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Albert Einstein
THE COLLECTED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 15 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS & CORRESPONDENCE JUNE 1925–MAY 1927 Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, and Jennifer Nollar James EDITORS Anthony Duncan, Marco Giovanelli, Michel Janssen, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Issachar Unna ASSOCIATE & CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Emily de Araújo, Rudy Hirschmann, Nurit Lifshitz, and Barbara Wolff ASSISTANT EDITORS Princeton University Press 2018 Copyright © 2018 by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA (Revised for volume 15) Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. The collected papers of Albert Einstein. German, English, and French. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The early years, 1879–1902 / John Stachel, editor — v. 2. The Swiss years, writings, 1900–1909 — — v. 15. The Berlin years, writings and correspondence, June 1925–May 1927 / Diana Kormos Buchwald... [et al.], editors. QC16.E5A2 1987 530 86-43132 ISBN 0-691-08407-6 (v.1) ISBN 978-0-691-17881-3 (v. 15) This book has been composed in Times. The publisher would like to acknowledge the editors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 15 The present volume covers a thrilling two-year period in twentieth-century physics, for during this time matrix mechanics—developed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan—and wave mechanics, developed by Erwin Schrödinger, supplanted the earlier quantum theory. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
Die Ausgrenzung Und Vertreibung Von Physikern Im Nationalsozialismus - Welche Rolle Spielte Die DPG?
1 Die Ausgrenzung und Vertreibung von Physikern im Nationalsozialismus - welche Rolle spielte die DPG? In: D. Hoffmann; M. Walker (Hrsg.): Physiker zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung. Berlin: Wiley, 2006, S. 91-138. Einleitung Die „Machtergreifung“ der Nationalsozialisten führte bereits im Frühjahr 1933 zu einer schwerwiegenden Zäsur im deutschen Kultur- und Geistesleben. Das Instrumentarium dafür verschaffte sich die neue Regierung mit jener Gesetzgebung, die euphemistisch angeblich „das Berufsbeamtentum wiederherstellen“ wollte, aber als wichtigste Bestimmung die sogenannten Nichtarier aus dem öffentlichen Dienst entfernte. An den deutschen Universitäten kam es daraufhin zu einer großen Zahl von Beurlaubungen und Entlassungen. Das trieb viele von den Betroffenen, insbesondere die Jüngeren unter ihnen, denen damit die Existenzgrundlage entzogen worden war, recht bald in die Emigration. Es war 1933 noch nicht zwingend abzusehen, dass es sich nicht nur um eine vorübergehende Maßnahme, sondern erst um den Beginn einer Abfolge von diskriminierenden Gesetzen und Verordnungen handelte. Sie schufen die Grundlage dafür, politische Gegner und „Nichtarier“ bzw. später in etwas engerem Sinn als Juden definierte Bürger aus dem öffentlichen Leben Deutschlands völlig auszuschließen. Die Physik gehörte zu den davon überdurchschnittlich stark betroffenen Disziplinen.1 Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die Berufsorganisation der Physiker, die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG), willens und in der Lage war, eventuelle Handlungsspielräume zu nutzen, um auch die Interessen der auf diese Weise ausgegrenzten Kollegen zu vertreten. Anmerkungen 1 Siehe z. B. S.L.Wolff, Vertreibung und Emigration in der Physik, Physik in unserer Zeit 24 (1993), S. 267-273. 2 Die Reaktionen der DPG auf die Entlassungen durch die nationalsozialistische Gesetzgebung Für die DPG gab es zwei zentrale Aufgabenbereiche. -
Emil Rupp, Albert Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle Duality
Emil Rupp, Albert Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle Duality: Scientific Fraud and Theoretical Biasa Jeroen van Dongen* Institute for History and Foundations of Science Utrecht University PO Box 80.000, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands & Einstein Papers Project, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Abstract In 1926 Emil Rupp published a number of papers on the interference properties of light emitted by canal ray sources. These articles, particularly one paper that came into being in close collaboration with Albert Einstein, drew quite some attention as they probed the wave versus particle nature of light. They also significantly propelled Rupp’s career, even though that from the outset they were highly controversial. This article will review this episode, and in particular Rupp’s collaboration with Einstein. Evidence that Rupp forged his results is presented and their critical reception in the socially and politically divided German physics community is discussed. These divisions fail to explain the full dynamic; the latter is attempted by turning to the role that theoretical bias on occasion has in assessing experiment. Einstein’s responses in particular are analysed in this context. Introduction: the career of Emil Rupp “[Emil] Rupp, in the late twenties, early thirties, was regarded as the most important and most competent experimental physicist. He did incredible things. [...] Later, it turned out that everything that he had ever published, everything, was forged. This had gone on for ten years, ten years!”1 As this quote of Walther Gerlach illustrates, the first third of the twentieth century witnessed one of the biggest scandals in physics: the rise and fall of Emil Rupp. -
