Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Im Dritten Reich
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Albert Einstein
THE COLLECTED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 15 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS & CORRESPONDENCE JUNE 1925–MAY 1927 Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, and Jennifer Nollar James EDITORS Anthony Duncan, Marco Giovanelli, Michel Janssen, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Issachar Unna ASSOCIATE & CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Emily de Araújo, Rudy Hirschmann, Nurit Lifshitz, and Barbara Wolff ASSISTANT EDITORS Princeton University Press 2018 Copyright © 2018 by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA (Revised for volume 15) Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. The collected papers of Albert Einstein. German, English, and French. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The early years, 1879–1902 / John Stachel, editor — v. 2. The Swiss years, writings, 1900–1909 — — v. 15. The Berlin years, writings and correspondence, June 1925–May 1927 / Diana Kormos Buchwald... [et al.], editors. QC16.E5A2 1987 530 86-43132 ISBN 0-691-08407-6 (v.1) ISBN 978-0-691-17881-3 (v. 15) This book has been composed in Times. The publisher would like to acknowledge the editors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 15 The present volume covers a thrilling two-year period in twentieth-century physics, for during this time matrix mechanics—developed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan—and wave mechanics, developed by Erwin Schrödinger, supplanted the earlier quantum theory. -
Rackwise Book List
RACKWISE BOOK LIST S.No Acc no Book Title Author Name R.No Sub 1 10630 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL FIBRE COMM.. M. SATISH KUMAR A1 A 2 10631 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL FIBRE COMM.. M. SATISH KUMAR A1 A 3 10632 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 4 10633 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 5 10634 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 6 10635 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 7 10636 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 8 10637 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 9 10638 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 10 10639 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 11 10640 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 12 10641 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 13 10642 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN A1 A 14 10643 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN A1 A 15 10644 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 16 10645 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 17 10646 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 18 10647 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 19 10648 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 20 10649 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 21 10650 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 22 10651 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 23 10652 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 24 10653 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES S.M. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
Regimmotstånd? – ”Deutche Physik” Affären
KOSMOS 2011: 79–105, Svenska fysikersamfundet Regimmotstånd? Deutsche Physik- affären1 Stephan Schwarz Sammanfattning I redogörelser för den vetenskaplig-tekniska forskningens vill- kor i Tredje riket har Deutsche Physik-affären länge framhål- lits som paradexempel på forskarsamhällets opposition mot nationalsocialistisk ideologi. Det var fysikpristagarna Philipp Lenard och Johannes Stark som redan under Weimarrepubli- ken förkunnade en rasistisk ”kunskapsteori” som skilde mellan pragmatisk (experimentell, kreativ, arisk) och dogmatisk (spe- kulativ, destruktiv, judisk) fysik, den senare karakteriserad av en ”artfrämmande” mentalitet. I NS-staten drev framför allt Stark en kampanj i politiskt orienterade media, där han angrep den moderna teoretiska fysiken och dess mest framträdande person- ligheter, som Planck och Heisenberg. Deutsche Physik-rörelsen, som utnyttjade intressemotsättningar i makteliten för att till- skansa sig forskningspolitisk dominans, fick bara begränsat inflytande, och ebbade ut redan före kriget. Det var inte fråga om ideologiskt motstånd mot regimen – båda lägren använde NS-retorik, inte minst antisemitisk fraseologi för att bevisa sin politiska tillförlitlighet. Det ifrågasätts om Heisenbergs roll, framför allt i Schwarze Korps-incidenten, inte har framställts som överdrivet dramatisk och betydelsefull. I efterkrigstiden blev DP-affären en välkommen resurs för självpromoverande narrativ om motstånd mot ”partifysik” eller mer allmänt regim- motstånd. Bakgrund Det vi i dag betraktar som mänsklig I efterkrigstidens skildringar av F&U-samhällets hållningar till kultur, det vi ser av konst, vetenskap NS-staten framhålls ofta två episoder som exempel på ideolo- och teknik, är uteslutande Arierns 3 förtjänst. Just detta faktum leder giskt motstånd: Haber-minnesseminariet och Deutsche Physik- till den inte illa underbyggda slut- affären. Numera råder enighet bland vetenskapshistoriker att satsen, att Han ensam har byggt ingetdera av fallen handlade om ideologiskt motstånd. -
