Chapter 7 Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Conservation Landscape

High bird diversity is a major feature of the Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Conser- vation Landscape. The Green Lane Reservoir, associated wetlands, and riparian areas support waterfowl and migrating shorebirds. Adjacent forests provide habitat for breeding, migratory, and over-wintering songbirds as well.

Description Location The Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Conservation Landscape is located in upper Mont- gomery County surrounding Green Lane Reservoir, an impounded portion of the Perkiomen Creek. It includes both terrestrial and aquatic habitats and supports a large diversity of birds. The landscape includes a total of 7,289 acres which lie west of the Green Lane/Red Hill/Pennsburg/East Greenville corridor along Route 29. It includes parts of Upper Frederick, Marlboro, and Upper Hanover Town- ships (Figure 7.1). This landscape adjoins the Mill Hill/Deep Creek Conservation Landscape on the west; at the southeast end it meets the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek Landscape.

Hydrology The landscape is completely within the watershed of the Perkiomen Creek. It includes 861 acres of open water created by a dam on the Perkiomen Creek. Spotted Sandpiper, photo by Howard Eskin Perkiomen Creek above the Green Lane Reservoir dam and all unnamed tributaries to the Reservoir are classified as TSF (trout stocked fishery). The main stem of the Perkiomen Creek below the Green Lane Reservoir dam is classified asWWF MF (warm water fishery, migratory fishes), and the West Branch Perkiomen Creek is CWF (cold water fishery).

Geology The Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Conservation Landscape is located in a basin underlain by the Triassic Brunswick Formation shale, mudstone and siltstone. A ring of diabase rock surrounds the basin; in addition a narrow diabase dike cuts across the landscape parallel to Route 663 on the east (Figure 7.2). For further discussion of diabase geology see the section on geology in the introduction to this report.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 125 Forest Cover This landscape contains 2,342.2 acres of forest, of which 858 acres qualifies as forest interior (Figure 7.3). The largest forest block is located along the southwest side of Green Lane Reser- voir. Critical Features The landscape includes three high priority sites identified in the 1995 NaturalAreas Inventory: Knight Road Bluffs, Green Lane Marsh, and New Goshenhoppen Meadows (Figure 7.4). Two additional sites, Church Road Floodplain and Fruitville Road Floodplain, were identified as areas of local significance. Two PNHP-listed plants were documented in 2006: forked rush and Missouri rockcress. Ani- mals of special concern known from the landscape include bald eagle, Virginia rail, great blue heron, and redbelly turtle.

Past Uses Until the early 1900s the Upper Perkiomen watershed was an agricultural landscape with scat- tered villages. Mills and tanneries were located along Perkiomen Creek and some of the tributar- ies. The Perkiomen Railroad, which was completed in 1874, spurred the growth of towns and industry, including the harvesting of ice. Dams on the Hosensack and Perkiomen Creeks near Palm provided expanded water surface for a local ice harvesting industry; the ice was stored in large icehouses along the creek and shipped by rail to Philadelphia. Ice harvesting ceased after catastrophic floods and fires damaged the dams and icehouses in the mid 1920s. The pastoral landscape of Upper Montgomery County was changed drastically in the 1950s with the construction of the Green Lane Reservoir. Built by Philadelphia Suburban Water Company to provide a water source for the city, the dam impounded more than four billion gallons of wa- ter. Many of the old mills, bridges, and even entire villages disappeared beneath the lake surface.

Preservation Status and Other Designations The bulk of this landscape consists of Green Lane Park, a 3400-acre area managed by Montgom- ery County Department of Parks. However, Montgomery County owns only 736 acres in this landscape. The remainder of the park is managed under an agreement with Aqua Pennsylvania, formerly Pennsylvania Suburban Water Company. (Note that part of Green Lane Park falls with- in our Mill Hill/Deep Creek Landscape.) Other publicly owned lands include 107.3 acres along the Perkiomen Creek above the reservoir, which was acquired by Upper Hanover Township. In addition, approximately 1,500 acres of preserved farmland lie within one mile of the landscape; most of it is clustered at the northern end (Figure 7.5). The Upper Perkiomen Creek Watershed was designated as one of the critical treasures of the Pennsylvania portion of the Highlands Region. In addition, Audubon Pennsylvania has designat- ed a 4,005-acre area, which includes our entire conservation landscape, as the Green Lane Res- ervoir Important Bird Area. The nomination cited the presence of breeding bald eagles, a high diversity of water birds, migrating shore birds, and grassland species as factors.