James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at The
James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics Published under the auspices of the Board of Directors of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society: Hans-Joachim Freund Gerard Meijer Matthias Scheffler Robert Schlögl Martin Wolf Jeremiah James · Thomas Steinhauser · Dieter Hoffmann · Bretislav Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 1911–2011 De Gruyter An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Aut ho rs: Dr. Jeremiah James Prof. Dr. Dieter Hoffmann Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Institute for the Max Planck Society History of Science Faradayweg 4–6 Boltzmannstr. 22 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Thomas Steinhauser Prof. Dr. Bretislav Friedrich Fritz Haber Institute of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Cover images: Front cover: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 1913. From left to right, “factory” building, main building, director’s villa, known today as Haber Villa. Back cover: Campus of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 2011. The Institute’s his- toric buildings, contiguous with the “Röntgenbau” on their right, house the Departments of Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics. -
Fritz Haber at One Hundred Fifty: Evolving Views of and on a German Jewish Patriot*
Fritz Haber at one hundred fifty: Evolving views of and on a German Jewish patriot* Bretislav Friedrich Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin Prelude Only few scientists have conferred benefits to humankind – both intellectual and practical – that are on a par with those we owe Fritz Haber. And yet, Haber has been a controversial figure – for about the last third of those one hundred fifty years that elapsed since his birth in 1868. It was Haber’s role in World War One – most notably his initiative to usher in chemical warfare to the battlefield – that cast a long shadow over his legacy. The moral outrage elicited by the German chlorine cloud attack at Ypres on 22 April 1915 was immediate, but not long lasting: Within a few months of Ypres, the Entente deployed its own potent chemical arsenal and eventually declared, alongside with Germany, poison gas a “humane weapon” [Friedrich et al. 2017]. In the 1920s and early 1930s, Haber could even act, together with Albert Einstein and others, as ambassador of German science in Europe and America and actively participate in repairing the damage done to international cooperation by the “war of the intellects” [Wolff 2001, Wolff 2003, Berg und Thiel 2018] in general and the “chemists’ war” [Friedrich 2015] in particular. * An abridged version of this article was presented as a keynote address at “Fritz Haber im Fokus. Eine kritische Würdigung des umstrittenen Chemikers” held at the Centre for General and Cultural Studies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, on 15 January 2019, cf. -
Veröffentlichungen Aus Dem Archiv Der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Begründet Von Eckart Henning Herausgegeben Von Lorenz Friedrich Beck Und Marion Kazemi
Veröffentlichungen aus dem Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Begründet von Eckart Henning Herausgegeben von Lorenz Friedrich Beck und Marion Kazemi Band 16/II 1. Cover page of a Prussian St[ate] M[inistry] file for “Dr. Althoff’s Project for the Use of Domain Dahlem for Purposes of the State (founding of an exclusive community, predestined by scientific research institutes, a German Oxford)”, 1909 Dahlem – Domain of Science A walking tour of the Berlin institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm / Max Planck Society in the “German Oxford” by Eckart Henning and Marion Kazemi 4th , expanded and updated edition Berlin 2009 REDAKTION : Dr. rer. nat. Marion Kazemi (Anschrift s. Auslieferung) Translation of the 4 th version of the German “Dahlem – Domäne der Wissenschaft” (2009) by Commercial Communication Consulting GmbH, Berlin, Germany 1st ed. München 1993 2nd , updated ed. English München 1998 3rd , updated and expanded ed. German/English Berlin 2002 Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier (alterungsbeständig – ph 7, neutral) ISBN: 978-3-927579-16-5 ISSN: 0935-7459 Herstellung: mhv, Zerpenschleuser Ring 30, 13439 Berlin Tel.: (030) 53 33 44 43 Satz: dmp digital- & offsetdruck gmbh, Zerpenschleuser Ring 30, 13439 Berlin Tel.: (030) 530 0 8-100 Druck: dmp digital- & offsetdruck gmbh, Zerpenschleuser Ring 30, 13439 Berlin Tel.: (030) 530 0 8-100 Auslieferung: Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Boltzmannstraße 14, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem Tel.: (030) 84 13-37 01; Fax: (030) 84 13-37 00; e-mail: [email protected] www.archiv-berlin.mpg.de Table of contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 11 1. Kaiser Wilhelm / Max Planck Institute for Cell Physiology / Archives of the Max Planck Society ........................................................................................... -
