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Guide to Nebraska's Wetlands.Qxp GUIDE TO NEBRASKA'S WETLANDS and their conservation needs Nebraska Game and Parks Commission following agencies/organizations helped to review GUIDE TO NEBRASKA'S WETLANDS Acknowledgments: this document: Audubon Society, Ducks and their conservation needs The following individuals served on the Unlimited, Nebraska Cattlemen, Nebraska Wildlife Wetland Education Steering Committee and Federation, Pheasants Forever, Prairie Plains Second Edition, 2005 provided invaluable oversight for this project: Resource Institute, Platte River Crane Trust, McKenzie Barry- Lower Platte South Natural Sandhills Task Force, Rainwater Basin Joint Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Resources District; Betty Bricker- Holdrege Middle Venture, The Nature Conservancy, Nebraska Rex Amack, Director School; Diane Brown, Mark Danley, and Department of Environmental Quality, Nebraska Rosemary Thornton- Lincoln Public Schools; Department of Natural Resources, Nebraska Penny Businga- Educational Service Unit 13; Lois Department of Roads, National Park Service, By: Ted LaGrange Herbel- Cedar Canyon School; Sara Krug- Natural Resources Conservation Service, Federal Wetland Program Manager Fontenelle Nature Center; Marian Langan- Highway Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Audubon Nebraska; Brooke Levey- University of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Funding provided by Nebraska- Lincoln, Cooperative Extension/ 4H; and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Jeanine Lackey, Karen Palazzolo, and Jeff Photos provided by the Nebraska Game and Rawlinson- Nebraska Game and Parks Parks Commission, Jon Farrar page 46 top left and Commission; Tom Taylor, Larry Long, and Jennifer Lowell Washburn (Iowa Department of Natural Ousley- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Resources) page 15. Elbert Traylor- Nebraska Department of For additional information please contact: Environmental Quality; Joe Turco- Nebraska Ted LaGrange, Wetland Program Manager Educational Telecommunications; Rick Warhurst Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Nebraska Game and Parks Commission and Ryan Heiniger- Ducks Unlimited; and Jim P.O. Box 30370 Woodland- Nebraska Department of Education. and Lincoln, NE 68503 Much of the content of this document was built Phone: (402) 471-5436, Fax: (402) 471-5528 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on information compiled by Dick Gersib and e-mail: [email protected] Randy Stutheit of the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Many of the references were or visit the Nebraska Game and Parks compiled by Steve Gaul of the Nebraska Commission's wetland web site at: Department of Natural Resources. Staff from the www.nebraskawetlands.com American White pelicans use many of Nebraska’s wetlands. 2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Wetlands - a source of great interest, and at What Is a Wetland? times conflict. Wetlands represent different things NEBRASKA'S WETLANDS ...................................5 Todd Valley......................................................23 There has been a tremendous amount of to different people. At times they're viewed as controversy about how to define wetlands. Much What Is a Wetland?...............................................5 SANDHILL WETLANDS .....................................24 shallow, muddy nuisances while at other times of this controversy is related to the fact that Functions and Values: Why Are Wetlands Sandhills..........................................................24 they're viewed as wonderful, varied and wetlands are regulated by several laws, and to productive assets. This is because wetlands take Important? ........................................................... 8 Loup/Platte River Sandhills .............................27 apply these laws, the wetland boundary needs to Wetland Dynamics ..............................................11 on many roles as part of a complex and dynamic be determined (a process termed wetland SALINE/ALKALINE WETLANDS........................28 system. Understanding wetlands and wetland Wetland Restoration and Management ..............12 delineation). Delineation of wetlands is difficult Eastern Saline..................................................28 issues requires understanding the complex and because they occupy a transitional zone on the Wetland Classification.........................................12 varying roles that wetlands can play. To aid in this Western Alkaline .............................................30 landscape, and frequently become dry. Wetland Inventories and Maps...........................12 understanding, this guide defines wetlands, The State of Nebraska has adopted the federal RIVERINE WETLANDS .......................................31 discusses their importance and dynamics, Statewide Wetland Resources ............................12 definition that wetlands are "Those areas that are Central Platte River..........................................32 identifies threats and losses, describes inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater Wetland Conservation Efforts.............................13 Lower North Platte River.................................34 conservation programs, and takes an in-depth at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, Wetland Conservation Approaches....................14 look at Nebraska's regional wetland complexes. Lower Platte River ...........................................36 and that under normal circumstances do support, What You Can Do...............................................15 a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for Missouri River .................................................38 NEBRASKA'S REGIONAL WETLAND life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally COMPLEXES ......................................................16 Elkhorn River...................................................42 include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar Niobrara River .................................................42 areas" (USACE 1987). PLAYA WETLANDS .............................................17 Wetland delineation in Nebraska is currently Rainwater Basin................................................17 GLOSSARY .........................................................44 based on the 1987 Corps of Engineers Wetlands Central Table Playas ........................................20 Plant and Animal Lists.....................................44 Delineation Manual (USACE 1987). This manual uses three diagnostic environmental Southwest Playas.............................................21 REFERENCES......................................................47 characteristics to delineate wetlands. The three characteristics are: Great Blue Heron. • Vegetation - defined by a prevalence of hydric (water-loving) plants adapted to growing in inundated or saturated conditions. NEBRASKA'S • Hydric soils - the presence of soils that developed under inundated or saturated WETLANDS conditions that limit oxygen (anaerobic conditions). Nebraska's wetland resources are as diverse and dynamic as those of any state in the nation. • Hydrology - defined by inundation or saturation They include marshes, lakes, river and stream by water at some time during the growing backwaters, oxbows, wet meadows, fens, forested season (the time when plants are actively swamps, and seep areas. These wetlands vary growing). greatly in nature and appearance due to physical features such as geographic location, water source and permanence, and chemical properties. Some wetlands hold water for only a few weeks or less during the spring while others never go completely dry. Many wetlands receive their water from groundwater aquifers while others are totally dependent on precipitation and runoff. And finally, the water chemistry of wetlands ranges from fresh to saline, and from acidic to basic. These descriptions identify the extremes of wetland characteristics. Nebraska's wetland Wetlands occupy a transitional zone on the landscape. They resources possess these extremes and virtually are characterized by the presence of water loving plants, Sandhill cranes on a Platte River wet meadow. every combination in between. hydric soils, and water even if only for a short period of time. 4 5 NEBRASKA'S WETLANDS Nebraska's wetland resources are as diverse and dynamic as those of any state in the nation. They include marshes, lakes, river and stream backwaters, oxbows, wet meadows, fens, forested swamps, and seep areas. (Below top ) Platte River, Buffalo County. (Below bottom ) forested Missouri River wetland, Sarpy County. (Right top) farmed southwest playa, Keith County. (Right center) sandhills lake and marsh, Sheridan County. (Far right top) hayed Platte River wet meadow, Lincoln County. (Far right center) wetland fringe along a stream, Jefferson County. (Far right bottom) Eastern Saline wetland mud flat, Lancaster County. Functions and Values: Why Are Wetlands Provide Wetlands Important? Why should we care that Nebraska has lost the Following Functions some of its wetland resources? And why are some agencies now trying to protect wetlands when not • Improving Water Quality long ago they were paying to drain them? Two main factors have contributed to this change in • Providing Habitat for Wildlife, Fish, and Unusual Plants approach and attitude. The first is that our knowledge of how wetlands function has increased dramatically in the past few decades. • Reducing Flooding and Soil Erosion Wetlands are now known to serve numerous functions, many of which have value to society as • Supplying Water a whole. Secondly, as wetland losses increased, the system
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