126 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 127 128 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 129 130 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 131 Core Areas Green Lane Park Green Lane Park consists of a mosaic of open water, marshland, riparian and upland forest, meadows, and early successional old fields. Trails are provided for hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding, but there are parts of the park that receive very little direct human use. Fishing and boating are permitted on the lakes. Plant Diversity – The park includes a variety of vegetation types, which contribute to species diversity (Table 7.1). We have identified a total of 419 species of plants, but the list should be considered a work in progress (Appendix 7.A). Plant Communities – Plant community types and their associated geology are shown in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 — Plant Community Types of Green Lane Park

Forest Type Geology Red oak – mixed hardwood forest* diabase

Dry oak – heath forest shale Sycamore – box-elder floodplain forest riparian Bottomland oak – mixed hardwood palustrine forest riparian Red-cedar – mixed hardwood rich shale woodland shale Bluejoint – reed canary grass marsh alluvial Wet meadow alluvial Early successional old fields shale

* This habitat type, present in the southern end of the park, is not actually included in the Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Conservation Land- scape. It is included here to give a comprehensive picture of the vegetation of Green Lane Reservoir Park.

Reptiles and Amphibians – A survey of rep- tiles and amphibians of Green Lane Park was conducted by Marlin Corn as part of this project (Table 7.2). Redbelly turtle was the only species of concern found.

Wood turtles mating, photo by Marlin Corn

132 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Table 7.2 — Reptiles and Amphibians of Green Lane Park

Salamanders Northern red salamander Frogs and Toads Green frog Wood frog Bullfrog Turtles Redbelly turtle Common snapping turtle Eastern painted turtle Red-eared slider Eastern box turtle Wood turtle Snakes Northern water snake Northern ring-neck snake Eastern garter snake Northern brown snake Black rat snake

Birds – Green Lane Reservoir is a premier birding location in the Delaware Valley. A bird list for the park lists 248 species of which 98 are reported to breed locally. Highlights include breed- ing populations of grassland species including Grasshopper Sparrow, Bobolink, and Eastern Meadowlark, and several species of concern. A pair of Bald Eagles (federal threatened) has been nesting in the park for several years, Virginia Rail (S3 - PA vulner- able) and Great Blue Heron (S3S4 - PA vulnerable/se- cure) also nest there. During fall migration up to 30 species of shorebirds frequent the exposed mudflats at the north end of the reservoir. Deer Status – Deer overabundance is a problem throughout. Stunted shrub and herbaceous layers are common; forest regeneration is also affected. Invasive Plants – Floodplains are particularly suscepti- ble to colonization by invasive non-native plants due to the constant scouring, and deposition of propagules by floodwaters. One of the most common species is lesser celandine, which carpets many floodplains with yel- low flowers in early spring. Other common floodplain invasive species include multiflora rose, obtuse-leaved Bald Eagle, photo by Howard Eskin

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 133 privet, moneywort, Japanese hops, Japanese stiltgrass, orange daylily, dame’s-rocket, Indian strawberry, mile-a-minute, field garlic, stinging nettle, Japanese barberry, and Asiatic dayflower. In marsh and wet meadow habitats arthraxon grass, Japanese stiltgrass, reed canary grass, sweet- flag, purple loosestrife, crown vetch, and common reed are often abundant. Arthraxon grass is a fairly recent invader. The first Mont- gomery County record of the species, which is native to southeast Asia, dates from 1977, in the park. It has rapidly become a major component of the late summer flora in moist, open areas, competing with late summer wildflow- ers such as gentians, false foxglove, and great blue lobelia. Like Japanese stilt grass it is a warm season (C4), annual grass; however, unlike stiltgrass it is not shade tolerant.

The most common invasives in moist Arthraxon grass upland forests include Norway maple, winged euonymus, garlic mustard, Japanese stiltgrass, and Japanese barberry. The foregoing are all shade tolerant and able to penetrate an area with an intact tree canopy. The invasive potential of winged euonymus has only become apparent in the past 20 years. This native of China and Japan is very popular in the landscape industry because of its rapid growth and brilliant fall color. It is being found with increasing frequency in moist forests, especially on diabase geology. It not only grows in the shade, it also flowers and fruits prolifically. Forest edges are very susceptible to invasion and often develop a wall of multiflora rose, wine- berry, Japanese honeysuckle, Amur honeysuckle, and autumn olive.

