Ofleogmpbz'a Elepbamim

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Oﬂeogmpbz'a Elepbamim :

A full and exaél: Defeription of all the Bones of an Elephant, which died hear ,ﬂundee, A’pril the 27th, I 706. with their {everal Dimenﬁonse Communicated in a Letter to Dr. Ham Sloane, R. S. Seer. By ,Mr Tatrick {Brat}, Surgeon, (9‘6.

3 I R. - HE Elephant, tho’ an Animal {'0 confiderable for its P,€;g(,€; Bignels and Strength, fo remarkable for its extraor- " ‘ dinary Endowments and flupendous A&ions (it! may ' ,5 f0 call them) that it has become the Subjefl; of the mall: Curious. Naturalilts of all Ages, and been admir‘d by all thofe who beheld it; yet has its Body been hitherto very little fob» ,jeé‘ced to Anatomical Enquiries. This induc’d Me (when upon April 27. 1706. the lafl: Elephant that was in Britain died near this; Place) to bellow fome Pains in viewing its Parts at the Opening: But the Time was fo lhort, and Inconveniencies I labour'd under: fo great, that I was doubtful, w? ether what I had obferv’d might prove worth your Own or your honourable Society’s while, un-a til .I had addrefs’d your felf, and you were pleafed to honour me with a return'dated 7M} the 11th following: Wherein you fignify’d, ‘ You were glad the Elephant had fall’n where Notice ‘ might be taken of its Parts by Dilleétion, and that the Bones ‘ would be well worth Obfervation, for feveral Reafons ; but * ‘ chiefly one, namely, that there have been large Bones, fup~ ‘ pofed to be thole of Elephants, found many Feet deep in ‘ the Ground, and that if there were a Sceleton to compare i them by, that matter would be more certain : And there- H or:

The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775). ® www.jstor.org (s4) ‘ fore (thos I had told you in. mine that I was able to make but ‘ few of them) you defired me to let you have my Obfervationst “E“he’better‘to enafile me to do which, you favour’d me with two Treaties on. Ez’cpbemi, which I fuppofe to be the only Two hit. thetto communicated to the KIWI Saciet] ; one whereof gives a Anatomical Account of the Elcpbamt accidentallyhurn‘t in} Dashing em met, written by Dr. fifioulim; which,“ tho’ it requires a further Eniargement, being very brief both in the Anatemy and Ofieology, and the Figures notvtry exaé‘r, yet feems to have been the only Book which undeceiv’d the Author of the other3 1.132;. Wilhelm Erncfii Tmtulij Hifieriagmpbi 13mm é’axam Epifr‘. d}: Sceleto Eiephamim, 3 mm: ?zupar efoflb, mi gm”. Jlfaglieéeckmm mggm’ Duci: ‘Hetmric A‘Bihx’wthecnrium'.’ This ii the Treati‘fe which oei‘Cribes the: Bones mentitn’d by you, found in an_H.iU near Era far: in Germany; wherein the Author} eamefily intreats, ‘ ’1‘ ha: ‘ tho’ by difianee of Place he cannot eXpeé’t from his friend fueh ‘ a Figure of the Elephant at Fiorerzce, (as Cyempifim formerly 0b“ ‘ tain'd) yet, that he would, as exaé‘tly as poflihle, take the Di. ‘ menfi‘ons of all the Bones, efpecialiy of the Head, Teeth anti ‘ Tusks, their Number, Situation and Origin; and he defires further to know; how old that Sceleton at Flormce was, how high9 and When‘it was difl‘eCled. * Therefore, Sir, in Obedience to your repeated Requeftg in the fe-veral Letters you were pleafed to Honour me With? and finding the Author ofthe laft nam’d Treatife, has favour’d the Repofitory of your Society with feveralSpecimen’s of the Bones he defcribes, fome whereof perhaps being broke, may come no: to he {0 well known; that 1 may fatisfy you to whoml am {'9 much bound,vfor the many fpecial and fignal Tel‘timonies of your Favour, your honourable and learned Society, for Whom l have to great a Veneration and R ei‘peét, and to whom I fhah be extteam. 'éy glad, if by thefe meansl may be capable to do any {mail piece of Service, and the Learned TEmeelim in that he f0 earnefily defires, and wherein I do not yet onderftand his Friend has an- a‘wer’d him: In a word, that! may fatisfy the World in fuch Thiegs as Were of Moment in this rate and'curious Animal, a {ban ohferve the following Particuiars, 5%.

“"1: M ,1 4 1-9, Shem how the Elephant fell in out way.z I t‘ ’t 6:331, "’ a Prvt'edptre; 2‘11}: f A (55)

zdly, Remeve fome miftaltes which have been entertain’d, concerning its Original Names in the Holy Scriptures. gdly, Give a‘lhort Hii’corical Account fretn Authors of the feveral Natural Fun&ions and Automatica-l Performances of this Animal, with the Method of taking and taming it.

41191” I {hall give fuch a Superficial AnatomicalDel‘cription of its Parts, as the Inconveniences I labout’d under at the opening would permit. gtlaly, Ilhall give an exaét Defctiption of' all its Bones, fuch as is ufual-ly given in Treatife-s of Ofleolagie, with a particular Ac~ count of the Dimenfions of thefe in this Subjeét. etioly, A true Account of their Weight and Numbert 7ch» The Method Ius’d in mounting the Sceleton.

To all thefe I have added'the Figures of the ftufi'd Skin, mount; ed Sceleton, feparated Bones in different Views, and other Parts of this Animal; all done from the Original, (and reprefented in feveral large C0pper Plates) 'as it now {lands in the Hall of Rari- ties in this Place; the Copy whereof the Royal Saciety has been already pleafed to approve, as intimated in yours to me in {Tune laft. ' After this Animal had travell’d moft part of Europe, the came Hm 1;}; 35:23.. at lali to this Kingdom; where, after fome flay at Edinburghphantfdi in they conduéted her to the North, and in their return came alongaar ml}. the Sea—Coafi; Where being but few Places on the Road for making Advantage, by long and continued Marches they haltned hither -, and when they were come within a Mile of this Place, the poorBeth much fatigu’d and wearied, fell down. They us d many Endeavours to get her on foot again, but they all prov’d in~ effeéiual, At laft they digg‘d a deep Ditch, ‘to whofe Side {he might lean, till {he were fufficiently tefted; but that proved her Ruin; for {hortly afterwards there fell great Rains, which fill'd the Ditch with Water : So that after lying in the puddle a whole Day, the died next Morning, being Saturday April the 27th 1706. When the Keepers faw that [he was Dead .they came to the Ma- H .2 giitrtaes ( 56‘ ) Eii’crates of this Burgh, and having made Oath they :had done her no defigned iniury, they got an Attef’cation accordingly, and went oft", having firft given the Cadaver to an Ingenious Gentlea man, Capt. George Tamara, fince Provoft of this Town; by whole Care the 'PeOpEe were prevented from carrying it all away in pieces, as they did, one of the fore joints, and we‘fiill continue Matters of the Remains; for the Day fhe dlid,‘ he was pleafed to go out himfelf, and take me along with him, in order to have the Skin flea’d‘off, which was his chief defign, and the Body opened, which was mine. As I was very glad of the Opportu- nity, f0 1 was concem’d hecaufe of the difadvantage I was at, which kept me from profecuting what l dei’ign’d : For there went out agreat Multitude, the Day was vety'hot, aad being the left Day of the Week, the Subjeét Could admtt‘of no delay, efpecially fince ,it lay in the highway and open Fields : So that I fcarce had any convenience to pry into, or {0 much as to fee any thing of moment, much lefs to-enquire f0 nicely into the Strufiure of the Parts, as the Subjeét requir’d. ’Twas One of the Clock in the Afternoon before all were in readinefs to go out, and mofc of the time was {pent by the Butchers in fleaing off the Skin. All I , got done, was to take fuch - narrow Infp‘eétion of the Mufcles of the Probofcis, (,or Promafiat, as fome call it,,in Englifh the Tsunk) as I Could. After wards I caus’d the Abdomen to be opcn’d, and then the Thorax, and that by the unweildy Hands of unruly Butchers, wheat opening the firlt, would have wholly c‘utthrough the age Innomimta, had I not hindet’d them; and at laftj, whether I would or not, did f0 flalh the Sternam, and mangle feveral of the Cam‘lages, as to render them ufelefs, cutting and tearing where ibever they came. I had not much above an Hour to beftow when Night came on, and that amidfi a Throng and Rabble in» mighty hot Weather. During that time I view’d the Situation of the Vzfi'ei‘d, took the Figure and Dimenfions of the Liver, ex-.. trafied the Uterm and Bladder, and caes’d the [Jami to be cut off; which (with fome other Parts I defign’d to have difiet‘ted) Were brought to Town. Ihad a mind to be more fully fatisfy’d about the. Intqflinex, Spleen and Kidney: on Meade“ bet when I went out again, the Imeflz’mtwere all dry’d by the Heat; Tfo that their Figure and Strufture were quite» fpoil’d, and the Country People were f0 earneft to have Parts-of it, that they had ftole away the whole fore Poet before thattlme; which, after much Pains and the earneit Care of Proyoft Teman, we reeover’d abofit 6 W?“ a ter‘ (57) afterwards: So that thetimel deiign’d to have bellow’d in Dif- i‘eé‘ting the Parts I had referv’d, was taken up in excarnating,‘ bottling, and taking care of the Bones; which, had not fame Phy- fitians and Surgeons gone out and affilized me. oh‘the Monday, had been all carried off; and the heat of theWeather was fuch that the other Parts would not keep. This, I hope, Will he a fufficient excufe for the Lamenefs of the following Account. Becaufe the Names given to the Eleplmm in Holy Scripture have 77 I been much miltaken, tho’ perhaps it may «feem forreign to my 3"??? b- Bufinefs, yet l-hope ’twlll not be unpleafing, if from Authors 213:1 11:10 E endeavo'ur to Clear them. 3am“! and Tremeilim, Franzz'm, BZC-Flep’lm’ht. who comment upon the 40:49 Ch. of 30!? er. 3;. and downward, take A the Behemoth for the Elephant; but others, fuch as the Learned. Bochmt, Par. 2. lib. 4. c. 15. and from him Dr. Patrick, are of Opinion, ’tis not the Elephant which is meant there, but the Hippopotamox, 0r River Berle; for Buxtorf and fuch Others .as are acquainted with the Orlgmal, agree, that the Word Behemoth doesnot properly fignify any thing more than a great Beaftg and, both) in “J’oh'and Efdmx, 6 Ch. 2;. 49. (where the Behemoth is tram? flated Enoch in the Englé/b Bible) the Behemoth and Leviathan are nam’d together. ‘EJ’Em: makes them the Work of"the Fifth Day, wherein Filhe, other Sea Animals, and Sea Fowls were created; by Which not the Elephant, but the Hippopotamo: may he meant, which Beckie” proves by the following Arguments. 1. As in 3% 39. Lani Animals, fuch as Quadrupeds and Fowls, are fpoken of ; f0 in the 40 and 41; Behemoth and Leviathan, as belonging more properly to the Water, are treated of. 2. The Force of the Be- eemotb is faid t9 be in the Navel of his Belly, whereas ’tis the fbftelh part of the Elephant ., but in the Hippapommo: it is f0 thick and impenetrable, that it refifts both Spears and Darts, which, he abundantly proves from Authors. ' g. The Behemoth is faid to- move his Tail like 21 Cedar; now the Tm! of an Elephant is long like that of an 0x, and but fmall in proportion to the Body; and to move like 21 Cedar, would import fomc flrong'round fut» fiance, and rather feems to agree with what Bellmim affirms off the Hippopotamus, that deam babel: brewm, cmfl'am 6".7'6tl-mddm} tho? Bochart tendersit Requmt, C)“ 74022 arrigit Ca‘fidpzm, 3S ffimiur has it. 4. Bochart fays, that the Word in the Original will not imply iNem'tk Teflitmz ipfim, as ?Mi’iim has it, but Nervzfiy Femerttm ch". Not the Sinews of his Stones, but the Nerves of his Thighs ate intricate. 5. The Elepham feldom lie; down, and never in ' i the C s8 ) "the Cofert of Reeds and Fens; fortho’ it Ioves Water very well, yet itwouiti he very hurtful to fuch an unwcildy Animal to lye tiawn among fuch moifiure as Reeds ufualiy grow in, or the being amehg the Willows of the Brook would import. 6. At the taking of'ah Eleplmm they never preterid to enfnate it by the Pro- hofca's', and when taken it is a moi”: decxle'Cteatute, ‘it being more cempatihie for the _HippopoMmos to pat through Snares: The ufhal way of catching it being in Nets made of Eton, which they make on putpofe at Damafcm, as fllhértm and Vincentim affirm; and when taken, is no ways managable, but they are forc’d‘" to hit! it with Iron Mallets, becaufe of the thicknefs of the Skin. 7. The the Bones of the Elephant be proportionably big enough, yet they are fat from fuch Strength as m make a Parallel between them and Brafs orIton; for they {hall'be ihewn hereafter to he more porous than the Bones of mo{t"%4dmped: .- And although their Tusks and Teeth may be faid to exceed all other Bones in Soiidity and Whitenef‘s, yet lam afrur’d, that the Teeth of the prapommo; doth evenexceed them; for the ivory ofan Elephant after fome time becomes Yellow, and the Teeth of the Hippopo. mmas when apply’d to any ufe, continue always of a pure white Colour.

(""7 J‘ 7" An Elrp'harzt in the Sjriac and Arabic is Sm/mb, hut in the J .(‘é’ nzfi-Jfffi! 1-1 n .._.t.'//Z/?;:-tt”‘7 v'-.o',"\“':_; (n.1:10 Cb‘ldaic and later Heérew ’tis taken for Eleplmm‘: Teeth, be..- .I eaufe Sen in the Hebrew figaifies aToeth. Henceit is, that 3 tww"NJ“‘kNUA 11:..( King, Clo. 10. V. 22. ’tis I‘endred by ymzim, &C. E&W’d, Semi.“ 6‘“ 1142207761,, 17/2527, Ape: and Peacocks, in our Tranflation; Where Senlmh i5 rendted by the later Hebrews, Dame: Elephantomm, but by the Syrian: and the Ambient, Elephantos; and therefore .80- clmrr thinks it fhould rather have been Elephant“, Siflifl' (J’- P4- wanes .- Firth, hecaufe of their better Coherence -, and fecondly, hecaufe [wry would not have been Sexlmbz‘m in the Plural Number, "hut Smimb, ‘Dem Elephantzfis; fotlwry is denoted el’f‘ewhere in Scripture by the Word $677, as V. 18. ofthat fame Chapter, where ?tis hid, Salome” buiit a great Throne of Ivory. Sendep/Jil alfo in the C/midm’c Phrafe is taken for 11107}; for Phil fignifies an Elephant both in the Syriac, Chaldaic and Arabic.- .AR Elephant in the An- cient h’gbrew was cali’d Alikhalmn, and by Contraaion fllkabam, that it may he difiinguifh’d from Ikbozlmrz, which fignifies a Buffie or Bugie, becaufe both are of that Colour: So Bachart conje- étures, that Sen being prepon’d to Kichab, may by Contraé’tion be calm Senbné, Which .bv a‘Synecdocb: may mean the whole - Elephant, (59) Ezephm. InGretk it is call’d, mam, and fometimes Bough, which is rendred Bo: Marries,” whereby they mean the Elephant. In La. tz‘n ’tis cali’d Emmy, “from- the Voice; or fome think that Barri“ is the preper. Name, as in HomeEW‘ ?\{zgrir digni/fima Berri: ;.ng. Em; and? that Barrire, to Bray as an Elephant, cemes from it. Thus 1.2; We have from t‘ellonim, Elephante: barrire dicimm, fleet Owe! deri— mm balling. Amongft the Indian: they ate caii d Pmfij and Tax— z'llce, Thus Elixir”: fays, Meximi Ele‘plaamtomm gm iilic flmt mezj difii, [Emma’i were (:1? ij: c’xiflimamm'Texi/le. 1n the Pum’c and Hfl Ii} Moa‘mfl: Language it is call’d Ccefrzrg hence it is, as Servmr fays, 1:30.. {2; C‘efar, wt quad cefa Matrix Vent're 7mm: efl, 71c! quad Amt: ejm in Africa mama propria“ occidit Elephantem, gm" Ccefm' P48716774”; Lingua“. It is aifc call’d in Latin, Box, me, and Elepbamm, from the Greek The Elephant is “faid to live to a great Age: Some affertinsgv {A ,4 they live to One Hundred and Twenty Years; Others, to 200 rite}0 27““few. $5“ years; fomedto 300; and there are who affirm, that they can live till they be $00 Years old, and that they are very Ittong and robuf’c at the 260 Year. Temzelim tells us, that when a certain German, who had fometimes been in the India, faw thefe Bones he treats of, concluded from certain Marks the'fim’iam have, that that Elephant could not have been under zoo Years old. Mr. Ta. Tavernic-r’: wmier fays, he could never learn exaéily how long the .Elcp/Mflt: 7mm}, 1-,? lift! -, but that their Keepers haventold him, they knew fuch an India, 12. Ge; Elepbaflt to have been in their Great Grand father, Grandvt‘ather, '9 ’ and Father’s CUitody, which he modeftly computes not to have been under 120 or 130 Years. And ’ti‘s memorable, which faba- King of Lybia told, as itis télated by Pbiloflmtm, that the Knights of Lybia at a certain time fought upon Eieplomm, fome whereof had a Tower engraver: Upon their Teeth, others nothing; and when by the Night they Were kparated, fUCh as had the Tower were beat, and fled to the high Hill Aria: And that the fame" 75:54 after 400 Yearstook one of them, which had this Enfign f0 lively engraven, a: if it had been but lately done. 1 am net to anfwer for the truth of this, but they feem generaiiy to live to a great Age; for the Keeper told, that the 1514mm which feht in— our way was 76 or 28 Years oid; notwithfiandingwhich fhe. feems to have been Young, according to the Term of Life, for the Epiphyfes feparated from the Bones by Bnyling as eafiiy, as thofe of an Human S‘ubjet‘t would have done at the Age of 10 or? 22.. However, ’tis an Animal Snbjeét to many Diftemptrs 5 fo~ the; ( 6° ) that thO’ they maylive to fame of the fore mentioned Ages, yet moi’tly them petifh before they come to fuch length. , ’Tis certainly an Animal of confiderable Bignefs; but whether Uflqflgggmfi ever folarge as to contain gz I‘crong Men Upon its Back, as is 01:13:; 16‘ related} M’accab th. 6. '0. 37. befide the Indian that-govetn’d it, is p f much to be doubted; and 'tis more probable that this is an Error in the Impteflion, as is Well enough obferv’d; by Gremmefnil, who Bochart de inftead of ”AVJ‘e; J‘uvdttew; Mg 'rezaétwvm o‘t mAegQ'x/fi; éa’ au’n‘zg, Vin} flflimd/v 5-S-fartes rim (9" triginm, pflgmme: 2'22 ijr, believes it Ihould be rather, 5‘7”?" C 37-”Ayd‘es J‘defi): 4115' 37957; 06%va MAeygwst érza’ 65072175 Wri’ forte; duo Cab 269' ant Ire: pugmmte: fitpcr ipfo: 7.41mi»). Indeed Philofimtm fpeahs p/fl'fofl. [11,, of 10 or 15 Indian: fighting in Caitles with Darts on Elephant: 2. c. x. Backs : And Paula: Vimm fays, that m the Ginger Iflands they have Lib. 3'0 41. Wooden Caities upon Elephant’: Backs, which can contain I g or 2:; Men. But the Learned floc/Mrt very pieafantly fays of thefe Au- thors, that de magmls majora [aqmmmra "becaufe this is a big Beaft, they delight to {peak at random of it. I rather believe what He»- Heliod. lib. liodorm fays, that the Towers upon the Elephant: Backs could cont... 9. tain e fighting Men, who from each {ide drew Darts, the hinder ‘ part remaining void; or Cadamuflm, that they put Towers upon 0’1” 62' the Back, which, can hold 3 or 4. Men that fight upon them; and flzmm, that they carry, 3 -Warriours fightirg from either tide, and the 4th which governs them; Which 3 iafl: Accounts feet): very well to quadtate with the ufual height afcrib’d to them : About which fome Authors talking more largely, tell us of :8 or :6 foot high; but the moit received Account is, that they are from I 3 to 8 foot: 50 that as our Elephant Was none of the biggefl, {he did not them to have been any of the Ieafi fize. I Ihali give you her particular Dimenfions hereafter. ‘ Weir mm- The next to be confidet’d, “is their mannet of Proureation, her of Pro- about which Authors differ very much. All agree that it is an emti’mo Animal of extraordinary Modeflzy, and therefore never copu’ iates in view of any; which becaufe ’tisva big unweiidy Body, hath put Authors to a'lofs as to the PoI’ture. Some aflhrting, that it is Retrocoient and Retromingent; among whom is DnMoelim, from an Obfetvation he has made of the Situation and snuaure of the Pew}. Others obferving the dil’tance betwixt the Am: and Vagina, andthat the Duggs are fituated between the fore Limbs, are of Opinion, that the Female is in a Supine, and the Male in a Prone Pofture : ' Among whom is Tammier, who tells us, ‘ That ‘3 the Female gathetsta greatedeal of Herbs and Weeds, and makes . her ( 6' ) ‘ her Bed fome 4 or 5 foot high from the Ground, where {he ‘ throws herfelf, and lies on her Back in expet‘tation of the Male, ‘ whom lhe invites by a peculiar Cry ',_ therefore perhaps it may be, that the Duggs are placed fo forward, toavoid the Prelfure. A third Opinion is, that at the Coitm, the Eemale defcends into a Ditch, and that the Congtel‘s withthe Male is no otherwifev with them than with other Qpadrupeds. As to. the tilt, I can fcarce believe it probable, becaufe there can‘ be no. fuch thing as a Rettocoient Animal; for that would quite invert the order of Nature, and give a far different motion to the Mul‘cle-s of the Thighs, than they can be fuppofed to have from their Situation; and 1 am credibly info—rm’d by thofe, who have been at the Pains to obferve them, that Hares, Cats, Rabbits, oec. who are {aid to beRetrocoient, do Cepulate no Other way than Dogs and other andrupeds; and that Retrograde Poflzure we fee Dogs in at that time, is nothing but an endeavour to get rid, when (by means of the {Welling of theGlamJ the Male and Female are too clofe- together, and far from a deftgn of penetrating further into the Vagina. As to the fecond Opinion, were it not for Monfieur Tm-‘emier’s Alfertion, l lhould think it too unweildy an Animal, and of too fmall an Inclination to lye down, to acquire fuch a Po- fiutef The third Opinion is, that the. Natural Sagacity of the Animal difpol‘es the Female to go into the Ditch, and both fore and hind Legsfeem to be fo articulated as to favour this : For when the Female would bring the Body low, {he has no more-to do, but to i’cretch forward her fore Feet, and then the Articula- tion of the Humerm with the Cubims will bend backward; and to bring back her hind Feet, fo as to bend the Knees-forward, by which file can bring the fore part of the Body fo low, as to make the Nate: Protuberant, and bend the hind Legs, whereby to put the Vagina in a convenient Polture for Reception- of the Perm, according tO'that 0f Araflotlc, Subfiflit Femina, Clunilquue Sula- mifis, infiflz‘rped—ibm ac innitimr -, and elfewhere, Fleéi‘it 667% fans pafi’eriam Poinfe-f mado Hominis. Which of the two laft Opinions may be true, I know not, but you have the Allertion of two fan mous Authors for both. ,What Time they begin to COpulate is uncertain; tho’ from How long ,_ their ufual~ term of Life, Authors feem probably to conjeéture, 1/39]ng with that fome begin ,at the fifth Year, Others much later, yea, not Tong, .till the Twentieth. The time alfo of their goingiwith Young is -in debate; for their innate Modefty keeps futh as would. ' aI ebferve ( 62 3 obferve them from any certainty. The only way to know, is (where they abound") t0 obferve their feparati‘ng themfelves‘fmm the Flock; for it is a gregarious Animal, as Naturalifls term them; and ’tis obferwd, when they begin to be proud, (f0 to {peaig} that the :iale and Female gs; apart, (and if any obferve them at that time, the Male runs upon them with hury and Mad nefls) and do not return till the Female is impregnate. Some fondly imagine from their extraordinary Bignefs, that they go with Young 9 Years, others 6, and others 2-, but to me the mofi: probable is, that of I; or 16 ?vionths; and if we ohferve the ordinary courfe 0f Gei’cation in other Viviparou) Animais, it is according to the Bignei‘s and Term of Life, that the Eemaie ufiially goes With Young. Thus you have Bitches and Cats going but 9 Weeks, while hvgares and Cows go 9 Months: 80 that, Canon's pm-z‘bm, this our Animal may be fuppos’d to go :5 or 16 Months; and Mr Knox in his Relation of the ifland 0f Ceylafl, tell§".us, they go not with Young above one Year: Some flay, they A34 Lipf Seppl. Tam. bring forth after every thir.d.Year; and others, never but once 5. 1.1%.”. in their Life. The firth Oplmon may be probable, but the fecond ' is fcarce to be beh-eved; for it would be full more wonderful, and next to an Impoflibility, t0 fee fuch Numbers of Elephant! in Armies and Countries, as we read of. Mr. Tammier tells us, .‘ He has been inform’d, that the Great Mogul keeps Three or 9-. Four T‘houfand Elephants; but that the chief Maiter afl'ur’dhim, ‘ he had not above 500 {aid to be of his Houfe, and defign’d ‘ for carrying Women, Tentsvand Euggage, andahout 50 or 90 _‘ for War; which is a great Number of tam’d ones. And from thence we may fuppofe, that there muf’c be a far greater Num- ber of Wild ones in his Dominions, befides what are in the Kingdom of Peg» (Where, as Salaam relates from Germ; ab arm, Mimagnfiat one Hunting there Were 1,000 takenerat once) Siam, Cochin ml.Ter- and 80mm near Great Ternary, befides thel’e 0f the Ifland of [£12. 8.. Sumatra and Ceylam; Where .Tawrm‘e’r reports for a certain twth, . 9 ‘ That'when any King or Raj}; has one of them, if they bring T“"”“?‘{‘ 5 ‘ the Breed of any other Place, {'0 foon as the other Elephants be. £3?“ ”’ ‘ hold the Ceylmz Elephants, by anInftinCt of Nature they do them a ’95' ‘ Reverence, by laying theirTrunks 71.1an the Ground, and raiv ‘- fing them up again. ’I‘is faid the Male never copulates with the Female after once Ihe is impregnate7 andxfome will have us to believe, that every Male Keeps to his own Female. ’Tis alfo faid to be a very temperate Qreature, and feldom in Luit. Taverm‘ta’ 6 3 Taveraicr tells us, that the Male never meddles With the Female- wheoonce he is taken, but is fometimes feized, with. a luliful Rage, whereof he gives this memorable laitante: ‘ One Day ‘ when chajelmn King of India was a Hunting upon one of his Page 93‘ Elephmfts, with one of his Sons who fat by him, the Eleplmzs became fo furious by reafon of his Luli, that the Governor, who was by no means able to malter him, declar’d to the King, that to ailay his Fury, who would elfe doubtlefis bruife him to pieces among the Trees, there was no way but for One of the three to forfeit his Life, and that he would willingly Sacrifice his for the {afety of the King, and“ the Prince his Son; only he defir’d his ajeity would take care of his Children; which faid, he’ thtew himfel? among the Elephazzt’s Feet, who had no foonett

