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KITTATINNY RIDGE PROJECT A PENNSYLVANIA NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY SUMMARY

2003

Submitted to: Kittatinny Ridge Project Audubon Pennsylvania 100 Wildwood Way Harrisburg, PA 17055

Prepared by: Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy 208 Airport Drive Middletown, PA 17057

PREFACE

The Kittatinny Ridge Project, Natural Areas Inventory Summary is a document compiled and written by the Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy. Natural Areas Inventories for the 12 counties containing a portion of the Kittatinny Ridge have been completed for 9 counties, one county is partially completed and the remaining two are in the beginning stages. This summary contains information on the locations of rare, threatened, and endangered species and of the highest quality natural areas within the project boundary; it is not an inventory of all open space. It is intended as a conservation tool and should in no way be treated or used as a field guide. Each Township section is prepared as a stand-alone document, which could be distributed within each Township. Consequently, the document as a whole may seem repetitive, as a single Natural Area may fall within several Townships. Accompanying each site description are general management recommendations that would help to ensure the protection and continued existence of these rare plants, animals and natural communities. The recommendations are based on the biological needs of these elements (species and communities). The recommendations are strictly those of The Nature Conservancy and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the state or the policies of the county or townships for which the report was prepared.

Managed areas such as federal, state, county and township lands, private preserves and conservation easements are also provided on the maps where that information was available to us. This information is useful in determining where gaps occur in the protection of land with rare species, natural communities and locally significant habitats. The mapped boundaries are approximate and our list of managed areas may be incomplete, as new sites are always being added.

Implementation of the recommendations is up to the discretion of the landowners. However, cooperative efforts to protect the highest quality natural features through the development of site- specific management plans are greatly encouraged. Landowners working on management of or site plans for specific areas described in this document are encouraged to contact the Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy for further information.

Although an attempt was made through advertising, public meetings, research, and informal communications to locate the sites most important to the conservation of biodiversity within the counties involved, it is likely that many things were missed. Anyone with information on sites that may have been overlooked should contact the Kittatinny Ridge Project Office (see address on next page). County Natural Areas Inventories are updated within five years after completion, and additional sites may be included for some of the counties within the boundary.

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Natural Areas Inventory Summary was funded by the Audubon Society, Kittatinny Ridge Project. Individual County Natural Areas Inventories were funded in part by state and county grants along with support from private organizations. Thanks to everyone who provided financial and administrative support for the inventories involved. Without your help, this study would not have been possible.

The species information utilized in the inventory came from many sources as well as our own field surveys. We wish to acknowledge all of those who carried out botanical and zoological survey work over the years. Without their contributions, this survey would have been far less complete.

The report benefited from the help of local naturalists and conservationists who gave generously of their time. Thanks to the many other private citizens who contacted our office with information on natural areas.

Many thanks to everyone who participated in the Technical Advisory Committee by reviewing the draft Natural Areas Inventory Summary report. Finally, we especially wish to thank the many landowners that granted us permission to conduct inventories on their lands. The task of inventorying the natural heritage of the Kittatinny Ridge Project would have been far more difficult without this tremendous pool of information gathered by many people over many years.

Copies of this document may be obtained from:

Kittatinny Ridge Project Audubon Pennsylvania 100 Wildwood Way Harrisburg, PA 17055

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

PENNSYLVANIA'S NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM ...... 3

NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY METHODS ...... 4 INFORMATION GATHERING ...... 4 MAP AND AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION ...... 4 FIELD WORK ...... 5 DATA ANALYSIS ...... 5 PRIORITIES FOR PROTECTION ...... 6 RESULTS ...... 7

BERKS COUNTY ...... 8 ALBANY TOWNSHIP: ...... 10 BETHEL TOWNSHIP: ...... 15 GREENWICH TOWNSHIP: ...... 20 TILDEN TOWNSHIP: ...... 21 UPPER BERN TOWNSHIP: ...... 23 UPPER TULPEHOCKEN TOWNSHIP: ...... 27 WINDSOR TOWNSHIP: ...... 31

CARBON COUNTY ...... 32 EAST PENN TOWNSHIP: ...... 35 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP: ...... 37 LOWER TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP: ...... 41 MAHONING TOWNSHIP: ...... 42 TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP: ...... 46

CUMBERLAND COUNTY ...... 47 EAST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP: ...... 51 HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP: ...... 57 HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP: ...... 62 LOWER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP: ...... 67 LOWER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP: ...... 71 MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP: ...... 74 NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP: ...... 77 SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP: ...... 84 UPPER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP: ...... 89 UPPER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP: ...... 92

DAUPHIN COUNTY ...... 94 EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP: ...... 98 HALIFAX TOWNSHIP:...... 105 JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP: ...... 110 LOWER PAXTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 112 MIDDLE PAXTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 117 REED TOWNSHIP: ...... 122 RUSH TOWNSHIP: ...... 125 SUSQUEHANNA TOWNSHIP: ...... 129 WAYNE TOWNSHIP: ...... 132 WEST HANOVER TOWNSHIP: ...... 133

FRANKLIN COUNTY ...... 135 FANNETT TOWNSHIP: ...... 138 HAMILTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 139 LETTERKENNY TOWNSHIP: ...... 143 LURGAN TOWNSHIP: ...... 147 METAL TOWNSHIP: ...... 149 MONTGOMERY TOWNSHIP: ...... 155 PETERS TOWNSHIP: ...... 162 ST. THOMAS TOWNSHIP:...... 169 WARREN TOWNSHIP: ...... 175

FULTON COUNTY ...... 178 AYR TOWNSHIP: ...... 178 DUBLIN TOWNSHIP: ...... 180 TODD TOWNSHIP: ...... 184 THOMPSON TOWNSHIP: ...... 188

LEBANON COUNTY ...... 190 BETHEL TOWNSHIP: ...... 192 COLD SPRING TOWNSHIP: ...... 197 EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP: ...... 205 SWATARA TOWNSHIP: ...... 213 UNION TOWNSHIP: ...... 218

LEHIGH COUNTY ...... 222 HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP: ...... 224 LYNN TOWNSHIP: ...... 228 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 232

MONROE COUNTY ...... 234 ELDRED TOWNSHIP: ...... 234 HAMILTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 239

v MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP: ...... 244 ROSS TOWNSHIP: ...... 249 SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP: ...... 253 STROUD TOWNSHIP: ...... 258

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY ...... 260 BUSHKILL TOWNSHIP: ...... 262 LEHIGH TOWNSHIP: ...... 266 MOORE TOWNSHIP: ...... 268 PLAINFIELD TOWNSHIP: ...... 272 UPPER MOUNT BETHEL TOWNSHIP: ...... 279 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 288

PERRY COUNTY ...... 290 CARROLL TOWNSHIP: ...... 292 JACKSON TOWNSHIP: ...... 295 PENN TOWNSHIP: ...... 298 RYE TOWNSHIP: ...... 302 SPRING TOWNSHIP: ...... 307 TYRONE TOWNSHIP: ...... 310 TOBOYNE TOWNSHIP: ...... 313 WATTS TOWNSHIP: ...... 318 WHEATFIELD TOWNSHIP: ...... 322

SCHUYLKILL COUNTY ...... 323 EAST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP: ...... 325 NORTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP: ...... 329 PINE GROVE TOWNSHIP: ...... 332 SOUTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP: ...... 337 TREMONT TOWNSHIP: ...... 340 WALKER TOWNSHIP: ...... 343 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP: ...... 347 WAYNE TOWNSHIP: ...... 350 WEST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP: ...... 354 WEST PENN TOWNSHIP: ...... 358 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY...... 359

GLOSSARY ...... 362

REFERENCES AND LITERATURE CITED ...... 366

APPENDICES ...... 373 APPENDIX I: NATURAL AREA SURVEY FORM...... 374 APPENDIX II: COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION ...... 375

vi APPENDIX III: FIELD SURVEY FORM ...... 378 APPENDIX IV: RANKING DEFINITIONS ...... 379 FEDERAL STATUS: ...... 379 STATE STATUS-NATIVE PLANT SPECIES ...... 380 STATE STATUS-ANIMALS ...... 381 TNC GLOBAL ELEMENT RANKS ...... 382 TNC STATE ELEMENT RANKS ...... 382 APPENDIX V: PENNSYLVANIA ELEMENT OCCURRENCE QUALITY RANKS ...... 384

vii INTRODUCTION

The natural areas of the Kittatinny Ridge are used for boating, hunting, fishing, hiking, biking, birdwatching, and other activities that make the region an attractive place to live. The same pieces of the landscape that provide scenic and recreational opportunities also function as habitat for a great diversity of plants and animals, including rare, threatened and endangered species. The Natural Areas Inventories documented many examples of intact natural communities and sites for species rarely found in the state or the world.

Development pressure continues to increase across the state of Pennsylvania. Ironically, the scenic and remote nature of the natural areas may make them prime targets for residential developments. The natural areas that comprise the natural heritage of the Kittatinny Ridge can be easily lost without careful planning of growth and development. Protecting the integrity of these natural systems provides benefits to humans as well as providing for the survival of wildlife, rare and otherwise. Careful planning can maintain open space, including natural environments and the plants and animals associated with them. A balance between growth and the conservation of scenic and natural resources can be achieved by guiding development away from the most environmentally sensitive areas. The reclamation of previously disturbed areas for commercial and industrial development presents a logical way to accommodate economic growth while allowing ecologically sensitive areas to remain undisturbed.

In order to achieve such a balance and ensure protection of critical natural areas, county and municipal governments, the public, and developers must know the locations and importance of these sites. This knowledge can help prevent conflicts over land use as well as help to direct protection efforts and limited conservation dollars to the most vulnerable areas. The Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy, under contract to the Audobon Kittatinny Ridge Project, has undertaken this project to provide a document and maps that will aid in the identification of these important areas.

The Natural Areas Inventory summary presents the known outstanding natural features__floral, faunal and geologic in the townships included in the ridge boundary. The Inventory summary provides maps of the best natural communities (habitats) and all the known locations of animal and plant species of special concern (endangered, threatened, or rare) along the Kittatinny Ridge. The maps do not pinpoint the site of the species of concern but rather represent a zone of potential impacts within the site’s watershed. A written description and a summary table of the sites, including quality, degree of rarity, and last-observed date, accompany each map. Potential threats and some suggestions for protection of the rare plants or animals at the site are included in many of the individual site descriptions.

Particular species names, common and scientific, are provided in coordination with the appropriate jurisdictional agency. Plants and terrestrial invertebrate animals are under the jurisdiction of the PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR). Mammals and birds are under the jurisdiction of the PA Game Commission (PGC). Aquatic animals are under the jurisdiction of the PA Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC), and are subject to unauthorized collection. They are therefore not identified in the text of this report in order to provide some measure of protection for the species.

Selected geologic features of statewide significance are also noted. In addition, the inventory describes locations of areas that are significant on a county-wide scale, but lack known populations of species of concern. These "Locally Significant" sites represent good examples of habitats that are relatively rare in the county, support an uncommon diversity of plant species, and/or provide valuable wildlife habitat on a local level.

The information and maps presented in this report provide a useful guide for planning development and parks, for conserving natural areas, and for setting priorities for the preservation of the most vulnerable natural areas. All of the sites in this report were evaluated for their importance in protecting biological diversity on a state and local level, but many also have scenic value, provide water quality protection, and are potential sites for low-impact passive recreation, nature observation and/or environmental education.

The County Natural Areas Inventories are tools that aid in the creation of municipal, county and comprehensive plans, and the emphasis on biological diversity should inform county and regional open space plans already underway. The counties, their municipalities, land trusts, and other organizations can also use the Natural Areas Inventories to identify potential protection projects that may be eligible for funding through state or community grant programs such as Growing Greener. Landowners will also find these inventories useful in managing and planning for the use of their land; it gives them the opportunity to explore alternatives that will provide for their needs and still protect the species and habitats that occur on their land. For example, the Forest Stewardship program, coordinated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry, assists landowners in creating management plans. This plan is developed based on landowner objectives (e.g., wildlife or timber management). Land managers may wish to consult these reports and the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory (PNDI) in an effort to avoid potential conflicts in areas with species of special concern and/or identify ways of enhancing or protecting this resource. Users of this document are encouraged to contact the Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy for additional information (717) 948- 3962.

2 PENNSYLVANIA'S NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM

In order to conduct an inventory of significant flora, fauna, and natural communities in Pennsylvania's counties, scientists from The Nature Conservancy PA Science Office (PSO) first consulted the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory (PNDI) database. PNDI was established in 1982 and the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) was formed as a joint venture of The Pennsylvania Science Office (PSO), and the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (WPC). The PNHP works to collect information throughout the state that can be included in the PNDI database. In its 20 years of operation, the PNDI database has become Pennsylvania’s chief storehouse of information on outstanding natural habitat types (natural communities), sensitive plants and animals (species of special concern). Several other noteworthy natural features are also mapped including DEP designated Exceptional Value Streams (Shertzer 1992), and outstanding geologic features (based on recommendations from Geyer and Bolles (1979 and 1987)).

PNHP has collected existing data on occurrences of species and communities (elements) of special concern, drawing from publications, herbarium and museum specimens, and the knowledge of expert botanists, zoologists, ecologists, and naturalists. From this foundation, PNHP has focused its efforts on, and conducts systematic inventories for, the best occurrences of the priority species and natural communities.

PNHP has recorded over 15,000-detailed occurrences of species and communities of special concern, largely the result of field surveys. These are stored in computer and manual files and denoted on topographic maps. Additional data are stored in extensive manual and digital files set up for over 200 natural community types, 1400 animals, and 3500 plants. These files are organized by each of Pennsylvania’s 881 7½’ USGS topographic quadrangle maps using a geographic information system (GIS).

The PA Science Office has used this systematic inventory approach to identify the areas of highest natural integrity along the Kittatinny Ridge. The natural community and sensitive species data are the basis for judging the biological values of sites within the project boundary. Protecting the sites with the best occurrences of the Kittatinny Ridge's natural communities, and good populations of sensitive plant and animal species can help to insure that a full range of biological diversity along the Kittatinny Ridge is preserved for the future.

3 NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY METHODS

Methods used in the Kittatinny Ridge Natural Areas Inventory Summary followed PNHP procedures, and those developed in Illinois (White 1978) and Indiana (Anonymous 1985). The inventory proceeds in three stages: 1) information is gathered from the PNDI database files, local experts, and map and air photo interpretation; 2) low altitude aircraft reconnaissance and ground surveys are conducted; and 3) data are analyzed and mapped.

Information Gathering

A list of natural features found in the county was prepared from the PNDI database and supplemented with information volunteered by local individuals and organizations familiar with the counties involved. In the early stages of the inventories, a public meeting was held and recommended Natural Area Survey Forms (Appendix I) were distributed to facilitate public input. PNHP staff solicited information about potential natural communities, plant species of special concern and important wildlife breeding areas from knowledgeable individuals and local conservation groups. A number of potential natural areas were identified by audience members and scheduled for field surveys.