Knight Road Bluffs Knight Road Bluffs, which was a high priority in the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory, is within Green Lane Park. It consists of outcrops of Brunswick Formation shale on the upper portion of a steep, shaly, southwest-facing slope above the reservoir. The bluffs support a small population of Missouri rockcress, a state endangered plant. The vegetation type on the steep shale slopes is a red-cedar – mixed hardwood rich shale woodland. Species include chestnut oak, hop-hornbeam, lowbush blueberry, deer- berry, and pasture rose. Other native species present on the outcrops include poison-ivy, eastern red-cedar, hackberry, lyre-leaved rockcress, smooth rockcress, early saxifrage, field chickweed, field pussytoe, rattle- snake weed, and woodland sunflower. The upland immediately above the bluffs contains a dry oak – heath forest. Although a trail traverses the upland edge, it does not appear to pose a direct threat to the Missouri rockcress population.

134 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Green Lane Marsh Green Lane Marsh, a top priority site in the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory, is also located in Green Lane Park. It includes a large area of open wetlands best described as a mosaic of blue- joint – reed canary grass marsh and wet meadow. This vegetation type surrounds the upper end of the Green Lane Reservoir just below Church Road. Recently, under the TreeVitalize program, trees were planted along the margins of the Perkiomen Creek in this area. Species composition is similar to the New Goshenhoppen Meadow across Church Road (see below and Appendix 7.A). However, this site has more robust stands of goldenrods, reed canary grass, wool-grass, sensitive fern, and common reed. There are also thickets of silky dogwood, gray dogwood, smooth alder, and multiflora rose as well as scat- tered groves of trembling aspen. Lower areas near the creek and margins of the reservoir flood frequently. Invasive non-native plants including multiflora rose, Japanese hops, purple loosestrife, and common reed should be targeted for control. Deer may be playing a role in retarding succession in the marsh by browsing heavily on woody plants. Newly emerged monarch butterfly at Green Lane Marsh Virginia Rails are known to have bred in this area in the 1980s. More recent sightings have oc- curred nearby along the Molasses Creek corridor where similar habitat exists. Breeding habitat for the Virginia Rail is described as dense emergent vegetation of freshwater marshes; the rails are solitary nesters. According to the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology the birds build a basket- type nest among emergent plant stems, often above shallow water. They are secretive, and when disturbed, scurry away under cover of thick vegetation rather than flying, making detection difficult. Pennsylvania is at the southern edge of the breeding range in eastern North America. Many acres of what would appear to be suitable nesting habitat occur in the upper part of the park. In addition, the mud flats at the upper end of the lake, just below Church Road, are a prime stopping point for migrating shorebirds in August - September. The lake is very shallow and in most years water levels are low enough to expose ex- tensive areas of mud where up to 30 species of shorebirds have been observed resting and feeding. Similar conditions develop in Knight Lake and the vicinity of Walt Road. The meadow also provides habitat for butterflies and other insects. Monarch butterfly larvae, pupae, and adults were ob- served during a September 2006 visit. Monarch butterfly pupa

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 135 Additional Sites Requiring Protection New Goshenhoppen Meadow New Goshenhoppen Meadow, together with Green Lane Marsh, was identified as a top prior- ity in the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory. The site contains a wet meadow community on a floodplain terrace along the Perkiomen Creek on the west side of Church Road. A survey of plant diversity in August and September 2006 resulted in a list of 106 species of grasses, sedges, forbs, and woody plants including one species (forked rush) that is classified as endan- gered in Pennsylvania (Appendix 7.A). The meadow is especially attractive in August when cutleaf coneflower, New York ironweed, and joe-pye-weed are blooming. A robust stand of turkeyfoot adds to the display. New Goshenhoppen Meadow with New York ironweed in bloom Several woody species are present including silky dogwood, gray dogwood, and smooth alder. In addition, several trees were planted along the creek edge by the TreeVitalize program. Threats to the meadow community include succession, which could lead to greater dominance by woody species, and spread of invasive, non-native plants. Annual mowing late in the season would help to retard succession. No additional tree planting should occur here as shading would reduce meadow habitat. In addition, invasives such as multiflora rose, purple loosestrife, crown vetch, Japanese hops, and Canada thistle should be targeted for control. Arthraxon grass, a non-native invasive grass that has spread into the area recently, is abundant in the New Goshenhoppen Meadow. This plant is an annual, warm-season grass for which a con- trol strategy has yet to be devised. Unfortunately it reaches its peak of development at the same time and in the same habitats as late season wildflowers such as gentians and false foxglove. A strip of the meadow along the Perkiomen Creek is owned by Aqua America and managed as part of Green Lane Park. Another portion belongs to the New Goshenhoppen Reformed Church. The entire site should be targeted for protection.

