled a quarter only of a quarterthe 4.8% of rise the 4.8% rise Key findingsKey findings -1,4% -1,4% in electricityin electricitydemand. demand. → On →our On data, ourSolar 2019 data, 2019 progress → China’s→ China’s electricity electricity → The→ coal The rise coal was rise was marks marksthe year the that year that demanddemand continued continued becausebecause there wasn’t there wasn’t -14 % -14 % - 15% China –China forin the – forfrst2019 the frst its fast itsrise, fast rising rise, atrising at enoughenough fossil-free fossil-free - 15% - 15% Coal CoalGas GasWind WindSolar SolarHydro HydroNuclear NuclearCnsmpt. Cnsmpt. time – timeproduces – produces fve timesfve the times global the global generationgeneration to meet to meet averageaverage this electricitythis electricity → China→ wasChina the was only the only demanddemand rise rise Is it happeningIs it happening country,country, except except → Wind andWind solar and solar change from 2018 → → fast enough? Coal GenerationCoal Generation change from 2018change from 2018 Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth fast enough?fast enough? Vietnam,Vietnam, to see ato rise see a rise generationgeneration growth growth 15 % 15 % 15 % in coal ingeneration coal generation stalledstalled Coal needsCoal to fall needs rapidly to fall to berapidly 38% toof be 38% of China’s electricityChina’s electricitymix by 2030. mix This by 2030. This Latest Prices is mostly achievedNew Capacitywith coal being 2019 Renewable energy auction prices USD / MWh is mostly achievedis mostly with achieved coal being with coal being 2019 Solar PV new capacity additions GW replaced byreplaced wind and by solar.wind andWhile solar. While 100 120 2019 Solar: Solar auctions have overall demandSolar:overall will demand Solar increase, capacity will the increase, rise in - the rise 115.1 in electricity demand will also need to 0 % 2018 delivered record low prices in electricitystalledin electricitydemand in will2019 demand also was need will around toalso need 0 to % 0 % 97.8 in 2019. The lowest prices slow. Coal115 slow.rose GW, byCoal 2% 18%rose in 2019, by more 2% but in than it2019, the but it What needsWhat toneeds happen? to happen? Onshore wind were established in Portugal Solar PV needs to bepreviousneeds falling, to beat year. atfalling, least USA, 1%at at per leastIndia 1% per at 16.5 USD/MWh and in year to 2025,andyear and tothe 2025,thereafter European and thereafterat xxx Union %. at xxx %. Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, Brazil, 17.3 USD/MWh. In Wind and haveWindSolar grewandseen Solar at increases 16% grew in 2019, at 16%of 56%, in 2019, -3 % in 2019-3 % in 2019-4 % needed-4 %per needed year per year January 2020, these records and needs36% andto maintain needs and to96% 15% maintain year-on-respectively 15% year-on- in - 15% 44.2 Offshore - 15% - 15% 43.2 had already been surpas- year growth2019year to 2025.growth compensating There to 2025. are bigThere for are the big 2019 2019 20302030 wind 2010 2010 2019 2019 2030 2030 question marks.question marks. 30.0 28.9 sed by an auction in Qatar decline in installations in Actual IEA SDS* IPCC Actual ActualIEA SDS* IEAIPCC SDS* IPCC 16.7 where the fnal price was 16 China. Rest of World count- 13.0 12.2 55 % 8.3 7.4 9.0 USD/MWh. 0 55 % 55 % ries have increased their 0

UK installations by 56%. World China USA EU Inda ROW India India Brazil Brazil 50 % China China Greece 50 % 50 % Poland change from 2018 Ethiopia Portugal Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018change from 2018 Germany Germany Columbia Argentina Wind & SolarWind Generation & Solar Generation Cambodia Kazakhstan

15 % Onshore wind: The40 lowest % 40 % Offshore wind: A zero-subsidy ofshore wind project was Wind: Preliminary estima- 15 % 15 % 2019 Wind new capacity additions GW price for onshore wind in awarded in 2019 in the Netherlands.35 %In the35 United % Kingdom, tes for wind capacity instal- 2019 was 21 USD/MWh in auctions have delivered new record low prices for ofshore led in 2019 are around 62 120 an auction held in Brazil. wind at 50 USD/MWh while in China the lowest ofshore GW, 27% more than in 2018 The second-lowest price was wind price was 88 USD/MWh. The vast majority of prices of but less than the 67 GW ad- 0 % 28 USD/MWh in Colom- renewable energy project stemming from auctions were below ded in 2015. As such, growth 0 % 0 %

bia. Projects in Greece were generation costs of fossil fuel alternatives estimated by IRENA has started to accelerate 2019 10 % 10 % 10 % awarded for a price of 63 to be 49 USD/MWh10 % 10 to % 174 USD/MWh. . from the fat three years be- 62.2 2018

USD/MWh. India also awar- fore. The European Union, 48.9 ded a record low onshore Rest of World, China and 13 % in 201913 % in 201915 % needed15 %per needed year per year Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other - 15% Coal & GaswindCoal price &Wind Gas & ofSolar 35Wind USD/MWh. & SolarOther Other Coal & Gas Coal &Wind Gas & SolarWind & SolarOther Other USA have seen growth rates - 15% - 15% 25.7 of 27%, 19%, 27% and 53% 2010 2010 20.3 2019 2019 2030 2030 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 13.2 Actual ActualIEA SDS* IEAIPCC SDS* IPCC 10.2 10.4 9.1 10.9 6.7 2.4 2.1 respectively, while India has 0 2.4 2.4 seen a 12% decline. World China USA EU Inda ROW

6 2020 Global2020 Electricity Global Review Electricity Review 7 Key FindingsKey Findings 6 6 81 817 7