Wiederaufbau Ohne Wiederkehr
MÜNCHNER ZENTRUM FÜR WISSENSCHAFTS- UND TECHNIKGESCHICHTE MUNICH CENTER FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARBEITSPAPIER Working Paper Arne Schirrmacher Wiederaufbau ohne Wiederkehr Die Physik in Deutschland in den Jahren nach 1945 und die historiographische Problematik des Remigrationskonzepts DEUTSCHES LUDWIG- TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MUSEUM MAXIMILIANS- HOMEPAGE UNIVERSITÄT DER BUNDESWEHR MÜNCHEN UNIVERSITÄT WWW.MZWTG.MWN.DE MÜNCHEN MÜNCHEN Schirrmacher: Wiederaufbau ohne Wiederkehr Seite 1 Arne Schirrmacher Wiederaufbau ohne Wiederkehr Die Physik in Deutschland in den Jahren nach 1945 und die historiographische Problematik des Remigrationskonzepts* Hätten Sie den Mut nach Deutschland zurückzukommen, wenn Heisenberg definitiv nicht zu haben ist?1 Nach den umfangreichen Forschungen zur Wissenschaftsemigration ist seit etwa zehn Jahren auch die Remigration von Intellektuellen und Forschern nach 1945 stärker in den Blick der historischen Forschung geraten.2 Den Akzent, den ich in dieser Diskussion mit meinem Beitrag setzen möchte, wird aus der Gegenüberstellung meines Titels mit dem eines 1997 von Klaus-Dieter Krohn und Patrik von zur Mühlen herausgegebenen Sammelband deutlich: Krohn und von zur Mühlen sprachen von "Rückkehr und Aufbau nach 1945" und schrieben im Rückentext des Bandes: "Und zurückgekehrte Gelehrte sorgten dafür, dass Deutschland wieder intellektuellen Anschluss an die internationale Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft fand." Ihr Untertitel machte freilich deutlich, dass "Deutsche Remigranten im öffentlichen Leben" im Zentrum des Interesses standen, somit der Blick von außen auf die Wissenschaft gewählt wur- de.3 So richtig diese Bewertung für einige Musterbeispiele von Rückkehrern ist, die mit neuen wissenschaftlichen Ideen oder kulturellen Erfahrungen im Gepäck kamen, wie etwa Max Horkheimer und Theodor Adorno, Bert Brecht oder Günther Anders, so begrenzt ist doch ihre * Vortrag gehalten auf der Tagung "Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte im 20. -
Att Gilla Läget Stephan Schwarz Rollspel, Anpassning Och Rationalisering Bland Fysiker I Tredje Riket, Med Utblick Mot Det Omgivande F&U Systemet
KOSMOS 2013: 117-179 Svenska fysikersamfundet Att gilla läget Stephan Schwarz Rollspel, anpassning och rationalisering bland fysiker i Tredje Riket, med utblick mot det omgivande F&U systemet Del 2: ”...såsom i en spegel” – den tidiga efterkrigstiden 1. Sammanfattning Det nationalsocialistiska maktövertagandet (30 januari 1933) möttes i vida kretsar med entusiasm, även inom forskarsamhäl- let. Tydliga varnings-signaler bortförklarades i början med tal om stabilisering i en övergångsfas och om patriotisk plikt att delta i återupprättandet av fosterlandets roll. Mycket snart stod det klart att, för att klara sig i NS-staten måste man till varje pris undvika att betraktas som ”politiskt otillförlitlig”. Oberoende av hur man mentalt ställde sig till NS-ideologi och -politik var man tvungen att uppträda så att man kunde betraktas som lojal mot systemet (politiskt tillförlitlig), dvs att åtminstone spela rollen som ”virtuell nationalsocialist” (VNS). Med en arsenal av meta- forer och historicistiska och moralfilosofiska argument försökte man övertyga inte minst sig själv om att ha träffat moraliskt rik- tiga val under givna omständigheter (se Sc13). I denna andra del diskuteras den tidiga efterkrigstidens behov av ansvarsfrihet för verksamhet i NS-staten. Som stöd i de av ockupationsmak- terna krävda denazifieringsförfarandena utbildades ett idiom för formulering av renhetsförklaringar (s.k. Persilscheine) som omfattade dekontextualisering, målriktad selektion och presen- tation av fakta, medvetet oklara begrepp och vilseledande eller ogiltiga argument och slutsatser. Anmärkningsvärt många av dessa uttalanden för ”vitvaskning” går bortom gränserna för det i forsknings-sammanhang kategoriska kravet på intellektu- ell hederlighet. En analys av försvarsargumenten med hjälp av teorin för Cognitive Dissonance Reduction (CDR) och retoriska ”informal fallacies” (här kallade ”övertalningsfällor”) ger en fördjupad förståelse av den bakomliggande mentaliteten. -
Die Ausgrenzung Und Vertreibung Von Physikern Im Nationalsozialismus - Welche Rolle Spielte Die DPG?