Church Road Floodplain The Church Road Floodplain is a forested site located along the east side of the Perkiomen Creek between Church Road and Fruitville Road. It was listed as a site of local significance in the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory. It is owned partly by Aqua America, partly by the New Goshenhoppen Reformed Church, and partly by Upper Hanover Township. The floodplain forest is separated from the New Goshenhoppen Meadow, described above, by a small tributary stream. The Church Road Floodplain includes multiple flood channels of the Perkiomen Creek. Large

136 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 trees including shagbark hickory, pin oak, swamp white oak, and basswood are present along the creek and heav- ily scoured channels. It is probably best described as bottomland oak – hardwood palustrine forest. Typical native herbaceous species along the stream bank include bur-cucumber, great blue lobelia, cardinal flower, eastern figwort, wood nettle, cutleaf coneflower, winged monkey- flower, turtlehead, and dotted smartweed. Non-native herbaceous species typical of floodplains such as lesser celandine, moneywort, orange daylily, and dame’s-rocket are also abundant. The slightly higher floodplain terrace contains scattered large trees including black walnut and slippery elm in addi- tion to the species listed above. The older trees are sur- rounded by a matrix of younger sugar maples, green ash, and blackhaw. The area appears to have been a pasture in Great blue lobelia the past. While cattle are no longer present, there is ample evidence of heavy browsing by deer. Other than a few non-native species including multiflora rose, obtuse-leaved privet, winged euonymus, and Japanese barberry and the ubiquitous poison- ivy, a shrub layer is absent. Even the shoots of the few beech trees present were chewed down to a few inches. Herbaceous vegetation was very sparse. A large wet meadow dominated by reed canary grass is present on the floodplain on the west side of the creek just below Fruitville Road.

Fruitville Road Floodplain Fruitville Road Floodplain is a site of local significance identified in the 1995 NaturalAreas In- ventory. The site lies along the Perkiomen Creek between Fruitville Road and Peevy Road; most of it is owned by the East Greenville Water Company. Riparian forest borders the creek and the numerous scoured flood channels. The forest might best be described as sycamore – box-elder floodplain forest. Canopy trees include sycamore, shagbark hickory, silver maple, sugar maple, box-elder, slippery elm, red oak, basswood, and black willow. Spicebush, silky dogwood, poi- son-ivy, and multiflora rose are prominent in the shrub layer. Native herbaceous species include jewelweed, purple-stem aster, dotted smartweed, clearweed, bur-cucumber, marsh purslane, and common blue violet. Non-native herbs such as Indian-straw- berry, low smartweed, Japanese hops, and Japanese stiltgrass are also abundant. Toward Water Street there is a wet meadow where TreeVitalize carried out a tree planting proj- ect in 2006. The meadow, which has been maintained by frequent mowing, retains evidence of native marsh/wet meadow vegetation including tussock sedge and other wetland plants. This site should be restored to marsh conditions by reducing or eliminating mowing other than what is needed to suppress unwanted woody invaders.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 137 Recommendations Connectivity and Land Protection Priorities • A major emphasis should be on protecting a continuous riparian corridor along the Perkio- men Creek above the Green Lane Reservoir to the mouth of the Hosensack Creek in Palm. Several parcels stand out as prime targets in this area: – Churchville Road floodplain (78-acre parcel owned by the New Goshenhoppen Re- formed Church) – The 97-acre tract on the west side of the Perkiomen Creek between Fruitville Road and Peevy Road – East Greenville Water Company tract • Seek permanent protection for lands owned by Aqua America.

Management Priorities • Eliminate mowing in the wet meadow on East Greenville Water Company’s tract along Water Street to restore tussuck sedge meadow. • Invasive non-native plants in the Green Lane Marsh including multiflora rose, Japanese hops, purple loosestrife, and common reed should be targeted for control. • Target the following invasive species in the New Goshenhoppen Meadow for control: multi- flora rose, purple loosestrife, crown vetch, Japanese hops, and Canada thistle.