Map and Air Photo Interpretation

PNHP ecologists familiarized themselves with the air photo characteristics of high quality natural communities already documented (Appendix II). Additional data from vegetation maps, soil survey maps, field survey records and other sources were consulted to gain familiarity with the counties' natural systems. This information, along with references on physiography, geology, and soils, was used to interpret photos and designate probable vegetation types and potential locations for exemplary communities and rare species. In many instances, vegetation was classified at an ecosystem level, and it was therefore critical that an ecologist, or person with similar training, interpret the maps and aerial photos.

Work progressed systematically within the area encompassed by each USGS topographic map. The natural area potential of all parcels of land was assessed using aerial photographs. Areas continuing into adjacent counties were examined in their entirety. Topographic maps used during field surveys were marked to indicate locations and types of potential natural areas based on characteristics observed on the photos. For example, an uneven canopy with tall canopy trees could indicate an older forest; a forest opening, combined with information from geology and soils maps, could indicate a seepage swamp community with potential for several rare plant species. Baseline information on sites appearing to have good quality communities or potential for rare species was compiled to help prioritize field work.

After an initial round of photo interpretation, field surveys were conducted to evaluate the potential natural areas that were actually on the ground. Locations with minimally disturbed natural communities or with species of special concern were outlined on topographic quadrangle maps. The photo signatures (characteristic patterns, texture, tone of vegetation, and other features on the photos) of these sites were then used as a guide for continued photo interpretation and future field

4 surveys. Photo signatures with poor quality sites led to the elimination of further field work on other sites with similar signatures.

Field Work

Experienced PNHP biologists and contractors have conducted numerous field surveys throughout the Kittatinny Ridge in the past. Biologists evaluated the degree of naturalness of habitats (including assessment of percent of native vs. non-native plant species, degree of human disturbance, age of trees, etc.) and searched for plant and animal species of special concern. Workers categorized the vegetation of each potential natural area visited. An evaluation of quality was made for each potential natural community element, care being taken to give reasons for the quality rank. Boundaries of the community types were redrawn, if needed, based on new field information. Community information recorded included the dominant, common, and other species, as well as disturbances to the community. Field forms were completed for all occurrences of sensitive plant and animal species, and natural communities (see sample Plant & Animal Survey Form, Appendix III), the quality of each population or community was assessed, and locations were marked on USGS topographic quadrangle maps.

In the early stages of the inventories, low altitude reconnaissance flights were flown over the counties to provide a more accurate overview of current conditions and extent of known natural areas and to assess the potential of any additional areas.

Data Analysis

To organize the natural features data and set conservation priorities, each natural community or species (element) is ranked using factors of rarity and threat on a state-wide (state element ranking) and range-wide (global element ranking) basis (see Appendix IV). Each location of a species (an element occurrence) is ranked according to naturalness, its potential for future survival or recovery, its extent or population size, and any threats to it. An explanation of the five element occurrence quality ranks is given in Appendix V. The element-ranking and element occurrence-ranking systems help PNHP personnel to simultaneously gauge the singular importance of each occurrence of, for example, an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community, or minnie bush (Menziesia pilosa) occurrence in a county, as well as the state-wide or world-wide importance of these natural features. Obviously, sites with a greater number of highly-ranked elements merit more immediate attention than sites with a smaller number of lower ranked elements (1 = highest, 5 = lowest).

Field data for natural communities of C-rank or better, and for all plant and animal species of concern found were combined with existing data and summarized on PNDI Element Occurrence Records for mapping and computerization. Mapped locations of natural features, including approximate watershed or subwatershed boundaries, were then created and added electronically to PNDI’s Geographical Information System (GIS) layer.

Information on the needs of the rare species in this report has come from a variety of sources, including field guides and research publications. For reptiles and amphibians, the major sources are Hulse et al. (2001) and DeGraaf and Rudis (1981); for birds, Barber (2002) and Brauning (1992); for moths, Covell (1984); for butterflies, Opler and Krizek (1984) and Opler and Malikul (1992);

5 Schweitzer (1981) provided much of the information on rare moth and butterfly species in Pennsylvania. A list of Plant and Animal Species of Special Concern in Schuylkill County is provided in Appendix VI.

Priorities for Protection

Table 2 presented in the Summary and Recommendations section prioritizes sites with natural communities and rare species along the Kittatinny Ridge. This table ranks sites from the most important (rank = 1) and threatened to the least (rank = 5). Ranks are based on rarity, quality, and threats or management needs of the elements at the site. Table 2 lists the site name, municipality, and pertinent information about the site. A more detailed description for each of the sites is included in the text of the report.

“Locally Significant” sites are also indicated on the maps, and are briefly discussed in the text accompanying each map. These are sites that do not have species of special concern or high-quality natural communities exemplary at the state level, but may be important at the county level. Examples would include relatively intact forested areas, large wetlands, and other areas significant for maintaining local biodiversity. These secondary sites are arranged in Table 3 in the Summary and Recommendations. They have been given qualitative ranks (high, medium, or low) according to size, level of disturbance, proximity to other open-space lands, and potential for sustaining a diversity of plant and animal life. These secondary-site ranks must be viewed as very approximate.

6 RESULTS

NATURAL AREAS SUMMARIES BY COUNTY

7 BERKS COUNTY

ALBANY TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** Geologic feature Blue Rocks “BOULDER BELTS” E GEOLOGIC FEATURE Dan’s Pulpit “EROSIONAL REMNANT” N E ANIMAL SPECIES OF Hawk Mountain Lookout CONCERN G4 S3S4 PC E ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 N 10/29/1997 E A GEOMETER MOTH (APODREPANULATRIX LIBERARIA) G4 S3 N 1997 E LEONARD’S SKIPPER BUTTERFLY (HESPERIA LEONARUS) G4 S3S4 N 2000 E APPLE SPHINX MOTH (SPHINX GORDIUS) G4 S1S3 N 1997 E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E GEOLOGIC FEATURE OwlsHead Lookout “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E ANIMAL SPECIES OF Pine Creek CONCERN G5 S2S3B 2000 E Geologic feature The Pinnacle “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E Geologic feature Pulpit Rock “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E Geologic feature River of Rocks “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E Geologic feature “PALEOZOIC EARTH Spitzenberg Hill HISTORY” E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Hawk Mountain Sanctuary State Game Lands #106

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

8 BERKS COUNTY, ALBANY TOWNSHIP MAP

ALBANY TOWNSHIP:

BLUE ROCKS BOULDER FIELD, BLUE MOUNTAIN - The Blue Mountain area is one of the most important areas in Berks County for the preservation of wildlife habitat, especially for species that require large unbroken tracts of land. The rocky outcrops and boulder fields such as Blue Rocks Boulder Field were once sites for the eastern woodrat (Neotoma magister), a state-threatened species. If the woodrat is ever to be re-introduced to east-central PA, it is important that these sites and the adjacent talus-slope forests remain intact.

DAN’S PILPIT - Dan’s Pulpit is a geologic feature formed from outcrops of the Tuscarora quartzite standing in vertical columns. (Geyer & Bolles 1979). This area was designated a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in 1965.

HAWK MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT (East Brunswick & West Brunswick Townships, & Berks County) – Hawk Mountain Sanctuary is a private non-profit refuge established to protect migrating birds of prey. Thousands of raptors pass along Kittatinny Ridge on their yearly migratory travels. Among the 18,000 raptors from 16 species that use this migration flyway include Broad-winged, Sharp-shinned and Cooper's Hawks, Golden and Animal species of concerns, Animal species of concerns, Goshawks, Kestrels and Animal species of concerns. The Audubon Society designates Hawk Mountain Sanctuary as a globally Important Bird Area. Hawk Mountain personnel and contracted scientists have conducted extensive biological research at the Sanctuary and adjoining areas. This is reflected in a great deal of information available on species of concern for this site. This site falls primarily within Hawk Mountain Sanctuary and SGL #106, and includes a portion of the Appalachian Trail.

Besides the world-renowned bird migration corridor, this site is home to several invertebrate species of concern including the apple sphinx moth (Sphinx gordius), a geometer moth (Apodrepanulatrix liberaria) & Leonard’s skipper (Hesperia leonarus). These species each require specific vegetation as a food source for larval development. The management of invasive species of plants that can choke out native vegetation is critical for the protection of the habitat needed for these species. Aerial pesticide sprays used for the treatment of Gypsy moth infestations should be avoided in this area, as the rare moths and butterflies are also susceptible to these chemicals.

This site is also home to a good-quality population of a G4, S3S4 PA Candidate animal species of concern. This species is dramatically affected by human activity, and no longer occurs in many of its former locations (Hulse 2001). No disturbances were noted at the time of the field visit. Any logging near the site should only occur during the winter months. An intact forested buffer should be maintained around the stony outcrops and talus slopes on this site.

In 1997, a single specimen of a G5, S3S4 animal species of concern was found on this site. This species inhabits dry, sandy soil of thinly wooded uplands and rock strewn hillsides, and feeds primarily on frogs and toads. This species is thought to be declining throughout the state (Hulse 2001). Additional surveys for this species at this site are encouraged.

10 A study on the amphibians of Hawk Mountain was conducted in the spring of 1997 and revealed that ten species of salamanders and five species of frogs inhabit the streams and ponds in the vicinity of the sanctuary (Monroe 1998). Species observed during this study included the green frog (Rana clamitans), pickerel frog (Rana palustris), wood frog (Rana sylvatica), spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum), northern spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) & long-tailed salamander (Eurycena longicauda). The presence of this diversity of amphibians is notable in view of studies indicating the worldwide decline of amphibian species (Blaustein 1994). The maintenance of undisturbed forested buffers around all temporary pools, streams and wetlands in the immediate vicinity of the Hawk Mountain Sanctuary will be necessary to maintain the habitat for the continued success of these species.

OWLS HEAD LOOKOUT – This site contains a geologic feature that is a towering outcrop and joint blocks of Tuscarora quartzite (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

PINE CREEK - The watershed of Pine Creek, ranked by the PA Department of Environmental Resources (DER) as a High Quality-Cold Water Fishery from its source to T803 and LR06129, is located on State Game Lands 106 and within Albany Township. Some logging is permitted on state game lands to enhance wildlife habitat. On private lands, landowners should be encouraged to promote a vegetated buffer zone along the creek to lessen erosion and provide cooling shade. Native vegetation should be encouraged along the creek and its floodplain. Development within the watershed should be controlled to ensure good water quality into the future. Protection of the watershed will also protect an Animal species of concern discovered here in 2000. This species requires older mixed northern hardwood forests and the preservation of large contiguous stands of mature timber would be beneficial. Some logging is acceptable and may increase the prey abundance for this species.

THE PINNACLE – This geologic feature contains outcrops of hard, resistant quartzite from the Tuscarora formation that are exposed at the apex of a tight fold in the mountains. Weathering has produced a spire of quartzite and an excellent view of the Grat Valley (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

PULPIT ROCK – This geologic feature is composed of a sharp fold in the Tuscarora quartzite, which has produced a rock feature resembling a “pulpit” (Geyer & Bolles1979).

RIVER OF ROCKS - Blue Mountain, which marks the boundary between the Appalachian Mountain and Great Valley sections of the Valley and Ridge province, dominates the landscape. The River of Rocks is a geologic feature contains a boulder field one mile long and several hundred feet wide formed during the Ice Age (Geyer & Bolles 1979). Historically, much of this area was inhabited by Allegheny woodrats (Neotoma magister) an animal species of concern, however, the species has declined throughout its range and is currently found at only one site east of the Susquehanna River (Hall, 1988). It will be important to protect the entire mountain against further encroachment, if the species is ever to be re-introduced to eastern Pennsylvania.

11 SPITZENBERG HILL - is a striking geological feature of the Great Valley. Geyer and Bolles (1979) report that geologists continue to debate the possibility that the bedrock of the prominent knob is a limestone conglomerate of substantially younger Triassic age occurring as an outlier of the Triassic Lowland section of the Piedmont province. Although the vegetation on the hill has been disturbed and exotic plants are common, there are a variety of plants and habitats. The north-facing slope is predominantly hemlock and other conifers while the trees of the south-facing slope and crest of the hill are mostly oak and other deciduous species. Scrub pine (Pinus virginiana) is common near the bottom of the hill. The woodland and rock outcrops provide food and shelter for wildlife and the hilltop offers an excellent scenic overlook of the surrounding valleys and of Blue Mountain. The combination of geologic, wildlife, and scenic values makes Spitzenberg Hill a good site for a township or county natural area and park.

12 BERKS COUNTY

BETHEL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** NATURAL COMMUNITY: (EPHEMERAL / Blue Mountain Ridgetop FLUCTUATING POOLS) G? S3 N 8/29/2001 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF S2S3B- CONCERN G5 S3N N 1999 E

FLY-POISON BORER MOTH (PAPAIPEMA SP.1) G2G3 S2 N 9/24/1998 B State Game Lands #80 At SCREW-STEM Monroe Creek (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 1999-09-14 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B,S 2002-07-17 C

Locally Significant Site: Boulder Fields Little Swatara Floodplain Forest

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #80 State Game Lands #110 Weiser State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

13 BERKS COUNTY, BETHEL TOWNSHIP MAP

BETHEL TOWNSHIP:

BLUE MOUNTAIN RIDGETOP – The importance of preserving Blue Mountain as a forested corridor cannot be overemphasized. There are historical reports of different plants and animals such as the animal species of concern hog-nosed snake (Heterodon platyrhinos) considered rare (S3S4) at the state-level inhabiting the summit of Blue Mountain. Although the snake species has not been seen recently, it is important to preserve habitat in case the animal still occurs in the area. Furthermore, the Blue Mountain forest provides important habitat for many animals, a migration corridor for hawks, and open space for human recreation. This site includes a series of vernal pools that makeup an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community. In 2001, a total of nine pools were documented on a flat ridgetop in SGL #110 adjacent to the Appalachian Trail. The ephemeral pools occur within a dry oak – heath forest matrix, and provide important habitat for breeding amphibians. Vegetation in each pool varies from unvegetated to heavily vegetated and may include cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), royal fern (O. regalis), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus), various sedges (Carex folliculata, C. gynandra & Dulichium arundinaceum), rice cut grass (Leersia virginiana), manna grass (Glyceria spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.), spike-rushes (Eleocharis spp.), marsh St.-John’s-wort (Triadenum virginicum) and mosses (Sphagnum spp.). The threats to the pools include filling, spraying of pesticides to control mosquito populations, logging, and the practice of throwing slash from logging into the pools. Forested buffers need to be maintained around these ponds. No threats or disturbances were observed. The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the mountain passing through Weiser State Forest and State Game Lands 80 and 110. Additional lands adjacent to these managed areas should be protected from development to maintain the large wooded tract mantling the mountain.