hflafinnhahm taken him in his Trunk, and fqueez’d him to pieces with his ‘v Feet, but he grew as quiet and peaceable as before. Whethet this Rage proceeds from Luit,‘ or it be a kind of Madnefé,‘ which Mr Knox in the foreeited Place tells us, they are feiz’d with at certain Seafons, which is known by the Efflux of a Liquor from their Jaws like Oyl, and which afterwards goes off of its own accord, I {hall not determine; but ’tis probable to have been the latter, and that by this fign the Keeper did know the Difeafe. The‘faid Mr Knox adds, that the Femaies fuckle indifferently the young ones of others as well as their own, ’Tis reported ofthem, that they ‘only bring forth one at once, tho’ if it were not for the unanimous AITer‘tion of all Authors, ‘1 would be ready to believe they bring forth more, for Reafons hereafter to be given; and that that one is about the hignefs'of an Hog, or as fome fay of an big Calf; which feems to quadrate with the Account of Tmicr- m‘er, who tells us, that when the Merchants bring the Elephant: to fell, the'Children do ufual’ly leap upon their Backs, :which. could not be done were they higher. They are faid to file for '6 Years, or according to fome 8 ; tho Irather adhere to-the Opi- nion of thofe, who tell us, they quit their Dame at 6 Months, if it be true, that when they are brought forth,they .both fee and walk; for if fo, they may as foon come to purchafe their Food as Colts and Calves. The Natural Food of the. Elephant is Gtafs, andwhen that’s 1!! Natfital wanting, they dig up Roots with their Tasks. This perhaps may F094- be one of the Reafons, why the Behemoth is taken for the‘ElepImntf hecaufe’tis {aid to eat Hay like an Ox 5 “but that, as Bachart tells us , is common to the Hippopotamos’alfo. They'arc’ {aid to have a J a great (64) great delight in Cucumbers and Melons, and a particular Inftiné’c‘ in avoiding whatever Herbs may be hurtful to them. Tis alto obfervable, they will not go near any Graf‘s that has been tramp. led on by Men, for featof Snares. When they are tam’d, they eat Hay, Oats, Barley, or inch ether Food as Oxen and Horfes. It drinks a great quantity of W’ater, Which it fucks up by the Trunk, anj whenever that’s {cl}, it emptieth it in the Mouth. It naturally afl’eé’ts muddy Water rathert-san clear”: \Vhen Tame, it drinks clear Water well enough, 'When they are to go to Battel, they givethe‘m Spirituous Liquors, fuch as Wine, 02%". in order to make them drunk and furious, as appears from the Hi. fiery in the third Book of Maccabeej, Chap. 6. It has a very acute fenfe omeeiling, (by which it readily finds fitmmzen1w“ ;‘. F ifI \a» , ij . , V-~ J out its Food. ’Twas pleafant, that when they came to fee the ».-”1~,‘1/l/l$.. Creature, with Apples in their Pockets, it puli’d them out to the afloniihment of thofe who had them. I’m inform’d one of the greatefl: Mifchiefs it got, was,lwhen in the North of the King- dom, being in an Hone, next to which was another with a great deal ofCom in it, and the poor Beaft being" hungry, and fmeliing the Com, beat up and prefi: into a very narrow Door, where its Sides were very much crufh’d, and they had much ado to get it out : And when at Perth, it beat up a Stable next to the Home where it was, and moft induittioufly fingl’d out the“ clean Stt. w from among the Dung that lay among the Horfes Feet. Several Naz- 1 come next to give you fome Initances of its Natural Endow- mz Fmgzm, ments, the manner of taking it, and its wonderful Docility when of the Eic- Tame. Pliny-fays, that maximum efl' Animal, proximumq; Immam}: phant. Smfibm; as appears in their Care of their Young, for they rather ’chufe to Iofe their own Life, than that they {hould Ioie theirs. They alWays go in Flocks, and the greateit go foremofi, and. when theyare topais a River, they lift the young ones acrofs. upon their two Tusks, and twift the Probo/E‘z'a' round about their middle; and make fuch as are bigger go before them, the great. efi: coming hit; for did'the greateft'pai‘s firft, the River might chance to be f0 deep, that neither the lefl‘er ones could paf‘s, nor the bigger foreadily afliit them. When they pafs by any of their Dead, they cover the Cadaver with Branches of Trees, Grafs, or what elfe they can get. When any is wounded, the: reft take care of him, bring him Meat, relieve him from Danger, and run together to fave him from the Hunter. When a Snare is laid for them, they foon perceiveit; if it be a Ditch,~ he that’s neareit ' halts, (65) halts, (asit were by an In[tinét) which when the ref: perceive, theyimmediately return With Fury Upon the Hunter. 'Tatzerziierljocecirca»,- tells us, ‘- That being once-deceiv’d, and having eftap’d the Snare, ‘ they are very dittgyfifnl ever after“, and, when they get to' ‘ the Wood again, they break offaigreat Bengh; from one of ‘ ‘theyTrees with theitTrunk, with which they eXamine every t jStep they go, before they fet down their Feet, to try if there be 4% any hole in their way. ffi/hen they go inTtoops, ifone of them perceives an Herb on which'any.Man has trampl’d,‘ he pnlis it hp, and delivers it to the next, who fmelis it and gives it to a third, and (0 on till it come to the iaIt, who makes a great fx‘oife, upon which all: go to flight, and retire to Hills, Mountains; Shady, and other lefsfi'equented Places, where when thereis no more ,Grais, fome dig up Roots, others. go and puii tender Buds, Herbs and ' Leaves of Trees;_and the firit that. finds any thing? return: and convenes the refi; of the Hock, thathe may communicate to them what he has purchafed., When they arey'in a Bartel, fnch as are wearied nor wounded, return tothe Multitude, and fnch as have. been lefs exgos’d’i .advance of their own accord. When they are to pafs over a Ditch, one or more go down (according to the breadth of it) and hand acrofs it, where making as it were the Column of a Bridge, all the refl; Itepping upontheir Backs, path over. When all have paft, they bring him or them out after this manner ~: Atthe tide of the Ditch one of themfiands, and ftretches out his Foot, which he that is in the Ditch takes. hold of, by. twifting his Probofch round it; then the reft make hafleand pro... videBranches of Trees, which they throw in, that he may the. more eafily {tep up upon them. Their Love,~ Fidelity and Gr‘atitudeis wonderful : >L£l§dfilflf€fl§f§g§r 13m? us.,__.when Perm King Of India was filbdtfd by Alexanderthe G.I<3at,Psz{e/§it;i (anti he wasiwounded with» feveral Darts, \as was the Elephant he rode Gratitude, upon, .who was careful to pull-them out of his Mafiet’s Body with his-waofiiu and" When heaperceived his Maf’ter faintifh by the. 101's; of Blood,» he gradually lean’d himt'elf down, till ”he 1%” flat. upon the Ground, that his Matter might receive no damage by lighting ofF. There is alfo a Story related by Athermw, of the. Gratitude of an Elephant toward. a Woman, who had done him L55; 13= fome piece of Service: She laid her Child by him, when it was onlerhitty Days Old, but-‘aftetward the Wornah being Dead} he felllfo in Love with the Child, that he couldnot endure it to be abfent from him, being molt uneafy when” he did not fee it; there- ( 65 ) ~‘therefiote whefi at any time the Nurfc had fetisfy’d the Child, {he Iaid it in a Cradle between his Feet; which if {he had not done, he woeld not eat any, but When fhe did it, he Wouid eat plea- fantly by the Child the whole Day. kVt7he’n the Child flept, he chas‘d away the Flees with the Probofczk‘; and When it cry’d, he weeid 201% or rock the Cradle, and thereby fet the Child afleey again. Several Invitantes of this Nature might be given from Ae- there, bat thefe may fizflic‘e. _ hgfié 555g . Eat as their Love and Gratitude is'great, fo likewife are they fimwggg, fuhieét to Wrath and Revenge. Micheal Glym teils, that whee fleets}: Peman Elephdizt at a time was brought into’ a Theater, he few as he 1: came along a Keeper of Wild Beafts fitting in the Market Place5 Wham in Paflion he. fuddenly killid -, and that the occafien of this Revenge was, becaufe the faid Keeper abeut Ten Years hefet had I‘tticken him with 21 Sword in that fame Place. Anti .Acafie writes, that a Soldier in the Town of Cockim had thrownthe Kernel ofa Nut at an Elephaet, which the Elepbmzt took up, and. carefufly hid. Some Days after, the Eleplmm feeing the Soifiiet patting by, threw it intohis Face, made a gaeat Notfe, and went away leaping and dancing. In that fame Town another Soldier meeting an Elephant with his Keeper, wonld not give way to them, whereupon the Keeper complain’d to the Eleplaeer of the Afi'ront, who fome Days after fianding on the River d’a’mgamg which runs through the Town, and feeng the Soldier flaming idle, run haitily toward him, lifted him up on the Prahofczk, and. plung’d him fevetai times in the River; after which he drew him ?ut (having thus aveng’d himfelfjand left him where he found .‘nm. , g The manner of Taking them is ; firft, they dig deep Ditches, and 3f fflgfim’l cover them withfirahehes .of Ttees, em". which, the’ the Ele- 5565; e phent: may fomettmes percewe, as 18 «field, yet they are frequent; ' iy enfnar‘d thereln: When any fall m, the refi: are ready f2) thtow in Branches of Trees, and fuch other Materials as they can get, to feea if by any means, they can rid their Campanieh. Another Method us’d by the King of ?egg is). he builds Ptii—‘ons for them of Wooden Pillars, at finch a diitance as to fuflhr a Man to pets, but hogan Eteplmm; then he caei‘es to be let go inte the Woods fame tame Females, whofe Pedmde ate anointed with a certain 03:1, for enticing the Male; and taking care that they do not copulate, they drive all together, toward the Erif‘on, whence they convey the Females. into Stahtes, which can tentein no mere 5 hit: bnt one at once; and the Males hot in pntfeit .areeeeght “met? the Pillatsa and immediately fome Byflanders lay acroté ?ales of Wood to hinder their Retnrn.‘ When they perceivethe Citheet9 theyturfn all in a Rage and Fury, and fall a groaning even to the ' ih‘e’dding’ofTears, and run up and down tiil they be all in a Sweat, 'When the Hunters defign to put them in Stables, they let them fee the Fethales again,~-~whom they lead foremoit,’ and the Males follow them to the intended place, which iS‘ fo little; that it ad~ méts no more'but one at once: Then they remove the Female, and We the Male by the Neck t0. the Stall', til} being wearied both by Hunger and Grief, they become more Tame, which is ufuaily after 8 Days faiting, and then the Keeper learns and mad? nages themes he p’leafes. A third Methodbftaking them us’d by the faid King is this: He gathers a vafi: number of Men, by which he futrounds the whole Forefl: where the Elephant: haunt, and having enclos’d them within a norrow bounds, he picks and chufes fuch, as, he has a mind for, and lets the ref: go; Garzimw Orm fays,‘ that at one of ‘theie Hu‘ntings there were taken 4000, but that-the-King caus’d them all to be let go, except zoo, ,Iefti hisCOuntry thonld be‘deptiv’d of them. ’Tis‘ memorable what} Edward Lopez. fays he faw, that when a~young Elephant was catch’d in one ‘of, thefe Shares, the old one run with violznce (notwith— ftanding of the By—i’canders) to get it out; whereof being difap- pointed, ihe threw in Earth, Trees and Stones in fuch abundance, that it fiil’d the Ditch, and rather chus'd to deftroy its own Brood, than let it fall into the Hands of the Enemy. But if what Authors have told us eftheit marine- u]. Taming 75c, WWW be true, ’tis‘ a Wonderful Token of theirtNatural Sagacity. After gf-ijggg they are taken, they hedge each of them in with great Raftergzlacm. ( till they be enclofed in 10 narrowbounds, that they can fcar‘cé have place to Rand: Then they tye their Feet and Tusks fo together, that they cannot move; their Keepers mount them, being gitt about with two Ropes, and ftriking with their Heels and Clubs, threaten to beat them, and to ftarve them till they {houl‘d . Die; but if they Will be quiet and peaceable, they would be kind to them, anoint them with Oyl, and give them Meat and Drink in abundance. Then they take one of thefe wildones, and put it in betwiXt two Tame ones, and fo confine it on both {ides till it be Tame enough. Tavernier tells, ,thntlhe faw once two Wild Elephants,”-which had been lately taken,” each ofwhichfi'had ts; Tame one. plac’d on each fide. Round about theWild‘Elepém-mf i 63 ) item! 6 Men, every one having‘an half Pike in :his Hand, and .a lighted Torch faftned at-t‘he end of the .Pike,‘ and talking to the Bcaftsgave them Meat, and cry’d out in their Language, Take it, 154; it. y, The Food which they gave them was a little Bottle of Hay, fome pieces of brown Sugar, _and Riceboil’d in Water, with fome féw Corns of Pepper. Iftthe Wild Elephant: refus’d to do "asthey were bidden, ,the‘ Men made Signs to the i ame£1e~ phams to beat-them, which they did, banging the refraétory one with their Trunks on the Head and Forehead; and if he offer to make any refiihance, the-other-s thwarthim on the other tides? R} that. the poor Bealt not knowing what to do, was confirain’d to iear‘n~ Obedience; ’Tisxfaid thefe Methods foon take with the yeunger fort, but {For the old ones they put them into big‘Houies, and treat them very harfhly, by wounding them with Darts, and fiarving them till they be half Deail 5 and then by gentle Methods and fair Promifes they tame them. wlimw fays, .when all other Methods proveinefl’eétual with an old one,~ they “have a certain kind of Mufical Inflrument, wherein they play the‘r own Natural Tune, to which they become f0 attentive, that they are foon taken with the fweetnefs of the; Melody; and laying afide-their Wiidnefs, begin to look to the Meat that’s offer’d them, and tho’ they Ihouid take ofl’ the Fettets‘ forget their ancient rude- nei‘s, and fail to their Meat with Greedinefs and Appetite. ”Iis indeed-verly furprizing .to think, they fliould underftand either Elattery, Threatning or Mufick, when Tame, and if when Wild ' they do it, ’tis much more 11). However, thatit is amofi: docile Creature the Accounts of all agree, and Authors tell you wonder- .fu] Stories of them, fuch as their Dancing to a Pipe, and keeping Time, Leaping, Skipping, Gathering and StroWing Flowers, ex-e ercifing Fuzee and Pike, like a Soldier, and cafting of Colours, piaying mgreat many antick Tricks in Theaters, and even Writing too, and-underftanding Human speech. When it is in Sorrow, it hangs the Praéofch low to the Ground. and ’tis by the flame it makes its Gladnefs appear, It is an Animal very defirous of vain Glory, and veryProud, when finely drefl: and richly adorn’d‘. ‘ ' g. {Srées‘ '7‘)»- But leaving this, I come to the more particular Confideration i&;«'in:}élv of of the Creature I am now treat ng of. I {hall firi’c take nouce of “553,8 " 1-3 fist: ; its External Shape and Dimenfio/ns, and then of its InternalParts, Sam 55,153 with their Strué'ture. Thatit is AfiideVflflijfimum, Iihali readi- ’tJtQhAUL,5:9 i fi,’' t Eg acknowledge with Franzim; but that itris deform’d, fince thof‘e due (69:) due proportionslaid‘down by the Author. of Nature are as Wei: obfetv‘d in this as in any other Animal, I can hardly grant; fol“ nothin’g can he deform’d but what fwerves from a general Rule, ‘It has a big Ihort Head, {hertz Neck, long Nofe, or Preéqfi‘zly, hanga ing almofl: to the Ground 3 a Back fomewhat- protuberant, a em and round Body, 3 long Tail, four great round Legs, like {”0 many Columns fupporting fuch a veil: weight; and fhort Feet, thofe before being broader and rounder, ' and thoie behind. more long and narrow, each Shed With 4 Hoofes; a little net... , tow Mouth, with 2. long Tasks proceeding from the Upper Jaw, one on each fide of the Prahafcég; 4_fireng Grinders in each Jaw 5 {male}, yet piercing Eyes; and large flat Ears. The Dimenfions are as follow : Atthe fore Leg {he was 8 *3: foot 773,8 pm”; high (A.A.).and 9 at. the hind (B. B.) in length 10 foot (C CJW Biwee- and a Tai14.*-Ecot'3 Inches long ((3. D.) around the Belly :4 Foot gn! (35‘ 1751:: " (E. E.) fromshE'top ofthe Head to the end of the Pr/abefciss Poot/r’yfé Siting (F t F.) whereof the Proéejhia makes up 4 {- foot (F.G.) from the ’ Forehead equal with the Eye to thelower Jaw, meafuring hack. ward, 2.7 Inches (H. H.) from the top of the Head :0 the’lowet, jaw, meafuting downward, 4. “'5 foot; (F. I.)‘The Ear was almofi: fquate in this Subjeét, and {mall in refpet’c of thofe in other Ani— mals. Whether or not this difference "might have been in regard of the Sex, [know not. j’Twas in lengh 19 Inches (K K) and in breadth 17 (L L.) The .Eye.(U) was not fo final! as Dr. Mae- limwould have it; Who fays, they were no bigger in the Sub.- jeé‘t he treats of than thofe of a Sheep; whereas in this they are larger than thofe of an 0x. ‘The diItance betwixt them, meafuting acrofs, was 26 Inches; between the Am: and Vegimz 2 :3} feet; between the Bugs I foot. The fore Foot, meafuring round the extremities of the 4. Hoofs, 3 foot 10 3; Inches (N. N.) whereof the external Hoef running obliquely forward was 5 Inches ; ,the fecond on the outfidequuate before, was 5 Inches, and. 6 in breadth, i. a. up toward the Skin; as was the third, fquare alfo before, and 4 ~L- half, (0) Ihe internal was more pointed than the External, and of the famelength; the hind part of the Foot was covet’d with a tough thick Skin : The Diameter of the fore Foot, from the Right to the Left, was 14 £- Inches; from before to behind, 16 e Inches. The Circumferencehof the fore Leg, at the Upper Eoint, was 41:00: 3 Inches (9. 0.) At the Attica“ lation of the Cerpze 2 font 6 —;~ Inches (P. P.) the Circumference ef the hind Foot, round the Hoof, ; feet 4 ln’t'hes ( Q, (.1) Its K Diametet (70) Diameter from behind to before, 16 fie Inches; from the Right to'the Left, 12 lnchesx The breadth of theouter Hoof, 4 .3 In- ch65 (17.) the fore Hoof being Semicircular, 3 ’5 Inches, ( 4. ) the third and fourth Hoof 4 Inches each; both inner and outer Hoof go obliquely forward. The Circumference of the hind Leg is 2 foot 2 Inches, (R. R.). Thus you have the Dimenfions of all its External Part5, taken either from-the Body, when itlay Dead in the Field, or fince from the Stufi’dSkin, wherein for the molt part they agree; only that by reafon of drying, the Legs are i'mallet, and the Back not To protuberant'. f“,i .295 L1111" h:xcuia. ‘ Now I come to-confider the Cuzz’cula and Cam, being the fith #3:}:' {thus‘ \I-h {ubjeéted to Enqulry: Dr. Aioulim has already at large infifted

