Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Area Nebraska-Iowa by ROBERT D
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Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Area Nebraska-Iowa By ROBERT D. MILLER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 472 Prepared as a part of a program of the Department of the Interior for the development of the Missouri River basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director Miller, Robert David, 1922- Geology .of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, Iowa. 'iV ashington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iv, 70 p. illus., maps (3 col.) diagrs., tables. 30 em. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 472) Part of illustrative matter fold. in pocket. Prepared as a part of a program of the Dept. of the Interior for the development of the Missouri River basin. Bibliography: p. 67-70. (Continued on next card) Miller, Robert David, 1922- Geology of the 0maha-Council Bluffs area, Nebraska-Iowa. 1964. (Card 2) 1. Geology-Nebraska-Omaha region. 2. Geology-Iowa-Council Bluffs region. I. Title: Omaha-Council Bluffs area, Nebraska-Iowa. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract __________________________________________ _ 1 Stratigraphy--Continued Introduction ______________________________________ _ 2 Quaternary System-Continued Location ______________________________________ _ 2 Pleistocene Serie!Y-Continued Present investigation ___________________________ _ 2 Grand Island Formation ________________ _ 23 Acknowledgments ______________________________ _ 3 Sappa Formation __________ - ___________ _ 27 Earlier investigations ___________________________ _ 4 Pearlette Ash Member______________ _ 27 Geography _____________________________________ _ 4 Crete Formation _______________________ _ 32 Landforms ________________________________ _ 4 Loveland Loess ______________________ - __ 33 Climate ___________________________________ _ 5 Peorian and Bignell Loesses _____________ _ 36 Stratigraphy ______________________________________ _ 5 Terrace alluvium ______________________ _ 40 General features _______________________________ _ 5 Recent Series _________________ --- ________ - __ 42 Pennsylvanian System __________________________ _ 5 Terrace alluvium ______________________ _ 42 Kansas City Group ________________________ _ 8 Flood-plain alluvium ___________________ _ 44 Dennis Limestone ______________________ _ 8 Alluvial-fan deposits ________________ -- __ 45 Winterset Limestone Member _______ _ 9 Slope wash ____________________________ _ 45 Cherryvale Formation __________________ _ 9 Slump blocks __________________________ _ 45 Fontana Shale Member_ ____________ _ 9 Artificial fill ________________________ -- __ 45 Block Limestone Member ___________ _ 9 Physiography _____________________________________ _ 46 W ea Shale Member ________________ _ 9 Entrenchment of the Missouri River _____________ _ 46 Westerville Limestone Member ______ _ 10 Buried Loveland surfaces _______________________ _ 46 Quivira Shale Member _____________ _ 10 Modern channel changes ________________________ _ 47 Drum Limestone ______________________ _ 10 Structure _________________________________________ _ 47 Chanute Shale _________________________ _ 11 Geologic history ___________________________________ _ Iola Limestone ________________________ _ 47 11 Pre-Pleistocene history _______________________ - __ Lane Shale ____________________________ _ 47 11 Pleistocene geologic history _____________________ _ 47 Wyandotte Limestone __________________ _ 12 Economic geology __________________________________ _ 49 Frisbie Limestone Member __________ _ 12 Engineering considerations ______________________ _ 49 Quindaro Shale Member ____________ _ 12 Foundation conditions ______________________ _ 49 Argentine Limestone Member _______ _ 12 Loess _________________________________ _ 49 Island Creek Shale Member _________ _ 12 Till __________________________________ _ Farley Limestone Member __________ _ 50 12 Alluvium _____________________________ _ 50 Bonner Springs Shale ___________________ _ 13 Bedrock ______________________________ _ 50 Lansing Group ____________________________ _ 13 Excavation _______________________________ _ Plattsburg Limestone __________________ _ 13 50 Merriam Limestone Member ________ _ Erosional characteristics ____________________ _ 50 13 Loess _________________________________ _ Vilas Shale ____________________________ _ 50 13 Till __________________________________ _ Stanton Limestone _____________________ _ 13 52 Sand and graveL ______________________ _ Captain Creek Limestone and Eudora 52 Shale Members __________________ _ 13 Construction materials _________________________ _ 52 Stoner Limestone Member __________ _ 13 Concrete aggregate _______________________ --- 53 Rock Lake Shale and South Bend Mineral aggregate _________________________ _ 53 Limestone Members ______________ _ 14 Gravel and crushed rock for surfacing ________ _ 53 Mineral filler ______________________________ _ Cretaceous System _____________________________ _ 14 53 Quaternary System ____________________________ _ 14 Soil binder ________________________________ _ 53 Pleistocene Series __________________________ _ 14 Clay surfacing materiaL ____________________ _ 53 David City(?) Formation _______________ _ 15 Lightweight aggregate ______________________ _ 53 Nebraskan tilL ________________________ _ Building stone _____________________________ _ 54 16 Clay _____________________________________ _ Fullerton Formation ___________________ _ 16 54 Red Cloud Sand and GraveL ____________ _ 19 Stratigraphic sections ______________________________ _ 54 Kansan till ____________________________ _ 20 References cited _________________________________ --_ 67 III IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map of the Loveland quadrangle. 2. Geologic map of the Omaha North and Council Bluffs North quadrangles. 3. Geologic map of the Omaha South and Council Bluffs South quadrangles. 4. Columnar sections of rocks exposed in three quarries. Page FIGURE 1. Map of Nebraska and Iowa showing the area discussed in this report_______________________________________ 3 2. Excavation at the Olivo quarry showing the terrace alluvium of Wisconsin age______________________________ 8 3. Sketch of Fullerton Formation exposed in streambank____________________________________________________ 17 4. Surficial section exposed along U.S. 275----------------------------------------------------------------- 18 5. Changes in percent of clay, with depth, in the Fullerton Formation________________________________________ 19 6. Horizontally truncated unoxidized Kansan till overlain by the Grand Island Formation _________________ ----- 22 7. Sand and gravel "boulder" in Kansan tilL______________________________________________________________ 23 8. Grand Island Formation and Sappa Formation exposed in walls of North Omaha Rock and Lime quarry_______ 25 9. Sandstone at base of Grand Island Formation___________________________________________________________ 26 10. Clayey silt of the Sappa Formation _______________________________________________________________ ----- 27 11. Pearlette Ash Member of the Sappa Formation ___________________________________________________ - ___ --- 28 12. Sketch of formations exposed in sand and gravel pit south of Ponca Creek, north of Omaha, Nebraska ________ - 2H 13. Relocated type locality of the Loveland Loess___________________________________________________________ 34 14. Loveland Loess exposed near corner of 30th and Lake Streets. Omaha, Nebr________________________________ 34 15. Size-distribution curves of Loveland Loess west and east of the Missouri River, compared to curves of Loveland Loess from south-central Nebraska __________________________ ---______________________________________ 35 16. Size-distribution curves of Peorian and Bignell Loesses west and east of the Missouri River _________________ -- 3 7 17. Size-distribution curves of the Peorian and Bignell Loesses from selected depths _______ - _____________ - ___ -_- 39 18. Sketch of loess blocks in roadcut near Crescent, Iowa_____________________________________________________ 40 19. Sketches showing relation between loess hills and terrace alluvium_________________________________________ 43 20. Map showing location of bedrock bench_--------------------------------------------------------------- 51 21. Terraced slope in loess, east end of Mormon Bridge road__________________________________________________ 52 TABLES TARLE 1. Comparison of stratigraphic nomenclature of the Missouri Series exposed in the Omaha and Council Bluffs area_ 6 2. Stratigraphic succession of Pleistocene and Recent deposits exposed in the Omaha and Council Bluffs area______ 15 ;>. Quantitative spectrographic analyses of glass shards from samples of the Pearlette Ash Member of the Sappa For- mation___________________________________________________________________________________________ 31 GEOLOGY OF THE OMAHA- COUNCIL BLUFFS AREA, NEBRASKA- IOWA By RoBERT D. MILLER ABSTRACT Kansan age. It is a medium to coarse sand that contains lenses of pebble gravel and irregular inclusions of compact till. The The Omaha-Council Bluffs area coYers five 7%-minnte quad overlying Kansan till is predominantly a heterogeneous mixture rangles that include parts of Washington, Douglas, and Sarpy of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, and sand in a silt matrix. The Countie.s, Nebr., and Pottawattamie and Mills Counties, Iowa. lower part of the till is unoxidized and medium