1 Die Ausgrenzung und Vertreibung von Physikern im Nationalsozialismus - welche Rolle spielte die DPG? In: D. Hoffmann; M. Walker (Hrsg.): Physiker zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung. Berlin: Wiley, 2006, S. 91-138. Einleitung Die „Machtergreifung“ der Nationalsozialisten führte bereits im Frühjahr 1933 zu einer schwerwiegenden Zäsur im deutschen Kultur- und Geistesleben. Das Instrumentarium dafür verschaffte sich die neue Regierung mit jener Gesetzgebung, die euphemistisch angeblich „das Berufsbeamtentum wiederherstellen“ wollte, aber als wichtigste Bestimmung die sogenannten Nichtarier aus dem öffentlichen Dienst entfernte. An den deutschen Universitäten kam es daraufhin zu einer großen Zahl von Beurlaubungen und Entlassungen. Das trieb viele von den Betroffenen, insbesondere die Jüngeren unter ihnen, denen damit die Existenzgrundlage entzogen worden war, recht bald in die Emigration. Es war 1933 noch nicht zwingend abzusehen, dass es sich nicht nur um eine vorübergehende Maßnahme, sondern erst um den Beginn einer Abfolge von diskriminierenden Gesetzen und Verordnungen handelte. Sie schufen die Grundlage dafür, politische Gegner und „Nichtarier“ bzw. später in etwas engerem Sinn als Juden definierte Bürger aus dem öffentlichen Leben Deutschlands völlig auszuschließen. Die Physik gehörte zu den davon überdurchschnittlich stark betroffenen Disziplinen.1 Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die Berufsorganisation der Physiker, die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG), willens und in der Lage war, eventuelle Handlungsspielräume zu nutzen, um auch die Interessen der auf diese Weise ausgegrenzten Kollegen zu vertreten. Anmerkungen 1 Siehe z. B. S.L.Wolff, Vertreibung und Emigration in der Physik, Physik in unserer Zeit 24 (1993), S. 267-273. 2 Die Reaktionen der DPG auf die Entlassungen durch die nationalsozialistische Gesetzgebung Für die DPG gab es zwei zentrale Aufgabenbereiche. -
Appendix a I
Appendix A I Appendix A Professional Institutions and Associations AVA: Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (see under --+ KWIS) DFG: Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (previously --+ NG) German Scientific Research Association. Full title: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Forderung der Forschung (German Association for the Support and Advancement of Sci entific Research). Successor organization to the --+ NG, which was renamed DFG unofficially since about 1929 and officially in 1937. During the terms of its presidents: J. --+ Stark (June 1934-36); R. --+ Mentzel (Nov. 1936-39) and A. --+ Esau (1939-45), the DFG also had a dom inant influence on the research policy of the --+ RFR. It was funded by government grants in the millions and smaller contributions by the --+ Stifterverband. Refs.: ~1entzel [1940]' Stark [1943]c, Zierold [1968], Nipperdey & Schmugge [1970]. DGtP: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir technische Physik German Society of Technical Physics. Founded on June 6, 1919 by Georg Gehlhoff as an alternative to the --+ DPG with a total of 13 local associations and its own journal --+ Zeitschrift fUr technische Physik. Around 1924 the DGtP had approximately 3,000 members, thus somewhat more than the DPG, but membership fell by 1945 to around 1,500. Chairmen: G. Gehlhoff (1920-31); K. --+ Mey (1931-45). Refs.: Gehlhoff et al. [1920]' Ludwig [1974], Richter [1977], Peschel (Ed.) [1991]' chap. 1, Heinicke [1985]' p. 43, Hoffmann & Swinne [1994]. DPG: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft German Physical Society. Founded in 1899 a national organization at to succeed the Berlin Physical Society, which dates back to 1845. The Society issued regular biweekly proceedings, reports (Berichte) on the same, as well as the journal: Fortschritte der Physik (since 1845). -
Emil Rupp, Albert Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle Duality
Emil Rupp, Albert Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle Duality: Scientific Fraud and Theoretical Biasa Jeroen van Dongen* Institute for History and Foundations of Science Utrecht University PO Box 80.000, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands & Einstein Papers Project, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Abstract In 1926 Emil Rupp published a number of papers on the interference properties of light emitted by canal ray sources. These articles, particularly one paper that came into being in close collaboration with Albert Einstein, drew quite some attention as they probed the wave versus particle nature of light. They also significantly propelled Rupp’s career, even though that from the outset they were highly controversial. This article will review this episode, and in particular Rupp’s collaboration with Einstein. Evidence that Rupp forged his results is presented and their critical reception in the socially and politically divided German physics community is discussed. These divisions fail to explain the full dynamic; the latter is attempted by turning to the role that theoretical bias on occasion has in assessing experiment. Einstein’s responses in particular are analysed in this context. Introduction: the career of Emil Rupp “[Emil] Rupp, in the late twenties, early thirties, was regarded as the most important and most competent experimental physicist. He did incredible things. [...] Later, it turned out that everything that he had ever published, everything, was forged. This had gone on for ten years, ten years!”1 As this quote of Walther Gerlach illustrates, the first third of the twentieth century witnessed one of the biggest scandals in physics: the rise and fall of Emil Rupp. -