J .' v: . gfjtfi’ib‘ $1, moft judicioufly on both, and indeed he had good Opportunity [0 do ft); for he had the choice of any part of the Skin he pleas’d, (to view its Struéhire) that was not defac’d by the Fire; whereas in our Subjeé‘t, thechief endeavour of Pfhvoft Tmmmz being to preferve the Skin whole, in order to Stuff it, (which is now done to ['0 goodlpurpofe and folively, that it is become a mofl: curious Ornament, as the Figure after» the Original, which now fiands in ourHall, doth reprefent) _I had not an opportunity of making tryal upon any of it green; for on the Monday, while! was oblig’d to go out and take care of the Bones, the Workmen were bufied in falting and preparing it, and afterwards I had not time: So that What Accounts I can give you are‘ taken from it, as it now flands dry. But that Imay give you all the fatisfat’cion. Ican, I {hall tranfcribe what of Df.yMai£liez’s Ac— count I find agreeable to that I fee in this Suhjeét,‘ and add my- own Obfervations. He fays, ‘ he found the Clttimla cover’d all over with a Itrange DnMeulin’:‘ fort ofS-cab, in many Places refembling oldWrats,deeply jagged, ‘ and iii: Acwunt ‘t he carnous Fibres of the Mufcles of Beef when much boil’d {f the Smite. ‘ and tranfverfly cut, but of a dirty tawny Colour. There Stabs ‘ (if they'may be fo call’d) both flit and look like fhort pieces of " Whale—bone; they did f0 firmly flick to the Cmimlaz, that the a ‘ could not be pluck’d from it, nor the Parts of which they C0n-- fifted (tho? they were much divided) from one another, with- 0th IWaring it, and yet the Carimla was very tough and

“.9. ' t lCzi- Thie ( 7l 3 This is very lively expreft, and Ani‘wers exat if] to what UH fsffifgfu find in this Subjett. He'goes on, and Pays : ‘ The length of thefw i‘::g;;%;;:$;’eis. ‘ Stabs was in fome above 3% or ' 2’3, but in other piaees not aheve ‘ 1-5;, or 5; of an Inch. . The caufe of which difference, he takes ‘ to be the Elephant: wearing, by- rubbing or lying, fome Parts 0f ‘. them, while others were flightly, or not at all worn. ‘ The Stabs of this Subjeét were not ft) long; for as the deepeih 1.2: I could find upon the,Cutimla was not above :5, fo the thinnei‘t $257. 3. s was lei‘s that (‘3 of an Inch; but that: is not material. As to his Reafon why they are thicker in fome Parts than another, tho’ it may feem pretty good, yet I {hall offer another by and by, as a no lefs probable Conjet‘ture. He fays, ‘ He cedld find but very few Hairs Without this Scab,?73}: Hain- i‘a ‘ but many within, and even with it. The Elephant: I.neiinati-éz‘;., ‘ on to Itch, and to rub himfelf againft whatever came in his ‘ way, kept thofe Hairs that were. even with the outfide of the aforefaid Scab, from appearing of any confiderable length. The ‘ hardnefs Of the Scab, by keeping the Roots of the Hairs fait, ‘ did very much contribute to their wearing on the outiide, as: ‘ well as to, their Prefervation on that within. In our Subjeét the Hairs are every where pretty long, fame 23, forne 3 Inches; others (in Places moi’c Subjeft to Rubbing, as the Doétor obferves) but I or {— Inch, tho’ indeed not fo nu-. merous as I find. There are Pafi‘hges for' them through the Ca: (1,, 0-. 31* ‘59 ticula. I know not what the Doéto‘rxmeans by difiinguiihing he- 0-K tween thofe found in the Cmix, and thofe in the Cmimia, fince I am convinc’d all arife from the (mix, 'and penetrate the Cm;- cala. ,They are indeed black, and many of thtm fiiffer and thicker than thofe in an Hog. As he by/ the Fire had occafion to obferve fomepieces of the Cutimla rais’d from the Catis, fo the Skin of this Subjeét is in many Places depriv’d of it, efpeciaiiy where the Beafl: lay moii: in the Water at its Death 5 and fince thefe are means whereby to feparate the one from the other, this may give occafion to enquire by what means they aihere : But I’muit fi‘rf’c confider the Struflure of the C'mimla, and then of the Cutis. You know fome have taken the sz’: to be nothing but a certain gruft form’d of feverai Mucilaginons Particles, obducing the C'mia, 8m. in the .vterm; which after the Farm is The 5m. come to gteater maturity, is condens’d and form’d "into a Skin, 552m (sf a3: fuch as we {ee Mucilagc: and PfitlfeféU have, when after hoiiing Cuticuiau they ate eXpos’d to the Cold: Ethers, that the Citticulfi, as well ' z ' as (72) as Cmis, is compos’d of a Congerz'e: of Memlvmnaw Fibres, inter- mi-xt With a great many Capillaries, and endued With Pores fit for Perlpiration: And there are Anatomifts who 'aiTert, they have injected thefe. Cutaneous Veilels in the Cade of a Farm, as well as in the Cum; tho’ when the Animal is more adult, thefe Capt]; larie: not only efcape the view of the naked Eye but even of ‘ Opticks. That this has been the Strufture of the Clttztltla in this Animal, is mol‘t‘plain and obvious; for tho’ I cannot determine its thicknef , as Dr. Maulim might have done in a recent One, yet now as it is dry, it feems to‘ be of the thicknef‘s of, or ta. ther thither, than common Vellum, with its inner Surface exea- vated, as you fee a Woman’s Thimble, (the Hoiesheing much about the fame Bignei‘s, and difPos’d regularly) or in an Honey Comb. Among the lnterl‘cices of thefe Excavations, the Rami- fications and Divarications of the Blood Veilels are obvious. At 745' 3~ A- every two Lihes or éofa-n Inch diftance, for the moit part are to be obfetv’d Protuberancescompos’d of 5, 6, or 7. Columns joining, and making up a Pyramid or Cone; in the top whereof is the Pare 0t Dufim, menti’on’d by Dr. Manlim, through which the Hairs pafs; they are nothing but the lnterltices of the Favi, ((0 to callv V them) or Depreflionst which arife in the Cutimlzz, and are im patted in the Cum, for the better Reception of the Hair. ‘And ”the probable, that all the Hairs ate covet’d over with thin Mem— branes, as Dr. cflflmlz‘m obferves, from. the Extremity of theit. Roots to the Cmimla; hecaufe having pull’d‘out fevetal 0f the. Hairs, I faw them included within their proper. Invalucm, and, doubt not but it was ft) with all the refl: too, befide thecommon one Which is both contiguous and continuous to the sz'm/e. The Hairs are more leafs, and the Pores more patulentwand ‘ohg vious in the Ceticzzfa now dry’d, than-I‘ fuppofe they. were When, recent; but whether thei’e Pores were alfo deiigned for'Separa- tion of Vapours by Perfpiration, or only to contain, and convey the Hairs planted in the cm through the Cuticm’d, is what;

03”,] la“, p .5 affirm. To the outflde of this Cwi- E I {hall neither contradié} not .;55.1 :3?5%,“-._,wtdis 9f ~ (Jila are adherent the Stabs, which! rather take to be aSuper— " venient Difi'emper incident to this Animal, when out of its dwn Climate, eecafion’d by the Confirié’tion of the Pores from Cold, than any wife Natural to it : And to this the Accounts of all Authors agree; who tell us, that there are two kinds of them, one of a more dark Ce-iour, and another duskiih and fad, haa- Vieg hath their Shins ef every fmooth and yolite Surface 5 whfere. OATS. (7;) fore. the Keepers of this Elephantwith. us, cail’d it the whim E/ephdnt, in oppofition to the black ones; whereof Horace; in the forecited Place, fays, ngri: dégrzzflrxae 1422;71'5: But after. they are affeaed with the Scab) this Difiinétion of Colours is. not obferv’d. Authers tell us, as yOu have heard, that the firf‘c thing they do When they begin to Tame them, is to aneint them. with Oyl, whereby they keep their Skin {‘moOth, 1'be and flexi. ble, and relax their Pores R), that whatever grofs Particles may: fly off from their Blood, whofe Cehfiitution is now perhaps .worfe by the alteration ef' Dyer, and hardfhips they undergo ate taming, may not {tick to the Skin, but freely be evaporated. And I am credibi‘y. inform’d by fuch as have Iiv’d long in the In- die:, that they take as much care to keep the Ships of the Elc~ plum: fmoath and‘clear, as we do with our fine Horfes. Since then thefe Scabs are a Difeafe, and not Natural to» theAnimal, it is reafonable I {hould enquire into the Caufepf them -, which to me feems to be a} Cmfllzz’e 6"" Vifiofimts‘SznguimLs, whofe Bar— ticles, becaufe of obfiruéted Pores, by a Cold too exceflive for their Body, do notvfo eafily fly 0ng but after they hate pafi: the Cutiwld, go no further than its Surface; and becaufe of the sz.‘ cofizy of their Texture,_ do 12) cleave to. and heap upon one ana- ther, that they appear under the form of a Scab; which by the Evaporation of the more humid Particles, harden by degrees, and by the heat “of the Sun are traded, rent, and divided : That Coidnefs of the Weather will occafion grofs and vifcuous Blood, there’s none acquainted with the Dii‘tempers in thefe. Northern Countries wiiL-readily. deny ;. nor. that moft. of thefexDiftempets proceed from the Obflruétions of Capillaries and Pam, and that this may be the C’aufe 0f thefe Sc‘abs.‘ i otter only this one Expen riment; whatever Pieces of the Cuticula' ‘1 ohferv’d, where the Scabsgwere thin, there the Patti or Depreffions were large and confplicuous -,.t but Where they were very thick, there the Pat's? were :very final}, and almoft imperceptible; which plainly; im- plies, that wherever thefe Particles avolate freely, few adhetc to the Surface of the Skin»; but whentheir. Force is‘inhihited. by the {tric‘lnefs of the Pores,rthey'are unable to remove any further than they. adhere to, and augment the flight of theScab, Ihefe, as is ‘faid, are divided from; one another by feveral.Riwe,’/‘ke Ema.- or Rents, which. may, either. be. occafion’d by the afoze~mentiomdclivia’mI 5.5;? heat of the Sun, or by. the different Poftu-re the S§;in..is-put ih hyfemml the-feveral Motions of the Body. Hence it. is, thatwheretihe Rifi‘sffj» S .153 (74) Skin is moit wrinhied, thefe Rim are mofi: frequent. It may be faid, that this Reafoning feems to? contradiét what DrMoulim has afl‘erted, viz, That this Animal has a very fubtile Blood, a- The Can/fita- bounding with a pet etrating Urinous Salt -, which he proves from firm 0f the the Vivacity of the Species, from the Urinous Effimfia whteh af- Elephant’r fected his Noitrils, and from the fmarting of his Finger by the Blend. Blood, afterit was cut. As to the firth, that it. IS a yery Viva- cious and Spirituous Animal, bath the foregoing Relation and the Account of all Authors make it apparent; but that does not hm- der its Blood from being incraflated by Cold, and bad Dyer, nor: that thefe Scabs may proceed from this grofs Blood. ‘As to the fecond, tho’ he mighthave been fenfible of an abounding U. rinous Salt in that Animal, it does not follow it ihouid be {’0 in all, and I am apt to believe it was extraordinary ;‘ for Without doubt {itch a burning as the poorBeait underwent,,even to its (Death, muft have alter’d the Conititution of its Blood, and made it quite different from what it was; and ’tis probable, that it was at fuch places, as were-moft afi'eéted with the Burning, where he felt this Urinous Smell, and the finarting of his Finger. For my part, I obferv’d the Blood of this Subjec‘t to be Stypick and Reitringent: So that when my Hands were imbru’d in it, I could fcarce bend a Finger; which Efi'eétl have alfo perceived at the DiHEétiOH of Fiihes, which all acknowledge to have vii: cuous Blood. But it may be objeéted, that this our Subjeé't dy- ing Morbid, and of a languifhing Diitemper, the Blood of the one might be grofs and vifcuous, and yet that of the other Spiri- tuous and Subtiie. I Ihould be ready to acknowledge the Obje-~ {tion to be valid, if I did not underfiand both were afi'eé’ted with the fitme- Scah, and by what appears, the other feems to have been more than thiS. - I proceed next to the Cari}, whofe inner Surface Dr. Maulim 7}): Stry- obi'erv’d ‘ To abound with a great many Glands; when cut c’hre of ti): ‘ through, at Ieafi as far as Cutie; the Roots of the Hair went, it was ‘ like the horny or callous partot Brawn, and its outer Sur. ‘ face abounded with a great many Papi/Ae. As I faid, I had not-opportunity to obferve any of ‘ thefez, but am apt to believe all to be true : Andfirft, as to the Papille', I told you already, that the Caricula was endued with a vafl: quantity of Paw; or DepreIIions, wherein I doubt not but thefe Papille were receiv’d, tho’ the Surface of the cm, as now dry’d, is fmooth; and where the Papillcs feem’d to have formerly been; there are now rather Def; C 75 ) Depreflions than Pretuhergnces. This is an Argument that thérc has been fome kind of Liquor contain’d in theie ‘Papi/faz or Veil. i'eis, as I may call them, which at the drying of the Skin is eva- berated 5 and therefore I fuppofe this brawny part of the mfg, to be a Congcrie: 0f dufim excretory, running in a Paraiiei Line from thefe Glands to the Veficles,‘ and conveying the Liquor to be contain’d in them, till it be evaporated by Perfbiration; and thefe Vefl‘els fee’m to have been both {0 big and numerous if; this Animal, that they make up at l-eafl: two parts of the inner Surface of the Cmiwlg; the Blood Veiieis .and the Depreflions together fcarce make up a third part. 'They feem» aifo to be Iodg’d inthe Cari: by the one’ half, and in the Carina}: by the other; for in fome Places of the Chris, I obferved the Deprefli- ons as numerous, and feemingiy Parallel to thofe in the cmng; and that, notwithfianding the Mmbmmlce, where the Humour: was included, which now being dry’d *and collaps’d, may take- up tome Space in the Depreflion of the Cttfifo By this Account both of the Cutimla and: Cutis', 1 come to enquire Firfi, howithe one fhould f0 firmly adhere to the other, when there feems‘ to. be not Communication by Fibres betwixt them, as appears by their eafy Separatioh both by Fire and"'Water: Secondly, how eonfiderable the Perfpiration may be. As to the Fitftg, fince the- “th and— Cmimfa are two éiitiné’c Membranesrtheir Cohefiem feems to be mutual; Firfit, thefe Pyramids, which receive the“ Hairs, are impaéized in the CM, and cIoI‘er furround their Roots .3. and then thefe Papille ateximpaéied in the Cmicula, which fofiongs, as they ate'diftended with the humour fit for Perfpiration, will.- not readily quit the Depteflions in the Cmiwla, unlefs the Eu» mour be fuddenly evaporated by Fire, or the Sides of‘thefe De-» preffions or Cellulce be relax’d by Water; and there may be a: certain Vii’cofity Which obduces the Surface of both, as it Were.- f0 much Glue, Which either the Fire may dry up too much, or the Water dilate; {0. that the one can be foon fep-ara'ted from the: other, and the Hairs either be phii’d from their piece, or quit: their common Ineommm, As to the fecend, m. The ?erfigiri- tion, I {hall offer no other Calculation than what is a! eavdy made by Dr. Manlim : He fays, ‘ the Pores mufi he hath numerous and ‘ large for Perfpiration, efpecially if we confider Samfierim hi3 ‘ Statical Obfervations of a Man’s infenfibiy perfpitihg in a Win- ‘ ters D.ay§go.and upwards; which is fomething more than {3 of: e anordinaty Maui‘s weight, fugpeiing him :0 be moth, and at: (’76) ‘ at this rate We Inuit fuppofe an'Elephants Perlijiration to 'he‘ '4' val‘cly more; but (as he lays) ’tis/probable, the Scabs might ‘ bar it from'bearing proportion to that of a Man's: So that what. ever the Eleplmm might have iperfpir'd in an healthly State, we may reafonahly fuppofe it todo much lefs, when attacked with this Difeafe; which may be another Argument for the,Cmflz‘tz‘e: O" Vzfi‘ofitd: Sangmm, wherewith I-alleclg’d this Animal I dif. thtted, was endu'd. . I can determine nothing about thethicknefs‘ of the Skin, while recent; but as it is city, by an Incrfion made upon one of the Hips, it appears to be lefs than "3; Inch, and of Subltance not unlike to .Englz‘jh Bend or Sole—Leather. I had no opportunity to obfetve, whether there were any Ch. alamg" P?) f V“ 3 “97‘: THisTM-g' taneous Vellels, but doubt not but there have been of them, and 92”.:158:“! e{,02ft“?7;) j! that in abundance -, 1. from the numerous Gland: dil'pers’d all over its inner Surface, which mufl: have had Blood Vefl‘els inferted in them; and 2.. from the abundance of Ramzficmiam difpers’d in the Caticzzlaz, ,ptoportionable to Wthh, it is probable, they were alfo in the Cutie. ‘ a

tn; ‘ , 1 can fay nothing” about the Pannimlm Camofiu, neither am I trh ifii‘ZiiCitkIS4 I 0‘ ‘ fully convinc’d of what is related by Dr. Mauiim, viz. That this »-t,artzoiue. Animal kills the Flies, by putting itl'elf fuddeniy in a Potture to wrinkle the Skin on that fide that is attacked by them; {0 that the Cracks ate fore’d clofe together, and the Flies bruis’d; fer ’tis hard» to conceive fuch a bigAnimal lhould all on a fudden he {0 nimble. I rather belieye, that the Prabofi‘é} from before, and the Tail from behind, may fupply the defefl: of the Pmmz'culm Carnafiu,(if it be wanting :) For if we confider the length ofeach, wel'ihall find they come near to meet about the middle; for the Body *of this Subjeét being ‘10 foot in length, the Probofcia and Tail make up between them near 9 of it; and What is wanting, the Air, by the force of their motion, is enongh to end the Flies, evenwhen without their reach, ' As to the Fat, whether by reafon of the extraordinary R7122; Lean- nefs of this’Subjeét, or if it be ordinary for Elephant: to be en- Vdued but with littleof it, I know not, but Itould not have be- lieved fo little Fat to have been in any Animal as was, here; for beficle that there was neither a Membrane Adipofcz, or con. fpicuous Omemum, there was not one Grain of Fat, either among the Interfiices of the Mufcles furrounding the Kidneys, nor round the Amend Vagina, where ’tis-vul‘ually found; and what is more,» When (77) when I had {pent near a whole Day in boiling the Bones in st Dyers Veflel, without changing the Water, except that! rug}- ply’d what was evaporated, there was not f0 much as a Drop Cf Oyl that did fwim upon the Liquor. Dr. Monti”: takes Notice of a very'ftrong Nervous Membrane, D:-..hr§e::isua. (which lingenuoufly confefsl had not time to remark, and there- f?fi‘éfj‘m : ~ fore’you have it in his own Word») which obliquely defeended W ‘1 from the Spim Darfl to the Stermtm and Linea alba. ‘ This Mem- hi?“ P'V‘K“ ‘ brane was very tough1 and near as hard to be cut as Whale‘ l"! "1"" ‘ bone of the fame thicknefs; whlch all along the Back—bone ‘ was about 5 Inch, but nearer the end Itry’d it, the thinner ‘ I found it. This Membrane feem’d to terminate in the Lima

G 411m, as the Tendons of the Mul‘cles of the Abdomen ul‘ually dot ‘ Its Nervous Fibres were very diftingullhable, and might ealily ‘ be feparated throughoht their Whole length. . This doubtlefs ‘ was to ﬁrengthen the Creature, and perhaps that the weight