48 2020 Global Electricity Review 49 Generation & Demand What happened in 2019? China What happened in 2019? 2019 – YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Fossil Generation Coal generation increased by 2%, due 2019 coal generation changes by region toCoal rapid generation electricity fell demand 3%. Coal growth. collap - 15200 % 20 % TWh (Year on year change) Percentage change Fortunatesed in the EUhydro and conditions the US. Overall prevented fall 11 % due to a rise in wind and solar genera- the rise in coal being even higher. 82% % 7 % -7% 1% Chination, slow still electricityinstalled 32GW demand new growth, coal in 0 -6 % 0 % 2019.gas replacing Wind and coal solar in the generation US and the rose, -3% -3% EU, new nuclear plants (China and -16% adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % fuelledIndia) andonly restarts a quarter (in of South the 4.8% Korea rise Key findings -1,4% inand electricity Japan). Coaldemand. increased in China. Key Messages -24% - 300 - 30 % On our data, 2019 China’s electricity The coal rise was → Coal generation fell a record 3%, → half of the world’s coal generation. → from the extra gas generation is Gas generation rose 4%. Gas use rose butmarks falling coal the is notyear yet thethat Sincedemand 2015, when continued the Paris notbecause included in there our calculations. wasn’t in the US and EU, part of the reason -14 % “newChina normal”. – for Coal thefell because frst Climateits fast Agreement rise, risingwas signed, at enough fossil-free for coal collapsing. Gas use rose in - 15% 2019 gas generation changes by region electricity demand growth slowed, China’s coal generation has risen → Given the one-of nature of some China, Saudi Arabia, Mexico and Iran. 400 Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt.40% time – produces fve times the global generation to meet wind and solar generation rose, by 17%, whereas coal generation of the reasons for the fall in power Only 3 countries saw a big fall in gas: Percentage change Japan, South Korea and Turkey. gas replaced coal in the US and inaverage the rest of the world has fallen sectorthis CO electricity2 emissions in 2019, → theChina EU, hydro was increased, the only new by 9%. theredemand is not sufcient rise evidence 11% nuclear plants were added and to suggest emissions will fall fast IsCO 2it emissions happening fell 2%. The coal country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 Global power sector CO enough to limit climate change to collapse in the EU and US meant CO Coal Generation4% 12% nuclear plants restarted in South → 2 fast enough? 2 8% 1% Vietnam, to see a rise emissionsgeneration fell by a recordgrowth 2%. 1.5 degrees. emissions fell faster than the increase Korea and Japan. Some of these 150 % 0 % Coalin China’s needs CO to fall. rapidly to be 38% of factorsin coal were generationone-of factors that COstalled2 emissions would have fallen 2 TWh (Year on year change) -5% China’s electricity mix by 2030. This - 100 - 10 % are unlikely to be reproduced. faster if fossil-free generation had totally replaced coal, rather than a is mostly achieved with coal being replaced by wind and solar. While → China in 2019, for the frst time, pick-up in coal-gas switching. The overall demand will increase, the rise was responsible for more than climate impact of methane leaks 2019 CO2 emissions changes by region in electricity demand will also need to 05 %% 5 % 1 What needs to happen? slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it Percentage change 2% Coal generation as a percentage of national electricity production needs to be falling, at at least 1% per 0 % 0 % -0.5% year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. -2% Coal % of electricity mix -3% Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year and needs to maintain 15% year-on- -8% year growth to 2025. There are big - 15% 2019 2030 2010 2019 2030 question marks. Actual IEA SDS* IPCC -13% - 15 % - 15% World China USA EU Inda RoW 55 %

50 % Is the transition Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018 happening fast enough? Global coal generation with future scenarios 40 % 1510 %000 TWh No. Despite the 3% fall in coal gene- TWh 35 % ration, it’s not clear yet that falling

coal generation is the “new normal”. Change in 2019 Coal generation will need to fall at -3% Transition Benchmarks 11% per year every year until 2030, 0 % to meet the IPCC’s medial level of IEA Sustainable Development Scenario the 1.5C compatible scenarios. Even -4% per year (2018-2025) 10 % 10 % the less-ambitious IEA Sustainable IPCC 1.5°C Scenario Development scenario needs drops of -11% per year (2019-2030) 4% per year. 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year

Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other -0 15% 0 % >80 % 20102010 2019 2019 2030 2030 Percentage of total electricity generation Actual IEA SDS* IPCC

Powered by Bing © GeoNames, HERE, MSFT, Microsoft, NavInfo, Thinkware Extract, Wikipedia 6 2020 Global Electricity Review 46 7 Key Findings 50 2020 Global Electricity Review 51 Generation & Demand

99.93% Coal generation

India China Coal shows a Coal rose to half surprise fall of the world’s coal United States Coal generation fell for the frst generation Coal generation World time since at least 1990 when the Coal generation fell a Coal-fred generation rose 2% in collapsed - and was European Union IEA’s reporting began. The fall record 3% 2019. Since 2015, China’s coal replaced largely with Coal generation was likely a one-of for now, cau- generation has risen by 17%, gas generation collapsed sed by the combination of a large Coal fell 3% (-259 TWh), as coal compared to a fall of 9% in the reduction in demand growth, collapsed in the EU and the US, rest of the world. For the frst Coal generation fell by 16% (180 The EU saw a record 24% fall in and weather-driven increase Rest of World but rose in China. This is be- time, China is now responsi- TWh), to 24% of total genera- coal-fred generation in 2019. in hydro generation. Wind and Coal grew slightly cause wind and solar generation ble for over 50% of global coal tion. This was due to a 113 TWh Coal now stands at half its 2007 solar also played a role. Coal-f- by 1% rose, electricity demand increa- generation.At 62%, coal’s rela- increase in gas generation, a 58 peak, and makes up only 14% red generation fell 3%. However, sed by the least in a decade, gas tive share of the electricity mix TWh fall in electricity demand, of the electricity mix. In 2019, coal still contributes 72% to the Coal generation fell in Japan replaced coal in the US and the is falling, but only because total and a 41 TWh rise in wind and coal’s fall is attributable to the Indian electricity mix, and India (-4%, -11 TWh), South Korea EU, and nuclear plants restarted electricity demand has increased solar. This fall is the largest on rise in wind and solar, switching is still building new coal plants. (-5%, -12 TWh) and South Africa in South Korea and Japan. New even more dramatically. This record, and the ffth year of con- from coal to gas driven by In 2019, GEM data shows there (-4%, -9 TWh), and were ofset coal-fred generation capacity hides the absolute rise in coal secutive falls. It brings US coal increases in the EU carbon price, was 8 GW of new coal capacity by rises in Indonesia (+11%, 16 continues to rise, driven primar- generation which has doubled in generation to half its 2007 level, and a small fall in electricity brought online, with almost no TWh), Vietnam (+34%, 25 TWh) ily by new additions in China. 12 years. and the lowest since 1975. demand. old coal plants closed. and Pakistan (+95%, +16 TWh).

Coal generation change Coal generation change Coal generation change Coal generation change Coal generation change Coal generation change

20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %

2 % 1 % 2 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % -3 % -3 % -3 % -3 %

-16 % -16 % -20 % -20 % -20 % -20 % -20 % -20 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2010 2019 2010 2019 -24 % Coal -24 %

Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix Fossil-Free Change

100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

62 % 72 % 62 % 72 % 35 % 35 % 23 % 21 % 23 % 14 % 21 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 14 % 0 % 0 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other

52 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 53 Generation & Demand Coal capacity World China USA EU India Rest of World

China China built almost United States European Union as much new coal Coal capacity closures Coal load factor capacity as wind continued collapsed in 2019 and solar capacity World Rest of World combined 16 GW closed in 2019, and 105 The fall in coal generation 68 GW of coal plants GW has been closed since 2010. 2019 was much faster than the India New coal-fired plants were built in 2019, the 44 GW of new coal was built in No new coal plants have come fall in capacity, which pulled India built 8 GW of new continued to be built in 2019, compared to 30 GW of highest in three years online since 2013. However, the average load factor down coal plants in 2019 2019 in Asian countries solar and 25 GW of wind. The- 8 GW of gas capacity was built to a record 37%. 7 GW of coal 95% of this new coal capacity se are not replacing older coal in 2019, with 92 GW now built plants closed in 2019, and 66 India brought 8 GW of coal Almost 90% of the 15 GW was was in Asia: China built 44 GW, plants. Only 7 GW coal plants since 2010. Despite the fall in GW have retired since 2010. plants online in 2019, and closed in Asian countries. Malaysia India 8 GW, Malaysia 2.6 GW, were closed in 2019, and the coal capacity, average coal load In 2019, Germany, Greece and only 1 GW. Average coal load fac- built 2.6 GW, Indonesia 2.4 GW, Indonesia 2.4 GW, Pakistan 2.0 reported carbon intensity of the factor is also still falling because Hungary committed to phasing tor fell in 2019 because both coal Pakistan 2.0 GW, Japan 1.3 GW GW, Japan 1.3 GW and Philip- Chinese coal feet improved just of the collapse in coal genera- out coal, bringing the total to 15 generation fell and coal capacity and Philippines 1.2 GW. Only 22 pines 1.2 GW. There were very 0.3%, the lowest improvement tion, dropping below 50% for the EU countries, ensuring closures increased. It now stands at a GW of coal plants have closed few closures outside the US and since reporting began in 2006. frst time. continue apace. record low of 57%. since 2010. the EU. .