In addition we endorse the following recommendations from the Green Lane Reservoir Impor- tant Bird Area Report prepared by Pennsylvania Audubon: • Protect mudflats, which are critical if shore and wading birds are to continue to use the area as a migratory stopover during the late summer. Areas in the vicinity of Church Road, Knight Lake, and Walt Road are the flats considered most important to protect. • Evaluate the grassland bird habitat present on the approximately 700 acres of agricultural lease fields that have been delayed-mowed (after July 15th and beforeAugust 31) since 1990. Although Eastern Meadowlarks still nest in these fields, Bobolink, Savannah Sparrow, and Grasshopper Sparrows do not. Reasons for the decline should be sought and measures de- vised to improve habitat conditions. • Control invasive weedy plant species, especially Canada thistle and spotted knapweed, in former agricultural fields.

Bibliography Anonymous. Undated. Pennsylvania Important Bird Area #69 Green Lane Reservoir, Phase I Conservation Plan (http://pa.audubon.org/iba/facts_info_site_conservation.html). Anonymous. 2004. Shaping Our Future: Open Space, Natural Features, and Cultural Resources Plan. Montgomery County Planning Commission, Norristown, PA.

138 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 2005. Pennsylvania Code, Title 25, Chapter 93. Water Quality Standards. Harrisburg, PA. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 2007. Virginia Rail. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/allabout birds/virginia_rail_dtl.html, accessed 3/14/2007.

Crossley, Gary J. 1999. A Guide to Critical Bird Habitat in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Audubon Society, Harrisburg, PA. Fike, Jean. 1999. Terrestrial and Palustrine Plant Communities of Pennsylvania. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry, Harrisburg, PA. Lundgren, J.A., A. F. Davis, B. Barton, J.R. Belfonti, D.J. Cameron, N. Clupper, J.L. Farber, and J.R. Kunsman. 1995. A Natural Areas Inventory of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy, Middletown, PA. Anonymous. 2006. Birds of Green Lane Park and Upper Perkiomen Watershed Area. Montgomery County Department of Parks, Norristown, PA. Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas http://bird.atlasing.org/Atlas/PA/Main, accessed 3/13/2007. The Highlands Coalition. http://www.highlandscoalition.org/palist.htm, accessed 3/13/2007. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program database http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us accessed 3/13/2007. Shultz, Charles H. 1999. The Geology of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, PA.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 139 140 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Appendix 7.A Green Lane Park Plant List

Common Name Scientific Name N/I Aquatic Plants

Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum N Waterweed Elodea nuttallii N Duckweed Lemna minor N Marsh purslane Ludwigia palustris N Eurasian water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum I Floating pondweed Potamogeton natans N Wapato, duck potato Sagittaria latifolia N Water flaxseed Spirodella polyrhiza N Watermeal Wolffia borealis N Watermeal Wolffia brasiliensis N Ferns and Other Spore-Bearing Plants Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum N Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron N Lady fern Athyrium filix-femina N Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum N Protruding bladder fern Cystopteris protrusa N Fragile fern Cystpteris fragilis N Hay-scented fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula N Marginal wood fern Dryopteris marginalis N Field horsetail Equisetum arvense N Cinnamon fern Osmunda claytonii N Broad beech fern Phegopteris hexagonoptera N Rockcap fern Polypodium virginianum N Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides N Marsh fern Thelypteris noveboracensis N Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes Autumn bent Agrostis perennans N Turkeyfoot, big bluestem Andropogon gerardii N Broom-sedge Andropogon virginicus N Prairie threeawn Aristida oligantha N Arthraxon grass Arthraxon hispidus I Short husk grass Brachyelytrum erectum N Smooth brome Bromus inermis I Sedge Carex aggregata N Sedge Carex amphibola N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 351 Sedge Carex annectens N Sedge Carex blanda N Sedge Carex bushii N Sedge Carex caroliniana N Sedge Carex cephalophora N Sedge Carex communis N Sedge Carex crinita N Sedge Carex digitalis N Sedge Carex frankii N Sedge Carex gracilescens N Sedge Carex gracillima N Sedge Carex hirsutella N Sedge Carex hirtifolia N Sedge Carex laxiculmis N Sedge Carex laxiflora N Sedge Carex lurida N Sedge Carex pellita N Sedge Carex pensylvanica N Sedge Carex rosea N Sedge Carex scoparia N Sedge Carex squarrosa N Sedge Carex stipata N Tussock sedge Carex stricta N Sedge Carex tribuloides N Sedge Carex trichocarpa N Sedge Carex vulpinoidea N Wood reedgrass Cinna arundinacea N False nutsedge Cyperus strigosus N Panic grass Dichanthelium acuminatum N Panic grass Dichanthelium boscii N Deer-tongue grass Dichanthelium clandestinum N Panic grass Dichanthelium dichotomum N Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli I Slender spikerush Eleocharis tenuis N Bottlebrush grass Elymus hystrix N Riverbank wild-rye Elymus riparius N Virginia wild-rye Elymus virginicus N Fescue Festuca elatior N Fowl mannagrass Glyceria striata N Forked rush Juncus dichotomus N Soft rush Juncus effusus N