‘0 of the Vifiem contain’d in the Abdomen, fhould not difiend the ‘ Peritomnm and Mufcles adjoyning, [0 as to let them hang low‘ ‘ er than wasconvenient. A like piece of Mechan‘ifm you may remember I communicated to you not long ago, in my obferva. tions‘made upon the Difl‘efiion of a Parpefl‘. After the bkin was wholly remov'd, there being no Time to Defcrhm‘on examine all the Mufcles of this huge Body, I apply'd my felf par.0f the 21494;: ticulafly to thofe of the Probofcis, as being ot'greatell: Momentmle: office Wherefore the Body being Supine,I fitlt con‘fider’d the Neek, and Prohoi'eie. upper or fore—part of the Stermlm,5 Where I obletv‘d two Pair of Mufcles to arife {harp and flelhy; whereof two in the middle, from a final] Origin, were extended into large Mufcles, running {trait forward, and difiinguilh’d from each other by a white Line, till they cameto the point of the lower Jaw; their ether {ide tun-» hing obliquely outward, till they came over againfi the Articu.» lation of the Lower law with theflpper: From thence keeping the lower part Of the LowetJ'aw, they retum’d to the fotefaid point, in Figure not unlike the Cncu/Iarir in Human Subjeéts, with their Fibres running obliquely forward from this middle. Line toward their external part; This Pair ferv’d to draw back the Lower Jaw, and like the Platyfimz Myaides, cover’d all its other Mufcles, with thofe of the Larynx, Tongue, and leryflx. Onthe outfide of this Pair arol'e two other Muicles, {mall at their beginning, and inxtheir Progrel‘s paffing in. betwixt the 0: Retmeims Zygommieum Ind Scull, adhering to the ~.Zl‘a’ng/‘wlm Temporalis, and Pfg‘rbif-icidis. 1-, ahead- ( 7 8 4) afbending run up beIOW‘the Aleatm Auditorim, half way be. twixt the Orbit of the Eye and Top of the Head 5 where becom‘ 'ing very thick and round, it pafi over a {harp Angle of the Scull?" toward the Forehead :, whence defcending from above the Eye, it came, and With its Partner fill’d up that hollownefi in the 05’ 723;}. 3 Fig. Pdieti (k.) and coming {till lowe", made up the back part of; the frank or Prebofcis. Afterwards the Body being turn’d over, l . Ihad opportunity to fee the Tax Wax mention’d: by DnMoulm ; 1213p; Wax. which arifes from. a Spine. in the back part of the Scull (c c.) 512:»; 9* whence running backward along the Sides of the {even Veneers: ' of the Neck, it terminated betwixt the 6th and 7thVertclm of the- Back? becoming [till thinner in its, Progteié. It was aheut fix: lnehes‘ broad, pretty thick, and defcendred obliquely from the: Top of the Spme Vertebmmm to above the. RibS, and cover’d: at; the M'u‘fcles which. arife from the Ifleck, and {uppert the Head 3.; aiming them, (as Dr.» Mwh’m ttghtly ohferves) becaufe the Heads of andrupeds, efpecially of this Animal, being more ?endent, «have more need of Supperters than the Head of at. Man, where thistConttivance is» wanting. Dr. Moulim; tells usa, that it Was plated edgewife 5, the Reafonbfwhieh may be, becaufe“ of the Spine; of the four fitlh Vereém-ef the Back, which. are 4,1. Inches bread ;5 whence the Tax-Wax,‘ running forward (where the Spines are narrow, '0: where. there are no Spines at all, as. in; the three firfi Vertebm of the Neck): in a fl‘reight, Line to the» Scull, the fpace below it for the Mufcles to move in, muii: he the ifame at the Neck. as at: the typing, where the Epipbjfl’l keep. their: Etemmres Upper Sides at fuch a difiance. From_abe.ve this Tate‘mzx int ?teboiciaes. the Neck, do. ati-fe» two Mufil‘es, thinner and. nar-tewet atfirfl‘w hut thicket and bmaéet- as they go to the Scuil, where they firmdt ea: 6% 1y adhere, to the Sides of a‘ large Sim; in its. backpart (hem)

Jr C35 ' whence efcending, being Iodsg’d. in. the Depreflion upon the tap of; Eig' L theHead.2 and betwixt the Em-inenci-es ( dd.) they defcendt tilfl‘ they eome'ovet agaihft the; Hole for. the Root of the Trunk Ca.) and become. thicker and: round; and. in their whole Defcent make. 73p the fetepatt of the Trunk with. extremity; Thusyou‘ have the Probofm trac’d: from itsOti'gin», viz. That:- ’tis cempes’d of two Pair of Mufitlestg one, whereofmakes up its” hach-patt, Which atifesi‘from the Sternmfl, and pafl’es with fifeightf hihr-es iez beEovz- the ()5 Zigomdticzgm; and From thence "atwardg e-ih it; makes up the Bodyof. the Trunkitfelf; Another: Paigwmch- T’fing tmmhe Neck; gafiht ottee theH‘ead; anch defeendihg makes e3; i 79 ) * up its forepart. The Fibres of this Mui'cle defend it: a fireight Line, till they make up the Body of the Trunk, and then begins: a [trong tenydinous lnterftice, by which they are feparated frees: their Capartners; whence their Fibres defcend obliquely to am: ther {trong interi’cice, by which on each fide they are feparated from their Antagoniflze, where the fame oblique Courfe of Fin bres is again to be obferv’d, that is to fay, that the Ercélore: Prahafcidix, (for fo we may call thefe which makeup the fore part of thePraba/Eix) ( gg ) unite. in a tend‘inous Interftiee (t c) Fgg. 7‘, from whence the Fibres on each fide obliquely defcend: So likewife the Retraél‘are: Prohofcidis, for f0 we may call thefe which make up the bachpart of the Probo/Eis, have their tendinous In.- terftices running down the middle of its back part ; from whence the Fibres obliquely defcend, almofb making an Angle of a De» 1m£rb0m9§¢3 on each fide in another longitudinal tehdimus inter. fiice,‘ wheteby the Fibre: ef the antagonift Mufeles are tons join (1. . , ‘ Thus you! fee a wonderful Contexture of 4, Mufcles, fo toe.» triv’d as to perform all, kind of Motions; for as either in the 1~e~ mom or Hmm, from §le&ion,'Extention, Adduc‘tion and Ab. dut‘tien, proceeds a circular Motion; f0 here When the Elevatet hand Deprefl‘or, or ,Retraétor act together on either fide, then there is a iatetal Motion: And when the Congener Eiemwrcs and Retmé‘ore: a&, then there is either Elevation or Deptefiien -, and from thefe two, with lateral Motions on both Sides fucceflively perform‘fl, proceeds a-circular Motién. But this is not all; we fee that any part of the Trunk, either Root or Extremity, er hath at once, can be bended either upwards ordewnwards; end this lconceive is perform’d after this manner. Thefe Fibte; thus; obliquely fithated, are divided into feveral- Fafiimli, Which are, feparated by feveral tendinous Interfefiions; end that at the be. ginning of each Interfeftion, there is a confiderable Brazieh of a Nervefrom the hard Portion, inferted, by which one, twe, 01' more of theie Fafirz'mli may he fet in Metion, WithOUt aey other part of the Probofcz‘x being concern’d. ‘ Dr. Mwlim, and net unfitly, calls the Proheft‘is a Preienged Nofe, both from its Situation and Life in Smelling anti Breathing. And Ithini»: } may With good Reafbn make an Anaiogy betwixt it and the'ibngue : For befides there is a great Aihhity betwixt the Smeliing end Taitihg, fince whatis unpleafing t0 the Nefe, Cannes bee nmsiieate the Tongue and Palate ; infomhch, that the Neil: may

1 £1 2: 0% ( '80 ) b‘c call’d a Tafter to the Tafte : They’likewife agree in this Ani- ma', b resfon of the Diverfity of Motions in both, and few Mufcles that perform them, tho' elegantly cxptefs’dh by the fa. mOus Bellini: ‘ Q53: credat, rays he; {mic mmmmmadai Univerfa ‘ Linger: (Prabafcidi) mwia deberi, in: m paucijfimi: damn: Muf— ‘ cm}: inmmems prope a’ixcmm abire Modems; Extexdimr, Comm- ‘ hirer, Dilemmr, Exerimr, Atallitzdr, Deprimimr, Incu‘rwmr, mode ‘ in Cavum apart fefe, mach} z'nConvexum, modo‘ ufqne ad Palati For- ‘ nicer» (Serfizm) engizm, made; 4d Fm‘nxlum ufiw: (Dearfim) ‘ reflefiimr, 73412:?!qu Deplz’catflr, “Iii: Extmudtur, math} "emit. By which: only the Variation of Praéofcidi for Linguac, Surfim for L’fgne ad Palati Farm'cem, and Deorfitm (that is downward, When it ,is brought in betwixt the Fore-Limbs, or conveys any thing to the Month) for memm ufgm, all‘ the Motions; of thqone are compatible to the other. Ana Salaam gives a brief Account Of. , “the Motion of the Probofci: ‘ Circummlwit emu undiqm' 6" max- flifir‘ié’gfi" ime cum celeritete, :3 mph Pamm @‘ Cibum argue in 01mm}; ??"8’ "Fe?" mm Probofiidc mm edit, fldere; rzec 0r: nee eder: 4m fiber: ”’9‘" ’ “ patefl ab/éue Pramafi’ide; £25m:- Mam/ Ndfiltl wearer. Sm mm ‘ Refiori erigrit C?“ affirt m canfima‘at; €152 Aware: prtflemit; cam; ‘« chm fiquix immcrgit, crsgi: ; :22qu rqfiat 4mm: refpimt. Now to make a further Analogywith the Tongue and it: As the Gema- gloffiy, by Iengthening its Fibres from the fore and. inner part 0.5 the Lower jaw, whence it atifes, to the Root of the Tongue, where 'it is infertcd, firetches it ferth; So the Lwarare; Probof; cidzfx, 'b-y length-ning their Fibres from the TaxoWax all along the Top of the Head to the R601: 9f the" Trunk, firetchcs it- forth: alfo :- And as the Rumflore; Proéofiidircan- very well perform the Notions of pai’leing 'it in, metageM teeth: Stylagloflixg fetthe two fimtagonifis on either fide canpull it to the adverfe fide, that it may perform the A&ions of the Ccrmg/oflis, while the Con- genet‘ 8mm“ can pull it to that {ame fide, where theyaét, as :75 feid.» When E fay, that the Fibres from-befiore and behind defaced ohhquely from the tendinous lnfe‘rtiens ate the middle t0 thofe at the tide, I do not mean that they run {imply {0, but that the Fibres, of each. Mnficle are difpos’d into different. Strata, and that thefestmm (h) interfeé‘t each other, like Lozenges, or as. we fee the Fibres in the Mufiulm ohligse Afcandem tnterfefl‘» tag theft: in the Mafixfm ohiiqm E’efcendem Abdomim'a, and f0 on; that is tot. fay, whereas one Series ”of Fibres feems to defcend‘ eelégueig, the Elem“. unéeteeath that afcends, again, and {a conti- E11355; hues throughout the whole thicknefi of each Mufcie. As to» the circular Fibres fpoken of by Dr. Manlim, I do not know 1 faw any, neither do i th;nk them neceflhty for pulling up the Trunk, or deminifhing it as to its length: For the great difiance betwixt the Origin of thefe Mufcles, and their lntertion at the Extre- mity of the Trunk, the longitudinal Pofition of their F lbI'CS Iii] they come to make a pattof it, and the fpace they have to at} it, and to fmell their Belly, and their oblique Infertion in thefe tendinous Lines, may. be look’d upon as fufiicient to perform this motion; and ’tis obfervable for this end, that the Skin is- divided into feverai Plim or Link:, as we fee in a Worm; when fhe draws 11p and {hortens hetfelf. Thus I conceive .the forenam’d Fafiiculi. may at the beginning extteamly hegin to be contraéted, then the. Fa/Eiculi next to them, and lb 111 order till they 'come to the Root of the Trunk; by which fucceflive Contracftions the Bellies of al} the Mufcles begin to fwell, and ('0 their Fibres-diminilh as to their length: And there needs nonore for Pcretching forth- the Probofcia thus contraéted, but the Fibres to refile to their former Pofition; which it may do with the fame fwiftnefs, as we, fee a Bow doth byrits Ei‘afticity when once it is (hot. , Thefe Mufcl‘es furrounci‘ two‘ Iarge'Cavities 2.. Inches Diameterrfym (wines; from the Right t9 the, Left, anti. 3 Inches each from above teof .45.: Pro» below, about the middle ot the Probyfifi'is; for as they procggdsboffiisg from the Scull‘ they are verytwide, ‘ according tb the,Capacity of- the' Hole in- the fere-‘part of the Scull, whence the Probofcs's pm. needs ;'of which'hereafter. They are divided by a i‘trong amt laginam Septum, which runs f’tteigh-t from before to behind, along the‘middle of the Prab'ofczh. This is the Sepmm whereinto the Mufcles fituated in the fete and'back part are infetted. Thefe Holw~ ate Cartilaginous, all round'obduced with feveraINerves, whereof hereafter; and endued with a-great many. Glands foe {cparaw- ting a certain Mum, wherewith thei'nn-et Surface is always.“ bedew’d, to. keep it moiit and preferve it ftom injuties of the; Air it fucks‘i‘n ataBreathing. Tzhefe two Cavities ate of'greaz-a hfe, for they draw np‘and containas much Water as {ewes the Animai‘at once, which ,afterward it‘ emptieth into: the Mouths: as it were. from a Tunnel : They ferve alfd for Breathing, Smelt ling, and‘uttering the Voice. The Probofci: is not equally great,,t_. but from 38. Inches in Circumference at the b”: inningkitbe-h tomes graduaiiy fihaii’er tit! it be 20 inches“ at tic mid‘dlevtgeanzé’ at; the Ememity 11 inches, 1: has mhollow. Cartilage; wire E. 2i" _7 ('32) ( thefe Pdfi'ages terminate, Round this is a Cartilaginous Margin, T1? 3; P‘s“ which excends itfelf if Inch before, and terminates in a Point; w. and behind it has, as it Were, an hollownefs, wherein this Point fixes itfeif, and ”takes hold of any thing, 'as it were a Thumb pafling in betwixt two Fingers, and keeps it during Pleafute. This Cartilage is ef great Strength, and by it the Elepbdm can take up any thing of great weight. 1‘3: 3 1 sad I come next to examine the Vefl‘els and Nerves of the Probofiz}. Veflfl. I do not find this Animal endu’d With any particular Ve-fl‘els for :this part; but thefe here, Analagous to thofe in other Animals, feem to be adapted for peculiar Ufe's. In {catching forthe {Eti- .gin of the Probofcis', and how itproceeded from the Head, I feparated the .Kele'mtore: Trabafcidic; below which i beerv’d feur cenfidetable Blood VeITels, a Vein and an Artery 5mm each fide, lying upon and defcending in a ftreight Line above the a‘ foremention’d Cartilages, and difperfing their Branches 14.22%~ ind: throughout the Subfiance of the Mufcles, virith two large NerVes accompanying them. I had not time to trace their Origin, but do offer thefe probable‘Conjeétures about» them. __The External Carotid Artery, which ”f’urnifhes Blood tothe Muiflesof the Face and lower Jaw, has already fufi'er’d fo many Divifions and Sub- divifihns. iii the visit Mats of large Mufcles in this Animal, that "tis not probable there flieuld yet remain a Branch "f0. large and of fo fitteight a Courfe, as to' be thus diitributed in this part; and the Capillatie's of the External‘Jugulat-are ufualiy’ f3, difperfed throughout the extream Parts whence it receives the Bloqd: that ’tis net to be'fnppos’d theyihould ['0 (Con form fo cOnfiderabIe Branches, and thefe again uniteinto one Trunk at filth diftance from the Fzzfis of the Scull, where the two Jugulats arecong join d : And befides this, the Situation of theCarotid Artery— and Jugslar Vein is foIow; and more Branches I favir; were fitn- ated fo high, that I can ‘i‘carce think the one proceeds from the Other. It remains then, that l-fhoul’dienqui‘re ftomyvhence they come. " E is obfervable both in HumanSubjeéts and Quadrupeds, that there is an Hole below the Obit of the Eye in the 0:: Max‘ ' 355:1: -Sisgeriaris, thmflgh Which theSllpCI‘iOt E??BCh 0f the fecond .Div—ifion ofthe 5th Pair'of Nervesipaikg’futroundin‘gin its Pro- gtefs a Vein-and an Artery; a1! which are difperfed in the Muf- e-les .of the C‘heeks,_Lips and Nore, and fus‘hishBranChesfor the {{cots of the Teeth of the upper Jaw. This Héie is no: Io con- hderable in Human Suhjeéis, but larger :11 Quadrupedsg efpetlilh a Y ( 83 )‘ aflyfuch as feed upon Grafs or Hay; infomuch, that by the big» nefs of thissBran’cth the 5th Pair in an Oxe or Hart, we may teafhnably conjecfturé they have a partial Tafte, and a moft acute Smell by. the Upper Lip, the better; to enable them to ‘chufe their PM :For at-the Difléétion of a cam: ”Head, you‘ll perceive- bo'ththis Nerve and- the Blood Vefi'els much bigger than what- mi‘glfi be- thought reqfiu’ifite for furnifiiingeither—Blood or Spirits. to this part, were there not fame extraordinary ufe {or both. Now in. this out Subjeé’t there is an Holein the 0, Maxim Sepg. riorie (11) Fig. 1. (tit)Fig. 2. (8.8.) Fig. 3. f0 remarkable for its Tab. 3» hignefs, f0 commodionfly fituated, and f0 well guarded, that L. haveggood Reef‘m. to believe it may be defigned for Tranfmif- fion of the atet‘e-mentioned .Attery, Vein, . and Nerve, and: that all. thefie are difl': :huted into the Truhk: For if we cenfidet‘ ‘the- largenefeof this Hole fer this Branch of the 5th Pair, as it. is; to be ,feen in, the innerL'Sueface of the 3411': of the Scull, whore: Capacity isfirc’h: as m ce'itain a Nerve of above twice the bignef‘e. of what we fuppofe it to have been; if we again confiderthe. Cram (XX) which pages betwixt the Hole fm- the fecond Branch; of this 5th. Pair and theg..d (i 2,) and how the Hole for the Arm» 2:54 dam Wharf: ,(k k) is only Teperated from the Hole for the: third Branch (i i) byeiinaii Boney Sepia»: 31 We may fuppofe that»; this: Arteria dameMaz-r‘ix enters where the third Branch of the:- 5th,.Pait‘ gees out; anti feeds up one Branch (k k) which immediately enters. the dam Mater, and another which runs forwaréi in this 6mm to the Hole for: the fecond Branch of the 52th Paie' (hhi) and. goes‘aloegWith it‘, and paffes out below the. Lamina}. which frames. the Upper part of the Sim: for the Orbit of the Eye- QS) (z) and runs. “forward along with, the "fecond Branch te-= this; Farge'OvahHolez, where after it is ceme, it afcend-s obliquely inn. a'C'rena-r, to be hill feen in; the Bone, till it comes to the Root oh the Prebafeie, whete it is difperfed as above , and the Vein rea- tur‘li-ng by the fameHole runsalong With; the other. two, .the’ it does not enter the Scull; hut trunnihghaekward, pafl‘es imbeiom theforeihid Lamina, and: diefcends where the Arteria dam Ma- mie afeends; .1 cannot pofitively. determine the-Capacity of thefe’ Blood Vefl‘eis at the Root of the Probajozk ;, but they.» were very; eon-fpieuous, and, could admit ef- a. Goofe Quill; tho’ they were: empty; and whenxhe} were. full, i doubt net but they: were axe» hoee twice as. big, ‘