An invertebrate animal species of concern, the fly-poison borer moth (Papaipema sp.1) has also been found at this site since the 1970’s, and as recently as 1998. This species is currently only known to occur in Pennsylvania. The larval stage of this species requires the fly-poison lily (Amianthium muscaetoxicum) as a food source. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) to control gypsy moths should not harm this species, but the spraying of Dimlin would pose a serious threat to the larvae.

A single juvenile G5, PA-Candidate rare animal species of concern was observed in 1999 on this forested ridgetop. This species is associated with large contiguous stands of mature northern hardwood forest. Populations of this species in Pennsylvania were likely severely impacted by the extirpation of the passenger pigeon (Brauning 1992). Protection recommendations include providing a 300 meter radius undisturbed buffer around all active and inactive nest sites.

STATE GAME LANDS #80 at Monroe Creek - This area contains a marginal-quality population of Screw-stem (Bartonia paniculata), an S3 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, along Monroe Creek in State Game Lands # 80. Associated plants with this species of concern include Clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), Violets (Viola spp.), Sessile Bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia), Autumn bentgrass (Agrostis perennans), Sedge (Carex intumescens), Sedge (Carex gracillima), Golden ragwort (Senecio aureus), White Wood-Aster (Aster divaricatus), and Calico Aster (Aster lateriflorus).

15 Several individuals of an S3B, S3N Pennsylvania animal species of concern, were captured in four different sites within this area. Two sites were located close to Monroe Creek and two additional sites were located on Lake Strauss property. Four individuals of this species, including two reproductive females, were caught along a stream in a small riparian corridor consisting of Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and Greenbriar (Smilax sp.). Threats to this area, while mild, may consist of future control of shrub and sapling growth so as to make area appear more “park-like”. At Monroe Creek, five individuals were caught in two sites in well-forested riparian areas consisting of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), and Greenbriar (Smilax sp.) along the streambank and in the wetlands. These wet seepy areas are described in more detail below. Snags appeared to be prevalent in some areas of the forest, especially along the stream in wetlands. Associated species at all these sites include Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) and Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus).

The overall habitat consists of a mixed-hardwood forest and some conifer dominant forest. The habitat in this area is classified as a “Tuliptree-Beech-Maple Forest” with some Skunk Cabbage Seeps (Fike, 1999). A number of streamlets and seepy areas occur in this forest but the forest is well-drained overall. Dominant species include Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), White Oak (Quercus alba), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and White Pine (Pinus strobus). This site contains a large diversity of Orchidaceae plant species such as Clubspur orchid (Platanthera clavellata), Purple-fringed Orchid (Platanthera psycodes), and Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium calceolus). Other species at this site included Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Jack-in-the- pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), Wild Geranium (Geranium sp.), Violets (Viola spp.), Sedge (Carex folliculata), Sedge (Carex laxiculmis), Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora), American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum), Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), False Hellebore (Veratrum viride), and Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis). There were many exotic plant species such as Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), and Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) at this site. An increasing amount of the exotic species Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortuneii) may cause some long-term declines in plant diversity at disturbed sites. Other disturbances include some previous logging and jeep roads and trails. This site extends into Berks County as well.

Locally Significant Sites:

Boulder Fields and the surrounding talus-slope forest, located in Bethel Township, are of local significance for geologic study and because they, historically, provided habitat for the eastern woodrat (Neotoma magister), a species in decline throughout its range. These areas should be left undisturbed in the event that the eastern woodrat is re-introduced to eastern Pennsylvania.

Little Swatara Floodplain Forest - due south of Bethel in Bethel and Tulpehocken Townships is a good natural area of local significance because of its diverse assemblage of plants and birds. A

16 mixture of tree species includes slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), white oak (Quercus alba), and beech (Fagus grandifolia) among others. A rich herbaceous layer consists of wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), spotted touch-me-not (Impatiens capensis), and a host of spring- ephemerals - Virginia spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), yellow trout-lily (Erythronium americanum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), and dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolium). Meander scars, wet depressions wherein the creek once flowed, support skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), bulbous cress (Cardamine bulbosa), halberd-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium), golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum), and other wetland species. A number of bird species inhabit the forest and its openings, as well. Logging and other disruptive activities should be avoided within and near the forest to protect the avifauna that rely on the few wooded patches remaining in the agricultural and increasingly suburbanized landscape of eastern Pennsylvania.

A small part of Berks County extends onto the northeast corner of the Fredericksburg quadrangle, which covers the Appalachian Mountain section to the north and the Great Valley to the south. PSO staff did not find natural communities or species of special concern in this area. However, the Blue Mountain area including State Game Lands 80, the Appalachian Trail, and surrounding federally- owned land is of great importance. The large continuous forest covering Blue Mountain provides habitat for wildlife and recreational open space. Government and the private sector should work together to secure this land from development so that it can continue to provide a haven for all.

17 BERKS COUNTY

GREENWICH TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Geologic feature Blue Rocks “BOULDER BELTS” E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Maiden Creek Corridor CONCERN G5 S2 PT 1994-05 E

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 DL 1994-09-20 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Mill Creek Wetlands CONCERN G3 S2 PE 2002-05-31 E

BLUE-CURLS (TRICHOSTEMA Sacony Creek SETACEUM) G5 S1 PE 1998-09-24 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Schofer Cave / Sacony Wetland CONCERN G3G4 S2S3 1993-06-17 A

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1994-05 E

Managed Area: State Game Lands #182

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

18 BERKS COUNTY, GREENWICH TOWNSHIP MAP

GREENWICH TOWNSHIP:

BLUE ROCKS BOULDER FIELD - The Blue Mountain area is one of the most important areas in Berks County for the preservation of wildlife habitat, especially for species that require large unbroken tracts of land. The rocky outcrops and boulder fields such as Blue Rocks Boulder Field were once sites for the allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister), a state-threatened species. If the woodrat is ever to be re-introduced to east-central PA, it is important that these sites and the adjacent talus-slope forests remain intact.

MAIDEN CREEK CORRIDOR –This site is an alluvial bottomland woods occurring along the east bank of Maiden Creek. The forest is dominated by typical floodplain tree species including sycamore, cottonwood, box elder, black locust, bitternut hickory, ash, and black walnut. The herb layer is dense and includes wood-nettle, jewelweed, jumpseed, and ragweed. A small population of a tree species of concern shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa), was found here in 1994. (This species has recently been removed from the PA species of concern list.) The trees appeared healthy and were reproducing. This small patch of forest should be protected from encroachment by the surrounding residential and agricultural lands. A PA-Threatened animal species was found in a marshy portion of a 20-30 acre wetland occurring along Maiden Creek. This species has been known to occur at this site for at least 15 years. Further surveys are needed to determine the extent of this population.

MILL CREEK WETLANDS - An animal species of concern was found here during surveys in 2002. This wetland is found along a tributary of Mill Creek. Threats to this animal include invasive plant species in the wetland. Water quality in Mill Creek is also a concern.

SACONY CREEK - A fair population of a state-endangered plant, blue-curls (Trichostema setaceum), grows on a dry, open, south-facing shale slope above Sacony Creek east of Virginville in Greenwich Township. This is the only site for the species in Berks County. The plant grows on a sparsely-vegetated shale slope in association with grasses, whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata), American dittany (Cunila origanoides), Solomon's-seal (Polygonatum spp.), roses (Rosa spp.), thin-leaved purple aster (Aster patens), and false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides). The plants are threatened by agressive weedy species, such as spotted knapweed (Centauria maculosa), and a closing canopy of oaks and other trees. The owners, who have been contacted by both the Berks County Conservancy and The Nature Conservancy, should be encouraged to manage and protect the site through a conservation easement. Development or other disturbances on the slope or the field above are potential threats to this occurrence.

SCHOFER CAVE / SACONY WETLAND - A PA-Endangered animal species was observed at this site in 1991. Additional surveys are needed to assess the size and quality of this population. Schofer Cave is located on State Game Lands # 182. Two animal species of concern were found in pools within the cave in 1993. Over a thousand individuals of the globally rare species and one individual of another animal species of concern were observed. The cave has been used for recreation. Trash, especially discarded batteries, is a potential threat to these species and needs to be cleaned up. The Game Commission has been contacted regarding the installation of a gate to protect the cave from further pollution.

20 BERKS COUNTY

TILDEN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Geologic feature Schuylkill Gap In Blue Mountain (DRAINAGE PATTERNS) E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #110

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

TILDEN TOWNSHIP:

SCHUYLKILL GAP IN BLUE MOUNTAIN– The Geologic Feature at this site represents an outstanding example of a water gap in Blue Mountain, with an exceptional exposure of the quartzites of the Silurian age Tuscarora Formation (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

Rattling Run has been designated as an Exceptional Value Stream by the PA Department of Environmental Protection, and as a Class A Trout Water by the PA Fish & Boat Commission. This stream has a hemlock-mixed deciduous canopy and a thick rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) understory along its banks. These vegetative elements shade the stream, providing the cool temperatures necessary for native trout and other cold water plants and animals.

A hemlock pest accidentally introduced from Asia, the hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), has detrimentally impacted hemlock stands throughout the mid-Atlantic states and New England. These small, aphid-like insects are covered with a cottony mass giving them a wooly appearance. This pest has the potential to severely alter hemlock-dominated habitats. As mature hemlock stands are defoliated, the cool, moist microclimate created by their deep shade ceases to exist. Plant and animal species that are adapted to this environment will, in effect, be homeless. Work is ongoing to identify and distribute natural predators of the wooly adelgid. This approach, known as biological control, is the only likely way to control this widespread pest. In the meantime, hemlock dominated habitats are in serious danger from this pest. This site falls primarily within SGL#110 & #106, Weiser State Forest, and includes a section of the Appalachian Trail.

21 BERKS COUNTY, TILDEN TOWNSHIP MAP

22 BERKS COUNTY

UPPER BERN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Community – “HIGH-GRADIENT Northkill Creek CLEARWATER CREEK” G? S3 E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #110

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

UPPER BERN TOWNSHIP:

NORTHKILL CREEK - From its source to the I-78 bridge, Northkill Creek is a High-gradient Clearwater Creek community and designated as an Exceptional Value Stream by PA DER. The creek's location on State Game Lands 110 affords it some protection. This area is listed for avoidance of large-scale logging activities, although selective logging is permitted to enhance wildlife habitat. Appropriate sediment and erosion control measures are utilized in these habitat management activities to protect surface water quality.

23 BERKS COUNTY, UPPER BERN TOWNSHIP MAP

24 BERKS COUNTY

UPPER TULPEHOCKEN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bloody Spring Meadow CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1996-06-18 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bloody Spring Wetland CONCERN G3 S2 PE 2002-05-09 E NATURAL COMMUNITY: (EPHEMERAL / Blue Mountain Ridgetop FLUCTUATING POOLS) G? S3 N 8/29/2001 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF S2S3B- CONCERN G5 S3N N 1999 E

FLY-POISON BORER MOTH (PAPAIPEMA SP.1) G2G3 S2 N 9/24/1998 B

Community – “HIGH-GRADIENT Northkill Creek CLEARWATER CREEK” G? S3 NO DATE E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Pine Creek CONCERN G5 S2S3B 2000 E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #110 Weiser State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

25 BERKS COUNTY, UPPER TULPEHOCKEN MAP

UPPER TULPEHOCKEN TOWNSHIP:

BLOODY SPRING MEADOW - This site consists of a 1-2 acre wet meadow dissected by a small braided stream. Sedges, grasses, and other emergents dominate the vegetation. A single individual of a PA-Endangered animal species was found at this site in 1996. The meadow is lightly grazed, which may help maintain the open habitat required by this species. Heavy grazing and trampling are potential threats. Additional survey work should be done to determine the size of the population.

BLOODY SPRING WETLAND - An animal species of concern was observed at this site in 2002. The site is fairly disturbed and the species is threatened by further development in the area and by road traffic. More surveys are needed to locate the most appropriate habitat and to assess the status of the population.

A single juvenile G5, PA-Candidate rare animal species of concern was observed in 1999 on this forested ridgetop. This species is associated with large contiguous stands of mature northern

27 hardwood forest. Populations of this species in Pennsylvania were likely severely impacted by the extirpation of the passenger pigeon (Brauning 1992). Protection recommendations include providing a 300 meter radius undisturbed buffer around all active and inactive nest sites.

NORTHKILL CREEK - from its source to the I-78 bridge, is a High-gradient Clearwater Creek community and designated as an Exceptional Value stream by PA DER. The creek is also shown on the adjoining Friedensburg quadrangle. The creek's location on State Game Lands 110 affords it some protection. This area is listed for avoidance of large-scale logging activities, although selective logging is permitted to enhance wildlife habitat. Appropriate sediment and erosion control measures are utilized in these habitat management activities to protect surface water quality.

28 BERKS COUNTY

WINDSOR TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES Hawk Mountain Lookout OF CONCERN G4 S3S4 PC E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 N 10/29/1997 E

A GEOMETER MOTH (APODREPANULATRIX LIBERARIA) G4 S3 N 1997 E

LEONARD’S SKIPPER BUTTERFLY (HESPERIA LEONARUS) G4 S3S4 N 2000 E

APPLE SPHINX MOTH (SPHINX GORDIUS) G4 S1S3 N 1997 E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E

ANIMAL SPECIES Maiden Creek Corridor OF CONCERN G5 S2 PT 1994-05 E

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 DL 1994-09-20 CD

Geologic feature Schuylkill Gap In Blue “DRAINAGE Mountain PATTERNS” E

Locally Significant: Kaercher Creek County Park

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #106 Weiser State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

29 BERKS COUNTY, WINDSOR TOWNSHIP MAP

WINDSOR TOWNSHIP:

HAWK MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT – Please see Albany Township, Berks County for a description of this site.

MAIDEN CREEK CORRIDOR –This site is an alluvial bottomland woods occurring along the east bank of Maiden Creek. The forest is dominated by typical floodplain tree species including sycamore, cottonwood, box elder, black locust, bitternut hickory, ash, and black walnut. The herb layer is dense and includes wood-nettle, jewelweed, jumpseed, and ragweed. A small population of a tree species of concern, shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa), was found here in 1994. (This species has recently been removed from the PA species of concern list.) The trees appeared healthy and were reproducing. This small patch of forest should be protected from encroachment by the surrounding residential and agricultural lands. A PA-Threatened animal species was found in a marshy portion of a 20-30 acre wetland occurring along Maiden Creek. This species has been known to occur at this site for at least 15 years. Further surveys are needed to determine the extent of this population.

A hemlock pest accidentally introduced from Asia, the hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), has detrimentally impacted hemlock stands throughout the Mid-Atlantic States and New England. These small, aphid-like insects are covered with a cottony mass giving them a wooly appearance. This pest has the potential to severely alter hemlock-dominated habitats. As mature hemlock stands are defoliated, the cool, moist microclimate created by their deep shade ceases to exist. Plant and animal species that are adapted to this environment will, in effect, be homeless. Work is ongoing to identify and distribute natural predators of the wooly adelgid. This approach, known as biological control, is the only likely way to control this widespread pest. In the meantime, hemlock dominated habitats are in serious danger from this pest. This site falls primarily within SGL#110 & #106, Weiser State Forest, and includes a section of the Appalachian Trail.