James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at The
James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics Published under the auspices of the Board of Directors of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society: Hans-Joachim Freund Gerard Meijer Matthias Scheffler Robert Schlögl Martin Wolf Jeremiah James · Thomas Steinhauser · Dieter Hoffmann · Bretislav Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 1911–2011 De Gruyter An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Aut ho rs: Dr. Jeremiah James Prof. Dr. Dieter Hoffmann Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Institute for the Max Planck Society History of Science Faradayweg 4–6 Boltzmannstr. 22 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Thomas Steinhauser Prof. Dr. Bretislav Friedrich Fritz Haber Institute of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Cover images: Front cover: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 1913. From left to right, “factory” building, main building, director’s villa, known today as Haber Villa. Back cover: Campus of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 2011. The Institute’s his- toric buildings, contiguous with the “Röntgenbau” on their right, house the Departments of Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics. -
Fritz Haber at One Hundred Fifty: Evolving Views of and on a German Jewish Patriot*
Fritz Haber at one hundred fifty: Evolving views of and on a German Jewish patriot* Bretislav Friedrich Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin Prelude Only few scientists have conferred benefits to humankind – both intellectual and practical – that are on a par with those we owe Fritz Haber. And yet, Haber has been a controversial figure – for about the last third of those one hundred fifty years that elapsed since his birth in 1868. It was Haber’s role in World War One – most notably his initiative to usher in chemical warfare to the battlefield – that cast a long shadow over his legacy. The moral outrage elicited by the German chlorine cloud attack at Ypres on 22 April 1915 was immediate, but not long lasting: Within a few months of Ypres, the Entente deployed its own potent chemical arsenal and eventually declared, alongside with Germany, poison gas a “humane weapon” [Friedrich et al. 2017]. In the 1920s and early 1930s, Haber could even act, together with Albert Einstein and others, as ambassador of German science in Europe and America and actively participate in repairing the damage done to international cooperation by the “war of the intellects” [Wolff 2001, Wolff 2003, Berg und Thiel 2018] in general and the “chemists’ war” [Friedrich 2015] in particular. * An abridged version of this article was presented as a keynote address at “Fritz Haber im Fokus. Eine kritische Würdigung des umstrittenen Chemikers” held at the Centre for General and Cultural Studies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, on 15 January 2019, cf. -
Training Quantum Mechanics: Enrollments and Epistemology in Modern Physics
Training Quantum Mechanics: Enrollments and Epistemology in Modern Physics David Kaiser Program in Science, Technology, and Society, MIT and Department of Physics, MIT Building E51-185 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 [email protected] Abstract*. The classrooms of American colleges and universities bulged like never before after World War II. Several major changes, including the G. I. Bill, brought over two million veterans into the nation’s institutions of higher education. Enrollments in nearly every department rose exponentially. Yet graduate enrollments in physics departments grew fastest, at almost twice the rate of all other fields combined. Twenty- five years later, enrollments in nearly all fields underwent a major contraction; again, physics led the way, falling faster and deeper than any other field. This paper examines some effects of these violent demographic swings on the subject of physics itself. How, in short, did the enrollment bubble affect the stuff of knowledge? I focus on how the subject of quantum mechanics—physicists’ description of matter at the atomic scale, the cornerstone of modern physics—was taught in the decades after World War II. Faced with runaway enrollments, American physicists re-crafted the subject in the classroom, accentuating those elements that could lend themselves to high throughput pedagogy—a cache of exemplars that could be routinized into problem sets and exam questions—while quietly dropping the last vestiges of “philosophy” or “interpretation” that had long been considered crucial to understanding the topic. Introduction: The Cold War Bubble “Physical scientists are in vogue these days,” announced a commentator in Harper’s a few years after the end of World War II.