Andrzej Lech Kawczyński Instytut Chemii Fizycznej PAN Warszawa Seminarium Ogólnoinstytutowe 6 Czerwiec 2008
Andrzej Lech Kawczyński Instytut Chemii Fizycznej PAN Warszawa Seminarium Ogólnoinstytutowe 6 czerwiec 2008 „Gerhard Ertl – laureat nagrody Nobla z dziedziny chemii w 2007 r.” “for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces” K Paul Sabatier –Nobel 1912 "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years" Fritz Haber – Nobel 1918 "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" Irving Langmuir – Nobel 1932 "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" •Curriculum Vitae: •Years • •Function • •Institution •2004-now • •Professor emeritus • •Dept. of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin •1986-2004 • •Director • •Dept. of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin •1981-1982 • •Visiting Professor • •Dept. of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley •1979 • •Visiting Professor • •Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee •1976-1977 • •Visiting Professor • •Dept. of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena •1973-1986 • •Professor & Director • •Inst. for Physical Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich •1968-1973 • •Professor & Director • •Inst. for Physical Chemistry, Technical University, Hannover (presently Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University) •1965-1968 • •Assistant & Lecturer • •Technical University, Munich •1962-1965 • • •Technical University, Munich: Dr. rer. nat in 1965 •1959-1961 • • •Technical University, Stuttgart: Dipl. Phys. in 1961 •1958-1959 • • •Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich •1957-1958 • • •University of Paris •1955-1957 • • •Technical University, Stuttgart •1936 • •born • •October 10, in Stuttgart, Germany Diploma thesis „Eine Temperatursprungmetode zur Untersuchung schneller Dissozationsreaktionen mit Hilfe eines Mikrowellenimpulses” -”Temperature jump experiments to study fast dissociation reactions using microwave pulses”- promotor prof. -
One Hundred Years of Science in Dahlem: History of the FHI and of the MPG
One hundred years of science in Dahlem: History of the FHI and of the MPG Sketch of the south-west border of Berlin today Berlin 1885 1908 Starting from a comparison of sciences in Prussia with that in France, England, and USA, Adolf von Harnack (a protestant theologian) suggested to the Kaiser to found research institutes named “Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes for Scientific Research”. The Kaiser liked the idea and was fully supportive: 1910 “... We need institutions that exceed the boundaries of the universities and are unimpaired by the objectives of education, but in close association with academia and universities, serving only the purpose of research ... it is my desire to establish under my protectorate and under my name a society whose task it is to establish and maintain such institutes ....” 1911 Foundation of the “KWI for Chemistry” and the "KWI for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry" (first director: Fritz Haber) …. about 10 more institutes were founded during the coming 10 years. 1 1912 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry and for Physical-Chemistry and Electrochemistry -- Most right: Villa of Fritz Haber. Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adolf von Harnack, followed by Emil Fisc her an d Fr itz Haber walking to the opening ceremony of the first two KWG institutes October 1912 Arial view of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes for "Chemistry" and for "Physical-Chemistry and Electrochemistry" -- around 1918 2 A glimpse at the history of the Fritz-Haber- Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 1911 Foundation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for -
Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Im Dritten Reich