Locally Significant Site:

KAERCHER CREEK COUNTY PARK - This Locally Significant Site provides recreation, fishing, and open space for county residents. It is important that water quality be protected and improved through protection of the entire watershed of Kaercher Creek. Protection and revegetation with native plants will do much to improve water quality by arresting erosion and uptaking nutrients. The value of the park habitat for wildlife is limited at this time.

CARBON COUNTY

A Natural Areas Inventory has not yet been completed for Carbon County. Currently, the Pennsylvania Science Office is beginning work on the survey in this county (spring 2003). In 1997, a preliminary inventory of Carbon County natural areas was conducted. Sites were identified using aerial photography and previously collected information. In this county, we have identified the most ecologically significant areas and field surveys will be focused on these sites. Any species of concern already identified from these areas have been listed and general site descriptions are given based on personal accounts or aerial photograph interpretation. Sites identified only by aerial photographs are listed as Potential Natural Areas (PNA's).

32 CARBON COUNTY

EAST PENN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Community – “NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC Bake Oven Knob ROCKY S” G? S2 1998-09-10 C

Geologic feature: Bears Rocks “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-22 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Furnace Gap CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-22 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Water Gap CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1995-03-09 E

Geologic feature: “PALEOZOIC EARTH HISTORY” E

DROOPING BLUEGRASS Stone Mountain Woods (POA LANGUIDA) G3G4Q S2 TU 1995-06-13 C

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM AQUATICUM) G5 S4 DL 1993-08-12 C

HARTFORD FERN (LYGODIUM PALMATUM) G4 S4 PR 1993-08-12 C

Geologic feature: Stony Ridge A “EROSIONAL REMNANT” E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #217

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

33 CARBON COUNTY, EAST PENN TOWNSHIP MAP

EAST PENN TOWNSHIP:

BAKE OVEN KNOB (Heidelberg Twp.; East Penn Twp., Carbon Co.)- This site includes a Northern Appalachian Acidic Rocky Summit Natural Community. It is characterized by prominent bedrock outcrops, which are flanked by large sandstone boulders. Patches of stunted trees including red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) form a partially open canopy. Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) are common shrubs. Herbs and several species of ferns grow in areas among the rocks where soil has accumulated. The area has been disturbed in the past by the construction of a small stone building. The ruins of the building still remain at the site. Numerous non-native herb species also occur here but due to their limited area of cover they have little impact on the community as whole. This site is also recognized as an important area for scientific research. It is used in the late summer and fall of every year to census migrating raptors and other bird species. This site is part of State Game Lands #217.

BEARS ROCKS (Lynn Twp., Lehigh Co.; West Penn Twp., Schuylkill Co.; East Penn Twp., Carbon Co.)--During a survey of this site in 1991 evidence of a PA-Threatened animal species was discovered. However, the evidence was not fresh, indicating that the species had been living in the area in the past but was not living there at the time of the survey. The habitat requirements of this species include areas of exposed boulders or rock outcrops generally with some scattered trees or shrubs. This type of habitat is abundant along sections of the upper slopes and ridgetop of Blue Mountain. Although there have been no recent successful surveys for this species in Lehigh or Northampton counties there have been casual observations by area residents that suggest it still persists here. The species is currently thought to be declining in Pennsylvania due to problems with certain parasites. Areas of Blue Mountain that are suitable habitat for this species are very unlikely to be developed or disturbed and therefore no management action is recommended. This site includes an outstanding geologic feature, an outcrop of Tuscarora quartzite on the crest of Blue Mountain, at the corner of Carbon, Lehigh, and Schuylkill Counties. The formation consists of three large blocks standing in a row. Tuscarora quartzite is the hardest and most erosion-resistant rock found in the region, accounting for the abrupt rise of Blue Mountain at the edge of the Great Valley.

LEHIGH FURNACE GAP (Heidelberg Twp., Washington Twp., East Penn Twp., Carbon Co.) - During a survey of this site in 1991 evidence of a PA-Threatened animal species was discovered. However, the evidence was not fresh, indicating that the species had been living in the area in the past but was not living there at the time of the survey. The habitat requirements of this species include areas of exposed boulders or rock outcrops generally with some scattered trees or shrubs. This type of habitat is abundant along sections of the upper slopes and ridgetop of Blue Mountain. Although there have been no recent successful surveys for this species in Lehigh or Northampton counties there have been casual observations by some area residents that suggest it still persists here. It is possible that some areas where it used to occur are part of the extensive damage caused by the fallout from the historic smelter operation in Carbon County. Additionally the species is currently thought to be declining in Pennsylvania due to problems with certain parasites. Areas of Blue Mountain that are suitable habitat for this species are very unlikely to be developed or disturbed and therefore no management action is recommended.

35 LEHIGH WATER GAP (Washington Twp., Lehigh Co.; Lehigh Twp., Northampton Co.; East Penn & Lower Towamensing Twps. Carbon Co.) Paleozoic Earth History is a water gap in Blue Mountain. Erosion by the Lehigh River has cut through the rock layers as they have been slowly uplifted over millions of years. An impressive cross-section of rock strata is exposed on the east side of the gap. An animal species of concern was found at this site during surveys in 1995. Further surveys are needed to determine the extent of the population. This site has potential for a variety of species of special concern but has been severely degraded by pollution from the smelter operations on the north side of the ridge.

STONE MOUNTAIN WOODS - During surveys in 1995, Weak Bluegrass (Poa languida), was discovered in Stone Mountain Woods. The plants were found in an open, sandy hardwood area. The forest is dominated by oak (Quercus spp.), and the forest floor is sparsely vegetated. Associated species include Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), ovalleaf sedge (Carex cephalophora), clubmoss (Lycopodium spp.), Wallaby grass (Danthonia spp.), wavy hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), sweet vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) and bearded shorthusk (Brachyelytrum erectum). This open habitat is crucial to the survival of this species. Disturbances to this site include gypsy moth defoliation, a road, and trash.

STONY RIDGE A- This significant geological feature is a 100 foot thick ridge of hard white sandstone, devoid of soil and tree cover. This highly fractured sandstone stands like a jagged wall, and weathering has produced a myriad of “stone figures” silhouetted against the sky (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

Potential Natural Areas (PNAs):

PNA1: Lizard Creek Meadow & Seeps (East Penn Twp) - This site appears to contain a wet meadow and deciduous wooded seeps. The meadow is in early succession. It is highly fragmented and has poor recovery potential. Grazing, logging and an old railroad are disturbances. The surrounding land is agricultural and wooded. The seeps community is in early-mid succession. An old railroad bed cuts through the seeps, making for poor recovery potential. The surrounding land is wooded and agricultural. The wet meadow and seeps hold some potential for rare species’ nesting and hibernacula. The soil and bedrock types need to be investigated. The water quality of Lizard Creek has no state water quality designation. Field surveys might be conducted to see if it could support mussels, fish and other aquatic species of concern. This site is a low priority for field survey.

PNA1: Nis Hollow Run (East Penn & Mahoning Twps), [Description taken from “A Natural Areas Inventory of Delaware and Lehigh Navigational Canal National Heritage Corridor, Pennsylvania 1992.] - Growing on the north-facing slope above Nis Hollow Run, a rocky and scenic creek, is a young to moderately mature forest dominated by hemlock with some white pine. Chestnut oak dominates the ridgetop south of the creek. Protection of the woodland from logging or development is important for the protecting the quality of the site. A portion of the watershed is owned by the Nis Hollow Hunting Club, which restricts access to the area.

36 CARBON COUNTY

FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** NONE

Managed Areas: Beltzville State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP:

Potential Natural Areas (PNAs):

PNA2: Pohopoco Creek Slopes (Franklin Twp) - A possible northern conifer / hardwood forest community in mid-late succession occurs on these steep north-facing slopes. There are two parts: one is above Beltzville Reservoir Dam and the other is below along the creek. The downstream end is marked by a powerline. There is little potential for rare species or a natural community designation here, though there may be possible roosting sites for animal species of concern or eagles fishing in the reservoir. Fragmentation is caused by powerlines, a dam and a road. Recovery potential is poor. The site is notable for the scenic backdrop it provides to users of the reservoir. This site is a low priority for a field survey.

37 CARBON COUNTY, FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP MAP

CARBON COUNTY

LOWER TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Geologic Feature: Devils Potato Patch/Little Gap “BOULDER BELTS” E

Community – “ACIDIC SHRUB SWAMP” G5 S3 1997-07-28 CD

HARTFORD FERN (LYGODIUM PALMATUM) G4 S4 PR 1997-07-28 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Water Gap CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1995-03-09 E

Geologic Feature: “PALEOZOIC EARTH HISTORY” E

Geologic Feature: “EROSIONAL Stony Ridge – B REMNANT” E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #168

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

39 CARBON COUNTY, LOWER TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP MAP

LOWER TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP:

DEVILS POTATO PATCH (Carbon County, Lower Towamensing Twp.; Northampton County, Lehigh Twp.) - “Devil’s Potato Patch” is a boulder field occupying a wind gap in Blue Mountain. Sandstone and conglomerate rock of the Shawangunk Formation was broken off of Blue Mountain by repeated freezing and thawing during glacial times. Gravity moved the boulders to where they rest today. Similar boulder fields of “peri-glacial” origin are found along the length of Blue Mountain. Boulder fields may be used as habitat by certain reptiles, mammals, and insects. Also located in this area is an Acidic Shrub Swamp Community. The swamp is small in size but an important community for many species of plants and animals. The area is covered with lush vegetation and includes plant species such as red maple (Acer rubrum), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), meadowsweet (Spirea tomentosa) and fowl mannagrass (Glyceria striata).

LEHIGH WATER GAP (Washington Twp., Lehigh Co.; Lehigh Twp., Northampton Co.; East Penn & Lower Towamensing Twps. Carbon Co.) Paleozoic Earth History is a water gap in Blue Mountain. Erosion by the Lehigh River has cut through the rock layers as they have been slowly uplifted over millions of years. An impressive cross-section of rock strata is exposed on the east side of the gap (Geyer & Bolles 1979). An animal species of concern was found at this site during surveys in 1995. Further surveys are needed to determine the extent of the population. This site has potential for a variety of species of special concern but has been severely degraded by pollution from the smelter operations on the north side of the ridge.

STONY RIDGE B- This significant geological feature is a 100 foot thick ridge of hard white sandstone, devoid of soil and tree cover. This highly fractured sandstone stands like a jagged wall, and weathering has produced a myriad of “stone figures” silhouetted against the sky (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

Potential Natural Areas (PNAs):

PNA1: Aquashicola Creek Wetlands (Lower Towamensing Twp) - This site appears to have scrub/shrub wetlands and wet meadows in early succession. The site is a linear feature along a narrow floodplain. Grazing and flooding are past disturbances and recovery potential is poor to fair. Surrounding land use is agriculture and forest. There is potential for rare animal and plant species in the wetlands and creek. Water quality, soil and bedrock types need to be examined. This site has medium priority for a field survey.

PNA2: Hunter Run Conifer Stand (Lower Towamensing & Towamensing Twps) - This site appears to be a Northern Conifer Forest community in late succession. It appears to be a grove of older white pines or hemlocks on slopes above the pastures and road, especially the area north of the road. The trees may appear bigger due to selective cutting. The forest has been disturbed by selective logging and is fragmented by a road. Recovery potential is poor since the site is so small. The surrounding land use is agricultural and hardwood forest The site needs a close examination of recent air photos or a quick drive-by to determine if the community is still there. This site is low priority for a field survey.

CARBON COUNTY

MAHONING TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** NONE

Locally Significant area: Mahoning Creek Wetlands

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

MAHONING TOWNSHIP:

Locally Significant Site:

Mahoning Creek Wetlands - (West Penn Township, Schuylkill County & Mahoning Twp, Carbon County) – This Locally Significant site is comprised of a mixture of wetland types grading one into another. Included at this site are shrub swamp, wooded swamp, sedge meadow and vernal pool wetland types. The site provides important breeding habitat for amphibians, reptiles, birds and a host of wetland plant species. Much of this type of habitat has been drained or filled in the past, so the protection of what is left is critically important. Disturbances observed at this site include a recent attempt to fill and drain this wetland. Though the destruction of this wetland habitat has ceased for the time being, efforts should be made to secure this site as valuable wildlife habitat.

42 CARBON COUNTY, MAHONING TOWNSHIP MAP

CARBON COUNTY

TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Penn Forest Reservoir CONCERN G5 S2B PT 6/1/1990 I

BOG BLUEGRASS Wild Creek Seeps (POA PALUDIGENA) G3 S3 PT 6/4/1987 B

Managed Areas: Beltzville State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

44 CARBON COUNTY, TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP MAP

TOWAMENSING TOWNSHIP:

PENN FOREST RESERVOIR – A PA-Endangered animal species of concern has been observed nesting at this site for several years at this location. The watershed of Penn Forest Reservoir is almost entirely protected by the Bethlehem Water Authority. Continued protection will not only serve to protect the important municipal water supply into the future, but will also provide critical open space and wildlife habitat.

WILD CREEK SEEPS - During surveys in 1987, Bog bluegrass (Poa paludigena) was found in Wild Creek Seeps. The plants were found along the stream's edge growing with golden ragwort (Senecio aureus), false hellebore (Veratrum spp.), and Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.). The canopy was dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), white ash (Fraxinus americana), white oak (Quercus alba), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and hickory (Carya spp.), with spicebush (Lindera benzoin) in the understory. There are no apparent threats to this species.

Potential Natural Areas (PNAs):

PNA3: Upper Beltzville Slope (Towamensing Twp) - This site has potential to be a Northern Conifer Forest community. It is located on a steep north-northwest facing slope above Beltzville Reservoir. The forest is in mid-late succession with even-aged trees. The forest is disturbed by past logging, possibly some plantings, and is fragmented by a dirt road that parallels the slope through the tree stand. Recovery potential is poor because there is no buffer between the forest and the surrounding reservoir, agriculture and homes. There is some potential for roosting sites for animal species of concern and other water birds. The site is valuable as a sediment / nutrient trap, as a buffer for the reservoir, and as a scenic backdrop for users of the reservoir. This site is low priority for a field survey.

