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Pleistocene Geology of Kansas

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Pleistocene Geology of Kansas 3 6 3 7 Pleistocene Geology of Kansas By JOHN C. FRYE and A. BYRON LEONARD UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KANSAS BULLETIN 99 1952 THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KANSAS FRANKLIN D. MURPHY, M. D. Chancel/or of the University, and ex officio Director of the Survey JOHN C. FRYE, Ph.D., RAYMOND C. MOORE, Ph.D., Sc.D., Executive Director State Geologist and Director of Research. BULLETIN 99 PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY OF KANSAS By JOHN C. FRYE AND A. BYRON LEONARD Printed by authority of the State of Kansas Distributed from Lawrence NOVEMBER, 1952 STATE OF KANSAS EDWARD F. AR N, Governor STATE BOARD OF REGENTS OSCAR STAUFFER, Chairman WALTER FEES DREW MCLAUGHLIN MRS. LEO HAUGHEY LESTER McCoy A. W. HERSHBERGER GROVER POOLE Wn.us N. KELLY LAVERNE B. SPAKE MINERAL INDUSTRIES COUNCIL B. 0. WEAVER ('53), Chairman BRIAN O'BRIAN ('55), Vice-Chairman LESTER McCoy ('52) M. L. BREIDEN'THAL ('54) J. E. MISSLMER ('52) HOWARD CAREY ('54) CHARLES COOK ('52) JOHN L. GARLOUGH ('54) K. A. SPENCER ('53) 0. W. BILHARZ ('55) W. L. STRYKER ('53) GEORGE K. MACKIE, JR. ('55) STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KANSAS FRANKLIN D. MURPHY, M.D., Chancellor of the University of Kansas, and ex officio Director of the Survey JOHN C. FRYE, Ph.D. RAYMOND C. MOORE, Ph.D., Sc.D. Executive Director State Geologist and Director of Research BASIC GEOLOGY MINERAL RESOURCES STRATIGRAPHY, AREAL GEOLOGY, AND PA- OIL AND GAS LEONTOLOGY Edwin D. Goebel, M.S., Geologist John M. Jewett, Ph.D., Geologist Walter A. Ver Wiebe, Ph.D., Geologist* A. B. Leonard, Ph.D., Paleontologist* Charles F. Weinaug, Ph.D., Petroleum Ruth L. Breazeal, Stenographer Engineer* J. P. Everett, M.S., Petroleum Engi- neer* PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS Ruby Marcellus, Well Sample Curator Betty J. Hagerman, Secretary Lois Rissman, Clerk-Typist Grace Muilenburg, B.S., Journalist Vernon 0. Cooper, Laboratory Asst. Alice M. White, B.F.A., Draftsman WICHITA WELL SAMPLE LIBRARY Joan Jaeger, B.F.A., Draftsman Ethelyn McDonald, M.A., Curator Regina Rodina, Draftsman Della B. Cummings, Clerk Phyllis Miskimen, Clerk-Typist CERAMICS Phyllis Gibler, Clerk-Typist Norman Plummer, A.B., Ceramist William B. Hladik, Asst. Ceramist MINERAL RESOURCES J. Sheldon Carey, A.M., Ceramist. W. H. Schoewe, Ph.D., Coal Geologist Dorothy Kendall, Clerk-Typist Robert 0. Kulstad, M.S., Economic Clarence Edmonds, Laboratory Asst. Geologist Ethel W. Owen, Laboratory Asst. Kenneth E. Rose, M.S., Met. Engineer* GEOCHEMISTRY H. E. Risser, E.M., Mining Engineer* Russell T. Runnels, MS., Chemist John Schleicher, B.S., Chemist H. S. Van Nortwick, B.S., Chemist PETROGRAPHY SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS FIELD OFFICE Ada Swineford, MS., Petrographer Allison Hornbaker, M.S., Geologist Carrie B. Thurber, Laboratory Asst. Christine Notari, Stenographer COOPERATIVE DEPARTMENTS WITH UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GROUND-WATER RESOURCES Betty Henderson, A.B., Stenographer Betty J. Mason, Stenographer V. C. Fishel, B.S., Engineer in Charge Delmar W. Berry, A.B., Geologist MINERAL FUELS RESOURCES Howard G. O'Connor, B.S., Geologist Wallace Lee, E.M., Geologist in charge Glenn C. Prescott, MS., Geologist Holly C. Wagner, MA., Geologist Kenneth Walters, B.S., Geologist TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS Charles K. Bayne, A.B., Geologist D. L. Kennedy, Division Engineer W. W. Wilson, Scientific Aide Max J. Gleissner, Section Chief William Connor, Core Driller J. P. Rydeen, Topographer SPECIAL CONSULTANTS: Ray Q. Brewster, Ph.D., Chemistry; Robert M. Dreyer, Ph.D., Geophysics; Eugene A. Stephenson, Ph.D., Petroleum Engineering; Robert W. Wil- son, Ph.D., Vertebrate Paleontology. COOPERATIVE STATE AGENCIES: State Board of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources. Robert Smrha, Chief Engineer; State Board of Health, Division of Sanitation, Dwight Metzler, Chief Engineer and Director, and Willard 0. Hilton, Geologist. *Intermittent employment only. CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 7 GEOLOGIC PROCESSES ....................................................................................................... 8 Glaciation ......................................................................................... 10 Fluviatile sedimentation ..................................................................... 13 Eolian sedimentation .......................................................................... 16 Weathering ........................................................................................ 19 Soil development .......................................................................... 