352 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Path rush Juncus tenuis N Rice cutgrass Leersia oryzoides N Woodrush Luzula multiflora N Japanese stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum I Wirestem muhly Muhlenbergia frondosa N Dropseed Muhlenbergia schreberi N Creeping muhly Muhlenbergia sobolifera N Panic grass Panicum philadelphicum N Slender beadgrass Paspalum setaceum N Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea I Common reed Phragmites australis I Canada bluegrass Poa compressa I Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium N Bulrush Scirpus georgianus N Giant foxtail Setaria faberi I Yellow foxtail Setaria pumila I Indian grass Sorghastrum nutans N Poverty grass Sporobolis vaginiflorus N Purpletop Tridens flavus N Wildflowers and Other Herbaceous Plants Yarrow Achillea millefolium I Sweet flag Acorus calamus I White baneberry, doll’s-eyes Actaea pachypoda N Black cohosh Actaea racemosa N Slender false foxglove Agalinus tenuifolia N Southern agrimony Agrimonia parviflora N Downy agrimony Agrimonia pubescens N Roadside agrimony Agrimonia striata N Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata I Wild onion Allium canadense N Ramps, Wild leek Allium tricoccum N Ragweed Ambrosia artemisifolia N Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida N Hog-peanut Amphicarpa bracteata N Wood anemone Anemone quinquefoliuim N Field pussytoe Antennaria neglecta N Parlin’s pussytoe Antennaria parlinii N Indian-hemp, Dogbane Apocynum cannabinum N Red columbine Aquilegia canadensis N Smooth rockcress Arabis laevigata N Lyre-leaved rockcress Arabis lyrata N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 353 Missouri rockcress Arabis missouriensis N Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis N Spikenard Aralia racemosa N Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum N Virginia snakeroot Aristolochia serpentaria N Wild ginger Asarum canadense N Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata N Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca N Spanish needles Bidens bipinnata N Beggar-ticks Bidens frondosa N Tickseed-sunflower Bidens polylepis I False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica N Toothwort Cardamine concatenata N Bittercress Cardamine impatiens I Blue cohosh Cauliphyllum thalictroides N Field chickweed Cerastium arvense var. Arvense N Devil’s-bit Chamalirium luteum N Turtlehead Chelone glabra N Woodland goosefoot Chenopodium standleyanum N Enchanter’s-nightshade Circaea lutetiana N Canada thistle Cirsium arvense I Springbeauty Claytonia virginica N Virgin’s-bower Clematis virginiana N Wild basil Clinopodium vulgare N Horse-balm, stoneroot Collinsonia canadensis N Common dayflower Commelina communis I Lily-of-the-valley Convalleria majalis I Horseweed Conyza canadensis N Crown vetch Coronilla varia N Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis N Common dittany Cunila origanoides N Dodder Cuscuta gronovii N Wild comfrey Cynoglossum virginianum N Queen Anne’s-lace Daucus carota I Hoary tick-trefoil Desmodium canescens N Sticky tick-clover Desmodium glutinosum N Naked-flowered tick-trefoil Desmodium nudiflorum N Tick-trefoil Desmodium paniculatum N Deptford pink Dianthus armeria I Dutchman’s-breeches Dicentra cucullaria N Wild yam Dioscorea villosa N