Thie ( "‘34 )- :2”_ ,' teams.,‘l’. y, fl. . Ihis extraordinary part. did not Want for Nerves'fufhcient For it, no morethan Blood Vefléls: For'firfiz, it has the Nerdy; m. fafiarm, whereof hereafter; whereby ’tls endu'd witha-mofl: xac‘nte‘SeQiEtion of Smelling. 2d!y, the afo’relhid feeond‘ Branch of the yth Pair; Which accompanying the_Blood,_\/Iefl‘els, is With them difpe s’d' throughout, the whole Subftance of the Prebofcp'; ;. by which it has ('0 taciute a Senfation of - Tohohing or Feeling, rw‘herewith this Member is-more fignally endued; and by which it aveids‘whatev‘er Vi’s- hurtful to it‘, as appears by that memorable .ln‘fiance of Dr. Moulim 3‘ who tells us, that filth was the Care, in' that fubje'é‘t he treats of, for the Probofizk, that it thrufl: it two foot into hard Ground topteferve'it from the Fire. sdly, the’ hard Portion of the Nerws: Aaditorim; which tho’ it be dithered ‘ .in the Muftles of theFace in Humaxi‘Subjeéts, yet in Quadrupeds, Tech as Oxen, it continuesundivided, till it comes to the Angle of the Lips .; {Wand here we‘ttac’d in good way, runnin forward above the Temporal Mufcle; a little below the Ear, .ti 1 it'came. to the Upper Lip; whence it proceeded to the foremention’d tendinous Interftiee, which Inns down. on each-fide of the Pro. .-bafi::}:, diiberfing 'atBranth to each of the Fafiréml’i of Fibre: al- - ready nam’d. This feems to be, chiefly adapted for the different Motions ef the Prebofczls; fer as we fee in the Mafi'alm Ream flbdamin‘m, that ,at each of the tenydinous'lnterftic‘es, whereby its Fibres are feveral times gather‘d together, a Nerve enters at ‘the beginningof each Fafiimlm ; ‘30 here the Mnfcl‘es of the Pro. hofihbeing divided into feveral Fafizfculi‘,_each of‘them have a Branch of this Nerve ‘difpers’d .111 them; and ’tis {ituated on each ‘fide, "that it may the more convenienlydifperfe its Branches both “to [thelFafcz'mli Of‘theflwatores and R'etmfiore: alternatively. ThefI-Iead was 1‘0 mangled at the "taking it off, thatwe could not well find its Origin, as, .itproceeded‘ trim the proper Hole; but its Situation here; Analogous to' that in‘other Quadrupeds, re- moves the‘fufpiCiOn oftits beingavny other. than the hard Potti— on ; thn’When I confider’d its hignefst 'b’ein‘gras great as one of my Fingers, arid the I‘mahHole through Which it pafl'es from the Praccfl'm Petrafiu, I wasilahf'ome doubt aboutlt; but when again I‘begyan to Confidet its Texture, I wase'ibon'convinc’d it muf’c be that and no other; ~’Twia.s indeed my pleafant to behold it, (for feveral Phyfitians and‘Shrgeone (3? us being together, we‘cut off' a Portion of i’t‘tO‘ knowjts Birnfinte} how that fevera‘l final! fibres Were knit together into one Bundle; and how feverai of ‘ :hefe i . 35 ) , thefe again were involved by common Membmimlce into different Fajciwli, till at length. ail were included in one common Tunicl-e. We indeavour’d by Microfeopes to view the Cavity of the Pi»- br’es, but could obferve none : That which I fuppefe made it big— ger, was, that when it path through the. Bone,the Fafcz'culf were more ftrifiiy coherent to one another, whereby. they occupied a leITer fpate‘; but no former had they pait it, than they began to he more loofely conjoined Within the common TuEE-idfi by which the Wholx Nerve appeare' tobe bigger. Thus you fee how fignaliy thisMember is endued with Initru- ’4” 14m,“ ments for thePerformance. _. of_- Its._ different. . Fun&xons...’Trs. the‘ bgmmt, J M.3/38y principal Seat of two of the Senfes, and partially partakes of the Pl-Obgfds third: For by it the Animal fwell’d ; by it Feeling isx perform’dmyii {/98 Nofe as by the Hands with us, wherefore the Pnbafip's is not impro-in ozber Arif- perly call’d Mann: Naficm, as before we obferv’d ; and by it the WILEII’MM 5th Pair of Nerves affords a partial Idea of the Tafte, t0 whatTongm- Food it takes hold-of, before it conveys it to the Mouth; and it has a great Analogy to the other two Senfes, m’z. to' the Eye, by» its 3 \Pair of Nerves, namely, one for its'Seeing, analogous to the Otherfor Smelling; one for its pathetical Morions, analogous to the acute Senfation, afforded t0the other by the 5th Pair; and on‘e-forthe'Motion of its other M-ufcles, analogous to the hard Portion of the other; and to the Tongue, as we have already {hew’d at large, by its different Motions, and by itS‘partial Tafte. I come now to the Abdomen. Without having time to confider T176 Abdo» its Mufcles, I caus’d it to be opened longitudinally 5 whereupon men; the Inteftines jeatcd'out in a confus’d Mai‘s; firfl: the Paunches or Trypes, as I may call them, (being not unlihe the Omfim and Abomafum of an Ox ;) and then the {mailer Inteftines. Being ear;- nefl to employ what Time Ihad in viewing the other Parts,» I let thefe alone after they were extraét'ed, till Monday : But then, as I told you, -(by reaIOn of their leannefs, heat of the Weather, and emptihefs, there being nothing in them but a little chew’d Hay or Grafs). they were all fpoiled 3 f0 that I could not receive kryfatisfaétiOn of them, either as to their Struéture, “SEES: Himenfions, 0r Number. The Figure Dr e/Waufim gives of a part of the Colon and Refium, feems to be pretty good ; for I took a “great deal ofthem, and tiretched them out upon the Ground: They were ab‘outfi foot Diameter; but had not time to take V notice of their precife length.‘ I (36) 7136 Daff'fii’" Itnext apply’d my feif to the EXtraétio‘n of the Uterm and trim of 1/): Bladder, ‘becalui'e the Parts: Geim‘dtioni Inflewierztes are the mofl: Uterus. taken notice of in Comparative Anatomy? Icould not get the V42: Prgpgrgmia prefetv’d; and only got out thetnm: itfeifi with the Comm, 012mm, and part of the Ligamemg Lam, (4.4.) of all which fee the i‘igure. ’Tis not unlike the mm” of {nth Ani- 7:117. 30 Fig. mals as bring forth feveral at one Litter; 2:3 they call it; for ,1 3. when lhad inflated it, I perceiv'd feveral PrOtuberances to atife, (e. e.) as if they had been f0 many Calieler, filth as Bitches, Cats, Hares, @c. have, for containing the feveral Fm‘m’: with their proper Placenta: and Imalucriz; which might have determin’d me to believe they bring forth more than one at a time, had not Au- thors affitm’d the contrary. For whereas the ’Utem: of fuch as bring forth but one at a time, is"‘proportionably large, and the Comma final]; here the Body of the Uterm was f0 {mail (6. ) that one WOuid think it were nothing but a Biw'um to the 2 Car- ,W, For after the Tube had pafi the Coramz, which is pretty Comm. itrong and clofe, I obferv’d the Carma (f. f. )~ to fell on every tide by inflation, leaving a Salem in the middle (ah) and thefe different Protuberances to arife with Deptefiions, as fo many Interflicesbetwixt them. ,This Furrow (d.) feem’d to me to point out the Sepmm, whereby the Comm. Were divided from» each other; andlthefe interitices to denote, as it were, {'0 many Membranes, whereby theie Protube'rances were bounded and Cal} #1 55‘. form’d into Cellales, each communicating With one another.” Thefe Protuberantes (ma) were regularly difposfl, 2 or gin Number on each fide of the 33pm)»; and tho’ fome of them be obliterated, yet the Vefizgm of others do flili remain obvious. in thedry’d vterm, as it is now repofited in our Hall. I. had: a great inclination to open one of thefe Carma or Cellulex, to. know the truth Of what I fufpefied; butwouid~ not advenu ture, for fear of fpoiling the Preparation. Each of the 0m- ria was as big as a large Apple, with the 0m fitly difiinguiih’d ‘by their pmper Membranes; being for the mofl: part about the- bignei‘s of a fmail Pea, and all inyolv’d within a common thin: and peiiucid Tunicle, through which they Sh-one; but to defend; them there was provided a loofe thick wrinkled Tunicie, ( i.)

W . which i could remove at pieaf'ure, it no wife adhering to the 0-~ .1; re warm; but fluttuated above them; and proceeded from the Car- 722m Cg.) i open'd. one or two of thefe 07m, and found them fiiied 'with a thin Limpid Subftance, not unlike to [{ydatides, bat (87) but that the Humour was more ,vifcueus; which is now evapoJ rated in the dryed “Utmu, and the 0mm quite cojiaps’d. The Extremities ofthe Comm which received the 02m- were very OW- narrow ;, for When I had inflated the Uterm, it retain’d the Air for fome time, without pafling immediately out by the Cornet“; tho? afterwards when I had ftriétly ty’d the Vagina, I obfezv d the Air did infenfibiy flide out, and now and then I could Rae {mail Ballalte arife toward the 0mm. 1 could not fee any fluétu- ating 141‘: Ve/Pertiliomam,tnor Marfiz: Diaboli; but do fuppcfi, that the 0m are‘received into the Extremities of the Comm by an Hiatus, below this Iooi‘e Involmmm, which I told you defend» ed the 09mm. I cannot determine the precife length of the Va.- giim ‘( b.) becaufe I know not how much of it might have been cut off -, nor Situation of the vtcrm, becaufe the Body lay fupine, and I was obliged to take‘the Affiftance of Butchers at the taking it out. The Vagina was very fmali and narrow, not admitting above two or three Fingers. Its Inner Surface was whitiih, and moittned by a certain kind of Mucus, and all fuli of Fling 0t Wrinkles. . a - ~- The Bladder is rounder than that of an Oxe, and much larger 7735 gggfzggm than Dr. JIoulim would have it; for he fays, ’tis much about the fize of an Ox Bladder; but I find, when inflated, it can contain fix or feven Englifl: Gallons: AndvI doubt not but I might have firetched it out larger, had I had fufficient Initruments for in- flating, for this I only did with my Mouth and Tube. ’Tis indeed very throng, and the Vefl‘els appear very prettily difpers’d through the Tunicles, which [could have eafily feparated, but did not defign to lofe it. The IIreters were about i of an Inch Diameter, and I could have eafily difcover’d their Infertion, if‘ .1 had not defigned to prefetve the Bladder. Both “Cram: and Bladder were involv’d‘ within a Duplicature of the 'Perimflmm, f0 that I had much ado to get them feparated. Since I have gone f0 far in giving an Account of the Parts far Generation in the Female,- 1 hope it wiil net be unpleafing, if I give Dr. Moulin’s Account of them in the Male, with my 0sz Thoughts about them. » ‘ In fearehing for the Teflex, he found two Mufcles very like DnMoulin’:

q them, which he fuppos’d to have been them, tilihe had trac’d Accmm-of ‘ them to the inner and lower fide of the Ifcbiom where he found 1’93 Male ‘ them implanted: He ttac’d the Tendons Ii-kewife, arid {01mg53iiilgfihjjtb‘ 5 that when they had gone 1111eg near upon 41nches, theyjoin. ‘ M 2 ‘ 111 t 23) ‘ , .1: .ifiilglC-‘Ei:V ’" CEu. “‘ In one, which went direétly under the middle of the Penis,

) ' 3.3::‘aattttes' \ . ‘ and reach’d ‘beyond a-CtOOkednefs he obfetv’d in it. This ! ~ ’ . _ v ‘ was in length about 8. Inches, and terminated within 6 or 7 Mntmiifs Inches of the Glam, having expanded itf’elf into a Membranes :0. e .3 5%; 52p There was beﬁde thefe a Nervous Body‘ that began underneath near the aforefaid Tendons, aboute8 Inches from the Root of the P522255, and reach’d (diﬁinét from the Yard) 9' Inches, before it was inferted again in it, at a iglace 5 -;- "Inches from

fipfll‘fl‘flr‘ the Glam. Their Ufa. ‘ He is of Opinion, thefe Mufcles in that Nervous Body be- 'ing f0 conveniently platld for that purpofe, that the Eiepban: is a Retromingent and probably Rettocoient Animal. The creekedhefi; and bending downwards he obferv’d in the Pam}, femewhat {hort of the end of the Tendon, and the. confeffion of thofe that were his Attendants, Who teid him, that When the Elephmlt would make Water, they obferv’d him to unfheath the Pam, ‘and bend it backwards, and fa Pifs between his Legs outwards, Confitm’d him in that. Opinion ; by which,

““hfl‘fiflagn he ieys, hiature {cents to prevent this unweildy Animal’s wal- ‘ lowing in its own-Excrements. Had oer Anthor had the good FOItUanE to obierve the Erefi‘or‘u» flame}: Pm) as weil as its‘Yietmfi‘ores, it might have been ofoervice: xpon his x Fer admitting there be fuch, (as I have no reafon to call {'0 :01:jerw 21635;. Ingenions a Gentleman’s Authority in- queflion) 'tis probable there muft have been Erefiore: am), and that upon the following. Accounts. Firft, b‘ecaufe ’tis requifite the Pemlszof the Elephant- be freed of this Retrattion; that Whereas it is brought back at the fizfz'fiétzrzl, it may be brought forward at the Coirm, ' 241}, Be. eaufe it is requifite that the 1?:er at the Caitm, be brought (if not altogether, yet) obliquely upwards: As we fee when aHmfe Fifties, he firft tmf-heaths the Penis, which byiits own Gravity’de- times, and: if afiiftecfi by a mate than ordinary Supply of Spirits, it tends a little forward; but in the. Elephant there is always“ at gimppiy of Sphits required at the Miné‘im; both to make the- Penis penetrate the Sheath, (\Vhefe inner Orifice, as our Author fag, Was. thut Eb elofe, that there washot room for a. Man’s little finger to get in, fit) that he was forc’d to divide it betbte he: tom} come at the Yatd.) and endue it with a certain Rigidity, end go‘fWeii the Ret‘rczfi-ores, whereby the Pam}: being renderi’i‘i ’ e. little it'zt’f, may be drawn back. Snppofin‘g then there befueha mtg“; Ema}, we mutt Lihewife conceive them t9; be :0? afae- greatet‘ (89) greater force and bulk than» the Réamfiarex,‘ for if, as actord-v ing to our Authot, the Ptmls at ‘the M1262»: be brought back far beyond the ufual Fot’cure ‘of the Pefli: in other Animals, we may? believe it alfo to be endned not only with Antagonifl: iiziufcles to thefe 'Retmfiarm} 'whereby to bring the Pew}: to fiJCh. a Poftute as we fee in Horfes, but aifo to make it afcend f0 far as is re- quiiite for the Coitm. And if what I hate elfewhere advanc’d be not {efficient to prove this to be no Retrocoient Ahimal, I {hall add the foiiowihg Arguments :~ Fitft? The Vagina: is not plac’d behind a little beiew the Am“, 33 in a'Ma‘re, but below, in a dire& Line-with the reftof the Belly, whereby there is a Necefliry for the Pam‘s t0 afceud. zolly,‘The Oflh imamimta ail- cend obhqueiy, which mutt oblige the Penis to do [0 too. 35%;, The Author‘s Account of the Peni‘ itfelf, ( for he fa'ys ’tis'big... get than that of a H rfe, hut notfo long) fo that it can hardiy be fuppo’s’d both to heszd backwards, afcend. again,and enter the. Vagina f0 far as is requifite. . / - ‘ 7'3 h Tefles‘g‘ he fays wet‘ea not contain’d in a Scrotum or Cm;- Hi: Acctwm: ‘ fhla, but lay in the Pmmwm, clofe joined on each fade to {fieojnte Tcflegt, ‘ Pem'a'. They were neither of the ufual ihape, hignefis, nor in-» ‘ cluded in a Proceffm of the Peritoneamt Their Shape was very like that of a Cheftnut. They were thicket on the fide that~ grew to the Pew, than on the oppofite. They were flat and round, and not fuitable to the other Parts of his Body, being no more than about 3- or 4 Ounces in weight. "they were joined to the Pew}: by a great many, at Ieaflt 100 Seminal Tubes, Which may be properly call’d Vafe deftremih, and which depo- fited the elaborated 5mm in Revere} ‘Mamboz’e Cells, piae’d in the Body of the Penis, which in this Creature was the come mom and only Repofitory, where the Seed' could- be found. Thefe Cells were turgid with Sperm, and f0 were the ’1 hhes The latter were very large, receiving a Block-Tin Wire of are equal thickneafs with the biggefl: ordinary Pins, or above an. Inch, when the Thhe was. fireight, as moi’c were 5. but being *purfu’d further into the Body of the Tefler, they became finaié ier and finaller, till they dilhppear d. The Blood came inth~ nnaaaanhfififiafianh the 174*“ by the Valle defercmia. Out Author, as he proceeds, is: fomewhat perplexfd ; and? therefore I chufe to continue in» his own Words, that you that? the better know his Thoughts of this part. He fayst, ‘ Ti hough. ‘ thefe Were {mail and: difgrogortionabie, yet he. took them It}: 5': $3.8: (9°) C be the Tefies, norhihg eife outwardly appearing that contain’d 6. Seminary Vefl‘elsi, until he underflood by the Curious and G. LeathedDr. Needham, that his Defcription of the Tefle: of the .1 Elephant did agree to the Proflam of a Bear: Upon which he g .miitook' the Tefies for the Proflam, there being a great Rea c fembia‘nce between thefe Animals; and having found two Sub- c {tances betwixt: the Kidneys and Neck of the Bladder, which ‘ might very well be Tefies, and which, till .he difcours’d that C Ingenious Gentleman, he did not know what to make of, Anti then he proceeds : ‘ The Verne Pmpamntes were large : He divided that which Vania Pres» C was inferted into the Emulgent iengthwxfe ; and within a iit— paratltes. tie more than .an inch of its Infertion, he found many Vaives, to- the Number of about 8 or to, of divers Shapes, ah fitted to hinder the return of the Blood into the varioufly divided Spet’» matiek Vein, which here from 8 or to. Rivulets became one great Channel. Within about an Inch of this, and fomewhat more than two from the Kidneys, he found a Subltance of the Shape of a Pear, but near three times the bignefs of 3 ve.. ty largeone. He was at a lofs to know what this might be, and confeiies he can give but an imperfect Account of it, fince the Butchers cut it out, and fo its Continuation With the Te-

ihafianhadnn“ fies, Panza, and other Parts,*cou1d not be difcovered. “' What he obférv’d in it was, that the Spermatick Vefl’els entred but a little way into this Subitance; but below the middle of it he found them more deeply plac’d, and their Branches grew for final], and lef's numerous to the fight, as if here the Veins began. The inner part of this Subi’tance look’d of a paiifh, but fomewhat muddy red Colour. ’I‘was very Sg-‘iongYa not much more compafl than the Lungs of young

nnnflf‘hah Anitnais. He doubts not but this Elubi’cance Was defigned to prepare the Semen; but by what Veflifls it was brought to the Pew 02‘ any other Repofitory, (itfelf containing none; he could not difeover; neither could he find any pechliar Veflei, or Dzzfim, or any thing that refemhied that before-mentioned Subfiance, by which he might be diteéteei in his Enquiry. it lies lengthwife from the Kidney to the Tefles, With the higgeft end ioweit. He is of Opinion, from what he has heard from Dr. Needham of thefe Partv, that theft: two Pear-fafltien’d? now deferib’d Subftances, Were T43”; their Place, Size, Ft» ’hd‘nnnnann ‘ gateQ (9') ‘ gure, and occafional Cutting the Vafi: defcraiztia, being the ‘ Occafion of his former Ignorannem this Point.- ‘ He could obferve no Ir"'ef§cnlae Seminal“, nor any common Rea ‘ ceptacle for the Same”, except the formerly mention’d Rhom‘ ‘ boid Cells in the Peml: itfelf; but doubted not there might be ‘ fome {til}, tho” his being intent upon other things made him ‘ negleét the Difeovery of them. 'i’hus He, as you find, in- genuoufly confefl‘es his miftake of the Tefle: twice, and he leaves them in doubt the third time : However, this may ferve as a pm- caution to fuch as may have occafion to difléét fuch a thiet‘t as this hereafter, and therefore I thought fit to give you his Account in his own -Words. The Inteflines, Uterus, and Vefica, being exrraéted, I laid afide the two lait, in order to a foture Preparation, and went to ex. 7733 Liwr‘._, traét the Liver, which you know takes time in other, andmuch more in this great Animal. Whether by the haite made in tat king it out, or not, the Liver of this Subjefi had any fuch Mem- 6mm: Hcpar inwfliem, as Dr. 'efl/fonlim {peaks of, I {hall not be. too pofitive; but am ready to believe it had none, and that the Membrana mcntion’d by him is nothing but the pmper Tunicle of the Liver,4raifed by Fire,.as we {hall fee hereafter -,. and my Rea- fon for thinking fo, is, that 1 was very careful to have it taken out whole.~ ?Tis true, the lnteftines being taken out in hafle, I had“ not fo {oonan opportunity of ohferving the D1463”: Cummumk; but, I viewed the reft of the Liver exac'tly, and caufed the Figure and Dimenfions of it upon the Place to he took, (being 3.6.111- ches long, and— 22 at the broadefi; part). becaufe it wouldnot keep. 1 was indeed in great doubt, what to think. of the Veficam. Fella, whenl did not find it. Both the Vmasmz'a and Parts were very large, and had their Exit and Entrance in the can». cave Part of the leer, as you fee. This had only one Lob; but. both the Veins difpers’d themfelves, firfi: into two large Eiranches, and a then were fubdisided there, as in the ordinary manner, 1 open’d feveral, anJ found them differ in nothing from otheraA-a- nimals; "the Subi‘tance being firm, as is nfnal, and Gland: largo and.confpicuous ; the external Surface imooth, and its proper Tu- nicle firmly adhering to the Gtandxg which. is all“! obferv‘din it, 5'56 the Figure. 7:451! Eff h But becaufe Dr. Manlim does tell us of a .Mcmhmmflcpm 2'92. I 0. wfliem, I [hall give you his Account of it-7 as alib ofthe‘Bi/e and» Pam: biliarim, which I cangwe no Account of my felf. He fays, G i. )3. 9: l e The Membranethat invefted the Liver, was raifed from it c a comitletahle way, as if'it had been'joined to 'it. ?hough c this Membrane feem’d, to be whole, and .look’d like the Ema- c mla raifed by a Blil’cting ?laifier, yet there was no 55mm 503‘. 1: tain’d in it; and where it feem’d t0 beintimately joya’d [o {113 c ’LiVer, by a gentle pull it came off: without tearing any thing .c that I could take‘nOtice of,.as if it had been but very {lightiy c faltned to the Liver; or rather as a Bag, which contained and t. exat‘tly fitted it. He takes the nth 10f thisto he chiefly to ter- t. minate the Capillary Vefl‘els; and prevent the gleetihg of serous ‘6 Humours; and concludes, that he mul‘t'wholly impute the clear C in fume Places, and in others that eai'y Separation of [he Mem- L brane from the Liver, to the Fire: By all which this feems to be nothing different- from the pmper Membrahe whim I, obfetv’d, and you fee the Circumltance of firmly adhering and loofely ih- veiling. Hf: x12: - The tile, as he gives an Account, Was depofiter? at the end of I the firft Gut, 4 ~23 Inches below the nyorm‘, from whence ‘he 5‘ 7L1?! 01““ I IN fiiko trac’d the Defies Cammtmit t0 the Liver, t0 fee the Vefzmm Fellm; but it waswanting, and in the place of it he found the Pam: bz‘lz‘arim ce’ming oat of the Liver, as the Dm‘fm hepatic»: ufually does. ‘ He oblhrv’dlikewil‘e, that the bilia’ found in that, diffet‘d bot‘h-‘ih Colour: and Coufiftence from that he found in the Duma-