46 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

EAST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Conodoguinet Macrosite CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-20 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-07 BC

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1997-06-20 E

TOOTH-CUP (ROTALA RAMOSIOR) G5 S3 PR 1998-09-17 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1997-05-14 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-22 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-20 BC

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1995-09-19 C

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA G5 S3 Delisted 1997-09-21 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-08 CD

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-20 C

WHITE WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 1998-09-07 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1B PE 2000-04-18 E

47 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE Conodoguinet Macrosite PETUNIA (continued) (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-07 C

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-20 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-18 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-14 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-12 B

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-20 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-26 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-17 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-22 C

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 2001-04-23 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-20 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-08-07 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-17 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-07 B

48 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE Conodoguinet Macrosite PETUNIA (continued) (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2002-08-22 D

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 C

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-13 BC

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 2001-04-23 C

Locally Significant area: Pine Hill Arbororetum

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

49 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, EAST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP MAP

EAST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP:

CONODOGUINET MACROSITE (East Pennsboro, Hampden, Silver Spring, and West Fairview Twps., Camp Hill and Wormleysburg Boros) Fourteen animal species of concern and seventeen plant species of concern - The Conodoguinet Creek drains most of Cumberland County, running West to East through an agricultural and residential landscape. The Great Valley it bisects is mostly limestone and dolomite, and the Creek receives many inputs from springs and from groundwater flow. As a result, the Creek’s waters have a fairly high pH, and a relatively constant temperature and flow. The Creek itself provides habitats for both aquatic plant and animal species of concern. Forested slopes and floodplains along the river, often with rich, limestone-influenced soils, are home to several listed plant species. Sites with species of concern were identified along the Conodoguinet throughout its length; the lower portion, a series of looping meanders from Huston’s Mill to the confluence with the Susquehanna, has multiple occurrences of listed plant and animal species at several sites in close proximity. For mapping purposes, this area was combined into the Conodoguinet Macrosite. A PA-Endangered species was observed using habitat along the edge of the creek in 1994. Development along the waters edge would pose a threat to this species and water quality issues also apply because the animal relies mostly on aquatic species for food. Good quality populations of two aquatic animal species of concern were found at several locations in the Macrosite, in habitat consisting of riffles and shallow areas of still water. Associated animal species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) and the exotic Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), which is the most common bivalve species in the Creek and may be crowding out or competing with the listed species. A fair to good quality population of an aquatic plant species of concern was also found in this portion of the Conodoguinet. It was found downstream of small cold-water tributary stream, associated with watercress (Nasturtium officinalis), waterweed (Elodea canadensis), water-stargrass (Zosterella dubia), and Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Abundant aquatic habitat remains in the Conodoguinet for both the animal and plant species of concern. The persistence of these species, however, depends upon maintaining the water quality of the Conodoguinet Creek ecosystem as a whole, which in turn depends on management of the entire watershed. Agricultural and commercial runoff, logging of stream and river corridors, and pollutants are all real and current threats in the watershed. As growth and associated demands for groundwater continue in the Cumberland Valley, these species of concern may serve as indicators of the health of both the Creek and the Valley’s groundwater. Five terrestrial plant species of concern are also known from the Macrosite, including several fair quality populations of a PA-threatened, G4G5 species. These species co-occur in rich floodplain woods that have not been recently disturbed. Common overstory trees at these sites include silver maple, box elder (Acer negundo), sycamore, shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), honey locust (Gleditsia tricanthos), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and basswood. The groundcover at these sites is a diverse, particularly the spring ephemeral flora. Associates of the listed plant species include moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia), bluebells (Mertensia virginiana), spring beauty (Claytonia virginiana), may apple (Podophyllum peltatum), water-leaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) and various sedge species (Carex spp.). A fair population of another PA-Rare plant species was found during surveys in 1998. The population was growing along the downstream end of an island on open sand, silt and a gravel bar. The area was dominated by the non-native invasive species, Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and other low-growing herbs. Removal of this invasive species would increase the habitat value for other plants and animals, including the PA-Rare species.

51 Most of the remaining forested slopes and floodplains along this stretch of the Conodoguinet are restricted to narrow strips of relatively inaccessible or undevelopable land. Disturbances include cottages and residential development, old roads, jeep trails, and sewer lines, and runoff and trash dumping onto the slopes from the largely residential and commercial areas above. Such disturbances provide opportunities for the colonization of habitat by exotic plants,; garlic mustard (Alliaria officinalis), in particular, is widespread in disturbed areas of these floodplain habitats. Despite these disturbances, good quality populations of the plant species of concern persist at the known sites, and any intact floodplain forest along this portion of the Conodoguinet should be considered potential rare plant habitat. Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) has been removed from the species of concern list.

Locally Significant Site:

Pine Hill Arboretum (Pennsboro Twp.) -- This site is a narrow forested stream ravine on the north side of Conodoguinet Creek. Despite disturbances from a sewer line and a fairly high abundance of exotic species, a diverse spring ephemeral flora persists here. The second-growth forest includes Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oak (Quercus rubra), beech (Fagus grandifolia), hackberry, (Celtis occidentalis), hickories (Carya spp.), and hemlock. The moist northeast-facing slopes and narrow floodplain support an abundance of spring wildflowers including wild leeks (Allium tricoccum), trout lily (Erythronium americanum), Dutchman’s breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), spring beauty (Claytonia virginiana), sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii), bluebells (Mertensia virginiana) and others. The drier, steep west-facing slopes have a canopy of oaks and hemlock, blueberries in the shrub layer, and groundcover more adapted to dry conditions, including wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), rattlesnake-weed (Hieracium venosum), and wild pink (Silene caroliana). The ravine ends at a road, across which is an approximately 100 meter long, 75m wide strip of intact floodplain forest, with some large silver maple (Acer saccharinum), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) trees. The upper portion of the ravine is dominated by weedy, non-native shrub and tree species, including Asian honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and Norway maple (Acer platanoides), and some of these species, as well as an abundance of garlic mustard, are common in the lower ravine and floodplain. This site is small enough and has enough remaining native vegetation to be a good location for restoration efforts aimed at removing the invasive species and preserving the diverse native flora in the ravine as well as on the floodplain.

52 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Conodoguinet Macrosite CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-20 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-07 BC

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1997-06-20 E

TOOTH-CUP (ROTALA RAMOSIOR) G5 S3 PR 1998-09-17 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 1998-09-17 E

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-20 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-07 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-20 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2002-08-22 D

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-22 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-20 BC

53 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Conodoguinet Macrosite ANIMAL SPECIES OF (continued) CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-14 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-22 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-08-07 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-17 E

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-20 BC

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-20 E

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1995-09-19 C

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1997-09-21 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-12 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-26 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 2001-04-23 BC

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-13 BC

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1998-09-07 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1997-05-14 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-08 CD

54 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Conodoguinet Macrosite ANIMAL SPECIES OF (continued) CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-18 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-18 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-17 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-07 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1B PE 2000-04-18 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Hampden Slopes CONCERN G5 S1B PE 1994-08-11 E

CIRCUMNEUTRAL BROADLEAF Lambs Gap/Trout Run SWAMP Headwaters COMMUNITY G? S2S3 1997-06-07 C

GLADE SPURGE (EUPHORBIA PURPUREA) G3 S1 PE 1998-06 B

LINED BOG SKIMMER (SOMATOCHLORA LINEARIS) G5 S1 2001-08-26 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S1 2002-06-26 AB

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3 2002-06-26 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

55 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP MAP

HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP:

CONODOGUINET MACROSITE - (East Pennsboro, Hampden, Silver Spring, and West Fairview Twps., Camp Hill and Wormleysburg Boros) Fourteen animal species of concern and seventeen plant species of concern - The Conodoguinet Creek drains most of Cumberland County, running West to East through an agricultural and residential landscape. The Great Valley it bisects is mostly limestone and dolomite, and the Creek receives many inputs from springs and from groundwater flow. As a result, the Creek’s waters have a fairly high pH, and a relatively constant temperature and flow. The Creek itself provides habitats for both aquatic plant and animal species of concern. Forested slopes and floodplains along the river, often with rich, limestone-influenced soils, are home to several listed plant species. Sites with species of concern were identified along the Conodoguinet throughout its length; the lower portion, a series of looping meanders from Huston’s Mill to the confluence with the Susquehanna, has multiple occurrences of listed plant and animal species at several sites in close proximity. For mapping purposes, this area was combined into the Conodoguinet Macrosite.

A PA-Endangered species was observed using habitat along the edge of the creek in 1994. Development along the waters edge would pose a threat to this species and water quality issues also apply because the animal relies mostly on aquatic species for food. Good quality populations of two aquatic animal species of concern were found at several locations in the Macrosite, in habitat consisting of riffles and shallow areas of still water. Associated animal species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) and the exotic Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), which is the most common bivalve species in the Creek and may be crowding out or competing with the listed species. A fair to good quality population of an aquatic plant species of concern was also found in this portion of the Conodoguinet. It was found downstream of small cold-water tributary stream, associated with watercress (Nasturtium officinalis), waterweed (Elodea canadensis), water-stargrass (Zosterella dubia), and Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum).

Abundant aquatic habitat remains in the Conodoguinet for both the animal and plant species of concern. The persistence of these species, however, depends upon maintaining the water quality of the Conodoguinet Creek ecosystem as a whole, which in turn depends on management of the entire watershed. Agricultural and commercial runoff, logging of stream and river corridors, and pollutants are all real and current threats in the watershed. As growth and associated demands for groundwater continue in the Cumberland Valley, these species of concern may serve as indicators of the health of both the Creek and the Valley’s groundwater.

Five terrestrial plant species of concern are also known from the Macrosite, including several fair quality populations of a PA-threatened, G4G5 species. These species co-occur in rich floodplain woods that have not been recently disturbed. Common overstory trees at these sites include silver maple, box elder (Acer negundo), sycamore, shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), honey locust (Gleditsia tricanthos), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and basswood. The groundcover at these sites is a diverse, particularly the spring ephemeral flora. Associates of the listed plant species include moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia), bluebells (Mertensia virginiana), spring beauty (Claytonia virginiana), may apple (Podophyllum peltatum), water-leaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) and various sedge species (Carex spp.). A fair population of another PA-Rare plant species was found during surveys in 1998. The population was growing along the downstream end of an

57 island on open sand, silt and a gravel bar. The area was dominated by the non-native invasive species, Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and other low-growing herbs. Removal of this invasive species would increase the habitat value for other plants and animals, including the PA-Rare species.

Most of the remaining forested slopes and floodplains along this stretch of the Conodoguinet are restricted to narrow strips of relatively inaccessible or undevelopable land. Disturbances include cottages and residential development, old roads, jeep trails, and sewer lines, and runoff and trash dumping onto the slopes from the largely residential and commercial areas above. Such disturbances provide opportunities for the colonization of habitat by exotic plants,; garlic mustard (Alliaria officinalis), in particular, is widespread in disturbed areas of these floodplain habitats. Despite these disturbances, good quality populations of the plant species of concern persist at the known sites, and any intact floodplain forest along this portion of the Conodoguinet should be considered potential rare plant habitat. Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) has been removed from the species of concern list.

HAMPDEN SLOPES (Hampden Twp.) - one animal species of concern - Hampden slopes consist of steep north and west-facing forested slopes and narrow strip of floodplain along Conodoguinet Creek. Despite the highly developed commercial corridor above the slope, the site has a fairly mature (over 100 year old) forest, with sugar maple, basswood, and hackberry most common on the slope and silver maple, sycamore, and box elder predominating on the floodplain. Herbaceous species include Dutchman’s breeches, trout lily, spring-beauty, bloodroot, and jewelweed. Disturbances include an old roadbed at the toe of the slope, erosion in some of the steepest sections of the slope, trash, and exotic plant species such as garlic mustard and myrtle (Vinca minor). Wildlife observed here along the creek includes animal species of concern (Pandion haliaeetus), spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia), kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), and map turtles (Graptemys geographica). Preventing further dumping or encroachment into the forest from above will protect the character of the site. This site is within the buffer area for the Conodoguinet Macrosite.

LAMBS GAP/TROUT RUN HEADWATERS (Rye Twp.) - Circumneutral Broadleaf Swamp Community, Glade spurge (Euphorbia purpurea), lined bog skimmer (Somatochlora linearis), two animal species of concern - This site supports a fair quality example of a Circumneutral Broadleaf Swamp Natural Community. It is comprised of a series of broad seeps, which occur in the bottom of a valley between Little Mountain and Blue Mountain. The swamp is dominated by American beech, black birch, and tulip poplar with an understory of smooth alder and spicebush. The substrate of the seeps is relatively deep muck. Moss-covered hummocks support shrub copses, trees, and several species of fern. A wide diversity of herbs, sedges, and grasses grows within the swamp as well as along its margins. Skunk cabbage and jewelweed are dominant herbs. The site supports a good quality population of a globally rare plant species. During recent surveys, one PA-Rare and three PA-Threatened plant species were found at this site along with three animal species of concern. The relative isolation of the site, tucked between the mountains, makes it good habitat for a number of common birds, reptiles, and amphibians. A few species that have been observed here during our field surveys include wood and green frogs, dusky and red-backed salamanders, water snakes, and 26 species of birds. The swamp is undisturbed except for some nearby mountain bike trails. Adjacent slopes on the two mountains were both clear cut over ten years ago but the clear cutting does not appear to have impacted the hydrology of the site. Opportunistic exotic species that frequently colonize disturbed

58 areas may invade the clear cuts and potentially threaten the quality of the site. Limiting disturbances in this watershed, particularly by re-routing the existing bike trails, will help to maintain the quality of this site and allow the globally rare species to persist here. This site is located in State Game Lands 170.

59 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Middle Spring Creek CONCERN G3 S2 PE 2000-06-03 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Peebles Run CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-06-07 C

PUTTYROOT Running Pump Road Woods (APLECTRUM HYEMALE) G5 S3 PR 1998-03-07 CD

EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUAT ING NATURAL POOL Three Square Hollow Pools COMMUNITY G? S3 1997-07-17 B

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1997-07-17 B

CRANEFLY ORCHID Three Square Hollow Run (TIPULARIA DISCOLOR) G4G5 S3 PR 1988-05-25 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-06-07 B

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

60 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP MAP

HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP:

MIDDLE SPRING CREEK (Hopewell and Southampton Twps., Shippensburg Boro., Franklin Co.) one animal species of concern - During surveys in 2000, PA-Endangered animal was discovered in a small wetland along the creek on the southern edge of the county. Associated plant species include Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Cattail (Typha spp.), Foxtail (Setaris spp.), Spike Rush (Eleocharis spp.), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Sedges (Carex spp.), Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium) and mosses (Sphagnum spp.). The wetland is fed by groundwater and has standing water in some areas. The site is disturbed and threats to this animal include invasive species and further development. More surveys are needed at this site to determine the status of the population. Better management of the area might include removal of invasive species.

PEEBLES RUN (Hopewell Twp.) one animal species of concern - A small creek at this site supports a small fair quality population of a S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a small creek with riffles, runs and pools with a substrate of silt, sand, and gravel. Associated species include creek chub, blacknose dace, longnose dace, bluegill, rockbass, and tesselated darter. This site has been degraded by siltation from agriculture field runoff. Persistence of this species at this site is threatened by continued agricultural pollution. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

RUNNING PUMP ROAD WOODS (Hopewell, North Newton Twps.) puttyroot (Aplecturm hyemale) - A small poor quality population of a PA-Rare plant species occurs in a oak-hickory forest at this site. This species was last surveyed for and observed in 1987. A future survey is recommended to determine if this species still occurs at this site.