354 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Teasel Dipsacus sativus I Prickly cucumber Echinocystis lobata N Purple-leaved willow-herb Epilobium coloratum N Pilewort Erechtites hieraciifolium N Daisy fleabane Erigeron annuus N Robin’s-plantain Erigeron pulchellus N Daisy fleabane Erigeron strigosus N Trout lily Erythronium americanum N Joe-Pye-weed Eupatorium fistulosum N Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum N White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum N Cypress-spurge, Cemetary plant Euphorbia cyparissas I Spotted spurge Euphorbia maculata N White wood aster Eurybia divaricata N Big-leaf aster Eurybia macrophylla N Grass-leaved goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia N Black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus I False mermaid Floerkia proserpinacoides N Wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana N Showy orchis Galearis spectabilis N Cleavers bedstraw Galium aparine N Northern bedstraw Galium boreale N Wild licorice Galium circaezans N Wild licorice Galium lanceolatum N White bedstraw Galium mollugo I Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium triflorum N Gaura Gaura biennis N Bottle gentian Gentiana clausa N Wood geranium Geranium maculatum N White avens Geum canadense N Rough avens Geum laciniatum N Spring avens Geum vernum N Beggar’s lice, stickseed Hackelia virginiana N American pennyroyal Hedyoma pulgeoides N Rough or Woodland sunflower Helianthus divaricatus N Orange daylily Hemerocallis fulva I Blunt-leaved hepatica Hepatica nobilis var. Obtusa N Dame’s rocket Hesperis matronalis I Alumroot Heuchera americana N King-devil Hieracium piloseloides I Rattlesnake-weed Hieracium venosum N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 355 Japanese hops Humulus japonicus I Spotted St. John’s-wort Hypericum punctatum N Yellow star-grass Hypoxis hirsuta N Jewelweed Impatiens capensis N Pale jewelweed Impatiens pallida N Twinleaf Jeffersonia diphylla N* Wood nettle Laportea canadensis N Bushclover Lespedeza cuneata I Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare I Canada lily Lilium canadense N Butter-and-eggs Linaria vulgaris I Cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis N Great blue lobelia Lobelia siphilitica N Seedbox Ludwigia alternifolia N Water-horehound Lycopus americanus N Bugleweed Lycopus virginicus N Fringed loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata N Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia I Whorled loosestrife Lysimachia quadrifolia N Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria I Canada mayflower Maianthemum racemosum N False Solomon’s-seal Maianthemum racemosum N White sweetclover Melilotus alba I Virginia bluebells Mertensia virginica N Winged monkey-flower Mimulus alatus N Allegheny monkey-flower Mimulus ringens N Partridgeberry Mitchella repens N Indian-pipe Monotropa uniflora N Early scorpion-grass Myosotis verna N Giant chickweed Myosoton aquaticum I Pennywort Obolaria virginica N Evening-primrose Oenothera biennis N Sundrops Oenothera fruticosa ssp. Fruticosa N Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis N Sweet-cicely Osmorhiza claytonii N Common yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis stricta N Violet wood-sorrel Oxalis violacea N Ginseng Panax quinquefolila N Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa I Tall white beardtongue Penstemon digitalis N Northeastern beardtongue Penstemon hirsutus N

356 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Ditch stonecrop Penthorum sedoides N Halberd-leaved tearthumb Persicaria arifolia N Low smartweed Persicaria longiseta I Mile-a-minute weed Persicaria perfoliata I Dotted water smartweed Persicaria punctata N Tearthumb Persicaria sagittata N Jumpseed Persicaria virginiana N Moss-pink Phlox subulata N Lopseed Phryma leptostachya N Virginia ground-cherry Physalis virginiana N Clearweed Pilea pumila N English plantain Plantago lanceolata I Broad-leaved plantain Plantago major I Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum N Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum biflorum N Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum pubescens N Slender knotweed Polygonum tenue N Purslane Portulacca oleracea N Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta I Old-field cinquefoil Potentilla simplex N Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes sp. N Heal-all Prunella vulgaris I Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium N Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum virginianum N Small-flowered crowfoot Ranunculus abortivus N Early buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis N Lesser celandine Ranunculus ficaria I Hooked crowfoot Ranunculus recurvatus N Creeping yellowcress Rorripa sylvestris I Black-eyed susan Rudbeckia hirta N Cut-leaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata N Sheep sorrel Rumes acetosella I Lyre-leaved sage Salvia lyrata N Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis N Black snakeroot Sanicula sp. N Bouncing-bet Saponaria officinalis I Early saxifrage Saxifraga virginiensis N Eastern figwort Scrophularia marilandica N Hyssop skullcap Scutellaria integrifolia N Skullcap Scutellaria nervosa N Orpine Sedum spectabile I

