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Physics Teaching and Research at Göttingen University 2 GREETING from the PRESIDENT 3
Physics Teaching and Research at Göttingen University 2 GREETING FROM THE PRESIDENT 3 Greeting from the President Physics has always been of particular importance for the Current research focuses on solid state and materials phy- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. As early as 1770, Georg sics, astrophysics and particle physics, biophysics and com- Christoph Lichtenberg became the first professor of Physics, plex systems, as well as multi-faceted theoretical physics. Mathematics and Astronomy. Since then, Göttingen has hos- Since 2003, the Physics institutes have been housed in a new ted numerous well-known scientists working and teaching physics building on the north campus in close proximity to in the fields of physics and astronomy. Some of them have chemistry, geosciences and biology as well as to the nearby greatly influenced the world view of physics. As an example, Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Biophysical Chemistry, the MPI I would like to mention the foundation of quantum mecha- for Dynamics and Self Organization and the MPI for Solar nics by Max Born and Werner Heisenberg in the 1920s. And System Research. The Faculty of Physics with its successful Georg Christoph Lichtenberg and in particular Robert Pohl research activities and intense interdisciplinary scientific have set the course in teaching as well. cooperations plays a central role within the Göttingen Cam- pus. With this booklet, the Faculty of Physics presents itself It is also worth mentioning that Göttingen physicists have as a highly productive and modern faculty embedded in an accepted social and political responsibility, for example Wil- attractive and powerful scientific environment and thus per- helm Weber, who was one of the Göttingen Seven who pro- fectly prepared for future scientific challenges. -
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman Louis de Broglie Norman Ramsey Willis Lamb Otto Stern Werner Heisenberg Walther Gerlach Ernest Rutherford Satyendranath Bose Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Eugene Wigner Arnold Sommerfeld Julian Schwinger David Bohm Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein Where discovery meets practice Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQ ST in Baden-Württemberg . Introduction “But I do not wish to be forced into abandoning strict These two quotes by Albert Einstein not only express his well more securely, develop new types of computer or construct highly causality without having defended it quite differently known aversion to quantum theory, they also come from two quite accurate measuring equipment. than I have so far. The idea that an electron exposed to a different periods of his life. The first is from a letter dated 19 April Thus quantum theory extends beyond the field of physics into other 1924 to Max Born regarding the latter’s statistical interpretation of areas, e.g. mathematics, engineering, chemistry, and even biology. beam freely chooses the moment and direction in which quantum mechanics. The second is from Einstein’s last lecture as Let us look at a few examples which illustrate this. The field of crypt it wants to move is unbearable to me. If that is the case, part of a series of classes by the American physicist John Archibald ography uses number theory, which constitutes a subdiscipline of then I would rather be a cobbler or a casino employee Wheeler in 1954 at Princeton. pure mathematics. Producing a quantum computer with new types than a physicist.” The realization that, in the quantum world, objects only exist when of gates on the basis of the superposition principle from quantum they are measured – and this is what is behind the moon/mouse mechanics requires the involvement of engineering. -
Download Report 2010-12
RESEARCH REPORt 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover: Aurora borealis paintings by William Crowder, National Geographic (1947). The International Geophysical Year (1957–8) transformed research on the aurora, one of nature’s most elusive and intensely beautiful phenomena. Aurorae became the center of interest for the big science of powerful rockets, complex satellites and large group efforts to understand the magnetic and charged particle environment of the earth. The auroral visoplot displayed here provided guidance for recording observations in a standardized form, translating the sublime aesthetics of pictorial depictions of aurorae into the mechanical aesthetics of numbers and symbols. Most of the portait photographs were taken by Skúli Sigurdsson RESEARCH REPORT 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Introduction The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) is made up of three Departments, each administered by a Director, and several Independent Research Groups, each led for five years by an outstanding junior scholar. Since its foundation in 1994 the MPIWG has investigated fundamental questions of the history of knowl- edge from the Neolithic to the present. The focus has been on the history of the natu- ral sciences, but recent projects have also integrated the history of technology and the history of the human sciences into a more panoramic view of the history of knowl- edge. Of central interest is the emergence of basic categories of scientific thinking and practice as well as their transformation over time: examples include experiment, ob- servation, normalcy, space, evidence, biodiversity or force. -
Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
(To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern. -
Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Werner Heisenberg And