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 192 (2001) Dieter Hoffmann Zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung: Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft im Dritten Reich Zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung: Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft im Dritten Reich1 Dieter Hoffmann Als am 30. Januar 1933 in Deutschland die Machtübertragung an Nationalsozialisten er- folgte, da bedeutete dies einen gravierenden Eingriff in das politische Leben Deutschlands – mit jenen katastrophalen Folgen, die wir alle kennen. Die Auswirkungen der national- sozialistischen Herrschaft beschränkten sich selbstverständlich nicht auf den Bereich der Politik und der unmittelbaren Machtausübung, denn wie in jeder Diktatur bzw. jedem to- talitären Staatswesen erhob das nationalsozialistische Herrschaftssystem und seine Ideo- logie nach und nach für alle Bereiche des öffentlichen Lebens seinen Anspruch – nicht zuletzt auch auf die Wissenschaften. Für letztere ist der wohl sichtbarste Ausdruck dieser Einfußnahme der Exodus führender Gelehrter, der auf vielen Gebieten zudem mit einem sukzessiven Verfall der naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung und der Zunahme bzw. Förderung einer vordergründigen Anwendungsorientierung bzw. miltärtechnischen Ausrichtung der Forschung einher ging. In diesen Prozeß war die Physik in besonderer Weise einbezogen, da sie zu den Kerndisziplinen moderner naturwissenschaftlich-techni- scher Forschung und damit der Moderne schlechthin gehört. Im folgenden möchte ich einen speziellen -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Max Planck
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Max Planck Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 28 August 2020 Version 1.66 Title word cross-reference 12 × 5 [Pic25]. 14 × 22 [C.49]. $2.40 [Pic25]. 2:7◦ [Noe73]. $3.75 [C.49]. $6 [Hie68]. α [Pla06d, Pla06e, Pla07a, Why50]. β [Pla06d, Pla06e, Pla07a]. C2 [Has14, Men17, VD47]. ::: [Hof08a]. h [Ano47c, Bir19, Mil16]. -. [Sch65]. -Strahlen [Pla06d, Pla06e, Pla07a]. [Sch65]. /Almost [KSB63]. /Aufs¨atze [Ano48e, Ano48f]. /Butterflies [Ano46c]. /Death [Ano46c]. /Dr. [Ano46c]. /Einigkeit [MSQM63]. /Experiment [Ano46b]. /Fast [KSB63]. /Ferromagnetism [HD48]. /Friedrich [MKD+91]. /Fritzsch [MKD+91]. /Goethe [Ano46c]. /Is [MSQM63]. /Ist [MSQM63]. /Lenz [Ano48i]. /Max [BT58, Cah99, DT58, vBL96]. /Max-Planck-Medaille [BT58, DT58]. /Nobel [Ano46c]. /Papers 1 2 [Ano48e]. /Pasteur [Ano46c]. /President [Ano46c]. /The [Ano46c]. /Unity [MSQM63]. 0-520-05710-4 [San87]. 1 [Pla15a, Pla46a]. 1/B [Ano46b]. 1/Zerst¨orung [Ano46b]. 100th [HD01, Max58, vL58]. 10th [Pla57d]. 11 [You68]. 12 [Pla31e]. 12.14.1930/Albert [Ano69]. 130th [Gri87]. 14.12.1930/Albert [Ano69]. 15 [Pla14f, Pla16e, Pla23h]. 15.25 [San87]. 150 [Sta10]. 150th [Ano08f, Ano08a, Bec09, Jac08b]. 15s [McK27]. 16 [Pla94a]. 1646 [Pla46a]. 18 [Pla27b]. 1889/91 [Pla15c]. 1890 [Pla50a, Sti84]. 1893 [Pla94a]. 1894 [Pla94a]. 19 [MSQM63]. 1900 [Br¨u48b]. 1902 [Gae03]. 1906 [Pla06f]. 1908 [Pla09c]. 1909 [Pla09b, Pla10a]. -
Michael Eckert Statement and Readings
Michael Eckert Statement and Readings Five decades of quantum physics: How Sommerfeld faced the quantum (r)evolution in the first half of the 20th century—a biographical perspective Michael Eckert Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany Abstract Sommerfeld's attitude towards foundational questions—in particular with regard to the quantum—will be described with respect to the changing context and content of his research at significant stages from the 1910s to the 1940s. In the early period (before 1913) Sommerfeld focused on his so-called "h-hypothesis" as a general scheme to account for processes like the photoelectric effect, the emission of x-ray bremsstrahlung and other non-periodic elementary processes. In the subsequent period of the "Bohr–Sommerfeld model" he perceived foundational questions from the vantage point of atomic spectra. With the advent of quantum mechanics and new discoveries like the Compton effect and electron diffraction in the 1920s Sommerfeld made wave mechanics the basis from which he perceived quantum riddles. This became a major effort during the 1930s when he transformed the Wavemechanical Supplementary Volume of Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines from 1929 into a new edition in 1939. Sommerfeld kept a vivid interest in the progress of quantum research until his death in 1951. I hope that this biographical approach illustrates how foundational questions in physics depend on time and on the broader context. Although I reach only a little beyond the formative period of quantum mechanics I hope the lessons drawn from this example are more generally of interest. Michael Eckert translated by Tom Artin Arnold Sommerfeld Science, Life and Turbulent Times 1868–1951 Michael Eckert Deutsches Museum Munich , Germany Translation of Arnold Sommerfeld: Atomphysiker und Kulturbote 1868–1951, originally published in German by Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen ISBN ---- ISBN ---- (eBook) DOI ./---- Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: © Springer Science+Business Media New York Th is work is subject to copyright.