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Grassroots Social Resistance Movements

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Grassroots Social Resistance Movements Grassroots Social Resistance Movements: The Influence of Conflict Narratives in Relation to Mining Policy Development in Australia and the United Kingdom Catriona Bridie Meyer-McLean BEnv Policy Mgt (Hons) Department of Geography, Environment and Population School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts University of Adelaide Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2020 Community survey sign indicating that 100% of people in Corndale agree that there should be no CSG development in their area in the Northern Rivers region, NSW, Australia. Image: Author’s own Declaration I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. I give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, the Library Search and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time. I acknowledge the support I have received for my research through the provision of an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. ii Acknowledgements I would first of all like to thank my supervisors Associate Professor Melissa Nursey-Bray and Dr Thomas Wanner. It is with your support and knowledge that my thesis was able to shine as it was destined to. You were always encouraging and supportive. You waded through and saw the light through my often opaque drafts. You both also had the flexibility needed for this thesis to be what it needed to be. I would specifically like to thank Melissa Nursey-Bray who persevered with me to provide the clarity that I so very much needed to make it through. I very much appreciate your teaching, mentorship, and friendship. I am deeply grateful to all of the participants who took part in this project. You gave such wonderful and valuable insights into your experiences and understandings of unconventional gas development. It was generous of you, and I felt honoured to receive those insights. Thank you to Dr Matthew Cotton for supporting my field work in the UK. Thank you for helping me get access to the University of York and advice for my thesis. A special thank you to Dr Carolyn Boyd. You were there just when I needed you. Your wonderful editing and substantial insights helped my writing to flow and polished my overall thesis. It was also a joy to share this with you who has known me my whole life. Thank you, Mum, the Rev Dr Lesley McLean. You gave me the inspiration to go further with my study and the background in critical thinking and in concepts of ethics, humanity, power, and equality. You were also there to give me the words of wisdom, love, a hug, and the vital cup of tea at those critical times. Thank you! Thank you to my fellow HDRs. It’s wonderful to share the journey, and it was a privilege to share it with such a great, passionate, and intelligent bunch of people. It’s a unique time, and I really appreciated the opportunity to be exposed to such an array of cultures, stories and study areas. To all my friends, thank you. It was wonderful to have the balance of laughs, food, wine, walks, copious cups of tea, long phone chats and friendship. Even though I was sometimes unable to pull two words together – you stuck with me. When I cried – you cared. When I was rambling about my theories – you listened, and you discussed. When I didn’t know how to move forward – you gave the best advice. You are all amazing! Thank you, my beautiful boys, Toby, and Paddy. I am so very proud to be your mum and see you growing into such fabulous men. Thanks for your support, helping when I needed, your hugs, and the impressive lively and dynamic discussions at the dinner table. To my most wonderful and beautiful husband, Chris. I am so very lucky to have such a supportive partner. I know I argue your belief in me is crazy/misguided, but I also know that I couldn’t have done this without it. It is impossible to describe the support that you gave me, but it extends from the dinners you cooked and the dishes you washed, to the hugs when I needed them, the unexpected cup of tea, the glass of bubbly as we looked at the garden and chatted about the day, the constant positivity and affirmation, the final edit, and so very much more. Thank you! iii Abstract The development of unconventional gas is widely disputed and has generated a global anti- fracking movement protest. Using a qualitative approach, this study seeks to explore if and how the anti-fracking movements in Australia and the UK influence the mining policies and politics around fracking. Using thematic and narrative analysis, I argue that the anti-fracking movement is a social movement that has three characteristics: (i) key pro- and anti- narratives, (ii) use of the discretionary principle and (iii) deployment of a range of protest mechanisms to drive and shape conflict about unconventional gas, which in turn affects policy. Pro- and anti-fracking narratives across Australia and the UK have impelled a range of circumstances. The anti- fracking narratives have spurred social conflict and organised protest. Pro-fracking narratives have motivated governments to exercise their discretionary power to favour industry by establishing governance regimes that facilitate industry projects, inhibit community engagement, and criminalise protest. A social movement has grown in response to these inherent tensions. The anti-fracking movement is galvanised by community identity, values, and perception, thus building opposition to fracking through numerous forms of protest. The resolutions for this conflict lie in their reconciliation between community and government. The analysis concludes that governance regimes that afford greater public participation, consideration of community concerns in decision-making and knowledge production will work towards resolving the social problems of the industry and thus the tensions at the heart of the anti-fracking movement. iv Table of Contents 1.1 The Anti-fracking Movement and its Problems with Unconventional Gas Development.................................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Research Scope and Rationale ................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Research Aim and Research Questions.................................................. 3 1.2.2 Justification and Significance of the Study............................................. 3 1.3 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................. 4 1.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Conflicts over Natural Resource Development and Energy .......................... 7 2.2.1 Conflict Theory ....................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Defining Natural Resources Conflicts ................................................... 12 2.3 Social Responsibility in Mining..................................................................... 16 2.4 Neoliberal Narratives on Mining .................................................................. 20 2.5 Convergences in Mining and Environmental Governance .......................... 25 2.6 The Unconventional Gas Development Debate .......................................... 28 2.6.1 Unconventional Gas Development ...................................................... 28 2.6.2 Unconventional Gas and Fracking ........................................................ 28 2.6.3 Framing Unconventional Gas Development and the Use of the Term Fracking ................................................................................................ 31 2.6.4 Governance and Implications of the Impacts and Risks ...................... 33 2.6.5 Community Perceptions and the Narratives about Fracking ............... 39 2.7 The Anti-Fracking Movement – A Social Movement ................................... 42 2.7.1 Social Movement Theory ..................................................................... 42 2.7.2 The Global Anti-Fracking Movement ................................................... 48 2.7.3 Defining the Anti-Fracking Movement as a Social Movement ............ 49 2.8 Agency .......................................................................................................... 53 2.9 A Mechanism of Protest .............................................................................. 54 2.10 Knowledge Production ................................................................................. 60 i 2.11 The Influence of the Anti-Fracking Movement on Policy Development: A Gap in the Literature .................................................................................... 62 2.12 Conclusion ...................................................................................................
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