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 203 (2002) Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project* Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg’s (1901-1976) involvement in the German Uranium Project is the most con- troversial aspect of his life. The controversial discussions on it go from whether Germany at all wanted to built an atomic weapon or only an energy supplying machine (the last only for civil purposes or also for military use for instance in submarines), whether the scientists wanted to support or to thwart such efforts, whether Heisenberg and the others did really understand the mechanisms of an atomic bomb or not, and so on. Examples for both extreme positions in this controversy represent the books by Thomas Powers Heisenberg’s War. The Secret History of the German Bomb,1 who builds up him to a resistance fighter, and by Paul L. Rose Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project – A Study in German Culture,2 who characterizes him as a liar, fool and with respect to the bomb as a poor scientist; both books were published in the 1990s. In the first part of my paper I will sum up the main facts, known on the German Uranium Project, and in the second part I will discuss some aspects of the role of Heisenberg and other German scientists, involved in this project. Although there is already written a lot on the German Uranium Project – and the best overview up to now supplies Mark Walker with his book German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, which was published in * Paper presented on a conference in Moscow (November 13/14, 2001) at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology [àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ËÒÚÓËË ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÁ̇ÌËfl Ë ÚÂıÌËÍË ËÏ. -
Rackwise Book List
RACKWISE BOOK LIST S.No Acc no Book Title Author Name R.No Sub 1 10630 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL FIBRE COMM.. M. SATISH KUMAR A1 A 2 10631 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL FIBRE COMM.. M. SATISH KUMAR A1 A 3 10632 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 4 10633 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 5 10634 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 6 10635 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 7 10636 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 8 10637 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 9 10638 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 10 10639 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 11 10640 SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS S.P. BALI A1 A 12 10641 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 13 10642 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN A1 A 14 10643 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN A1 A 15 10644 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 16 10645 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 17 10646 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 18 10647 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 19 10648 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES BEN G. STREETMAN, SANJAY BANERJEE A1 A 20 10649 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 21 10650 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 22 10651 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 23 10652 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES JASPRIT SINGH A1 A 24 10653 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES S.M. -
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: a Study in German Culture
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft838nb56t&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project A Study in German Culture Paul Lawrence Rose UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1998 The Regents of the University of California In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday ― ix ― ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For hospitality during various phases of work on this book I am grateful to Aryeh Dvoretzky, Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, whose invitation there allowed me to begin work on the book while on sabbatical leave from James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, in 1983; and to those colleagues whose good offices made it possible for me to resume research on the subject while a visiting professor at York University and the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1990–92. Grants from the College of the Liberal Arts and the Institute for the Arts and Humanistic Studies of The Pennsylvania State University enabled me to complete the research and writing of the book. -
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T. -
Hitler's Uranium Club, the Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
HITLER’S URANIUM CLUB DER FARMHALLER NOBELPREIS-SONG (Melodie: Studio of seiner Reis) Detained since more than half a year Ein jeder weiss, das Unglueck kam Sind Hahn und wir in Farm Hall hier. Infolge splitting von Uran, Und fragt man wer is Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. The real reason nebenbei Die energy macht alles waermer. Ist weil we worked on nuclei. Only die Schweden werden aermer. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die nuclei waren fuer den Krieg Auf akademisches Geheiss Und fuer den allgemeinen Sieg. Kriegt Deutschland einen Nobel-Preis. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Wie ist das moeglich, fragt man sich, In Oxford Street, da lebt ein Wesen, The story seems wunderlich. Die wird das heut’ mit Thraenen lesen. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die Feldherrn, Staatschefs, Zeitungsknaben, Es fehlte damals nur ein atom, Ihn everyday im Munde haben. Haett er gesagt: I marry you madam. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Even the sweethearts in the world(s) Dies ist nur unsre-erste Feier, Sie nennen sich jetzt: “Atom-girls.” Ich glaub die Sache wird noch teuer, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. -