THREE SQUARE HOLLOW RUN (Hopewell, Upper Mifflin Twps.) Cranefly orchid (Tipularia discolor), animal species of concern - The creek at this site supports a fair quality population of a S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a moderate gradient clearwater creek with riffles, runs and a few pools flowing through a landscape of forest and old fields. Associated species include creek chub, common shiner, blacknose dace, longnose dace, fantail darter and tesselated darter. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

THREE SQUARE HOLLOW POOLS (Toboyne Twp.) Ephemeral Fluctuating Natural Pool Community, Northeastern Bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) - This site is a good quality example of an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pool Community. It includes 11 pools and wet depressions at the base of Sherman Mountain, near the headwaters of Laurel Run. At the time of observation the ponds had varying depths of water, ranging from several feet to a few inches, with several ponds having only saturated soil. Vegetation cover varies widely between pools. The shallower pools and depressions tend to be partially forested by red maple and black-gum trees, with Sphagnum moss and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) common in the ground-cover. The larger, deeper pools are more open, with red maple, black-gum, sweet birch, chokeberry, mountain laurel, and huckleberry restricted to the margins. Ground-cover in the deeper pools include three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), pale meadowgrass (Torreyochloa pallida), floating mannagrass (Glyceria septentrionalis) and sedges (Carex spp.). A good quality population of a PE G3S2 species occurs in one of the ponds. The surrounding forest is dominated by black-gum and various oaks and is relatively undisturbed, with

62 some large trees. Seasonal ponds such as this are also important as breeding habitat for amphibians. Logging in the area should include adequate buffers around all of the pools. The site is entirely within Tuscarora State Forest.

63 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

LOWER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

BEARD-TONGUE (PENSTEMON Bloserville Hill CANESCENS) G4 S3 N 2000-07-10 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2000-07-10 CD MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY (RIBES MISSOURIENSE) G5 S1 PE 2000-07-10 A

ILLINOIS PONDWEED (POTAMOGETON Conodoguinet Creek At Carlisle ILLINOENSIS) G5 S3S4 TU 1997-06-24 E

WHITE WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 1997-06-24 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2000-04-17 D

BEARD-TONGUE Conodoguinet Creek At Mt Zion (PENSTEMON School Road CANESCENS) G4 S3 N 2000-07-07 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2000-07-30 D

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 2000-05-31 D

SLENDER GOLDEN- ROD (SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA VAR ERECTA) G5 S1 PE 2000-07-05 B

64 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

STALKED WILD- PETUNIA (RUELLIA PEDUNCULATA) G5 S1 N 2000-07-30 D

WHITE WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS Conodoguinet Creek At Mt. AQUATILIS VAR Rock Spring Creek DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 1997-06-08 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Locust Creek CONCERN G4 S4 PC 1997-07-06 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Waggoner's Gap CONCERN G3 S3 PT 1997-12-09 E

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 200-11-29 C

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

65 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, LOWER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP MAP

LOWER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP:

BLOSERVILLE HILL (Lower and Upper Frankford Twps.) - This site is a forested woodlot on a shale ridge. It supports a good quality population of a PA-Endangered shrub species. Missouri gooseberry (Ribes missouriense) is the dominant shrub in portions of the forest at this site. It is reproducing well and should persist at the site indefinitely if it is not disturbed. Clearcutting of the woods would be detrimental to this species. During a survey to this site in 2000, two additional plant species of concern were found in the floodplain and surrounding hills in this area. Limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens) is a fair-quality population of a G4G5, S2 PA-Threatened plant species of concern, and beard-tongue (Penstemon canescens) is good-quality population of a G4, S3 plant species of special concern. The discovery of these two additional plant species of concern at this site increases the importance of maintaining undisturbed forested buffers along the Conodoguinet Creek and hillsides in this area.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT CARLISLE (North Middleton and Lower Frankford Twps.) Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis), white-water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var diffusus), Limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens) - This site extends along a several mile stretch of the Conodoguinet Creek and supports three plant species of special concern. Two of these species are aquatic, growing submerged in the Conodoguinet. Populations for these species are small and thinly scattered in the creek. They occur with curly pondweed, broad waterweed, and horned pondweed. Curly pondweed is exotic species, which grows thickly in parts of the Conodoguinet. It is likely out- competing native aquatic species and is a threat to the persistence of the rare species at this site. These two rare species found in this section of the creek likely occur at other locations up and downstream, and further surveys are recommended. The floodplain adjacent to the Creek supports a poor-quality population of a PA-Endangered plant species. It is found growing in a thicket of red elm, honey- locust, box elder, sycamore, black raspberry, and Japanese honeysuckle. Last observed in 1987, this occurrence may have since been overrun by exotic species. This species, which prefers rich floodplain soils, is known from several locations along the Conodoguinet Creek and probably occurs at additional sites on the creek that have yet to be surveyed. Maintaining forest buffers along the banks of the Conodoguinet and its tributaries will provide habitat for the rare floodplain plant species as well as help to limit sediment loads in the creek and benefit the aquatic fauna and flora. This site occurs on both the Carlisle and Plainfield quadrangles.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT MT. ZION SCHOOL - (Lower Frankford & West Pennsboro Twps.) beard-tongue (Penstemon canescens), limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens), sedge (Carex shortiana), slender goldenrod (Solidago speciosa var erecta), stalked wild-petnia (Ruellia pedunculata) – This site includes the Conodoguinet Creek floodplain and banks, as well as the forested hills and ravines flanking both sides of the creek. Five plant species of concern, including two S1 species, one S2 species and two S3 species were identified at this site in 2000. Beard-tongue (Penstemon canescens) is a good-quality population of a G4, S3 plant species; slender goldenrod (Solidago speciosa var erecta) is good-quality population of a G5, S1 PA-Endangered plant species; and stalked wild-petnia (Ruellia pedunculata) is a small population of a G5, S1 plant species of concern, the first and only record of this plant species occurring in Pennsylvania. These plants of special concern were found among the shale cliffs and rock outcrops within a red cedar-mixed hardwood, rich shale woodland. Limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens) is a small population of a

67 G4G5, S2 PA-Threatened plant species that was found along the forested floodplain of the Conodoguinet Creek. A sedge (Carex shortiana) is a G5, S3 plant species of concern found in a small marsh in a forest opening within a wooded shale ravine. The forested floodplain along the creek, the forested slopes and ravines to the north of the creek, and the dry shale outcrops provide valuable habitat for the species of concern in this area. EXOTIC species of plants including garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) present the greatest threat to these species. Deer browsing, logging operations and road maintenance are additional threats that may degrade the habitat at this site for these species. Maintaining this site in its present condition with an intact forested buffer will best provide protection of the habitat for these species.

CONODOGUINET AT MT. ROCK SPRING CREEK (Lower Frankford Twp.) White-water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var diffusus) - This site includes a portion of the Conodoguinet Creek. The creek is wide and relatively shallow along this stretch with a bottom of gravel. It supports a small population of an aquatic plant species, which is listed as Threatened in PA. It is likely more of this species occurs in the creek along this stretch. Further surveys are recommended to determine the quality and extent of this population. The south side of the creek is poorly buffered at this site with no trees along the bank. Forest buffer along the creek provides valuable habitat for both rare and common species as well as helping to prevent erosion and to maintain the quality of the water.

LOCUST CREEK (Lower Frankford Twp.) one animal species of conern - The well-shaded creek at this site supports a good quality population of a S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a narrow hard bottomed stream with a cobble substrate with scattered areas of silt and bedrock. Associated species include creek chub, blacknose dace, longnose dace, and fantail darter. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

WAGGONER’S GAP, (Lower Frankford Twp.) prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), animal species of concern - This site is located on the crest of Blue Mountain in the vicinity of Waggoner's Gap. The area consists of three main habitat types including patches of exposed talus outcrops, patches of pine-oak-heath woodland, and more extensive xeric mixed oak forest. The talus outcrops occur on the ridgetop and on south facing slopes and consist of large rock boulders, which form many small cave-like crevices and support no vegetation. These areas are fringed primarily with chestnut oak and black birch. The pine-oak-heath woodland occurs on a large expanse of exposed bedrock that flanks a section of the mountain ridge on the south side. This area is characterized by scattered pines and chestnut oaks with patches of mountain laurel and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), and a few scattered herbs. It can be seen on the upslope side of Route 74 when driving on the south side of the gap. This site supports two species of concern, one a PA-Threatened animal species and the other a PA-Rare plant species. This site has been disturbed by the construction of Route 74 and radio transmission towers. Its close proximity to the road and the panoramic view makes it a desirable party spot and therefore vulnerable to degradation from trash and vandalism.

68 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

LOWER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Doubling Gap Creek CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-07-06 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Flat Rock Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1996-07-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Tuscarora Trail Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1990-11-27 E

Locally Significant area: Colonel Denning State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

69 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, LOWER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP MAP

LOWER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP:

DOUBLING GAP CREEK (Lower Mifflin Twp.) one animal species of concern - The creek at this site supports a good quality population of an S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a narrow hard bottomed stream with a substrate of gravel, cobble, rubble, and bedrock. It is characterized by slow to moderate flow with a few small riffles. Associated species include creek chub, blacknose dace, longnose dace, and fantail darter. No immediate threats to this population were observed in 1997 but keeping the stream free of excessive agricultural sedimentation will help this species persist at this site. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

FLAT ROCK SITE (Upper Frankford Twp.) one animal species of concern - This southeast facing forested mountain slope supports a PA-Threatened animal species. The canopy vegetation includes black oak and chestnut oak. The subcanopy includes witch hazel, mountain laurel, blackberry, and grape. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1996. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

TUSCARORA TRAIL SITE (Lower Mifflin, Tyrone Twps.) one animal species of concern -- This site is a rocky forested ridgetop along the border of Cumberland and Perry Counties, dominated by oak. Evidence of a PA-Threatened animal species was found here in 1990; further surveys to determine the extent and condition of the population are recommended. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

Locally Significant Site:

Colonel Denning State Park (Lower Mifflin Twp.) –This locally significant site occupies a narrow valley formed by Doubling Gap, a bend in the Blue Ridge. There are historical records from the Park for both plant and animal species of concern. Doubling Gap Creek, a High-Quality Cold Water Fishery, bisects the park. The plant species of concern were known from a small seepage swamp adjacent to Doubling Gap Run. Although searches in recent years have not identified any species of concern, the swamp is in fairly good condition, with a diverse, mostly native flora. Scattered trees, including black ash (Fraxinus nigra), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and northern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) mix with a shrub layer dominated by spicebush , winterberry, and highbush blueberry. The groundcover includes numerous sedge species (Carex spp.), manna-grasses (Glyceria spp.), skunk-cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) and other fern species. In the past the swamp has been disturbed by flooding from dams on Doubling Gap Creek, and by fill from construction of nearby hiking trails. Despite these disturbances, a diverse native flora has persisted and the site remains potential habitat for rare species. Doubling Gap Creek itself has in the past supported an aquatic animal species of concern in the park, and an animal species of concern is found downstream. The Park is also used for recreation, with nature trails and impounded areas for swimming along the Creek, and a network of hiking trails ascending the second-growth forests on the steep sides of the valley.

71 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Conodoguinet Creek At LIMESTONE PETUNIA Bernhisel Bridge (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-07 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-20 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-20 BC

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-19 E

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA G5 S3 N 1997-06-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1995-08-15 E

Conodoguinet Creek at Wolf ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bridge CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-19 B

Locally Significant area: Letort Spring Run

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

72 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP MAP

MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP:

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT BERNHISEL BRIDGE (Middlesex Twp.) Limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens), sedge (Carex shortiana), two animal species of concern - This site supports two plant species of concern and two animal species of concern. The plant species occur on the floodplain of Conodoguinet Creek. The floodplain is made up primarily of old fields with some patches of successional forest in-between. Older trees and remnants of native floodplain plant herb associations occur in a narrow band along the creek bank. The trees include silver maple, hackberry, box elder, and slippery elm. The plants species of concern will benefit from minimizing disturbance on the floodplain and by allowing a wider forested buffer to grow in along the creek. This site is partly on the Appalachian Trail National Historic Corridor. The animal species of concern both occur in the Conodoguinet Creek, associated with Eastern Elliptio, squawfoot, and the exotic species the Asiatic Clam. Maintaining water quality in the Conodoguinet will benefit these species, which also occur downstream at several locations along the Creek.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT WOLF BRIDGE (Middlesex Twp.) one animal species of concern - A population of a PA-Endangered aquatic invertebrate species was found in this stretch of the Conodoguinet Creek, upstream of the Creek’s confluence with Letort Spring Run. Associated animal species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata), squawfoot (Strophitus undulatus), and Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). The substrate is fine gravel, sand and silt, with some submerged aquatic vegetation. This species also occurs at several sites further downstream, and further surveys may uncover additional sites in the Conodoguinet. Maintaining water quality upstream is the most important requirement for conserving this population.

Locally Significant Site:

Letort Spring Run (Middlesex Twp.) This locally significant area consists of marshy floodplain habitat along this spring-fed tributary to the Conodoguinet Creek. Letort Spring Run itself has abundant aquatic vegetation, including broad waterweed (Elodea canadensis), Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), and watercress (Nasturtium officinalis). The surrounding marshes have patches of cattail, (Typha latifolia), reed-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), blue vervain (Verbena hastata), and joe-pye weed (Eupatorium fistulosum), as well as a few willow trees (Salix spp.) and patches of dogwood (Cornus amomum) and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). The site presents a variety of habitats for birds -- Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were observed during one survey. Letort Spring Run is also listed as a HQ-CWF from its source to Letort Park.

74 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA Cactus Hill Site HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1998-03-24 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA Cave Hill Nature Center (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-10-17 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S2S3 1998-03-24 E

TALL GRAMMA (BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA) G5 S2 PT 2001-06-31 D

ILLINOIS PONDWEED (POTAMOGETON Conodoguinet Creek At Carlisle ILLINOENSIS) G5 S3S4 TU 1997-06-24 E

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1987-07-21 D

WHITE WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 1997-06-24 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Waggoner's Gap CONCERN G3 S3 PT 1997-12-09 E

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 200-11-29 C

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

75 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP MAP

NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP:

CACTUS HILL SITE (North Middleton Twp.) prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa) - This is a xeric site with a shaly soil supporting a forest of chestnut oak, pignut hickory, Scot's pine and Virginia pine. A good population of a PA-Rare plant species is found on a powerline R.O.W. that cuts through the site. The plant is associated with beard-tongue, moss-pink, and rattlesnake-weed. The species of concern requires open conditions. Increased growth of blackberry thickets and tree species could shade out the plant. The powerline R.O.W. should be kept open by annual mowing or other methods, which will not harm the species of concern.