19 Soil-forming intervals .................................................................... 23 Erosion and pedimentation ................................................................. 25 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION AND CORRELATION ...................................................... 28 Categories of stratigraphic units ......................................................... 30 The Pleistocene time scale .................................................................. 32 Cyclical units in the Kansas Pleistocene .............................................. 37 Stratigraphical classification of Pleistocene deposits ............................. 39 Criteria used in Pleistocene correlation ............................................... 41 Lithologic continuity ..................................................................... 42 Petrographically distinctive volcanic ash ........................................ 43 Molluscan faunal assemblages ......................................................... 44 Morphology and continuity of buried soils ...................................... 44 Stratigraphic succession ................................................................. 45 Physiographic expression ............................................................... 46 KANSAS IN RELATION TO THE MID-CONTINENT REGION ................................................ 47 PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHY IN KANSAS ....................................................................... 51 Nebraskan Stage ................................................................................ 53 David City formation ..................................................................... 53 Definitioni 53 Character and distribution ......................................................... 53 Age and correlation .................................................................. 56 Nebraska till .................................................................................. 56 Definition .................................................................................. 56 Character and distribution ......................................................... 56 Age and correlation .................................................................. 58 Blanco formation ............................................................................ 58 Definition and subdivisions ......................................................... 58 Character and distribution ......................................................... 60 Age and correlation .................................................................. 66 Aftonian Stage ................................................................................... 68 Kansan Stage ..................................................................................... 70 Atchison formation ....................................................................... 70 Definition ................................................................................ 70 Character and distribution ......................................................... 71 Age and correlation .................................................................. 73 Kansas till ..................................................................................... 74 Definition .................................................................................. 74 Character and distribution ......................................................... 76 Age and correlation .................................................................. 83 Meade formation ........................................................................... 84 Definition and subdivisions ......................................................... 84 Character and distribution ......................................................... 89 Age and correlation ....................................................................102 Yarmouthian Stage .............................................................................104 Sanborn formation .............................................................................106 Minoian Stage ................................................................................... 110 Crete member—Sanborn formation ................................................110 Loveland member—Sanborn formation ...........................................116 Sangamonian Stage .............................................................................119 f Wisconsinan Stage ........................................................................................12 Early Wisconsinan alluvial deposits ......................................................120.,. Peoria member—Sanborn formation ......................................................128 lk Bradyan
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