Coal capacity changes Coal capacity changes Coal capacity changes Coal capacity changes Coal capacity changes Coal capacity changes

150 60 60 60 60 60 GW GW GW GW GW GW

0

0 0 0 0 0

-100 -20 -20 -20 -20 -20 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 Coal capacity opened Net capacity change Coal capacity closed

Coal load factor Coal load factor Coal load factor Coal load factor Coal load factor Coal load factor

100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

51 % 49 % 49 % 57 % 56 % 51 % 49 % 49 % 57 % 56 % 37 % 37 %

0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Load factor

Coal capacity data has been taken from Global Energy Monitor’s ‘Global Coal Plant Tracker’ update of Jan-20. It provides data on net capacity as well as annual additions and retirements. Coal load factors were taken from national sources where available (China, United States, India), and calculated for remaining regions (EU, Rest of World) using the ratio of annual coal-fred generation to annual coal capacity.

54 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 55 Generation & Demand Gas generation World China USA EU India Rest of World World China USA EU India Rest of World

Rest of World Gas grew slightly by 1%

United States Gas generation rose by 1%. There Gas generation were signifcant increases in China European Union India continued to soar Saudi Arabia (+11%, 24 TWh), World Gas rose from a low Gas generation Gas generation fell in Mexico (+9%, 17 TWh), and Gas generation base It rose by 7%, and now stands at increased by 12% 2019 by 5% Iran (+8%, +20 TWh). These rose 4% 38% of the electricity mix. New rises were tempered by a large Gas-fred generation rose by 11% gas capacity continues to be built The one-of switch in economics However, the change is relatively fall in gas generation in Turkey This happend mostly as a result in 2019, increasing to 3% of the apace, with 7 GW more in 2019, resulted in a 73 TWh rise in gas unimportant as gas only provi- (-39%, 34 TWh), where there of gas generation replacing coal electricity mix. 6 GW of new gas cumulatively adding over 100 generation, which was a big des a small (3%) part of India’s was a large increase in hydro in the EU and US. capacity was built in 2019. GW last decade. contribution to coal’s fall. generation. generation.

Gas generation change Gas generation change Gas generation change Gas generation change Gas generation change Gas generation change

30 % 30 % 30 % 30 % 30 % 30 % Percentage change Percentage change Percentage change Percentage change Percentage change Percentage change

11 % 12 % 8 % 4 % 11 % 12 % 8 % 1 % 0 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 1 % -5 % -5 %

-30 % -30 % -30 % -30 % -30 % -30 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 Gas

Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix Generation Mix

100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh 3 % 3 % 3 % 3 % 24 % 38 % 36 % 24 % 38 % 22 % 36 % 22 %

0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

Coal Gas Wind & Solar Other

56 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 57 Generation & Demand 1 Power sector CO2 emissions World China USA EU India Rest of World

United States China World CO2 emissions fell CO2 emissions rose by 8%, coal’s fall was CO2 emissions fell 1.6% with coal and gas 2%, as the fall in coal tempered by the rise in generation generation was partly gas emissions. offset by the rise in Despite huge investment in new When you include methane leaks European Union coal plants, the reported carbon from gas generation the fall in gas generation India intensity of the Chinese coal feet US greenhouse gas emissions is CO2 emissions Rest of World This doesn’t take into account improved just 0.3% in 2019, reduced. The carbon intensity of collapsed because of CO2 emissions fell in CO2 emissions fell the climate impact of methane the lowest improvement since US electricity continued to fall, the fall in coal line with coal slightly, by 0.5% leaks from the additional gas reporting began in 2006. China’s and is slightly below the global generation generation. The carbon intensity carbon intensity of electricity of average. However, because the EU power sector emissions Although coal and gas

of electricity fell by 3% over the 576 gCO2/kWh is 30% above the average US citizen uses so much fell by 13% in 2019, the largest The carbon intensity of India’s generation rose very slightly, oil global average. The high efcien- year. At 442 gCO2/kWh, it is now electricity, the absolute CO2 fall this century. The carbon electricity generation fell by 4% generation falling especially in 15% lower than the start of this cy of its coal feet only goes so far emissions per person is over intensity of EU electricity is in 2019, but remains much more Iran and Pakistan actually led decade, as fossil-free generation in limiting the impact of the high three times higher than the glo- collapsing rapidly, and is now carbon-intensive than the global to a very slight fall in rest of the coal generation in China. has grown faster than fossil. bal average in the power sector. 42% below the global average. average. world CO2 emissions overall.

CO2 emissions change CO2 emissions change CO2 emissions change CO2 emissions change CO2 emissions change CO2 emissions change

15 % 15 % 15 % 15 % 15 % 15 % Percentage change

2 % 2 % -13 % -13 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % -2 % -0.5 % -2 % -0.5 % -8 % -3 % -8 % -3 %

-15 % -15 % -15 % -15 % -15 % -15 % 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

CO2 emissions

CO2 intensity of electricity CO2 intensity of electricity CO2 intensity of electricity CO2 intensity of electricity CO2 intensity of electricity CO2 intensity of electricity

800 800 800 800 800 800 gCO / kWh 651 2 576 651 576 442 442 442 442 442 442 442 442

442 406 442 388 442 406 442 388 256 256 0 0 0 0 0 0

2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019 2010 2019

World Country

58 2020 Global Electricity Review 1 59 Generation & Demand What happened in 2019? China 2019 – YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 Coal generation increased by 2%, due to rapid electricity demand growth. 15 % Fortunate hydro conditions prevented 11 % the rise in coal being even higher. 8 % 7 % -7% China still installed 32GW new coal in -6 % 2019. Wind and solar generation rose,

adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % fuelled only a quarter of the 4.8% rise Key findings -1,4% in electricity demand. → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was marks the year that demand continued because there wasn’t -14 % China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free - 15% Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet average this electricity What happened in 2019? → China was the only demand rise 2019 – YoY Fuel Change change from 2018 China IsCoal it generation happening increased by 2%, due country, except → Wind and solar 15 % change from 2018 fastto rapid enough? electricity demand growth. Coal Generation Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth Fortunate hydro conditions prevented 11 % 15 % theCoal rise needs in coal to fall being rapidly even to higher. be 38% of 8 % in coal generation stalled 7 % -7% ChinaChina’s still electricity installed mix 32GW by 2030. new coal This in -6 % 2019.is mostly Wind achieved and solar with generation coal being rose, replaced by wind and solar. While adding 1.2% to production. But it 0 % fuelledoverall demandonly a quarter will increase, of the 4.8% the riserise Key findings -1,4% IPCC and IEA modelling in electricity demand will also need to 0 % Future in electricity demand. What needs to happen? both show that immediate slow. Coal rose by 2% in 2019, but it → On our data, 2019 → China’s electricity → The coal rise was needs to be falling, at at least 1% per Scenariosmarks the year that demand continuedand aggressive because action there wasn’t year to 2025, and thereafter at xxx %. -14 % China – for the frst its fast rise, rising at enough fossil-free Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, - 15% -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year to cut coal generation is and needs to maintain 15% year-on- Coal Gas Wind Solar Hydro Nuclear Cnsmpt. time – produces fve times the global generation to meet - 15% year growth to 2025. There are big 2019 critical to2030 limiting climate 2010 2019 2030 average this electricity question marks. → China was the only change. demand rise Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 55 % Is it happening country, except → Wind and solar change from 2018 fast enough? Coal Generation Vietnam, to see a rise generation growth 50 % The IPCC 1.5 shows much 15 % Coal needs to fall rapidly to be 38% of Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018 in coal generation stalled bigger coal generation Global coal generation with future scenarios China’s electricity mix by 2030. This 40 % falls than the IEA SDS. 15 % is mostly achieved with coal being 15 % TWh 35 % replacedThe IEA SDSby wind is less and ambitious solar. While than overallthe IPCC, demand because will (a) increase, it assumes the 1.65rise Change in 2019 0 % Future scenarios of CO emissions from global coal-fired electricity generation Gigatonnes of CO2 indegrees, electricity not demand1.5 degrees, will and also (b) need it to -3% 2 Transition Benchmarks What needs to happen? slow.relies Coal on net rose negative by 2% emissionsin 2019, but after it 0 % needs2050 whereto be falling, the IPCC at atmedian least 1% scena per- IEA Sustainable 2018 IEA Coal - 10.1 0 % Development Scenario yearrio does to 2025, not. Pleaseand thereafter refer to theat xxx IEA’s %. -4% per year (2018-2025) 10 % Wind and Solar grew at 16% in 2019, 2030 IEA Coal - 5.1 10 % blog “What would it take to limit the -3 % in 2019 -4 % needed per year SDS andglobal needs temperature to maintain rise 15% to 1.5°C? year-on-” for IPCC 1.5°C Scenario - 15% -11% per year (2019-2030) 2030 IPCC Coal - 2.5 yearmore growth details. to 2025. There are big 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year 2019 1.5°C 2030 2010 2019 2030 question marks. - 15% Coal & Gas Wind & Solar Other 0 2 Coal & Gas4 Wind &6 Solar 8 Other 10 12 Actual IEA SDS* IPCC 0 12 2010 2019 2030 55 % 2010Actual IEA SDS*2019 IPCC 2030

Coal power 50plants % emitted The IEA’s Sustainable The IPCC’s “Special A four-fold increase in Wind & Solar Generation change from 2018 10.1GT of CO in 2018. 2020Development Global Electricity Scenario Review Report on Global Warming 7wind and solar generation KeyGlobal Findings wind + solar generation with future scenarios 6 2 46 Transition Benchmarks This is equal to 30% of all 40(IEA % SDS) shows that coal of 1.5°C” (IPCC 1.5) implies is needed by 2030 to re- 15 % 15 % IPCC 1.5°C Scenario the CO2 emissions from power emissions must coal power emissions place the coal generation, 15 % per year (2019-2030) all fossil fuels in 2018, halve by 2030. must fall even35 % faster, by according to the IEA SDS. 2007 according to the IEA. 2007 75% by 2030. IEA Sustainable Development Emissions must reduce from 10.1 The median value of their below 1.5C Scenario per year (2018-2025) 2019 2019gigatonnes to 5.1 GT to be on target Their-33 modelling % Reduction implies a fall to and 1.5°C with low-overshoot scena- +15 % for the Paris Climate Agreement. 2.5GT, the median value in their rios is 34.02 exajoules of wind and 0 % 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 % Falling coal power generation alone below 1.5C and 1.5°C with low- solar generation in 2030 is equal to 10 % deliversCH4 100 61% of the required global10 % overshoot pathways. We back- 9450 TWh. Change in 2019 +15 % reductions in fossil fuel emissions to calculated the 2.5 GT from their 20072030 coal electricity generation of 8.83 13 % in 2019 15 % needed per year exajoules, which equals 2453 TWh. How did we split this by Coal & Gas Wind & Solar 2019 Other Coal & Gas Wind & Solar -28 % OtherReduction - 15% We assume there is no signifcant region? 2010 2019 2030 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 carbon capture in the IPCC scenario; 2010Actual IEA SDS*2019 IPCC 2030 The IEA SDS already outputs gene- CH4 20 if there is then the falls in CO would 2 ration by region, however the IPCC be even higher than this. 1.5 does not. For wind and solar, we their report “Global and regional coal phase-out requirements of the Paris Agree- 6 20072020 Global Electricity Review 7 Key Findings 26 do not give a regional breakdown for ment: Insights from the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C”, they showed that OECD 2019 -19 % Reduction IPCC. For coal generation, we do give countries must reduce coal generation by 86%, and non-OECD Asia must reduce by

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 a regional breakdown of IPCC 1.5, 63%, relative to 2010. We applied the 86% to the US and EU, and the 63% to China sourced from Climate Analytics. In and India.

2007 2007

-43 % Reduction 2019 2019 2020 Global Electricity Review Generation & Demand 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 60 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 61

1 Data

62 2020 Global Electricity Review 63 Data Sources Data Method

This report provides data that aggregates For the following countries, we have taken And for 2019, we used national datasets for 2019 generation for 85% of the world’s data from national sources: the following additional countries: electricity production. → China - China Electricity Council (CEC) → Brazil - ONS data, 30th January 2020 21st January → Canada - Stats Canada data, 28th January 2020 → United States - Energy Information → Japan - ENECHO data, Administration (EIA) 26th February 28th January 2020 → South Korea - KEPCO data, → India - Central Electricity Authority 22nd January 2020 (CEA) 31st January → Turkey - Teias data, 28th January 2020 → Vietnam - EVN data, → European Union - via Ember’s ‘European 15th November 2019 Power Sector Review’ 5th February → Argentina - Cammesa data, 28th January 2020 For all other countries, we have used the → Chile - CEN data, 23rd January 2020 EIA’s ‘International data browser’ to obtain → South Africa - ESKOM data, historical data. Accessed on 5th February 6th February 2020 2020. → Philippines - NGCP data, 16th January 2020 → Mexico - CRE data, 16th January 2020 → Taiwan - Taipower data (via Electricity- Map), 6th January 2020 → Australia -AEMO data, 10th February 2020 → Pakistan - NEPRA data, 22nd January 2020 → Russia - Minenergo data, 30th January 2020

64 2020 Global Electricity Review 65 Data Sources ChinaChina USAUSA China United States CEC Data EIA Data

Year Year DemandDemand Net Net Total Total Coal Coal Gas Gas OtherOther Fossil FossilNuclearNuclear HydroHydro WindWind SolarSolar BiomassBiomass and and OtherOther CO2 CO2 Year Year DemandDemand Net Net Total Total Coal Coal Gas Gas OtherOther Fossil FossilNuclearNuclear HydroHydro WindWind SolarSolar BiomassBiomass and and OtherOther CO2 CO2 importsimports GenerationGeneration WasteWaste RenewablesRenewables EmissionsEmissions importsimports GenerationGeneration WasteWaste RenewablesRenewables EmissionsEmissions

TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh Mt COMt2 CO2 TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh Mt COMt2 CO2

20002000 13101310 -9 -9 13191319 10341034 20 20 25 25 16 16 220 220 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 11041104 20002000 38363836 34 34 38023802 19661966 615 615 116 116 754 754 270 270 6 6 0 0 61 61 14 14 23992399