CAVE HILL NATURE CENTER (North Middleton Twp.) limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens), tall gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula), one animal species of concern - This site is an area of limestone bluffs facing the Conodoguinet Creek. Three different species of concern occur here. A G3 invertebrate species is found in rimstone pools inside a cave. Portions of the cave flood in high water, and the cave has been damaged by graffiti and vandalism. The species of concern was found in an elevated side-passage of the cave, and further surveys are encouraged to determine the extend of the population. Two PA-Threatened plant species are also found at this site. These species, one of which has been known to occur at this site since 1925, may soon be lost due to site degradation. Road construction, trash dumping, and colonization of exotic species have all impacted the site. Much of the previously available habitat has been overrun by black swallow-wort. This small vine of the milkweed family is a native of southern Europe. It grows in dense colonies climbing over and crowding out our native species. It grows with vigor in exposed limestone areas such as that found at the Cave Hill site. One of the plant species of concern occurs on the road shoulder, where mowing appears to have kept the black swallow-wort and other exotics in check. Appropriate management at this site would include gating the cave, to protect the element as well as bats, which use the cave as a hibernacula, and continued mowing of the area along the road.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT CARLISLE (North Middleton and Lower Frankford Twps.) Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis), white water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var diffusus), limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens) - This site extends along a several mile stretch of the Conodoguinet Creek and supports three plant species of special concern. Two of these species are aquatic, growing submerged in the Conodoguinet. Populations for these species are small and thinly scattered in the creek. They occur with curly pondweed, broad waterweed, and horned pondweed. Curly pondweed is exotic species, which grows thickly in parts of the Conodoguinet. It is likely out- competing native aquatic species and is a threat to the persistence of the rare species at this site. These two rare species found in this section of the creek likely occur at other locations up and downstream, and further surveys are recommended. The floodplain adjacent to the Creek supports a poor-quality population of a PA-Endangered plant species. It is found growing in a thicket of red elm, honey- locust, box elder, sycamore, black raspberry, and Japanese honeysuckle. Last observed in 1987, this occurrence may have since been overrun by exotic species. This species, which prefers rich floodplain soils, is known from several locations along the Conodoguinet Creek and probably occurs at additional sites on the creek that have yet to be surveyed. Maintaining forest buffers along the banks of the Conodoguinet and its tributaries will provide habitat for the rare floodplain plant species as well as help to limit sediment loads in the creek and benefit the aquatic fauna and flora. This site occurs on both the Carlisle and Plainfield quadrangles.

WAGGONER’S GAP, (Lower Frankford, North Middleton Twps.) prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), one animal species of concern - This site is located on the crest of Blue Mountain in the vicinity of Waggoner's Gap. The area consists of three main habitat types including patches of exposed talus outcrops, patches of pine-oak-heath woodland, and more extensive xeric mixed oak forest. The talus outcrops occur on the ridgetop and on south facing slopes and consist of large rock boulders, which form many small cave-like crevices and support no vegetation. These areas are fringed primarily with chestnut oak and black birch. The pine-oak-heath woodland occurs on a large expanse of exposed bedrock that flanks a section of the mountain ridge on the south side. This area is characterized by scattered pines and chestnut oaks. There are patches of mountain laurel and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), and a few scattered herbs. It can be seen on the upslope side of Route 74 when driving on the south side of the gap. This site supports two species of concern, one a PA-Threatened animal species and the other a PA-Rare plant species. This site has been disturbed by the construction of Route 74 and radio transmission towers. Its close proximity to the road and the panoramic view makes it a desirable party spot and therefore vulnerable to degradation from trash and vandalism.

78 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE Conodoguinet Creek At PETUNIA Bernhisel Bridge (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-07 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-20 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-20 BC

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1995-08-15 E

Conodoguinet Creek at Rich SEDGE Valley Road (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-21 B

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1997-09-27 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-27 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Conodoguinet Macrosite CONCERN G5 S3S4 1998-09-17 E

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-20 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-07 C

79 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE PETUNIA Conodoguinet Macrosite (continued) (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1997-06-20 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2002-08-22 D

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-07 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-22 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-20 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-14 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-05-22 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1997-08-07 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-09-17 E

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-20 BC

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-20 B

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1997-06-20 E

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1995-09-19 C

80 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

SHELLBARK HICKORY Conodoguinet Macrosite (continued) (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 Delisted 1997-09-21 B

TOOTH-CUP (ROTALA RAMOSIOR) G5 S3 PR 1998-09-17 C

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-12 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-26 B

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 2001-04-23 BC

WHITE TROUT-LILY (ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM) G5 S3 N 1997-04-13 BC

WHITE WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 1998-09-07 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-20 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1997-05-14 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-08 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-18 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-17 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-07 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1B PE 2000-04-18 E

81 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

CIRCUMNEUTRAL BROADLEAF Lambs Gap/Trout Run SWAMP Headwaters COMMUNITY G? S2S3 1997-06-07 C

GLADE SPURGE (EUPHORBIA PURPUREA) G3 S1 PE 1998-06 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S1 2002-06-26 AB

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3 2002-06-26 E

LINED BOG SKIMMER (SOMATOCHLORA LINEARIS) G5 S1 2001-08-26 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

82 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP MAP

SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP:

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT BERNHISEL BRIDGE (Middlesex Twp.) limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens), sedge (Carex shortiana), two animal species of concern - This site supports two plant species of concern and two animal species of concern. The plant species occur on the floodplain of Conodoguinet Creek. The floodplain is made up primarily of old fields with some patches of successional forest in-between. Older trees and remnants of native floodplain plant herb associations occur in a narrow band along the creek bank. The trees include silver maple, hackberry, box elder, and slippery elm. The plants species of concern will benefit from minimizing disturbance on the floodplain and by allowing a wider forested buffer to grow in along the creek. This site is partly on the Appalachian Trail National Historic Corridor. The animal species of concern both occur in the Conodoguinet Creek, associated with Eastern Elliptio, squawfoot, and the exotic species the Asiatic Clam. Maintaining water quality in the Conodoguinet will benefit these species, which also occur downstream at several locations along the Creek.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT RICH VALLEY ROAD (Silver Spring Twp.) shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa), white-trout lily (Erythronium albidum), sedge (Carex shortiana)- There are good quality populations of three plant species of concern at this forested floodplain along the Conodoguinet Creek. Past clearing and agriculture have disturbed the site and introduced exotic species (garlic mustard, dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) and multiflora rose are common), but a diverse native flora persists in some areas. The species of concern are found in a forest whose canopy includes silver maple, box elder, hackberry, and shagbark hickory, with a diverse flora including bluebells, spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), may apple (Podophyllum peltatum), and jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum). Protecting this site and other remaining floodplain forest fragments along the Conodoguinet will benefit the species of concern. Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) has been removed from the species of concern list.

Good quality populations of two aquatic animal species of concern were found at several locations in the Macrosite, in habitat consisting of riffles and shallow areas of still water. Associated animal species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) and the exotic Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), which is the most common bivalve species in the Creek and may be crowding out or competing with the listed species. A fair to good quality population of an aquatic plant species of

84 concern was also found in this portion of the Conodoguinet. It was found downstream of small cold- water tributary stream, associated with watercress (Nasturtium officinalis), waterweed (Elodea canadensis), water-stargrass (Zosterella dubia), and Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum).

Four terrestrial plant species of concern are also known from the Macrosite, including several fair quality populations of a PA-threatened, G4G5 species. These species co-occur in rich floodplain woods that have not been recently disturbed. Common overstory trees at these sites include silver maple, box elder (Acer negundo), sycamore, shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), honey locust (Gleditsia tricanthos), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and basswood. The groundcover at these sites is a diverse, particularly the spring ephemeral flora. Associates of the listed plant species include moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia), bluebells (Mertensia virginiana), spring beauty (Claytonia virginiana), may apple (Podophyllum peltatum), water-leaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) and various sedge species (Carex spp.).

LAMBS GAP/TROUT RUN HEADWATERS (Rye Twp.) one community, eleven plant species of concern, nine animal species of concern - This site supports a fair quality example of a Circumneutral Broadleaf Swamp Natural Community. It is comprised of a series of broad seeps, which occur in the bottom of a valley between Little Mountain and Blue Mountain. The swamp is dominated by American beech, black birch, and tulip poplar with an understory of smooth alder and spicebush. The substrate of the seeps is relatively deep muck. Moss-covered hummocks support shrub copses, trees, and several species of fern. A wide diversity of herbs, sedges, and grasses grows within the swamp as well as along its margins. Skunk cabbage and jewelweed are dominant herbs. The site supports a good quality population of a globally rare plant species. During recent surveys, one PA-Rare and three PA-Threatened plant species were found at this site along with three animal species of concern. The relative isolation of the site, tucked between the mountains, makes it good habitat for a number of common birds, reptiles, and amphibians. A few species that have been observed here

85 during our field surveys include wood and green frogs, dusky and red-backed salamanders, water snakes, and 26 species of birds. The swamp is undisturbed except for some nearby mountain bike trails. Adjacent slopes on the two mountains were both clear cut over ten years ago but the clear cutting does not appear to have impacted the hydrology of the site. Opportunistic exotic species that frequently colonize disturbed areas may invade the clear cuts and potentially threaten the quality of the site. Limiting disturbances in this watershed, particularly by re-routing the existing bike trails, will help to maintain the quality of this site and allow the globally rare species to persist here. This site is located in State Game Lands 170.

86 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

UPPER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

BEARD-TONGUE (PENSTEMON Bloserville Hill CANESCENS) G4 S3 N 2000-07-10 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2000-07-10 CD

MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY (RIBES MISSOURIENSE) G5 S1 PE 2000-07-10 A

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Conodoguinet Creek At 402 CONCERN G3 S2 1994-08-02 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Doubling Gap Creek CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-07-06 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Flat Rock Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1996-07-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Locust Creek CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-07-06 B

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

87 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, UPPER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP MAP

UPPER FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP:

BLOSERVILLE HILL (Upper and Lower Frankford Twps.) - This site is a forested woodlot on a shale ridge. It supports a good quality population of a PA-Endangered shrub species. Missouri gooseberry (Ribes missouriense) is the dominant shrub in portions of the forest at this site. It is reproducing well and should persist at the site indefinitely if it is not disturbed. Clearcutting of the woods would be detrimental to this species. During a survey to this site in 2000, two additional plant species of concern were found in the floodplain and surrounding hills in this area. Limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens) is a fair-quality population of a G4G5, S2 PA-Threatened plant species of concern, and beard-tongue (Penstemon canescens) is good-quality population of a G4, S3 plant species of special concern. The discovery of these two additional plant species of concern at this site increases the importance of maintaining undisturbed forested buffers along the Conodoguinet Creek and hillsides in this area.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT ROUTE 402 BRIDGE (Upper Frankford Twp.) one animal species of concern - Evidence of a G3 animal species was found at this in the creek 1994. Further surveys are suggested to determine the extent and size of this population. This species is sensitive to pollution and excessive sedimentation.

DOUBLING GAP CREEK (Lower Mifflin, Upper Frankford Twps.) one animal species of concern - The creek at this site supports a good quality population of an S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a narrow hard-bottomed stream with a substrate of gravel, cobble, rubble, and bedrock. It is characterized by slow to moderate flow with a few small riffles. Associated species include creek chub, blacknose dace, longnose dace, and fantail darter. No immediate threats to this population were observed in 1997 but keeping the stream free of excessive agricultural sedimentation will help this species persist at this site. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

LOCUST CREEK (Upper and Lower Frankford Twps.) one animal species of concern - The well- shaded creek at this site supports a good quality population of an S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a narrow hard-bottomed stream with a cobble substrate with scattered areas of silt and bedrock. Associated species include creek chub, blacknose dace, longnose dace, and fantail darter. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

89 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

UPPER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF State Game Lands #169 CONCERN G5 S2S3B 1998-05-14 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1988-09-21 D

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1998-05-14 C

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1998-02-22 C

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1998-02-22 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Three Square Hollow East CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1986-10-02 C

EPHEMERAL/FLUCT UATING NATURAL Three Square Hollow Pools POOL COMMUNITY G? S3 1997-07-17 B

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1997-07-17 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Three Square Hollow Run CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-06-07 B

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

90 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, UPPER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP MAP

UPPER MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP:

STATE GAME LANDS #169 (Upper Mifflin Twp.) limestone petunia (Ruellia strepens), prickly- pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), one animal species of concern- Two plant and two animal species of concern occur in different habitat within this game lands on the Newburg and Newville quadrangles. This site supports three separate locations for a fair to good quality population of a PA Rare plant species. The species occurs on dry, open barrens-like southwest-facing slopes. It may have been more extensive in the past but large sections of the site are succeeding to forest and shrubland and the rare plant is being outcompeted. The best remaining areas are those that remain most open. The upper edges of the site have been impacted by management of the State Game Lands, which has included plowing, and planting of various grasses. Knapweed and shrub honeysuckle are two non-native species that have also have been competing with the rare species. Keeping woody species from invading these small barrens openings will help this species persist at this site. The other rare species at this site are associated with wetlands and floodplain along the north side of the Conodoguinet Creek. A poor-quality population of a PA-Threatened plant species was observed along the floodplain of the Creek-- disturbance of the forest canopy and competition from exotics are threats to this species, which also occurs at several locations downstream along the Creek. A PA- Endangered animal species was observed in a forested wetland along the Creek in 1992. The habitat has been disturbed by agricultural runoff and a powerline, and the remaining habitat is marginal. Finally, in 1998 a fair to good quality population of an animal species of concern was discovered to be nesting along the edges of a large, impounded lagoon between the Creek and the agricultural fields to the North. Preventing human disturbance to the lagoon and adjacent treelines will benefit this species at the site.

THREE SQUARE HOLLOW-EAST (Upper Mifflin Twp.) one animal species of concern - This site consists of the forested crest and steep upper slope of a southeast facing mountain ridge. It is dominated by mixed oak species growing from a talus substrate. It supports a fair quality population of a PA-Threatened animal species. A small portion of this site is located in Tuscarora State Forest.

THREE SQUARE HOLLOW POOLS (Toboyne Twp.) Ephemeral Fluctuating Natural Pool Community, Northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) - This site is a good quality example of an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pool Community. It includes 11 pools and wet depressions at the base of Sherman Mountain, near the headwaters of Laurel Run. At the time of observation the ponds had varying depths of water, ranging from several feet to a few inches, with several ponds having only saturated soil. Vegetation cover varies widely between pools. The shallower pools and depressions tend to be partially forested by red maple and black-gum trees, with Sphagnum moss and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) common in the ground-cover. The larger, deeper pools are more open, with red maple, blackgum, sweet birch, chokeberry, mountain laurel, and huckleberry restricted to the margins. Ground-cover in the deeper pools include three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), pale meadowgrass (Torreyochloa pallida), floating mannagrass (Glyceria septentrionalis) and sedges (Carex spp.). A good quality population of a PE G3S2 species occurs in one of the ponds. The surrounding forest is dominated by blackgum and various oaks and is relatively undisturbed, with some large trees. Seasonal ponds such as this are also important as breeding habitat for amphibians. Logging in the area should include adequate buffers around all of the pools. The site is entirely within Tuscarora State Forest.