Regimmotstånd? – ”Deutche Physik” Affären
KOSMOS 2011: 79–105, Svenska fysikersamfundet Regimmotstånd? Deutsche Physik- affären1 Stephan Schwarz Sammanfattning I redogörelser för den vetenskaplig-tekniska forskningens vill- kor i Tredje riket har Deutsche Physik-affären länge framhål- lits som paradexempel på forskarsamhällets opposition mot nationalsocialistisk ideologi. Det var fysikpristagarna Philipp Lenard och Johannes Stark som redan under Weimarrepubli- ken förkunnade en rasistisk ”kunskapsteori” som skilde mellan pragmatisk (experimentell, kreativ, arisk) och dogmatisk (spe- kulativ, destruktiv, judisk) fysik, den senare karakteriserad av en ”artfrämmande” mentalitet. I NS-staten drev framför allt Stark en kampanj i politiskt orienterade media, där han angrep den moderna teoretiska fysiken och dess mest framträdande person- ligheter, som Planck och Heisenberg. Deutsche Physik-rörelsen, som utnyttjade intressemotsättningar i makteliten för att till- skansa sig forskningspolitisk dominans, fick bara begränsat inflytande, och ebbade ut redan före kriget. Det var inte fråga om ideologiskt motstånd mot regimen – båda lägren använde NS-retorik, inte minst antisemitisk fraseologi för att bevisa sin politiska tillförlitlighet. Det ifrågasätts om Heisenbergs roll, framför allt i Schwarze Korps-incidenten, inte har framställts som överdrivet dramatisk och betydelsefull. I efterkrigstiden blev DP-affären en välkommen resurs för självpromoverande narrativ om motstånd mot ”partifysik” eller mer allmänt regim- motstånd. Bakgrund Det vi i dag betraktar som mänsklig I efterkrigstidens skildringar av F&U-samhällets hållningar till kultur, det vi ser av konst, vetenskap NS-staten framhålls ofta två episoder som exempel på ideolo- och teknik, är uteslutande Arierns 3 förtjänst. Just detta faktum leder giskt motstånd: Haber-minnesseminariet och Deutsche Physik- till den inte illa underbyggda slut- affären. Numera råder enighet bland vetenskapshistoriker att satsen, att Han ensam har byggt ingetdera av fallen handlade om ideologiskt motstånd. -
German Captured Documents Collection
German Captured Documents Collection A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Prepared by Allan Teichroew, Fred Bauman, Karen Stuart, and other Manuscript Division Staff with the assistance of David Morris and Alex Sorenson Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2011 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2011 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms011148 Latest revision: 2012 October Collection Summary Title: German Captured Documents Collection Span Dates: 1766-1945 ID No.: MSS22160 Extent: 249,600 items ; 51 containers plus 3 oversize ; 20.5 linear feet ; 508 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in German with some English and French Repository: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Abstract: German documents captured by American military forces after World War II consisting largely of Nazi Party materials, German government and military records, files of several German officials, and some quasi-governmental records. Much of the material is microfilm of originals returned to Germany. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Wiedemann, Fritz, b. 1891. Fritz Wiedemann papers. Organizations Akademie für Deutsches Recht (Germany) Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. Deutsches Ausland-Institut. Eher-Verlag. Archiv. Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Germany. Reichskanzlei. Germany. Reichsministerium für die Besetzten Ostgebiete. Germany. Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion. Germany. Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. -
Wiederaufbau Ohne Wiederkehr
MÜNCHNER ZENTRUM FÜR WISSENSCHAFTS- UND TECHNIKGESCHICHTE MUNICH CENTER FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARBEITSPAPIER Working Paper Arne Schirrmacher Wiederaufbau ohne Wiederkehr Die Physik in Deutschland in den Jahren nach 1945 und die historiographische Problematik des Remigrationskonzepts DEUTSCHES LUDWIG- TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MUSEUM MAXIMILIANS- HOMEPAGE UNIVERSITÄT DER BUNDESWEHR MÜNCHEN UNIVERSITÄT WWW.MZWTG.MWN.DE MÜNCHEN MÜNCHEN Schirrmacher: Wiederaufbau ohne Wiederkehr Seite 1 Arne Schirrmacher Wiederaufbau ohne Wiederkehr Die Physik in Deutschland in den Jahren nach 1945 und die historiographische Problematik des Remigrationskonzepts* Hätten Sie den Mut nach Deutschland zurückzukommen, wenn Heisenberg definitiv nicht zu haben ist?1 Nach den umfangreichen Forschungen zur Wissenschaftsemigration ist seit etwa zehn Jahren auch die Remigration von Intellektuellen und Forschern nach 1945 stärker in den Blick der historischen Forschung geraten.2 Den Akzent, den ich in dieser Diskussion mit meinem Beitrag setzen möchte, wird aus der Gegenüberstellung meines Titels mit dem eines 1997 von Klaus-Dieter Krohn und Patrik von zur Mühlen herausgegebenen Sammelband deutlich: Krohn und von zur Mühlen sprachen von "Rückkehr und Aufbau nach 1945" und schrieben im Rückentext des Bandes: "Und zurückgekehrte Gelehrte sorgten dafür, dass Deutschland wieder intellektuellen Anschluss an die internationale Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft fand." Ihr Untertitel machte freilich deutlich, dass "Deutsche Remigranten im öffentlichen Leben" im Zentrum des Interesses standen, somit der Blick von außen auf die Wissenschaft gewählt wur- de.3 So richtig diese Bewertung für einige Musterbeispiele von Rückkehrern ist, die mit neuen wissenschaftlichen Ideen oder kulturellen Erfahrungen im Gepäck kamen, wie etwa Max Horkheimer und Theodor Adorno, Bert Brecht oder Günther Anders, so begrenzt ist doch ihre * Vortrag gehalten auf der Tagung "Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte im 20.