20012001 14551455 -9 -9 14641464 11201120 22 22 27 27 17 17 275 275 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 11861186 20012001 37593759 22 22 37373737 19041904 648 648 137 137 769 769 208 208 7 7 1 1 50 50 14 14 23652365 20022002 16261626 -8 -8 16341634 12651265 25 25 31 31 25 25 285 285 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 13281328 20022002 38793879 21 21 38583858 19331933 702 702 108 108 780 780 256 256 10 10 1 1 54 54 14 14 23722372 20032003 18511851 -7 -7 18591859 14681468 29 29 36 36 42 42 281 281 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 15291529 20032003 38903890 6 6 38833883 19741974 666 666 133 133 764 764 267 267 11 11 1 1 53 53 14 14 24112411 20042004 21552155 -6 -6 21612161 16851685 33 33 41 41 48 48 350 350 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 17411741 20042004 39823982 11 11 39713971 19781978 725 725 135 135 789 789 260 260 14 14 1 1 54 54 15 15 24422442 20052005 24152415 -6 -6 24212421 18901890 37 37 46 46 50 50 393 393 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 19371937 20052005 40804080 25 25 40554055 20132013 774 774 135 135 782 782 264 264 18 18 1 1 54 54 15 15 25012501

20062006 27742774 -7 -7 27812781 22072207 44 44 54 54 55 55 415 415 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 22442244 20062006 40834083 18 18 40654065 19911991 831 831 77 77 787 787 283 283 27 27 1 1 55 55 15 15 24342434 20072007 32173217 -10 -10 32273227 25712571 51 51 63 63 63 63 471 471 6 6 0 0 2 2 0 0 25942594 20072007 41884188 31 31 41574157 20162016 910 910 78 78 806 806 241 241 34 34 1 1 56 56 15 15 24972497 20082008 34193419 -13 -13 34313431 26512651 52 52 65 65 69 69 566 566 13 13 0 0 15 15 0 0 26542654 20082008 41524152 33 33 41194119 19861986 895 895 58 58 806 806 249 249 55 55 1 1 55 55 15 15 24382438 20092009 36703670 -11 -11 36823682 28672867 57 57 77 77 70 70 572 572 28 28 0 0 12 12 0 0 28462846 20092009 39843984 34 34 39503950 17561756 932 932 51 51 799 799 269 269 74 74 1 1 54 54 15 15 22192219 20102010 42144214 -14 -14 42284228 32613261 76 76 64 64 75 75 687 687 49 49 0 0 16 16 0 0 32003200 20102010 41514151 26 26 41254125 18471847 999 999 50 50 807 807 255 255 95 95 1 1 56 56 15 15 23402340 20112011 47184718 -13 -13 47314731 36963696 109 109 72 72 87 87 668 668 74 74 1 1 23 23 0 0 35823582 20112011 41374137 37 37 41004100 17331733 10251025 44 44 790 790 313 313 120 120 2 2 57 57 15 15 22362236

20122012 49764976 -11 -11 49864986 37133713 110 110 71 71 98 98 856 856 103 103 4 4 32 32 0 0 35603560 20122012 40954095 47 47 40484048 15141514 12381238 37 37 769 769 271 271 141 141 4 4 58 58 16 16 21002100 20132013 53615361 -11 -11 53725372 39813981 116 116 86 86 112 112 892 892 138 138 8 8 38 38 0 0 37823782 20132013 41244124 58 58 40664066 15811581 11381138 41 41 789 789 264 264 168 168 9 9 61 61 16 16 21172117 20142014 55935593 -11 -11 56055605 39513951 133 133 97 97 133 133 10601060 160 160 24 24 46 46 1 1 37503750 20142014 41584158 53 53 41054105 15821582 11391139 44 44 797 797 253 253 182 182 29 29 64 64 16 16 21142114 20152015 57285728 -12 -12 57405740 38983898 167 167 112 112 171 171 11131113 186 186 40 40 54 54 0 0 36873687 20152015 41584158 67 67 40924092 13521352 13471347 42 42 797 797 244 244 191 191 39 39 64 64 16 16 19781978 20162016 60106010 -13 -13 60236023 39463946 188 188 128 128 213 213 11751175 241 241 67 67 65 65 0 0 37143714 20162016 41624162 67 67 40954095 12391239 13911391 38 38 806 806 261 261 227 227 55 55 63 63 16 16 18841884 20172017 64376437 -12 -12 64496449 41784178 203 203 125 125 248 248 11931193 303 303 117 117 81 81 0 0 38923892 20172017 41154115 56 56 40584058 12061206 13091309 34 34 805 805 294 294 254 254 77 77 63 63 16 16 18041804

20182018 69846984 -12 -12 69966996 44834483 216 216 133 133 294 294 12331233 366 366 178 178 94 94 0 0 41554155 20182018 42484248 44 44 42044204 11461146 14821482 38 38 807 807 287 287 273 273 93 93 62 62 16 16 18261826 20192019 73137313 -12 -12 73257325 45604560 239 239 135 135 349 349 13021302 406 406 224 224 112 112 0 0 42204220 20192019 41914191 38 38 41534153 966 966 15951595 32 32 809 809 268 268 300 300 107 107 58 58 16 16 16851685

■ National data ■ EIA ■ Estimates ■ National data ■ Ember calculations

CentralColourColour Electricity Scheme Scheme Council (so (so far) (CEC) far) data Where possible, data from the EIA’s Gas generation has been estimated to Energy Information Administration Total generation is the sum of genera- has been used wherever possible, as ‘International Data Browser’ has been increase by 2.4 % in 2019. Biomass (EIA) national data has been used for tion from all fuel types, and Demand a timely source of ofcial national ge- used to complete historical generation and Waste generation for 2019 has all years. Solar includes ‘Utility scale’ the sum of total generation and net neration NationaldataNational for China.CEC CEC / CEABiomass / CEA and Disaggregationif CECDisaggregation data was unavailable. been estimated using the growth rate and ‘Small scale’ solar, and Other imports. CO2 emissions are calculated Waste includes Biomass power and published by the National Energy Ad- Fossil includes ‘Petroleum Liquids’, from generation data; the methodolo- waste incineration CEC data. Other ■ Disaggregation ministration (NEA). Data from 2017 ‘Petroleum Coke’, and ‘Other’ gene- gy for this is explained on page 72. fossils generationEIAEIA is equivalent to CEC EstimatesEstimates has been carried forward for both Net ration. total thermal generation minus Coal, If a disaggregated source of fossil Imports and Other Renewables. Gas and Biomass and Waste genera- generation data was unavailable, EmberEmber Calculations Calculations tion. This mapping implicitly includes thermal generation data from the ■ Ember calculations CEC ‘Waste heat, pressure, and gas’ National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) generation data within Other Fossil was disaggregated according to Coal, Total generation is the sum of genera- - it is possible that other statistical Gas and Other Fossil’s share of total tion from all fuel types, and Demand reviews categorize this as coal gene- UncolouredUncoloured body body cell cell (all (allcells cells need need athermal colour a colour generationso soconsider consider in this 2009 this white) white)CEC data. the sum of total generation and net ration. CEC coal generation data does imports. CO2 emissions are calculated not include generation for industry from generation data; the methodolo- self-use -Header BPHeader and cells IEA cells likely(all (allcells estimatecells need need a colour a colour so soconsider consider this this similar similar to white)to white) gy for this is explained on page 72. this, resulting in larger values.