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 357 Northern wild senna Senna hebecarpa N Bur cucumber Sicyos angulatus N Prickly sida Sida spinosa I Horse-nettle Solanum carolinense N Purple nightshade Solanum dulcamara I Silver-rod Solidago bicolor N Bluestem goldenrod Solidago caesia N Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis N Smooth goldenrod Solidago gigantea N Early goldenrod Solidago juncea N Gray goldenrod Solidago nemoralis N Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod Solidago rugosa N Elm-leaved goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia N Hedge-nettle Stachys palustris var. Pilosa N Creeping hedge-nettle Stachys tenuifolia N Great chickweed Stellaria pubera N Rose-mandarin Streptopus roseus N Wild bean Strophostyles helveola N Blue wood aster Symphyotrichum cordifolium N Calico aster Symphyotrichum lateriflorum N New England aster Symphyotrichum noveangliae N Heath aster Symphyotrichum pilosum N Heath aster Symphyotrichum pilosum var. Pringlei i N Zig-zag aster Symphyotrichum prenanthoides N Purplestem aster Symphyotrichum puniceum N Skunk-cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus N Yellow pimpernel Taenidia integerima N Wild germander Teucrium canadense N Early meadow-rue Thalictrum dioicum N Tall meadow-rue Thalictrum pubescens N Rue-anemone Thalictrum thalictroides N Red clover Trifolium arvense I Large yellow hop-clover Trifolium aureum I Purple trillium Trillium erectum N Large-flowered trillium Trilllium grandiflorum N Venus’ looking-glass Triodanis perfoliata N Common cat-tail Typha latifolia N Stinging nettle Urtica dioica N Belllwort Uvularia perfoliata N Bellwort Uvularia sessilifolia N Blue vervain Verbena hastata N

358 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Hoary vervain Verbena stricta N White vervain Verbena urticifolia N New York Ironweed Vernonia noveboracensis N Common speedwell Veronica officinalis I Slender vetch Vicia tetrasperma I Periwinkle Vinca minor I Dog violet Viola labradorica N Common yellow violet Viola pubescens N Common blue violet Viola sororia N Common cocklebur Xanthium strumarium I Golden-alexander Zizia aptera N Golden-alexander Zizia aurea N Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines Box-elder Acer negundo N Norway maple Acer platanoides I Red maple Acer rubrum N Silver maple Acer saccharinum N Sugar maple Acer saccharum N Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima I Smooth alder Alnus serrulata N Juneberry, Shadbush Amelanchier arborea N Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii N Black birch, Sweet birch Betula lenta N Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana N Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis N Pignut hickory Carya glabra N Shagbark hickory Carya ovata N New Jersey tea Ceanothus americanus N Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus I Hackberry Celtis occidentalis N Redbud Cercis canadensis N Alternate-leaf dogwood Cornus alternifolia N Kinnikinick Cornus amomum N Flowering dogwood Cornus florida N Silky dogwood Cornus racemosa N American hazelnut Corylus americana N Beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta N One-fruited hawthorn Crataegus uniflorus N Autumn olive Elaeagnus umbellata I Winged euonymus, Burning-bush Euonymus alatus I American beech Fagus grandifolia N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 359 White ash Fraxinus americana N Black ash Fraxinus nigra N Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica N Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata N Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana N English ivy Hedera helix I Black walnut Juglans nigra N Eastern red-cedar Juniperus virginiana N Mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia N Obtuse-leaved privet Ligustrum obtusifolium I Spicebush Lindera benzoin N Tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera N Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica I Sweet crabapple Malus coronaria N White mulberry Morus alba I Blackgum, tupelo Nyssa sylvatica N Hop-hornbeam Ostrya virginiana N Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia N Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius N White pine Pinus strobus N Virginia pine Pinus virginiana N Sycamore Platanus occidentalis N Big-tooth aspen Populus grandidentata N Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides N European bird cherry Prunus avium I Wild black cherry Prunus serotina N Choke cherry Prunus virginiana N White oak Quercus alba N Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor N Chestnut oak Quercus montana N Pin oak Quercus palusrtris N Red oak Quercus rubra N Black oak Quercus velutina N Pinxter-flower Rhododendron periclymenoides N Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia N Dog rose Rosa canina I Pasture rose Rosa carolina N Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora I Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis N Southern dewberry Rubus enslenii N Northern dewberry Rubus flagellaris N

360 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Black raspberry Rubus occidentalis N Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius I Black willow Salix nigra N Sassafras Sassafras albidum N Carrion-flower Smilax herbacea N Catbrier, Greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia N Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia N Basswood Tilia americana N Poison-ivy Toxicodendron radicans N Canada hemlock Tsuga canadensis N American elm Ulmus americana N Lowbush blueberry Vacciniuim pallidum N Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum N Maple-leaf viburnum Viburnum acerifolium N Blackhaw Viburnum prunifolium N Northern arrow-wood Viburnum recognitum N Grape Vitis sp. N Chinese wisteria Wisteria sinensis I Prickly-ash Zanthoxylum americanum N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 361 362 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007