hepmtcm 5. for the latter was of a clear light yellow Colour, con- geal’d like a Jelly, and the former of a dark Green, and fame- W hat more fluid than the Gall of an Ox. He hopes Time will difcovet fiic’h- a difi'exence in the Galls of moll Animals,-and that edifcetnihg Menwfllhe excited to find out their ufes. I fail’d alfo to obferve the Pancrear‘f, becaufe it was taken away in Cumula, with the relt of the lnteltizies; and therefore {hall give you Dr. .Maulz'zz’s Account of it too. ‘. The szc-rea: was very long and large; for it reach’d from @f :he Panv I. about the middle of the Stumach to the j‘fejzmm, which {pace c Lita". could not he let's than Poor. ’Twasa Glendale Conglamerzzm, .c as the Par/crem always is,. and had its Dufim 12) wide, that i: t could Without force contain ones little Finger. lt open’d into 4. the Get, where the Dliakf felz’em did. Whether both the paf. l. {ages join’d into one before their Aperture into the Intellzines e or not, he has forgot. TheSmmx in the Dahlia: was not limpid, ‘t as it ‘ufuaiiy appears; hut of‘a very dari; Green Colour, and yet K very fluid, feeming to contain no vilteous Phlegm. The (9;) The Spleen, ‘of‘which I had not time to take the Figure, wasOfthe in this Subjeét 3 2‘; Foot long: On the backfide its Edge wasSp-lcm. fomewhat curv"d, almofi‘. in Shape of an unbended‘ Bow: On the fore-fide, from a narrow Point at each end, it enlarged- itfelf by degrees, tillit came toward the middle where the Vefl’els entred, where it was broadefi: Whether the Fem: Splenim went forth by one, two, or more Orifices, Icannot pofitively determine, it being cutoff in halite; and when put OH, I. faw it ragged for the {pace of 4. or 5 Inches; Which I conceive to be becaufe of the Orifices of {0 many Veins. It was thin and flaccid; what Blood was prefs’d out of it, was blacker than any I had feen throughout the reft of the Body. If it had not been unwarily cut by feveral flaihes of the Butcher’s Knives, I defign’d to have brown it up and prepat’d it. I cut off a little of it, and ptefs’d out of it Ve« nal grumous Blood from feveral of its Ce/lnlcx. It was in breadth from 3 Inches toward the Extremities, to 8 Inches about the middle. The Glandule Reade: were plac’d after the‘ufual manner : They Glanriuie were about 5 Inches long, 2 Inches broad, and oval, with a loofe Remfeq. outer Coat, which I. removed; as-it had been a Sheath; within U which was contain’d the Gland itfelf, being divided into feveral Lobes, like the Kidney-of an OX; from whofe Interftices there yai‘s’d feveral thin‘Membmnex, which paifing to theioof‘e Vagina, kept it faft; and by which this Vagina, was only coherent with it. Its Veflels were cut off ('0 ihort, that I could make nathing of them. I cut it longitudinally, and found in it a Cavity, which could contain about 2 Ounces, all fulltof a black grumous Biood, in Colour much like that I obferv’d in. the Spleen. I Ihail not much infift upon the [lie of thefe two Vsfi'em, about which there is fo much debate ; but only tell inihort, that it is probable, as the Spleentis to the Liver, fo are thefe Glanduie Renale: to the Iiid‘ neys :, that is to fay, whereas the Blood after it is diitributed into the Inteitines by the feveral Arteries, which proceed from the Aorta, is receiv’d " by the Orifices of f0 noany Veins, as fetve to make up {0 many Radice: Vania Portal; .it IS convenient this Blood fhouid be animated by a new Supply of Spirits, the better to enabie it to. continue its Circulation in the Poms through the Liver, and difpoi‘e it for the better Separation of the Bile; for which ‘ Life the Spleen feems to be adapted, both from its S.itua- tion in” refpeé‘t of the Liver, the Venal Blood of the .one entring the Pom for the other 3 its Str.uéltlure; Mom of the Venal BloFd, a ter (94-) after difcharg’d from the Arteries; and a confiderabie Branch of ' a Nerve fumifh’d to it : So the Kidney being a Vi'fcm where there is a vaft Separation of Serum required, thefe Rene: Smemmrz’gri feem to be defign‘d ‘for furnithing a new Supply of Spirits to the Venai Blood, after it has paged the Kidneys, and undergone-this Secretion. Both which Ufes Idoubt not may appear from their Strutture, asyou have it at large declared by Chute accurate Ana. tomilts, who have flouriih’d in this Age.- . Clhe Kidney: were of a large and proportionable fi-ze, being Kig’izejt. one Foot in. iength-and r‘g Foot in breadth, of the ufual Figure, much like that of a Man; their external Surface fmooth, and equal with their external Coat, clofely adherent to the inner Sub- fiance, without ahy perfpicuous Lohes to be feen externally ; but when I open’d one of them, I perceiv’d 61arge Carunculi "Uri. zmrzj. .vIts‘ Subfiance was very obvious, and correfpondent to the Strué‘ture ufuially obferv’d in the Kidneys; i. e. the Glandulous Suhfiance externally was very confpicuous, for the fpace of about i inch in Circumferenee; then began to appear the Tubulz’ Uri- mrz'j, firft {mailer and ilefs obvious; then another Series larger, and a third fiiii larger, till they began to furround each of the Cammmh', like f0 many Rays of the Sun. I had no Aflii’cance of ‘Microfcopes, (for I open’d .it in the Field on Monday) and therefore did not fee fo clearly the Coalition- .of the {mailer Tn. ém’z’ into the larger Dutts : But as it happens in all theft: Excre- tory Vefl‘els, they did not appear branched and divaricated, as Blood VeITels ui‘ually are; but centinued paraliei to each other, tili- from the leITer to the greater, they at left emptied themfcives into the common Receptacles. I am not pofitive. whether there was one common Ureter, into which all the fix Carmzmli did empty. themfeive-sror if each had a particular Branch of an UIC' text, into which they were difkharg’d', only I remember i“ flaw E-‘Q'Pelwk, which for the mail; part happens where the Cmmcu/i are very large. The Reafon of my uncertainty aboutthe- Ureters, 3.3., that after 1- eaus’d the Tbomx 'and Ahdomm to be open’d on the Samrdty, I let alone the Kidneys ti-H the (Monday; but they being invoiv’d within a Dupiicature of the Paritomwm, and noFaz; filiYOUI‘ECfiDg them, that Membrane Was fo dry’d up and fiifl‘“, that even the Butchers Knives. Were Ecarce able to pierce it: So that tethiting the help of a Butcher, who affified atthe Excarnating ‘ ef the Bones", he took out the Kidneys without any‘ regard to the Vffiflis; £0; ”gag thtet Juewwriazi Wetelttckily taken Get the; Day f ‘95 ) Day before, when all the Parts were fOft and flexible. And here in general I mui’r; tell you; that the Flelh of this Animal was for the melt part fo fitong, that no Launcet I had, how keen or flron—g foevet, could do any Service: 80 that I was fotc’d to make ufe of Butcher’s Kniveg, when [could not admit of their Hands; and how unfit fuch In[truments are for. Anatomical. Preparations, I leave you to judge. I come next to the Thorax; where there was fcarce any thing remarkable. Ithink I need not tell, that the szcem here were large and ftrong. One of the Lobes of the Lungs was, open‘d by [he Butchers, and the other had nothing obfervable, but its bignefs, which was pmportionable enough. It‘ did not adhere to the Ribs, as in Dr. ZMMh’n’S Subject; but lay flaccid on the one tide of the Heart, as the other had done,before it Was mangled, on the Other fide; fo that Ilook upon this Adhefion of Dr. Maaiz‘m to have been in a morbid State. At firi’c I defigned‘to have taken out the whole Vifcefn Tkamcixs, till the Butcher prevented me; and as I began, to direét him between the two firfl: Ribs, I {aw two large Glands, onefituated on the outfide of each of the Ca- ,ratides, as they pall’ed out of the Yhamx; they were round, and near "the bignefs of a Turky Hen’s Egg, each having a confpicuous Artery inferted, and aVein palfing from them. Thefe I took to be the Tlaymm; which, tho’ feldom obferv’d in adult Subje&S,Thymuca yet perhaps may at all times be feen in Inch 3 large Animal ‘ as this. I cut off one of them with part of the adherent Ar. tery; “and could obl‘erve nothing at the opening of it, but feveral lé‘ofe thin Membranes’without, which I fnppofe to have ,fupported and contained in the Cavity(whofe fides they defcribe as they run to and fro’) a great deal of Fat, when the Animal was in good cafe; and a firm glandulous Subfiance within, without any Cavity; I 111211 not pofitively determine, whether thefe were actually the Thymus, or only adventitious Glands; but becaufe they were regularlyifituated, which feldom happens to adventitious Glands, ’tis probable they were. Their VeITels were proportionable to their bignefs, but I can fay nothing to their Ufe. When 1 law I could not extraét the mfccmquomci; whole, I trac’d one of the Branches of the Aorta afcendefm down to thefi’ 1’01?st Heart; and was furpriz’d,when Icut it above, to fee'a fat-like M W Amie Subfiaece jeat out of it', and pulling it, I got upwards of 2. Foot in length, of a Polypm adapted to the Capacity of the Artery, which’ was about 2. :f; of an Inch Diameter. This Palypm was no ' N 2 wife (96) wife fibrous, butsas it were f0: much Fat moulded after Inch a manner, being not unlike the Blade of a- broad Sword, neat to z; of an Inch at the middle, and much thinner at the Edges, tough and flexible, with. fome grumous Blood not f0 firmly compacfted at the EXtremity. ‘ V When 1 came to the Heart, I faw all its Veflels very large ,3. {1’65}? t . the mm»: Ame very confiderably thick and firong. There was nothing about the Heart remarkable, except the bignefs, which was pmportionable tothe B‘edy. The Amide: were large, and the Left as well as the Right full of grumous Blood At the Polypus opening of the Ventricles, I found them both fill’d with the fame Cetuls. ‘Yjaz’ypm; which Itrangel‘y twitted ltfelf in “among the Valves, both— Tricujpide: antl Semilamzres, and alfo- among the helhy Co- lumus at the bottom of each» Vemricle; which here feem‘d- to be [0 many little {trong round .Mul'cles, fome 37-, others i, and 0,. there neat one Inch long, with a round flelhy Belly, and two Tendons varioufly fituated, as you fee _,in the Hearts of Other A.- ni-mals. Thefe Polypm’x, from a mafl'y Subftance in the middle of the Ventricle, fent forth to all-Patts their Branches, Which here and there twifted ».themfelves round thefe flelh'y Columns, their tendinous Infertions, and the ten‘dlndus Fibres of the Valves, with a wonderful Intticacy. In a word, there Was no Angle, no- Comer or Cavity, which the Palypm did not occuPy: And yet’fo much was it difengagd ftom the Subfiance of the Heart, and Dtwas f0. ltrong and tough, that bytpulling itssgrofl‘er part in the middle, all. the other Branches mov’d; and by cuttingva few Parts Of it, where it was molt engag’d, and where the flelhyCo- lumns were thickefit, Igor it out altogether; and having lttetch’d. it out, did pmatamty behold thefe Ramifications, proceeding from itsgroffet part like f0 many Thongs 0t Laces Whereinto a piece of Leather had been cut, fome broad and fome narrower 5 but none very thick :, of a yellew-‘Colour, andfat Subl’cance; each. 6f them weighting. 1 tb. which_1 may fafely fay, was mete Fat; than was hpon allthe Body bcfiee. From vehence Imay 1' ealona— WY ccnclude, that *althoiit hadnot met thh the formerly men— tion’d Hardlhips, however it might have liv’d fometimegyet it could‘notlive long, it being evident, that this Palj‘pm would at. length. have pmv’dg itszuim Having, as I told you, but little time to take Notice oli the ?fe :Meatfi external Parts; ef' the Head, either in refpeét of the. Mufcles wlnch mete it; the baryyx; Bbgryxxh Qt. Tongue; 01: in. relpec‘f of the ‘ Salieateay (97) SaIi-vatory Veffels, which empty themfeives in the Month; I (hall only tell you, that the Month is very little and narrow, in proportion to the Body, and that upon, thefe Accounts: 1. Becaufe neither Lips nor Teeth are empioy’d in gathering the Food, as in. other QRdl‘DdeSg To that the Mouth only fervesto receive the Alimentsirom the Trobofiis, Which hOth gathereth‘ and“ cone veyeth them into it.‘ 2. The Denier Maxillares are of Iuch a ' thicknefs, bothin ,the Upper and Lower Jaw, but efpecially the latter, that they ferve to render the Mouth narrow; nor need it be broader, becaufe the Strength of the Grinders is fueh, that that they can at once render the Aliments f0 final], that there is no need for the Tongue to move them to and fro’ in the Month”, in order to have them further mafticated, as in other Animals 5, therefore is the Tongue fmall, ihort and round, terminating in a Point, thick, and not thin and flat as in Oxen,» with a foft fmooth Surface, without any perfpicuous Papiller, by which iti’eems net. to chew the Cud. ' The ihort View I took of the Tongue kindred me from obfer» ving that fingular Strué‘cure mention’d by Dr. Maulim. - All L took notice of peculiar to it, was the firm Adheiion of the Ila}- roide: to theFO: Hyaides, which, mademe feparate and preferve. both; whereof feethe Figure. As to'what Dr. Maulim fays, it Tzhttt P324». Teams to me very improbable; and I am forty the Head fhould u. have been {0 mangled at the cutting off, that. l. wasneither able to’receive, nor to give you any fatisfat‘tioh-about it.[ However, Hhall give you his Account, and acquaint you With my doubts. ' ‘ The Paifage, fays he, to the Ventricle, was through a pecu- An Otfirw- ‘ liar HOLe, near the Root of the TOngue, and: exaétly in the tion of Dr. ‘ middle, of that part; which Hole was the beginning of the Moulin’r, " vfljbphagm .2 There was no Communication between this and concerning the Paffageinto theLungs, contrary. to what happens. in; othert’“ PF/ft‘g" Animals; for the Membmm Pimimriaunterior reach’d m.thef’m ’1“ I15“

an“ \very Root of the Tongue, below' the ufﬁphagm -,- fo that it 1337:1503? ‘ could’emzitno Voice by the Mouth, but by the Trunk. ThisA/Im' ‘0 F F

.'0 brana had many Paifages for the Saliva ufuallygfepatated’ there. "- There was between the end 0f the Probafak and the. Lfiynx, at, F .Mmbmm Pithiamia pajleriar, whichhad .manyofi thefame fort; -‘ 0f2Dafius. _ This, .I confefs, feems to degend upon particular Obfervationr and yet I cannot fee how it can wellhappen ,, fox eeety. one is" fenfibl—e, that the. Larjflx occugies thefote part, and the 75f“ l 98 } p’hagm lies be‘hind’between the Verteém ahd‘Lary’nx. Now how the Mgflpbflglfi can lye thus behind, and yet have iuch a Comma- ‘ nlcatéon with the Mouth, as to hinder the Larynx from commu. nicating with it, alfo is to me a very great doubt. He proceeds; ‘ The Afaem Arteria was very large, and deiti- Remark hp- ‘ tute of anEpiglortiy, there being no danger of any thing falling 04‘ (befaffl ‘. into the Lungs from Eating and Drinking, feeing there was no faii Obferwfl- ‘ Communication between the aflfophagm and it. Here the diffi- iicm. culty ftill remains; for how can Aliments be ingeited into the Mouth, and not Ipai's over by the Larynx, as is faid, before they enter the eAfaphazgm‘; that would ‘emply, that the e/ffiphdgm lies before, and the Larynx behind, which would quite invert all the Rules of the Oecemmy of Animals: Since then the «fifipagm mutt have in its defeent pafs’d in betwixt the Head and Lungs, and then penetrated the Diaphragma or otherwife, and after it had defcended a little, molt have turn’d afide and pail: behind the Larynx, as the Arteria: Ilim‘ze do over the Venus Iliace, Which, tho.’ by cutting ofl’ the Head, I could not obferve, yet is what feems improbable to me ;. becaul‘e then at the Deglutition, by the Preflhre of thewvffop/mgm on the one fide, and Vertebm of the Neck on the ether, ever and anon would the Animal be opprefl: with a difficulty of breathing when it took Food. ‘ He lays further: ‘ To the outfide of thefe Catilages he found another grow,‘ which was faflned to them, but {0' as to be capable of moving up and down, by the help of fome Mufcles which were implanted in it.’ ’Twas i’crong on bath fides of the Afpem Arteria; but oppofite to the uffiphagh, or on the’underé fide it— was very Limber. This Wanted about 2. f lnchesof com“. ing round the aforefaid Cartilages, (viz. the Cartilagifle: Arm.

fifififififih noides, which made a 610315;, .in length about 3 glnches, and O in breadth aboilt I 5; Inch about the middle, .whofe Aperture ‘ was fomewhat Oval) 0:; the upper fide, or that neXt tothe' ‘ eAE/bpbagm. This 'I'eem'd to fupply infome meafure the want

E _ of an Epiglmix, in leffening the Glam}; to prevent the creeping ‘ of Animals into it.‘ Being come to the Head, I have very little remarkable toadd 114' 1 :3? Head. in this PlaCe: ‘For the Brain itfelf very little difiéreth from that of an Human one, except in bignefis, and fomewhat in Figure 5 the other being 'fomewha‘t Oval, and this more round; The Dam Mater was a ftrongth’ick Membrane, every where difengag’d from the Pin Mater; which together with all the Subitance f 7 ' t e ( ’99 )_ the Brain,was much more tender, foft, and flaccid, than could have been expefied. Whether this proceeded from keeping the Head 2 or g Days after the Animal dy’d, before it was .diffeéted, the ‘Weatherheing then very hot,’ or from the languid Difiemper whereof it dy’d, I know not. Its Suhftance,Ventricles, and other- Parts, Were the fame as in other Animals. The Gerebrhm had three large Produétions at the Bafix, one anterior, from whence the Nerve Olfitél‘orz'j proceed, and two‘lateral on each fide of the Calla Tmcica, reaching from the Pracejfm Petrafm behind to the above named Produé‘tion before 2 For the Bloodi/efl‘els and Nerves, Which enter in and proceed from the Brain, we fliall difcourfe of them more particularly, when we came to the Holes of the Scull. ,. J mufl: not forget to tell you, that at the opening of the longie tudinal Sims, theie were alfo P00171433, 'which proceeded from the Orifices whereby the Blood emptieth itfelf in . the 552m. _ Thus far the AnatomicaiAccount of the fofte'tParts of thié Animal; whichl acknowledge to bedeficient in many things, and thofe confiderable. 'I rather chofe to give. you a lame Ac- count of what confii’ced with my own Knowledge, than intrude upon you meet Conjeétures for pofitive Truths, in order to ren-v der it more ’compleat. - i e ‘ _ I'come flow to the Fifth Thing I propos’d, wherein: I hope to 77;”: Q5605!- be more happy, as having more time to confider the Bones'thangimldccome formerly I had to Survey the fofter Parts ., and doubt not goof t/Je Etc: render this Defcription fatisfaflory to fuch as [hall be willing Phan‘is to know morexpatt-icularty the Sttuflute and. the Parts of the Bones of an Elephant. The Animal is "big, the‘Bonesiarge, anti“ there be-feveral things to be con‘fider’d in them, which do not readily happen in the Oflwlogy of ‘other Animals; therefore I hope you wili-execufe me, if .i prove more tedious than might'be wifh’d. My chief defign is to fatisfy your Honeu-table Society, your felt”, and Tentzelim; and if I do that, [have my aim. _; , e t- ,, I {hall begin at the Head, as is nfual’ in Oflw/ogy gwherefg {hall firi‘t take Notice of its External Shape in general; next give»? an Account of the Bones whereof ’tis compos’d; and'lafli-y, giVe- you- a- particular Defcription,‘ fi-rfl: of its. External; then of its Internal Parts; fliewing their particular Dimenfions and -Weight% and. aferibing their Ufes to’ each. of them. as they occur, and as. we can probably conjet‘iure...