66 2020 Global Electricity Review 67 Data Sources 1 1 IndiaIndia EUEU India European Union CEA Data Ember Data

Year Year DemandDemand Net Net Total Total Coal Coal Gas Gas OtherOther Fossil FossilNuclearNuclear HydroHydro WindWind SolarSolar BiomassBiomass and and OtherOther CO2 CO2 Year Year DemandDemand Net Net Total Total Coal Coal Gas Gas OtherOther Fossil FossilNuclearNuclear HydroHydro WindWind SolarSolar BiomassBiomass and and OtherOther CO2 CO2 importsimports GenerationGeneration WasteWaste RenewablesRenewables EmissionsEmissions importsimports GenerationGeneration WasteWaste RenewablesRenewables EmissionsEmissions

TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh Mt COMt2 CO2 TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh TWhTWh Mt COMt2 CO2

20002000 487 487 1 1 486 486 350 350 43 43 3 3 14 14 74 74 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 385 385 20002000 30333033 23 23 30103010 920 920 480 480 215 215 945 945 387 387 22 22 0 0 41 41 13541354 20012001 510 510 1 1 508 508 366 366 45 45 2 2 18 18 73 73 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 399 399 20012001 30943094 7 7 30873087 924 924 496 496 208 208 979 979 408 408 27 27 0 0 44 44 13571357 20022002 521 521 1 1 520 520 382 382 45 45 2 2 18 18 68 68 3 3 0 0 2 2 0 0 412 412 20022002 31293129 16 16 31133113 939 939 525 525 220 220 990 990 353 353 36 36 0 0 50 50 13931393

20032003 552 552 2 2 551 551 396 396 50 50 3 3 16 16 80 80 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 425 425 20032003 32053205 0 0 32053205 987 987 570 570 208 208 996 996 342 342 44 44 0 0 58 58 14471447 20042004 588 588 2 2 587 587 415 415 58 58 2 2 15 15 90 90 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 444 444 20042004 32713271 -4 -4 32753275 967 967 619 619 189 189 10081008 363 363 59 59 1 1 70 70 14271427 20052005 617 617 2 2 615 615 429 429 61 61 2 2 18 18 97 97 7 7 0 0 2 2 0 0 455 455 20052005 33123312 16 16 32973297 944 944 669 669 185 185 998 998 348 348 70 70 1 1 81 81 14181418 20062006 663 663 3 3 660 660 456 456 61 61 2 2 18 18 112 112 9 9 0 0 2 2 0 0 478 478 20062006 33483348 8 8 33403340 965 965 684 684 173 173 990 990 351 351 82 82 3 3 92 92 14321432 20072007 699 699 5 5 694 694 469 469 67 67 3 3 18 18 122 122 12 12 0 0 2 2 0 0 491 491 20072007 33683368 16 16 33523352 965 965 740 740 154 154 935 935 348 348 104 104 4 4 101 101 14341434 20082008 731 731 6 6 725 725 494 494 73 73 5 5 15 15 115 115 14 14 0 0 10 10 0 0 515 515 20082008 33813381 23 23 33583358 881 881 791 791 145 145 937 937 364 364 120 120 7 7 112 112 13611361

20092009 786 786 5 5 781 781 534 534 90 90 4 4 17 17 106 106 18 18 0 0 12 12 0 0 556 556 20092009 32153215 20 20 31953195 807 807 733 733 125 125 894 894 367 367 133 133 14 14 122 122 12391239 20102010 830 830 6 6 824 824 550 550 102 102 3 3 23 23 111 111 20 20 0 0 15 15 0 0 571 571 20102010 33443344 8 8 33363336 809 809 765 765 125 125 917 917 408 408 149 149 23 23 140 140 12521252 20112011 909 909 5 5 904 904 598 598 97 97 2 2 32 32 132 132 25 25 1 1 18 18 0 0 606 606 20112011 32873287 7 7 32793279 834 834 705 705 115 115 907 907 341 341 180 180 48 48 150 150 12351235 20122012 960 960 5 5 955 955 676 676 75 75 2 2 33 33 116 116 30 30 2 2 21 21 0 0 662 662 20122012 32943294 19 19 32763276 886 886 585 585 111 111 882 882 368 368 206 206 72 72 166 166 12221222 20132013 10091009 4 4 10051005 731 731 46 46 2 2 33 33 132 132 33 33 4 4 23 23 0 0 692 692 20132013 32653265 13 13 32523252 859 859 511 511 102 102 877 877 404 404 237 237 86 86 175 175 11551155 20142014 11041104 1 1 11031103 824 824 43 43 2 2 35 35 130 130 37 37 6 6 26 26 0 0 772 772 20142014 31883188 15 15 31723172 793 793 458 458 99 99 876 876 407 407 253 253 98 98 186 186 10641064

20152015 11401140 0 0 11401140 872 872 41 41 0 0 38 38 132 132 33 33 7 7 17 17 0 0 804 804 20152015 32303230 14 14 32163216 781 781 498 498 99 99 857 857 372 372 302 302 108 108 198 198 10651065 20162016 12231223 -1 -1 12241224 936 936 50 50 0 0 38 38 129 129 43 43 12 12 16 16 0 0 857 857 20162016 32553255 18 18 32373237 690 690 612 612 99 99 840 840 381 381 303 303 111 111 202 202 10231023 20172017 12841284 -2 -2 12861286 973 973 50 50 0 0 38 38 136 136 53 53 22 22 13 13 0 0 882 882 20172017 32813281 10 10 32713271 662 662 664 664 96 96 830 830 331 331 362 362 119 119 207 207 10231023 20182018 13661366 -2 -2 13681368 10251025 50 50 0 0 38 38 141 141 60 60 36 36 16 16 0 0 924 924 20182018 32833283 27 27 32553255 614 614 627 627 94 94 827 827 375 375 377 377 127 127 213 213 947 947 20192019 13771377 -2 -2 13781378 999 999 48 48 0 0 45 45 162 162 63 63 46 46 15 15 0 0 897 897 20192019 32273227 16 16 32113211 465 465 700 700 89 89 821 821 354 354 432 432 137 137 215 215 823 823

■ National data ■ Disaggregation ■ Ember calculations ■ National data ■ Ember calculations

CentralColourColour Electricity Scheme Scheme Authority (so (so far) (CEA)far) BP Statistical Review data* was used Total generation is the sum of genera- Each year Ember publishes data on Total generation is the sum of genera- data has been used wherever possible. as a source of disaggregated fossil tion from all fuel types, and Demand European power sector generation, tion from all fuel types, and Demand CEA data does not include generation generation data, scaled to ft CEA data the sum of total generation and net which has been used in this report. the sum of total generation and net from auto-producers,NationalNational CEC CEC leading / CEA / CEA to dife- byDisaggregation theDisaggregation ratio between CEA and BP data This dataset is predominantly made imports. CO2 emissions are calculated imports. CO2 emissions are calculated rences with other sources, particularly for each fossil fuel type in 2005. from generation data; the methodolo- using Eurostat data from 2000 to from generation data; the methodolo- for fossil generation. gy for this is explained on page 72. 2017. 2018 and 2019 data has been gy for this is explained on page 72. EIAEIA ■Estimates EstimatesEstimates calculated by obtaining annual ■ EIA changes in generation from ENTSO- Net imports values for 2018 and 2019 E’s transparency platform as well as EmberEmber Calculations Calculations Where possible, data from the EIA’s were carried forward from 2017 due national sources. ‘International Data Browser’ has been to a lack of available data. used to complete historical generation if CEA data was unavailable. UncolouredUncoloured body body cell cell (all (allcells cells need need a colour a colour so soconsider consider this this white) white)

HeaderHeader cells cells (all (allcells cells need need a colour a colour so soconsider consider this this similar similar to white)to white)

*Data from BP statistical review 2018, accessed on 22/10/2019.

68 2020 Global Electricity Review 69 Data Sources 1 1 Rest of World 2019 values Rest of World Rest of World RestEIA of World international data 2018–20192019 values data

Year Demand Net Total Coal Gas Other Fossil Nuclear Hydro Wind Solar Biomass and Other CO2 Country Demand Net Total Coal Gas Other Fossil Nuclear Hydro Wind Solar Biomass and Other imports Generation Waste Renewables Emissions imports Generation Waste Renewables

TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt CO2 TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh 2018–2019 changes in the table below 2000 6106 -53 6159 1331 1534 742 768 1679 1 0 50 53 2721 Brazil 12 0 12 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 2001 6204 -26 6229 1390 1631 707 784 1607 2 1 55 53 2771 Canada -3 0 -3 1 1 0 1 -7 0 1 0 -0 Year Demand Net Total Coal Gas Other Fossil Nuclear Hydro Wind Solar Biomass and Other CO2 Country Demand Net Total Coal Gas Other Fossil Nuclear Hydro Wind Solar Biomass and Other 2002 6405 imports -23Generation6428 1431 1738 711 781 1652 3 1 Waste 59 Renewables 53 Emissions 2838 Japan -14 imports 0 Generation -14 -11 -23 -7 26 -9 8 0 Waste 0 Renewables 1

2003 TWh 6588 TWh -1 TWh 6589 TWh 1494 TWh 1852 TWh 710 TWh 750 TWh 1659 TWh 4 TWh 1 TWh 63 TWh 55 Mt CO2 2930 South Korea TWh -13 TWh 0 TWh -13 TWh -12 TWh -8 TWh -7 TWh 12 TWh 2 TWh 4 TWh 0 TWh -2 TWh -1 1517 1973 712 808 1735 5 1 65 56 2004 6871 -1 6872 2978 Turkey 2 1 2 -0 -34 2 29 3 2 0 1 2000 6106 -53 6159 1331 1534 742 768 1679 1 0 50 53 2721 Brazil 12 0 12 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 2005 7089 -35 7124 1586 2031 731 830 1807 7 2 74 57 3068 Taiwan -3 0 -3 -4 -2 -4 4 1 1 0 0 2001 6204 -26 6229 1390 1631 707 784 1607 2 1 55 53 2771 Canada -3 0 -3 1 1 0 1 -7 0 1 0 -0 2006 7384 -19 7403 1654 2163 725 865 1847 10 2 77 59 3168 Vietnam 18 0 18 25 3 2 -15 3 0 2002 6405 -23 6428 1431 1738 711 781 1652 3 1 59 53 2838 Japan -14 0 -14 -11 -23 -7 26 -9 8 0 0 1 2007 7671 -37 7708 1745 2321 767 838 1876 14 2 83 62 3340 Philippines 5 0 5 5 1 1 -2 0 -0 0 -1 2003 6588 -1 6589 1494 1852 710 750 1659 4 1 63 55 2930 South Korea -13 0 -13 -12 -8 -7 12 2 4 0 -2 -1 2008 7757 -47 7804 1760 2407 766 822 1888 17 3 79 62 3371 Argentina -9 -0 -9 -0 -7 -1 1 -5 0 2 1 2004 6871 -1 6872 1517 1973 712 808 1735 5 1 65 56 2978 2 1 2 -0 -34 2 29 3 2 0 1 2009 7731 -42 7773 1716 2422 729 833 1897 24 4 82 66 3279 Turkey Pakistan 1 0 1 16 0 -14 -1 0 0 0 0 0 2005 7089 -35 7124 1586 2031 731 830 1807 7 2 74 57 3068 Taiwan -3 0 -3 -4 -2 -4 4 1 1 0 0 2010 8201 -23 8224 1793 2708 710 860 1948 33 6 99 68 3444 Chile 0 0 0 -1 2 -0 -2 1 1 -1 0 2006 7384 -19 7403 1654 2163 725 865 1847 10 2 77 59 3168 Vietnam 18 0 18 25 3 2 -15 3 0 2011 8425 -29 8454 1825 2773 853 754 2028 40 9 103 68 3591 South Africa -2 0 -2 -9 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2007 7671 -37 7708 1745 2321 767 838 1876 14 2 83 62 3340 Philippines 5 0 5 5 1 1 -2 0 -0 0 -1 2012 8572 -52 8623 1872 2943 899 615 2052 50 14 110 69 3708 Mexico 9 -0 9 -3 17 -3 -4 -5 4 3 0 -0 2008 7757 -47 7804 1760 2407 766 822 1888 17 3 79 62 3371 Argentina -9 -0 -9 -0 -7 -1 1 -5 0 2 1 2013 8784 -52 8836 1917 3060 875 604 2087 66 25 130 71 3753 Australia -7 0 -7 -7 2 0 0 -3 0 -0 -0 0 2009 7731 -42 7773 1716 2422 729 833 1897 24 4 82 66 3279 Pakistan 1 0 1 16 0 -14 -1 0 0 0 0 0 2014 8923 -49 8972 1912 3242 820 622 2031 88 41 142 75 3761 Russia 5 -0 5 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2010 8201 -23 8224 1793 2708 710 860 1948 33 6 99 68 3444 2015 9086 -53 9139 1940 3293 838 632 2031 116 61 150 76 3795 Chile 0 0 0 -1 2 -0 -2 1 1 -1 0 2011 8425 -29 8454 1825 2773 853 754 2028 40 9 103 68 3591 2016 9285 -67 9352 2042 3325 774 632 2105 143 84 169 78 3828 South Africa -2 0 -2 -9 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2012 8572 -52 8623 1872 2943 899 615 2052 50 14 110 69 3708 2017 9416 -47 9463 2047 3423 721 623 2129 161 107 172 81 3806 Mexico 9 -0 9 -3 17 -3 -4 -5 4 3 0 -0 2013 8784 -52 8836 1917 3060 875 604 2087 66 25 130 71 3753 2018 9575 -44 9620 2073 3461 687 648 2171 183 139 174 83 3807 Australia -7 0 -7 -7 2 0 0 -3 0 -0 -0 0 2014 8923 -49 8972 1912 3242 820 622 2031 88 41 142 75 3761 2019 9706 -48 9754 2093 3491 641 692 2185 204 185 178 86 3789 Russia 5 -0 5 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2015 9086 -53 9139 1940 3293 838 632 2031 116 61 150 76 3795 2016 9285 -67 9352 2042 3325 774 632 2105 143 84 169 78 3828 2017 9416 -47 9463 2047 3423 721 623 2129 161 107 172 81 3806 2018■ EIA 9575 -44 9620 2073 ■3461 Disaggregation687 648 2171 183 139 174 83 3807 ■ Ember calculations 2018 2019 2019 9706 -48 9754 2093 3491 641 692 2185 204 185 178 86 3789 EnergyColour Information Scheme Administration (so far) EIA international fossil fuel genera- Total generation is the sum of genera- → For countries with signifcant → National data was used where (EIA) ‘International Data Browser’ tion data is not split by fuel type. In tion from all fuel types, and Demand wind and solar capacity added available to calculate annual % data has been used where possib- order to disaggregate this data, it was the sum of total generation and net in 2018, wind and solar gene- increase by fuel. This % increase le. The EIANational provides CEC data / CEA for 193 Disaggregationnecessary to estimate the respective imports. CO emissions are calculated 2 ration data was estimated by was applied to 2018 EIA data Colourcountries Scheme excluding (so the far) US, China, ratios of coal, gas and other fossil from generation data; the methodolo- multiplying the 2018 net wind/ to give 2019 forecast values. India, and EU member states. These generation. These ratios were taken gy for this is explained on page 72. countriesEIA make up the ‘Rest of World’ Estimatesfrom BP’s ‘Statistical Review of World solar capacity by a feet capacity This method was applied to 15 category,National and CECtheir /generation CEA and CO DisaggregationEnergy’* where available (21 count- factor for each country. countries, accounting for 61% of 2 ■ Estimates data is aggregated in the table above. ries), and estimated using the ratio → For all other missing data, it was rest of world generation. Other renewables includes ‘Tide and Emberof installed Calculations capacities for each fuel assumed that any generation Where national data was un- The EIA publishes complete data to → wave’EIA and ‘Geothermal’ generation. Estimatestype from the WRI global power plant 2017. For 2018, data is incomplete for change was negligible, and so available, the 3-year average database** for all other countries. some countries, notably renewables 2017 data was copied forward. EIA generation increase was generation data in smaller countries. applied to 2018 values. This Ember Calculations Uncoloured body cell (all cells need a colour so consider this white) The following methods were used to method was applied to 177 obtain a complete dataset for 2018 countries, accounting for 15% of Header cells (all cells need a colour so consider this similar to white) and 2019: global generation. → For countries with signifcant Uncoloured body cell (all cells need a colour so consider this white) wind and solar capacity added in 2019, wind and solar gene- Header cells (all cells need a colour so consider this similar to white) ration data was estimated by multiplying the 2019 net wind/ * Data from BP statistical review 2018, solar capacity by a feet capacity accessed on 22/10/2019. factor for each country. ** Data from WRI global power plant database accessed on 9/1/2020.