The ( too.) A ’hrief Dc“ The Head ( A.)‘being compos’d of the Bones of the Upper jriprion 0f and Lower Jaw, on its upperuPart is ’almoftlound, having two the 56141 . Eminencies with a Depreflion in the middle before; Which De-_ ‘prelhon, a-s‘it runs back, becomes a_deep Sinm; and thefe Emi- nencies drawing nearer to one another, and as they afcend behind, inclining obliQuealy forward, are notunfitly compar’d by Mr ?{sz w a Man’s Buttocks : Abqutits middle part it is almolt Quadrangular, being flat before, III” 11: comes to the Rom of the Trunk (at) where it is deprei’c, for the mere convenient Lodging of the J’rabofch, till it has pail: over the Mouth (14;) At each tide 1 ”£35 much contraé‘ted for the moving otthe Mufcles of the Lower Jaw (c.) at~its back Part itdbecomes very narrow, with ‘feveral Eminencies, Sinm’: and Holes; of all which in order. .At its lower and fore‘part, the Bone of the Palate is narrow, Where the Probafiz‘rhangsever : On eachfide of Which are the Amok; for the Tasks ti and behind), the Lower. makes up all the refl: of the Head, :asto its External VIEW. 4 , , of the External parts Defiripfim We {hall begin theparticular.Defcription sf r/Jeforeo of the Head at its forv'e—pattg~ the Diameter. of whofe Upper gears: Jwrt of :he is 3. Poet, the two Emineneies are almofl: round (4.51.) and aim find]. Sim: in the middle is‘ 10 Inches frm the Right to the Left, and ‘ £7525. ~3;.‘19413. 2 Inchesdeep (e. )from thence defcendingg Inches, the Bone is z. flat before”, and begins to form an Angle on‘each fide for the Ca» Wity.) which contains the Mufcles ef the Lower Jaw and Proho/Z*:}3, between which Angles ’.tis 1 1 Inches (ff. ) thence defcending gradually the Angles tend" outward, till they come to the upper— ‘ 'Produftion for the Orbit of the Ey€,(g-g-)~Wh€r€ they are 17 Inches; betwixtwhich sis gfitt‘. itedthe Hole for the Root of the— Trunk ( z.) This Hole runs acrofs‘the Head, being from the Right to the Left 1 2 ?Inches, andsfrom below to,above on each fide. 7 Inches; for in the middle it has a Protubetance Where the Cam}. legiezom Septum arofe, which defcends 2 Inches, .and terminates in an ebtufe Point. Within this Hole are to he feen feveral of the Lemme, Whereof the Calms: which run betwixt ~the two Table“; of the Scull are compos’d-(la.b.) of which hereafter, With the Vamer in the middle (.41) whence the Septum of the Trunk arifes. ’Tis pretty thick here, and is compos’d oftwo Lam“, with a fpongy Bone in the middle; At, is Upper andforepart it coin; :municates with. the 0: cribofimz ., and yOumay feethe feVeral Per- fbretions, through which a great many Branches of the Nerw: aOlfafz‘arim pafs, and cover the Surface of the Cartilagmam Sap. (' let ) am. At its lower and baciepart, where it becomes gradually thinner, it divides the Chamm into two ; whereof hereafter. At the iewer part of this Hole the Bone becomes Concave (k. ) f0 that meafuting from the middle of the Orbit of the Eye on both fides, whithlare 3.4-; Inches dif’cant, the Depreflion becomes- 2 Inches deep. At the middle of the lower part of this Hole hen gins a Suture, which runs down to the extremity of the Bone (m. m.) ihei‘e two Bones are articulated per Symphyfin. Dr. @1011... limtahs thefe Offa'zmexilla Sitperioris; but I rather incline tocaii them Ofli: Palati. They are 5 Inches broad at the upper part, Where they are articulated with the Ojfa ~Maxillce Supermriy, by Dr. Moulim 0J4 Male, by the fame kind of Suture (n. 72.) From the upyer part to the lower eXtremity of thisO: Palm- (5,) i: is 15 inches. After they. have quitted the 0: Maxim: Superiorz'; on each fide, they run down with an ()btufe Angle; being'Protube- tant‘on their outer fide, they incline gradually toward the Sn:- tute in the middle (mm) forming a Cavity 2 ; Inches deep at the lower excremity, which is not fo deep as at the middle. ?I‘is defign’d for the Probofcisto refit upon, and the Eminencies on each fide are for granting fpace for the Almoli; whence theTusks proceed ( o. o ) which are improperly call'd Teeth, (and there fore this Bone which contains them {hould not be call’d 0: Max- illa) fince they only ferve for a Defence to this Animal, and ihould rather be calm its Horns. They are cf different bigneié; in different Animals, and the Male feems to have them bigger than the Female ;- e. g. The Elephant which was burnt at Dublin, had’them much bigger than this which died here; which confii’ts with the Knowledge of feveral in this Place, who remember to have feen both : And the Figure which. DLMaulim gives of them, even tho’ broke, feems to reprefentthem mUch larger than thofe in the Subject we have; which are very fmah, not exceeding the bignefs of an ordinary Cane, or not above one Inch Diameter, .a‘hd f’creight, in fat as they remain unbroke: So that I am not in‘a Capacity to affirm or deny the Afie‘rtion‘of .Arzflatt’e, who fays, wares grandiares refiznatajhut Imbcnt, Famine minor“, (9“ comm qmim Alarm, vergtm: mim deorg’wm, praiziqm deviant. Per- haps it might have been {0 with thefe', and that the Keepers ( that the difference of the Sex might not be known, by their bending downward or upward) might have defignediy broke. them. indeed there is great difference between the weight and iength of thefe, had they been entire, and theft: wonderful big ones whereof Anthors give us an Aceount. ~ Tmmelim tellsgs, Q t at C 102 that the length of thol'e del‘crib’d by him is,8 Foot; and he, with fevetal others, tells us, that there are of them which weigh ‘ICO Pound and upwards, fome 140, others 150, and‘thol‘e he talks of were above too i’oun‘d; infomuch, that Taverm‘er tells us, that in the Indie: they make Potts of Doors and huge Pales of them: And ’tis memorable, which he fays alfo, that the Elepi’mm of the llle of Cey/tmd have no Tusks, but the firft which the Fe- male produces: And this we have confirm’d by Mr Knox in his 'Dejtription Relation of this Ifland, that few of the Elephant: there have Tusks, 0f the Task. and thofe only Males; There is a great debate among Authors, Whether theiie {hall ,be call’d Horns 01' Teeth. Thol'e who would have them be Horns, fay; 1ft. Becaufe they rife from the Scull. 2. Becaufe they can be polilh’dl and brought into any form, which ’tis difficult to do with Teeth. 3. ‘Becaufe they fall off and grow up again, which the Teeth {of no Animal do, except'of Man. Such as would have them to be Teeth, tell us," that ’tis peculiar to fucthnimals as have the Hoof divided into two, to have Horns 5. and that Horns are always_cavous or {pongy within; whereas thefe are altogéther folid.’ For, the firfl: Reafon, that they rife from the Scull, tho’it be granted, yet it is after a different man“ ner from Horns -, for. they always either adhere to the Schll by a certain Articulation,’ if not cavous, as in Harts, or have a Prota- ‘berance arifing from it, and filling up their Capacity, if cavous, commonly call’d the Flint. ‘For the fecond, tho’ it be-‘granted they can be poliih’d, 6%. yet they are not capable of fuch Alice'- ratitms, as Horns are by Boiling, or burning in the Fire, fuch as being made flexible. Indeed they feem more to agree by their S’truéture with Teeth; {Or they proceed from the Scuil, and are planted in it per Gomploofin; having in thefe we are {peaking of a large Cavity, about two Inches long, large according to the Diameterof the Tpsks, at firIt, but as they defcend tapering gradually, till they terminate in a Point analogous to the Cavities 'in the Roots of the Teeth, and filled up with the fame kind of Subfianee, whereby they are kept firm in their Places. And as to‘ their Strué’ture, I doubt not but they'have been compos’d of a mucilaginous Subl’tance at firft, as Teeth are; and that after— wards they augment by the appofition of feve’ral me'me, or Strata, accOrding as the Animal enCteafes in. Years. Hence ’tis,’ that I fuppofe Tefitzelim his Friend came to be convinc’d, that thofe Bones he treats of, were of an Elephant 200 Years Old, by fuch Marks as thefe Lamina», Which might have been taken from the Teeth. €1,102 3 Teeth. There MMina are very obvious in the 'Subiet‘t we have, and the fmailnefiot the Tusks feems to be another Argument of herbeing Yeung, according to their term of Life; Whether they be call (1 Teeth er Horns it matters not much; for if from their Subftarrce we‘take their Defignation, they may be cali’d Teeth; and if from their ufein pufhing, we may call them Horns; and to avoid any' debate, let them be cali’d Tusks or Defences. They run in» this Subjeét about 6 Inches high in the 0: Palati, and ad: here by a ftrongLigament, as is already‘efaid. “ . s We proceed to ‘confider the fide of the Head. ’ We told, that 7779 Me of defcending 5 Inches from the middle of the Depreflion. in theme Ham. forevpart of the Head, which is 7 Inches from the Top of any ofTab. 3. Fig; thefe Eminences, it begins toform an Angle Ca.) and the fide of 2. the Head becomes confiderabiy deprefs’d. where the Mufcle of the Lower Jaw andfProbofczl: is Iodg'd. 'This Depreffion from its beginning ( a.) to the 0: ngamatimm‘ (by) (Where it is 8 i; inches deep) is '14.. -§ Inches difiant; and from the fore-patt ’ (g. Fig.1.) to the Orificium Meme: Auditorij (k. Fig. 2.) is 13 In— ches ; alfo from the upper Protubetance ofthe Orbit of theEye (f) to theArticuiation ofthe 0: Zygomatimm With the OsTempomle (L) is 9 ; Inches. At the fore-part of this Depreflion is fituated the Sim‘Sinus for 1;”: for lodging the Eye ; for 'tis improperly cali’d Orbit, fince only the Eye. halfof the part where the Eye isiodged is honey: It has 3 remarkable Protuberances; one at the Upper and forev‘part (f. ) whence it fitong Cartilage arifes, and is inierted in another 7- Inches di- ,{tant (meafuring obliquely) form‘d by the Articulation of the 0: Zygamatimm With the 05 Maxilla (g2) and a third in the middle (5.) at g -;- Inches diftant from each of the former. This iProtuberance fetves for the Infertion of the Troclalm of the Mufl calm obliqum major; The bottom of the Orbit has anotherSinm (5.) Which conveys the Ner'zzm Opticm to the bottom of the Eye, the uppetpart whereof is compos’d of a Lamina of the 05 framii, which lies over the 0: Maxims .- From beneath this Lamina not only proceeds the Karma: Options, Wotorim and Patheticm, but: --a1i'o a'confiderable Branch df an Artery, Vein, and 5th Pair of Nerves, which running forward, pafs through a large Hole in the 0.: Maxillce (m) and are difpers’d 'inthe Probofcés; whereof here« after. This. Sz’mu ( .r. ) whofe iowet fide is form’d by a Spine running along the 0: Maniac, is glnches long, 1‘ 5; Inch broad at the middle, and one Inch deep; but as it comes forward, ’tis enlarg’deas the Globe of the Eye encreafes. " Th 0 2 .1 e , f 104 ) ?‘??c 03 M S1 - The 0: Maxim: is: Very irregular‘Bone. At the forepart of" ‘H,. ‘“ ‘ ?utd ??;upeflO' the Scull it begins with a‘ {harp Point (p. p.) having that part of m. the stromi: whichfotms part of the Orbit (d. Fig. 2..) on the Fig. I. one ‘fide, and that part of- the 0: Palati ( :94. ) which forms the Hole for the Rdoc of the Trunk on the other; whence running 6 Inches, and mcllning Inward by a crooked buture, it terminates in a Ptotuherance; beneath which is a final! Sinus afcending ob. V liqueiy to the Hole for the Root of“ the Trunk (12.) fram’d by the Blood Vefiels (whereof above) és they go to the nouriih- mentsof the Trunk; from thence it runs obliquely backward, and i3 attieuiated with the t .c Palari 'by a broad ‘fquamous Suture. From the middle Ptotuherance of the Simsfm the Eye ( d. ) it tunsfiteight backward; being articulated with that part of the 0! fiatm which forms the aforefaid lower Edge of the Siam for the New“: Option: ( 5. ) far the Fpaceof 18 Inches, where it he- ginsto he overlaid with a Lamina of the Bone, which forms the upper and back-partgwhence it defcends 9 Inches, till it comes to the Reot of the Teeth (m) where we. {hall leave it, and retum to the fore-nam’d Protuberance; from whence having made up a' pattof the Sinus for the Globe of the Eye, as is faid, it runs backward 6 Inches, ‘and is. articulated (by a flat Suture (3.) which fitft deicendsi- Inch, then runs obliquely backward :2 ~‘5 m- ches) with the 0:’Zygamar£cum. At its beginning its 2 .1. inches broad ; plain on its inner, and convex- on-i‘ts enter Surface ;. bend. ed,,as it defcends, like a Horn, and terminatiag in a Point. Ftém the, lower- part of this Suture it becomesrmuch thicker; and her ving fram’d‘ a Sinus about 4.‘ Inches long, it runs toward the fore— part of the Scull. From this sinus, as it has returned geihehes, is form7d the tide of an Oval Hole, which running from before to behind is abOut‘ ; ; Inches long, and from the one fide to-the other two Inches. At that fide which is fram’d by the 0k Max- 1’llt, and toward the’Procejfm Zygomaticm, ’tis two Inches thick ; and at its other fide, it turn ftreight backward from the 0: Max- £114, in a ditetf‘t Line, with the great Cavity, which contains the Mufties that move the Lower Jaw and Probafi‘if. This Hole is analogous to that in a Human Sceleton in the 0: Maxiildg beneath the Orbit of the Eye; and is larger in Quadrupeds, being deiti- nat-ed for ttanfmiflion of a Vein, Artery; and the fuperior Branch of, the fetond Divifion of the 5th Pair of Nerves, which in thofe go to the Upper Lip and law; but in this Suhieét, as I have already Ihewn at large, ’tis gtebable they frame for the Nourifhmeht and 105 ) and oth‘etfunfii‘ons ef the Prohafczk. Tho’ it he very obfetvable, and Of figna-l Life, yet ’tis f0 fituated, that I was no: capable to give fueh aView, as might afi‘brda true idea of it, in any of the Figures of the Head : However, i have mark’d it (mu Fig. 1‘.) and (m. m. Fig. 2.) (8. 8. Fig. 3.). From this H016 the 0: fif'dx- z'lz’tc inclines 6 triches, toward the Root of the Teeth (72. ) where we leave it, and return to . The 0: Zgomzztimm (5.) ( la.) ( i.) Which, as in all other A-u 77,9 03 Z?“ nimais, ferves for a Guard to the Mufcles which move themmmimm LoWer Jaw. In Men, and I‘evetal other Animais, ’tis.form"d~ of‘55g 1. a ProduCtion of the 0: Temporafe, articulated with another from Fig; 2. file 0: Aide, by a particular Suture, caH’d Summ‘rrmd‘wrflt; but I‘ll: 1' here “tie the mofi difi'inguiih’d Bone of all the Head; for being 32 inches long and two Inches broad, ‘tis articulated with the 0: Maxifie before, and running backward {3 Inches, it meets at its upper part With a Produétionof the O: Calvm'ice (f.) as we Fig. 2. may Cali it, which accompanies its lower part ether 6 Inches, and then terminates in an ehtnfe Angle. ’I‘is loofely join’d with this Produaiong and 115 probable, that ”tie'eapabie of confiderable Motion, upon the following Accounts. 1. The Sink: in the hack~ part of the Scull, as {hail be Ihewn, for receiving the Cafldj‘lei of the Lower jaw, are largerthan the Condjle: themfelves, by which they have a pretty good fpace to move from the Right to the Left; and the extremity of theO: Zygomaticum being their , Guard on each fide at the outer part, Which way they move, thefe may be fuppos’d to yield. 2. The Lower ]aw is of fuch weight, that its Muficles mufl: require a great fpace to 38c in, and that may be conciliated by the Motion and Yeitding of this Bone... g. The Grinders of the Lower law are much longer than thofe. of the Upper, and therefore they require a greater {pace to move in, “for the better Performance of Mafiication, (becaufe the 11p» per Jaw in this, as in mofl Other Animals, is immovable) to which the Motion of this Bone muft very much affift. ’Add to thefe, the manner of its Articulation; for. it reitsnpon the Pro- duétion of the 0: flhxill‘e before; and behindit moves, as it were, to and fro, upon the Produfiion of the. 0.: Calvarize, which refts upon it. - t ' The back-part of the Scull is nextto‘ be. confider’d: At itefi' b 5‘ upper part the two Eminences formerlymention’d now appear . m: Of‘é‘?” more confiderable, becaui'e of the intervening Sinus, which from £15.44" ' two Inches deep, and IQ Inches from the, Right: to the Left, be. ' - comes t 05 } eemesa. Inches deep; for the Eminences (amt) approach (as they run backward) much nearer to one another, and the Sirma running obliquely downward becomes flit} deeper, having a Syiwz Fig. 69 ( 6-) 6 Inches long and one Inch deep. ’fhis Spine ferves for Inf'ettionof the *Mu‘fcles, which move the Head. The Bone on each fide of it is very rugous; which feems to be an excellent Contrivance, becaufe there is fuch a deal of Strength requir’d here in the Tendons, for fupporting the weight of the Head of this great Animal, ’twas requifite the Surface of the Bone whence they atife thould be very unequal, that their Fibres may be the more firmly impaéted therein. Here ’tis alfo that the Iax—Wax formerly mention’d was infetted. By means of this Spim in the middle, and the Eminences on both fides of the Sims, the Surface of the Bone is much more enlarg’d, hand the Mufcles with their Tendons are more capable to move the Head, either direétly or obliquely to either fide, than if the Bone had been plain. After the Spine of the Sim: is' ended, the Bone fwehs out toward the hackpart 3 Inches, and then defcends I 3; Inch till it comes to the Hole for the Spinal Marrow (d. 01..) and here the Bone from above the Orzficium Meat»: Auditorij (f.) on each fide, becomes ?rotuberant 10 Inches (e. 6.) till it comes to the Praceffm Cami]- loidm'fac.) This Protuberance has the fame Office as the Ape- pkyfi: Mafloide: in other Animals, viz. fotlnfertion of the Mufcles WhiCh bend the Head inward. The Proceflm Coridyloide: (c, c.) .are 7 finches difiant inelufive; each of the Condyle: being 2 i: Inches broad from the Right to the Left, as they arife gradually from their outer fide, and from below to above arifing (as it were Sem'icircularly) ; Inches long. The Hole for the Spinal Marrow (Adj at the upper part betwixt the Cofldyle: is 3 Inches bread, 2-; Inches at the’middlre, and 2. Inches at the lower part, tillat left it terminates in a Point. ’Tis 3 1* Inches long, and its Margin about the middle of the Condyle is 2 Inches thick. Below thefe Condylw the Bone becomes more flat :, infomuch, that tending inward there is a Sim; fram’d, above which the :Procqfla: Stylaide: arifes (32,) being'there attitulated per Syflcborz‘ drafifi. This Procefliz: Stylez‘dc: is cartilaginous about one Inch (h) at its Bafe; whence arifing hardand folid 4. Inches (h) flat on its infide’, and convex on its outfid-e, being one Inch broad, it :25 afterwards divided, fending out another Bone r5 3; Inches long (21') which bending toward the Scull, but outward from that sglace whence it proceeded for the {pace of two Inches, it becomes - gradually (m) gradually fmalier, tiii it terminates in a Point not unlike that part of a Pen wherewith we write. This Bone is ii) fituated in the .352 z: of the Sculi, that 9twas impoflibie to give any idea of is 2‘7»: Sim, and therefore I caus’d them to take the Fights: of it apart. Bttwixt the Sims: below the Procefliu Styloidcs and EheCoea/yla, at; I i'lnch diftant, is fituated the Hole for the jagulat Vein (272.772.) through which alfo paffes the Par vagnm (See 72. Fig, 13,) which being Oval; is x 6; Inch long, and -;- Inch broad. On the out fide of the Praceflm Szyhz’des, is to be feen the Hole fer the hard, Portion of the wrem Amditorim (1.) This is f0 near t9 the Root of the Sinus, that it could not be well fliEWfl in the Figure. Be— twixt the Origin Of the Proceffilrs Sltyloide: (£39) and the Hole for he jugular Vein (m.m.) is iodg'd the honey part of the 369/133- daft (72.72.) which defcends 5 inches; ’tisJ; Inch bread, and {9 hat that it could fcarce be reptefented in the Figure. Prum thence is a Cram, whoi‘e Orifice is reprefented by (030.) Where its fieihy part was contain’d, which communicated With the p3,. late; it defcends 3 inches obliquely inward. From the ferei’hiti Hole for the jugular Vein (171.771.) is fituated the Hole for the Carotid Artery, which is {0 large as to admit the Point of ones Little Finger ((2.1).) Defcending in a Rreight Line from the Pro“ ccjflz: Styleide: (g.) g”; Inches, you come to the Hole where the America alum Mam}: enters the Scull, and by Which the 34’ Branch. of the 5th Pair of Nerves paffes out: Here alfo the Vein, Which returns by the great Hole in the 0: deilldre from the ProhoJ/E'zg', (after it has pait fome fpace beneath the Lamina, which makes up the upper edge of the Sim forthe Orbit of the Eye,) paireg, out,'and runs back to she Jomed With the jugular Vein. Theta Holes are fituated on each fide, betwixt the Aquedzafi and the Sim ?m: for reception of the Lower Jaw Q.) and are both receiv’d within a’ like Siam, {'0 that they could not .be reprefented by an Orifice. The Bone for Reception .of the Proce/fits Styloides, as I have faid, is deprefi e, and from thence for the {pace of two inches, till you come to the Hole for the Carotid Artery (p. p.) it is rais’d for the Aquedufz‘ (72.72.) From thence, bethXt the two Holes, ’tis gradually Protuberant to the Condyle: From below this Hole ( p. p.) {treight downward, dunn‘g the Pregrefs of the two Agata»— duff: (n. 72.) which are 3 Inches diitant, ’tls depreit, til! you come to the Chomm, or Pafi‘age betwixt the Palate (t.) and the Root “3’ I- of the Trunk Ci.) Between the two Holes for the Arteria dam maniac 7tis 6 Inches (7. q.) The length of the 5577?», called in Hu- mm "34w : 5"J o ifeems and Dr. hf naily not Root the middle flefhy cavous is e/qudmf} with ches, Root Scull ter. Prawffm long, Orificiem Mdl‘il!c€§“WhiCh either muchback, With move to Subjefts, the For portionably i; antiide is this ehes man well Which you tuberent, but before, Mouiim move by prevented Claimed. a thin, Motion by the of tobe more Protuberaut-Reeeptiom come part Snbjeéis the isr'i'o By Rifing long. of enough '7 and the forward, Bones, This fide, 3 this‘half is ‘5 the (x3) Vamer Petrofw, the backward} g means greater meme: but Mouth. its toward of Inches. contraé‘ted, downward, g,- Inches with more that to Patulent is Trunk in of Siam, Inch This as {0 and Teeth Martian This the of the its and about the the- by guarded in the deep of a is Opinion round and the direét; Auditory is Aqueduéi‘, P‘aflhge Force; Semicircular the fore-patt Diameter broad. Gleam! the the Bane. the Sim” obferv’d. the this after from on 8 law ezitttemitgsv I articulated (3.4.) and in Elephant (however Inches. 2 prefs had do the 05 Hole Mum: middle Surface, that extremity the great g this very on upon . ’tis is the not the is the Zygomatimm Inches for And Qavity, met infide, Betwixt { (12,.) the *which {came Safe from thicker, and for both become 8 for Animal Lower (5.) extremity much; find as Sinus The only Mufcles Above been £08 is of Obfervetion Inche‘siong, Superficial (34.) Surface this Alimentagainfi the the With the in 81nches of at thick, Which the hrfi the 0:1" that tides; backpai‘tof at at other meafuring is Contrivanee the on this extending Breaths Cena’ylw jaw the Condyles, ib A‘rterm ) the zihehes than for eonfifiing the Hole the aii 9 the 0: yan by alfo each from very Root this its Scull Inches and of external being to Animals depreft; had 0: Zygammimm, end f0 Ostygometicmfl, it long; in big 0f inclining prevent be the Cg.) and PaiTage by above fide, a may dent free, that Z}gamaticzm have of hollownefs’, the yet any this from is deep, of depreft, from Uval, large Procefs this honey long, this down the feems at" 2 compes’d the the Tongue, Whereef be) their Orifice this as matrix theBafi: élnches notwithi’canding other, Sim: gtis to the mee'r that two Teeth its terminates is hence Sim: Pafl’sge, Sifim Upper we too tuherbreadth as below is part Hoie to properties reward rather that mere Diflecation fiilinifiitfiii falling of is been in one part fee (q.q.) Lalxxjszex facilitate much and only and ieihairp where. (if for in 4 hereafs to bread, '5 the Human of on of it is con:- Teeth it : 9, {pace inch g. enei two of pro- then may the Pro— the the the the the the him ’Tis toe the the it is: in In- Os till to it ('09) mnnicates with the Root of the Nofe, and the Bone gives the Air at its exit ahOther direé’tion ~, fo here the fore and back-part of the Chomm are direeily oppofite, but then the Trunk itfelf gives the Air a quite other direction than in the Bones of other Animals. indeed there is one Argument which feems to itrength- en Dr. Moulin’s Opinion} viz. That by the Trunk the Elephant fucks up any Liquor it he's occalion for, which it afterwards emp- ties into the ih-‘ia;zil[h2, and f0 by drawing in of the Air, it is able to keep in its txcremity any thing it takes hold of. However, the Objections advanc’d againlt this Opinion formerly, feem to he of greatetMoment. than theie Arguments here propos’d, are for it. 'Thefe two cavous Bones on each fide the,C/aomm, are fill’d up fromthe two firm, folid, white, weighty Teeth (3. 4.) the Tm», or back one whereof does not grind, but ierves; as it were a wedge, Grinders of to keep that before firm in its Place (5.) This Tooth runs ob-i/Je Upper liquely backward 3 Inches from the fore Tooth. , That part of it .743”- which is without the Jaw Bone is half round, being 6 Inches in Surface from its Root on the one fide to that on the other, very poiite, as Temzelimr is plcal‘ed to term it, and fmooth like Glafs._ How far this Tooth orthe other may go up, I. cannot politively determine, neither give any Account of the Figure within the Bone, unlefs I had broke the Scull. However, I {hall infiit more upon the Teeth, when i come to the lower Jaw; all Ifhall add at prefent is, that their Alveoli, efpccially that which contains the hind Tooth, are as thin as can be imagin’d. The length of each of the Teeth is 7 Inches. Thefe '1 eeth are not alike on both fides; for that on the Right is but one Inch without the Al- ecolm, throughout its whole extent, on the outer tide; and on its inner, ’tis one InchPrOtuberant at its fore, and two inches atits backpatt; whereas that on the Left fide is only one inch Prom:- herant before on the outfide, and 3 Inches behind, where it forms a kind of Angie, as it is join d with the hind Tooth: ar ' an the- outfide ’tisf inch Peetuberant before, and 2. inches behhi The Tooth on. the Right Eide ( a.) grinds with that ef the lower Jaw, throughout its whcie extent; whereas that of the Left, after it has run back 6 Inches, runs up with an half roundSurface two inches (5.) before ’tis ioin’d with the hind Tooth. It would feem, that'this difference betwixt the Shape, Situation, and Dimenlions of the Right Tooth from the Left: is not fingular here, for Dr. Moniim doth likewife take notice of it, in that which dy’d at Dublin ; for he fays, ‘ The length of the ’i‘eeth cftgie Right Up‘ ‘ per jaw is 4 Inches, but that of the oppoiize was but 3 : '1‘ he P ‘ two ( H 0' j * two outward or fore Teeth .of-the Upper jaw, were ihmewha-t ‘ longer than thovfeof the ueder. He takes no notice whether the hind ”I eeth of the Upper an grind or not», but here, as 5 have faid, not eniy both the hind. Teeth are free from grinding, but alfo part of the fore Teeth of the Left fide. Thefe-Tecth, as Dr. Mautim well obferves, ate ati Arlolmes, being 2 Inches broad :, that part of them wherewith they Grind is 6 Inches en the Right Side, and s 3‘; ’on the Left. Their Surface, the‘ flat, yet is vesy unequai'; for they have alternatively plac’d (running from th: Right to the Left) an hollownefs, and then an Eminence, and this Eminence is furrOun’ded by «a rough Ptotubetant Border. 'Ihete are nine of each of the Hollownefi‘es, and as many Eminences, uh» dulated, as they ufe to paint Sea Waves; which feems to qua‘ drate with what Mr Ray fays, viz. That thefe Teeth have 8 or 9* ‘ pa‘t-ailel undulate Lines in their Surface. The Situation of thefb Teeth, for what I know, is peculiar to this Animal ; for infiead. of running frOm above to below, as in other Quadrupeds, they run from before to behind, as in humanSu‘bjeéts, being plae’d at. . . . Inches diflance at the beginning, or fore-part, and . . . In... ches *at their hind part. From the fore-part of thefe Teeththe 0: Palari runs down .. . Inches, having that divifion in. the middle (Wheteof formerlv) much eniarg’d (19.) '1 his Bone, as to its: thitknefs in this Subject, is cortefpondent to the Tasks, which: are implanted in each fide of it, as is fa-id, It feemséto be thus. ‘piac’d upon two Accounts; 3. That it may anf'wer toithe di—ftance, or cover that part of the Lower }aw which runs betwixt the fore-patt of the Grinders above {6. c.) and the Piecefi at its lowet HI. 7*. and middle part Ce.) 2. That it may afford fpace, as we formerly D obferv’d,’ for the Trunk to rei’t upon, left it {houl‘d be obnoxious; to the Mouth. 77): Lower The Lower kw is the only External Part of the Head, which: jazz“. .comes now to be ccnfidet’d, confifting of one big Bone, and compos’d of its fore and hind patt, and five Proceffes, via. two» Caindylex (5.4.) two Proofing ( aroma ([9. b.) and one Praceflhs MW”; (’e.) ’tis articulated with the Upper law, as m at! other Animaism ‘by a double Artbroa'm. The two ,Cmdyla (£154.) age 12 Inches- diflant inclefive -,. their Surfaces Cotivex, both from the Right‘to the ~Left, which is g { Inches, and from before to behind, which is ,2 Inches, They are received into the Sims of the Upper Jaw fee.) which, as l have faid, is s i; Inches; 50 that they have {pace enough to move at h’lafticetion._ The .I\ eck below the Candy? 3.3 glflcht‘s frem'hefete to. hehmd at :ts {malieft part, whence defeende ( t t I ) ‘ defeend‘mg 3 Inches, i‘t‘becomes 61nches broad (17.) and two In- Pitt ehes- thick at its back-part, where it forms anaobtufe Angle ; whence running forward at its outer fide 2 Inches, it begins to form a Sin»: for Infertion of ‘the Mufcles which move the jaw. This Sim“ running forward 4.~ Inches more, terminates in a {harp edge of the Bone, which defcends to make up the ‘Prochm Coronet ((7.1).) This Sims: is 8.1nches from above to below: At the Upper part of the Procejfm Comma, ’tis 8 Inches bread from. before, where ’tis Ihatp, to behind, where tisithick and obtufe, and at its middle 9 % Inches ([1. [2.) the Procefjh; Carma from a- Fig. 7 ‘. bove to below 6 Inches, with, as it were, a Semicircular edge, but fomewhat‘more Protuberant, where ’tis not {0 {harp as the Margin above. How we come to the inner fide of the fame part of the Bone, where we find that defcending 7 Inchesfrom the ~ Condylc, till we come a little below the forefaid obtufe, Angie, there are the beginningsof-a large Hole (12.12.) 3-;— lnches long, 52,, ~’ viz. from the ‘firit framing of. its Sim: to its lower part, and 5 ‘ t % Inch broad. This Hole is for receiving the Veflels fit for forming and nourifhing the 'I'eeth; whereof hereafter : Here the Jaw begins to be about 4 Inches thick behind, being convex in its hac‘k-part; whence running 4, Inches forward, it inclines a. bout 2 g Inches inward, where it forms a large Sinus for infertion of the fi/Infmlm Majfeter, and whereof no Idea could be iven in the Figure; for the outfide always obftruéted the view 0 the infide. This Sim: dcfcends obli uely from the Neck of the Con: dyle, till itscomes to the Root 0 the Teeth (c.) 9 Inches, whith fpace does not appear f0 large in the Figure, beeaufe of the Pofi. tion of theJawz, and from the fore-part of the Corona: backward. till the Jaw become thick, 5 élnches: From the back-part of the Jaw at the forefaid ohtufe Angie, till you come to the Point of the Procrjfm mentz' (19.) in a {height Line, is 27 Inches. The Arch of the back Surface from the fame Angle, till you come equal with the beginning of the Teeth, or lower‘part of the Co— 2’02242 (c.) is 14: Inches -, from whence meafuring outward from the Root. of the Teeth, it is g Inches to the forefaid lower part of the Comm: ; from thence to the middle of the back part 5 In- ches; and from the R00t of the Teeth at the External to the fame piece at the Internal Part, is 16 Inches; and here the Jaw is a- bout 4. inches thick behind. At the joining of the two Teeth ftteight downward, "tis 6 £- Inches -, and here it inclines gradually outward for above 3 Inches; whereas its inner Surface is almofl: plain, or at leaft for the {pace of 4. inches,-and then inclines; A P :2 gradually ( l x z ) gradually outward. below, forming an Arch in its Progrefi-g, Streight downward from the lowefl; part of the Comm, the iav is at 'the thickefl: (a) and hee it begins to run obliquely for ward, till; meeting with the fame part of the Bone from the o- Proceflus ther fide, it terminates in thewa m Memi ([0. Fig. 9. c. Fig. 7 ) Menu . which about 2 Inches runs obliquely outward, and feems very convenient for defending theMouth fiom the incentveniencies of the Trunk; which by its weight weuid 52::er too [Iilltil upen itr were it not defended. both by that part 0f the 0x 1.71m, which. runs'down from the Teeth m the Uppet jaw, upon Which it leans 5‘ and by this Symployfi: or Praceffiz: Alami, b. e.‘ whESh keeps it {till inclining downward, and fuifers it not tohend inward : Add aifo, that thisProéef may aflift the Proérofczls fomewiiat in its Elevation}. when the Animal bending the Heat! a little forward, may make; the Point pufh or bearUp the Probofci: from above it. As the lower part of the Jaw in its Progrefs forward runs obiiquely down.- ward, f0 its upper part ofthe Root of the Teeth runs i‘treight forward, or rather inclines a‘little upward (6.3) ii) that whereas. ’tis-only 6 31—; Inches from above to below at the joining of the. Teeth, now ’tis 7 f Inches fireight downward, (and here its Sun- face is more plain, for before ’twas convex, and as it were half round) but along the edge of the Sim: for lodging the Tongue, $1th 7,, 8. (d.e.) to the outmoftpoint of the Pracrfl'm Mami, ’tis 9 Inches.“ Now weconfider the inner part from the Place where we left it,» Si nus for and Find it [till more plain; where. meafuring from below the; Iodg z'rzg 7/3- 9 farefaid joining of the two Teethi’treight forward, ’tis 4., Inches! Tangur. on each fide, tiiir both meet in a Semicircie (fl) about 3;. Inches‘ Fig. 8. Diameter at the lower part, and.fomewhat nearer at the Root of the Teeth. After it has run 2 Inches upward, it runs {treight forward with a convex Surface 4. inches thick; thence it afcends, 32g. 9;. 4. Inches more to the Root at the Teeth (d.) This Sim: is for lift- ihg the Tongue, which is very narrow and. pointed. Thus has ving giveha particular Account of the External Figure and shape of the Lowerjaw, ' we {hall confider it in general. The C072- d_y/e: are 1’2. Inches incl‘ufive difiant ;. whence the Bone running, downward, and fomewhat backward. 3 Inches, forms an obtufe Angie, which is 17 Inches exclufive difiant from. its. oppofite t. and here the Bone begins to fweil to- a confiderahle thicknefs by degrees: From thence defeending gradually‘S Inches, ’tis 18. Inches diftant; thence inclining obliquely forwardb Inches more,, ’tis’ 1:4 5} Inches diflant; inclining {till more forward; to' the Bath whete the two} Bones, met} the Bane. {till becoming fliihpfr,., ( I I 3' ) ’t‘is- 9 Inches; from which on each fide, till you come to the Pm- e’efl'm Menti, ’tis 7 Inches: Thus far_ as to Its back-part. ‘ Now ti) its fure-part: Fitft, there is the Candyle ( n. at) then there is Fig. 9;. a {harp Spine whichruns obliquely to the Carome (12° b.)-~whence to the Root of the Teeth ’tiS-r thicker and of a Semicircular form :i ()ppolite to this, the Bone begins to {well at its outer fide, and becomes plainzat its inner; that is to fay,las to that which re- gards the'Mouth, andrthat which doth nor. Its Surface on both. fides. is very. polite and finooth, having a great many Holes for immiflion and egrefsof the Blood Veffels, whichanourifh the Bone r}, and at its fore-patt, it has two large Holes for the Maxillm’; i7;- Th 2e feriar (Z. A.) or Branch of the 5th Pair of Nerves, which are difpers‘d at the Roots of the Teeth. Next We come to the inner. Subfltance of the Bones, {0 far as can be guefs’d, becaufe the pre- fetving oi? the Sceieton entire, has kept me from penetrating {0. far into the Knowledge of it, as my. Inclination might have led; me, Every one is feniible, whoknows anythingin Ofleology, as well Human a-s Brutal, that immediately below the Coronas, 01‘- thereby, there is a pretty large Hole in. proportion to the Anis- ” ‘ mal, fer the emiflion of a Branchef the External Carotid Arte~Maxin3m ry, Jugular Vein, and 3th Pair of Nerves, cah’d Maxillari: inelntem‘“ feriar, Which are difpers’d in’the Rootsof the Teeth- for their ' Noutifhmeht, and for conciliating to them that. lively Idea of Pain, which throfe affeéted with the Tooth—ach are very fenfihle of; and that in thisHole in. Sheep,Calves, and otherQuadrupeds, efpecially fueh asare young». as alfo in Children before the 7th Year, and even afterwards for fome time, in the caVous part of the Bone, where the Teeth do not penetrate the Jaw, there are . Rudiments of Teeth to be feeh cavous intha‘t extremity, which The 33-15;”? is toward the Safe, (in which the Ligaments thatkeep the Root f’im“ 0f iii?” fix’d are firmly impaé‘ted) and‘folisd. at the. other extremity; 1'0 ml?” ‘ in this Animal from the foreomention’d big Hole,» L obferv‘d fe~ veral of there Rudiments of Teeth lying,..3rmtum fnper flmtzmz, 01:: rather placed perpendicularly acrofs the Bone of eachothers tide,“ from the Hole ((2. b.) till the Teeth began to appear. Thole thatfig 8~~ were plac7d..nea~reft the Hole were fmaUex, not above one Inch in' breadth, andg Inch in length, i. e. from above to below, cavous, as is‘obfetv’dz, at the lower or back—part, (for reception of the Ligament, which is. guarded by two thin hard Lamim) and folida at the other. Thofe .neareft the Hole were two er three times interfeéted by Membranes, whereby they; could he disjoin’dy. But afiterel had taken out feveral, I found no morefuch a 36pm ISM {2.3. 11 t4 ). ration, but that from the Right to'the Left, they-were Wholly Cavous: bath of them‘was invefled by a membranous Tunicle, as it Were a Perioflmm, a’nd’had fomething like a Cartilaginous Subi’cance betwixt the two. Their Surface is very unequal atthe Orifice, where they receive the Ligaments and Vefl‘els ( c. )and as if they had been folded into feveral Plim,’ and afterward taken afunder, from’which there run feveral Ridges and Stain“ (12. ) from one extremity to the other ; where the Ligaments ceafe,they become extreamly folid and ponderous, and at their upper Excre- mities “half round, and fometimes form’d into Digitations (a. ) N$?b. 30 I'vl'g. When they approach to that part of theBone at which the Teeth appear, they begin to quit the Periaflwm, by which they wege diitinguifh d, and unite clofe together, fo as to form one Bone. ’Tis obfervable, that at their upper Extremity there is aLmim, which being Convex toward the Jaw, and Concave toward thefe l'iudiments of 'i'eeth, do as it were knit their folid Exrremitie—s together, from which "(is alfo feparated by an intermediate iembrane atthe beginning; but afterward that ceafing, this L4- mimz conjoins them at the Extremities, as they are at the Sides, before they appear without the Jaw. And thus Iconceive thefe {Feeth to be formed, and ’tis by thefeI am petfwaded'the Jaw becomes fo ponderous and thick -,y and that which {trengthens this Opinion is, that the hind Teeth of both Jaws (for I doubt not but thef'e Rndimema Demium are in the Upper Jaw alfo) before they come to grind, have their Upper Parts Semicircular; and that beth before and after the Grinders are form’d, the Linea- ments of thefe Rudimenm appear plainly like fo many Ridges (aha) having intervening Furrows, where they formerly had Fig 9. been diitinguiih’d by Membranes : Andi fuppofe t-ho’ at the up. .per Extremity they are united into one compact ‘Bone, yet at . atheir lower Extremity they have fiil! the fame Hollownefies for Reception of the Ligaments and Vefl'els as formerly; which Opi~ him is confirm’d by Tenrze/z‘m's Account. The Lower Jaw has ‘4 Teeth, 2 on each tide (d. e.) as well as the Upper, all Grind- ers, but no Incifors, 0r fore ’1 eeth. The hind Teeth are 8 In- ches dii‘tant, and the Fore not 4, betwixt which is plac’d the Sirzm for the Tongue (d. e.) and ’tis obfervable, that from thence to the bottom the Sin»: is fo contrai’ced, as only to be one Inch Fig. 7' 8. broad (f.) The hind Tooth on the Right Side is 4 inches, on the Left 5'; , The one half of their Surface, where they begin to appear, is Semicircular, withz-the fore mention’d Ridges and 515165 taming tranfverfely, 4 on the Right'Side, and 5 on the Leftoilgje (us) other half has 5 of thol‘e Eminehces, where it-Grinds, (whereof formerly, fwhen fpeaking of the Upper Jam) and 4 on the Left. Each of the fore Teeth £36 Inches long, and has 6_ or 7 of the forcgmencion’d Eminenees, land as many Depreflions. The hind. Teeth. of Dr. Moulin‘s‘Elephant feern to have been of an equal: length on. both files, and much longer thanvthe fore Teeth. ’Ti; obfervable, that the Ridges at the {ides ate correfpomlent to the Eminences where they Grind, and the Sale? to the Deprrelfions. The Teeth of the Lower jiaw exceed thoi‘e of the Upper about 2 Inches in length; by which it appears, that the motion of the Lower Jaw mufl: be very. great. in Mafiication, and that the E’e- 7% T ”2,; pbam for the molt part moveth theJaWI-ftom. behind to before :, ar’éflffififl and fcarcely from one fide to theathet, as in Animals that m- of. [11,; ngw, minate, or chew the Cud. Thefe ”I‘eeth are the molt firm, folid, 7,34}; and weighty Bones of any Aninal yet known, and areas good I. vary as the Tasks the-mfelves. Before we quit the Lower Jaw, i hope it will not be impertinent toenquire, whether or no thefe Rudimenm Dentin»: may he fuppos’d in iptocefa of Time to defcendi and expell-thoié Teeth already form’d, and fucceed in their place ,2; and if not, what may be their usl‘e. For the firfl: qnet‘oion, ’tis true, Children have two ranges of Teeth: tho’ not equally folid,.. the fecond whereoi-expels the fitft at or «about 7 items of Age, and fucceeds them, the fitfl: beinggonl'y fo many Sheaths or Covers, whereby the fecond,~being yet but .a- fbft Mucilaginous-Subflance, are defended from External Injuries, till in procefs of time they: have atteiih’d to axconvenient hardnefs; and that thereis aigteae difference in the Teeth of fame Quadrupeds, fuch asyoungi-loriés; whofe Foleor Colt Teeth, as they are call’d, shave fame Marks;J which are obliterated after a certaintperiod of Years (well enough known to J‘ockies ;) {9 that it would ..a’ppear, if thefe Teeth are not expell d , yet their Surface by dregteesis abraded, and inlteadr: of that their Roots are augmented, and the Teeth receive fuch: an alteration; as their Age is no more known by thefe Matksi L haveaiteady ohfenfld, that there are fevetal Ridges and Fat? rows in the Teeth of this Anim‘ai, which feem to he an Evidence, that thefe Rndimenm have grown together and become one Tooth ; but whether the Rudimmm, which have not as yet appeared: without the Jaw, d‘o ever expel thefe which have appeared, and’ fucceed them, is the quei’c’ion; no‘EXperiment yet being made concerning “the Produaion of thofe in this Animal. The period: of the “lime that Elephant: live, and the Age of this we treat of; , being unknown, we can give no pofitivedeterminationin this 3343:» ( l :6 ) ~tel": Yet I am apt .to believe, thefe Teeth’aé well. tie the Radio manta, have been A prima firmatione, and that becaufe, x. The flaw Bone f0 firmly adheres to the Teeth on both fides, fo foon .315 they appear, and the place of their Roots is f0 well known ,.(by the Protuberance on the .Outfide 0f the Jaw) to be enlarg’d KWithiu the Aleeali, that I do not fee how they can be expell’d by a fucceedingSet. 2. When onevSet of Teeth expels the other, the fecond is ufually below the firft, and not plac’d in. the fame Rank, as thefe are; which obliges me to enquire, what may x‘be the ufe of thefe Rudimenm .- Which I'fuppofe to be, 1. To fill up the Cavity of the Lower- }aw. 2.. By their Weight to add Strength in Maliication.. 3. That there may be lo many digereet Bones to allilt the Teeth in their motion; and 4thl§rg ‘:~ ferve infiead of a Wedge for keeping the Teeth firm in theét Place. ‘ 331:1“ tilt; iiz‘ft, ’twas conven cut the Lower Jaw fhould bear 2 equal proportion in its bignefs to the Upper,and have fuflicient {pace for Infer» tion of the Mufcles fit for its Motion; and if a proportionable *bignei's, than either the Bone mufl: be‘ altogether folid, or cavous and flufi‘d with fome other ponderous‘ Subfiance; for; if fpongy . or cellulOus, then would it have been too light}. which would , have been very inconvenient. As to the fecoud, the Weight is of comfiderable Moment, for the more exaé‘t‘Attrition of the Aliment, which is here requifite, becaufe the Tongue of this Animal is both {mail and polite on its Surface, without more ihatp cartilaginous Papille thole Animals are endued with, whofe Teeth are not fufficient to grind their Foodn As to the third, I 'conceive that thefe Rndimmm, with their intermediate Membranes, may be the more helpful to the Teeth in their Motion, if they have any, or Prefl‘ure, than if the furrounding Jaw had been one whole continued folid Bone. For the fourth, g1 hard and foft Sub- fiance a ternatively plac’d, is certainly more convenient for keep« ing any thing firm than either of the two alone; fer had they been hard Subftances that lay upon one amether, then neither would yield to Preffure; and if (oft, tho’they yielded, yet would they 'not fo well retain the Pteflure they receive, and keep any thing firm thereby, as if they had fome intermediate Subfiance : in a word, he the ufe of thefe Rudimexm what it Will, the Teeth and they together have rendered this {0 ponderous as to amount to 4:, lie Weight. And thus have we ended the ExternaliParts of the Head. IN. 3. The remaking Part of tbif Diflromfia (With the Figured $91.” [76' infirfed in the fallowiflq Tranfaéhon.