70 2020 Global Electricity Review 71 Data Sources 1

1 CO2 methodology Additional data

China India Rest of World Wind and solar Coal Coal load

The CEC state the efciency of the The CEA does not publish any data The carbon intensity of the Chinese capacity capacity factors Chinese coal feet annually back to on carbon intensity or power sector coal feet has been assumed in order 2006. This is converted into a car- emissions. The carbon intensity of the to calculate emissions from coal gene- bon intensity (assuming 1 tonne of China coal feet has been assumed for ration. For gas generation, the ave- IRENA Global Energy Monitor China coal produces 2.86 tonnes of CO2), India’s coal and other fossil genera- rage carbon intensity of the US and and multiplied by generation data to tion, and has been used to calculate EU gas feet has been assumed. Other Wind and Solar capacity data has Coal capacity data has been taken CEC utilization hours for thermal po- been taken from IRENA for the years from Global Energy Monitor’s ‘Global wer plants were used to estimate the obtain CO2 emissions from coal. From CO2 emissions for each fuel type. In fossil generation is predominantly 2010-2018 for all countries. Coal Plant Tracker’ update of Jan-20. load factor for coal plants in China. 2000 to 2006, a 0.8% increase in ef- order to calculate CO2 emissions from from oil, so a typical carbon intensity It provides data on net capacity as ciency has been assumed, in line with gas generation, the average of the US of 800gCO2/MWh has been assumed. the improvements of the last decade. and EU carbon intensity for gas gene- Ember well as annual additions and retire- United States Other fossil generation is assumed to ration in each year has been assumed. ments. be largely based around coal genera- For 2019, Ember has built up 2019 EIA annual coal load factors were tion, as this is how other statistical European Union Wind and Solar capacity by using a taken from the EIA’s Electric Power agencies decide to classify it, so the combination of national data and me- Monthly reports. same carbon intensity was assumed as dia reports. Capacity estimates were From 2010 to 2018 CO2 emissions for coal. There is no data on Chinese are taken from the EU Emissions compiled using CEC data for China, India gas plant efciencies, so the average Trading Log for Coal, Gas, and Other CEA data for India, EIA data for of the US and EU carbon intensity of United States, WindEurope and Solar Coal plant load factors were taken Fossil generation. Prior to 2010, CO2 Gas generation has been assumed. emissions are calculated using the Power Europe for European Union from the CEA’s monthly generation carbon intensity from 2010, assuming and various media reports for Rest of reports. United States a slight improvement each year in World countries. line with improvement over the last European Union

The EIA publish CO2 emissions by decade. For 2019, the carbon intensity fuel type for the ‘Electric utility’ for 2018 is assumed for each fuel type Coal load factors were calculated sector. It has been assumed that these and multiplied by generation data to using the ratio of annual coal-fred carbon intensities can be applied to obtain an estimate for CO2 emissions. generation to annual coal capacity. Coal, Gas, and Other Fossil generation from ‘All sectors’, in order to obtain Rest of World

CO2 emissions from ‘All sectors’. Coal load factors were calculated using the ratio of annual coal-fred generation to annual coal capacity.

72 2020 Global Electricity Review 73 Data Sources Contributors to this report

Other contributors:

This project received substantial input from Data team the other members of Ember: Charles Moo- re, Phil McDonald and Chris Rosslowe. Also, Euan Graham thanks to Andrew Smith (Zap Carbon) for his contribution, and to Ember Board members Lead author Peter Tunbridge Bryony Worthington and Harry Benham for Dave Jones Andrei Ilas their comments.

Dave has been an electricity analyst since From October to February, Euan, Peter and Acknowledgements: 2000. He worked for 13 years at the utility Andrei have been working at Ember full time E.ON on European markets, and for the last on this report. We would like to thank China Energy Portal 6 years at Ember, specialising in coal power. for providing detailed translations of CEC He has been the lead author for all previous Euan holds a Masters in Physics from the reports. Also thanks to the EIA who, on 4th six editions of Ember’s “Europe’s Power Sec- University of Oxford, specialising in climate February launched a new platform containing tor Review”. policy modelling. He has previously worked international energy data, which helped with as an environmental consultant, assisting our data. with research for Wind and Solar develop- ment reports. Joseph Zacune Yan Qin, Refinitiv Peter holds a Masters in Chemistry from the Ted Nace, Global Energy Monitor Tim Buckley, IEEFA University of Southampton, specialising in Christine Shearer, Global Energy Monitor Jarrad Wright, CSIR electrochemical sensor research. Peter is now Matt Phillips, European Climate Foundation Kai Zhang Sandbag’s Graduate Analyst. Lauri Myllyvirta, CREA Meri Pukarinen, Europe Beyond Coal Gregor Mcdonald Mathis Rogner, Agora Energiewende Andrei has worked, in the last 6 years, on Robbie Andrew, CICERO renewable energy costs and energy statistics with major international organizations, the We would also like to thank Designers for Climate for all the design and layout work that private sector and climate nonprofts. went into this report.

74 2020 Global Electricity Review 75 Introduction 76 2020 Global Electricity Review