92 THREE SQUARE HOLLOW RUN (Upper Mifflin Twp.) one animal species of concern - The creek at this site supports a fair quality population of a S1/S2 animal species. The site consists of a moderate gradient clearwater creek with riffles, runs and a few pools flowing through a landscape of forest and old fields. Associated species include creek chub, common shiner, blacknose dace, longnose dace, fantail darter and tesselated darter. Further surveys are encouraged to determine the extent of this population in this drainage.

93 DAUPHIN COUNTY

EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Geologic feature– Devils Race Course “BOULDER BELTS” G? S? 1979 E

A HAND-MAID MOTH (DATANA Fort Indiantown Gap RANAECEPS) G3G4 S1 1999-05-17 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1999-11-17 E

AMERICAN HOLLY (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 1999-09-20 D

FORKED- CHICKWEED (PARONYCHIA FASTIGIATA VAR NUTTALLII) G5T3T S1S2 TU 1999-09-08 C

FROSTED ELFIN (INCISALIA IRUS) G3G4 S1S2 1999-05-10 E

LEONARD'S SKIPPER (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 1998-08-21 C

LEONARD'S SKIPPER (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 1999-09-09 B

LEONARD'S SKIPPER (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 1995-08-17 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1999-07-15 E

PINE BARRENS ZALE ZALE SP 1 G3Q S1 1999-05-17 E

94 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Fort Indiantown Gap REGAL FRITILLARY (continued) (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 1998 E

REGAL FRITILLARY (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 1998 AB

REGAL FRITILLARY (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 1998 E

STRIPED GENTIAN (GENTIANA VILLOSA) G4 S1 TU 1999-10-21 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Fort Indiantown Gap Macrosite CONCERN G3G5 SU 1999-07-15 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 1998-06-22 E

HORSE-GENTIAN (TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM) G5 S1 TU 1994-10-26 CD

LEONARD'S SKIPPER (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 1999-09-09 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1999-08-26 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1999-07-28 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1999-06-30 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1999-06-24 E

REGAL FRITILLARY (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 1998 E

NODDING TRILLIUM (TRILLIUM CERNUUM) G5 S3 N 2002-04-23 BC

AMERICAN HOLLY Manada Creek Woods (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 1999-09-13 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Rattling Run Headwaters CONCERN G4 S3S4 PC 1994-08-25 E

95 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Stony Creek Valley- Part Of Sgl ANIMAL SPECIES OF #211 CONCERN G4 S2S3 2002-06-16 E

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM AQUATICUM) G5 S4 Delisted 1997-08-29 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Stony Mountain CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1993-01-15 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1996-10-30 E * Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

96 DAUPHIN COUNTY, EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP MAP

EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP:

DEVILS RACE COURSE Boulder Belts (East Hanover, Middle Paxton Twps.) - is a boulder field about 40 meters wide and over 1000 meters long. It is formed by angular boulders from the two adjacent ridges, broken off by successive freezing and thawing when the glacial front was nearby to the north.

FORT INDIANTOWN GAP (East Hanover Twp.) seven animal species of concern, three plant species of concern - This site is a valley located between Blue Mountain and Second Mountain on both sides of the Dauphin/ Lebanon county line. Historically, parts of the valley were kept open by wildfires and other disturbance. In recent times, the valley has been used as a military reservation. Bombing and other exercises by the military have maintained an unusual, prairie-like habitat in parts of the valley. Currently the Fort is a mosaic of second-growth mixed oak and conifer forests, woodlands, open areas dominated by little bluestem (Shizachyrium scoparium) and other grasses, goldenrods (Solidago spp.), milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), asters (Aster spp.), and blueberries. Surveys in 1999 produced one poor population of a PA-Threatened plant species located in St. Paul's Cemetery Woods. This species is found in mixed-hardwood habitat and appears healthy despite evidence of repeated deer browse. Evidence of a PA-Threatened animal species was found in this area during surveys in 1999. Evidence of extant populations was found at 10 locations along second mountain, including areas within the Fort Indiantown Gap site and extending into Lebanon County. This species utilizes rocky outcrops along the ridgetop. Populations of three rare animal species occur together in the open habitats in the Dauphin County portion of the valley. One of these is a G3 species, and the Fort Indiantown Gap population is the last known population in the East. This species has very specific habitat requirements, and has been found at several separate locations in the Gap where pockets of appropriate early-successional habitat exist. Larval forms of this species depend exclusively upon arrow-leaved violet (Viola sagittata) for food, and butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa) is the preferred nectar plant for the adults, although other flowers may also be used The persistence of this species in the human-managed habitats of Fort Indiantown Gap depends upon maintaining the food plants used by both the larval and adult forms. To do this will require controlling the amount and type of disturbance to the early-successional habitat to favor the survival of the species of concern and its food plants. Some recent human disturbances at FIG have benefited the species of concern, while others have eliminated sites for this species. Exotic species, particularly spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculata), and natural succession to forest are also threats to the habitat and therefore to the listed species. The Nature Conservancy is working with Fort Indiantown Gap to assess how future military operations might coexist with and facilitate the survival of the rare species at this site.

FORT INDIANTOWN GAP MACROSITE (Union and East Hanover Townships) - Where much of Lebanon County is heavily influenced by agriculture, there are some parts in the northern tier of the county that still contain large contiguous areas of forest. Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation is an area that contains 17,154 acres of land (TNC, Environmental Office, 2002). This site is a valley located between Blue Mountain and Second Mountain on both sides of the Lebanon/Dauphin county line. Historically, parts of the valley were kept open by wildfires and

98 other disturbance. In recent times, the valley has been used as a military reservation. Bombing and other exercises by the military have maintained an unusual, prairie-like habitat in parts of the valley. Presently, the fort is a mosaic of second-growth mixed oak and conifer forests, woodlands, and open areas dominated by Little Bluestem (Shizachyrium scoparium), and other grasses, goldenrods (Solidago spp.), milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), asters (Aster spp.), and blueberries. Much of this land is used for varying amounts and impacts of military training. The last populations in the east of Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia), a G3 animal species of concern, occur on this site. This species has very specific habitat requirements, and has been found at several separate locations in the Gap where pockets of appropriate early-successional habitat exists. Larval forms of this species depend exclusively upon Arrow-leaved Violet (Viola sagittata) for food, and Butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa) is the preferred nectar plant for the adults, although other flowers may be used (TNC, Environmental Office, 2002).

The persistence of the Regal Fritillaries in the human-managed habitats of Fort Indiantown Gap depends upon maintaining the food plants used by both the larval and adult forms (TNC, Environmental Office, 2002). To do this will require controlling the amount and type of disturbance to the early-successional habitat to favor the survival of the species of concern and its food plants. Some recent human disturbances at FIG have benefited the species of concern, while others have eliminated sites for this species. Exotic species, particularly Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculata), and natural succession to forest are also threats to the habitat and therefore to the listed species. The Nature Conservancy is working with Fort Indiantown Gap to assess how future military operations might coexist with and facilitate the survival of the rare species at this site (TNC, Environmental Office, 2002).

In addition, Fort Indiantown Gap is an extremely important site in Lebanon County and the state due to the amount of additional species of concern found on the property. In fact, approximately 160 acres of land are dedicated habitat specifically for a Pennsylvania-Endangered S1 animal species. During surveys of 1999 and by search of Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory databases, PSO staff and contracted biologists identified and located twenty species of special concern inhabiting FIG within the 17,154 acres covered.

A marginal population of Forked Chickweed (Paronychia fastigiata var nuttallii), an S1S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, was found in a mixture of open fields, shrub thickets, and cut-over woods. Frequent disturbances due to military training, and succession; the habitat itself is a disturbance (bulldozing, logging).

An individual of an S3BS3N Pennsylvania animal species of concern, was captured in a riparian corridor surrounded by open areas of park-like area. The habitat consisted of dominant trees such as Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and Ranunculus species. There are no threats or disturbances noted here. Another individual of this species of concern was captured in a stream leading to a lake. The habitat consisted of a small woodland bordering a stream. Species associated with this habitat included White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and Mulberry (Morus sp.). Six individuals of this species were captured close to Indiantown Run in a mixed-deciduous coniferous forest. Associated species included Little Brown Bat (Myotis

99 lucifugus), Eastern Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus), and Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Another individual of this species was caught near a manmade pond surrounded by shrubs consisting of Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina), Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), and Black Birch (Betula lenta).

An S3 Pennsylvania-threatened animal species of concern, was found in ten locations over a stretch of 3.5 miles at Second Mountain. Evidence such as food caches and droppings were found along this area. This area extended into Dauphin County as well.

One individual of A Hand-maid Moth (Datana ranaeceps), an S1 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, was found in a dry, disturbed and sparsely vegetated field dominated by Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria). This area is impacted by military training and is at times burned and bulldozed. The first Pennsylvania extant record of this S1 Pennsylvania-animal species of concern was found in wooded areas adjacent to a large disturbed opening. Associated plant species included canopy species Black Oak (Quercus velutina), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida), and Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana) with an understory of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), and Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia). The host plant that this species seems to be using at Fort Indiantown Gap is Maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina). No threats are imminent to this site.

An individual of Pine Barrens Zale (Zale sp.1), an S1 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, was found in wooded areas adjacent to a large disturbed opening. The canopy of the habitat consisted of Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), and Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida). The larval host plant, Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia) was abundant in the understory along with Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). The first extant record of a Pennsylvania animal species of concern (which one?) was found in a linear floodplain area. Dominant vegetation included White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), White Oak (Quercus alba), and Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). The understory consisted of Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and Blackberry (Rubus alleghaniensis).

One female individual of Frosted Elfin (Incisalia irus), a G3 S2 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, was found near a large patch of Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) (larval host plant). More surveys are needed to this area to determine the accurate size of the population. This site is burned and bulldozed and a potential threat would be a change in the use of the field.

Three individuals of Leonard’s Skipper (Hesperia leonardus), an S3S4 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, were found in a series of successional fields that were former Regal Fritillary habitat. The dominant vegetation is cool and warm season grasses, along with Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia), Goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and Deertongue (Panicum clandestinum).

Specimens of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern were collected in a spring on Blue Mountain. More specimens of this species were found in another spring at another site. Water pollution from a fish hatchery is a potential threat to this site. It is recommended that forest buffers be left around the spring.

100 Five individuals of a G3G5 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, were captured in an upper floodplain portion of a linear woodland community. The dominant canopy species in this area is White Ash (Fraxinus americana) along with Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Multi-flora Rose (Rosa multiflora), and Blackberry (Rubus animal species of concern).

There were also diverse numbers of neo–tropical migrant songbirds, plants, and reptiles and amphibians found on site. Surveys of neo–tropical songbirds yielded species such as Yellow- throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina), Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor), Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius) (TNC Environmental Office, 2002).

Reptiles detected on this site included one S3S4 Pennsylvania-animal species of concern, Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen), Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata), and Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina). Amphibians found included Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica), Northern Red Salamander (Pseudotriton ruber), Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), and Northern Gray Tree Frog (Hyla veriscolor) (TNC Environmental Office, 2002).

TNC staff also identified 12 natural communities on the site including Dry Oak-Mixed Hardwood Forest, Dry Oak-Heath Forest, Red Oak-Mixed Hardwood Forest, Dry Hemlock-Oak Forest, Grassland/Successional Old Field, and Pitch Pine-Mixed Oak Forest. In addition, there were 434 recorded wetlands equaling 295 acres identified at Fort Indiantown Gap. Most of these wetlands consist of palustrine, forested land with an overstory of broad-leaved deciduous trees (TNC Environmental Office, 2002).

The Second Mountain Corridor has been designated by Pennsylvania Audubon as an Important Bird Area (IBA) in Pennsylvania (Crossley, 1999). This area overlooks SGL 211 to the north and the southern view extends some 20 miles away to South Mountain, with Lebanon Valley and Fort Indiantown Gap in-between. This area is part of a major corridor flyway and is used by bird- watchers to witness the migration of birds of prey during the fall. Thousands of birds migrate over this area during the fall making it the second most important hawk migration corridor in Pennsylvania. The first Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), and a Pennsylvania-species of concern candidate animal species were recorded here (Crossley, 1999).

Due to the unusually high number of species of concern, the last viable population of a Pennsylvania-Endangered S1 animal species in the east, and for being an important hawk migration route at Second Mountain, this site remains as one of the highest conservation priorities for Lebanon County and for the state as well.

MANADA CREEK WOODS (East Hanover, West Hanover Twps.) American holly (Ilex opaca) - This site is an upland forest growing on a well-drained, shaly soil on the east side of Manada Creek. A poor-quality population of a PA-Threatened, S2 tree species occurs at the site. Associated tree and

101 shrub species are red oak, white oak, red maple, blackgum, hemlock, witch-hazel, serviceberry, highbush blueberry, and mountain laurel. No threats or special management needs are apparent. Part of this site occurs within the Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation.

RATTLING RUN HEADWATERS (East Hanover Twp.) one animal species of concern - Rattling Run flows out of a small headwaters swamp are in a high, narrow valley between Sharp Mountain and Stony Mountain. The headwaters swamp itself has red-maple, black-gum, and pitch pine scattered throughout, with highbush blueberry, dangleberry, and bayberry forming shrub thickets, as well as open areas dominated by Sphagnum mosses, cinnamon fern, round-leaved sundew, and graminoids such as three-way sedge, woolly bulrush, and reedgrass. There is potential habitat for plant species of concern in the swamp.. Just Northwest of the headwaters swamp an open boulder field is the site of an animal species of concern in PA. No threats or special management needs are apparent for this species. Protecting the swamp and nearby boulder fields from disturbances such as logging will benefit the species of concern.

STONY CREEK VALLEY (East Hanover Twp.) golden club (Orontium aquaticum), one animal species of concern - This site consists of a narrow band of forest along Stony Creek. A PA- Threatened tree species occurs intermittently on the Stony Creek floodplain and the adjacent lower slopes of Sharp Mountain. Associated species include hemlock, yellow birch sweet birch, white pine, black-gum, red maple, chestnut and other oaks, witch-hazel, mountain laurel, and rhododendron. The species of concern appears to be doing well, and no special management is recommended. A swamp on the Dauphin/Lebanon County border is bisected by a slow-moving portion of Stony Creek. It contains areas of shrub-swamp dominated by Alder (Alnus serrulata) as well as graminoid areas, and appears to have been dammed and flooded in the past, possibly by beavers. Sedges (Carex spp.), Sphagnum moss, bulrushes (Schoenoplectus spp.), bur-reed (Sparganium spp.), and rushes (Juncus spp.) are present in the ground-cover, with aquatic vegetation in the Creek channel and in isolated small pools. The area is potential habitat for plant species of concern as well as for Odonate species. Further surveys for rare Odonates are recommended. Leaving a buffer between the swamp and any logging operations in the adjacent upland forest, and protecting the quality of Stony Creek upstream will allow the site to recover. The site is used for hunting, fishing, and recreation, and is within State Game Lands #211. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) has been removed from the species of concern list.

STONY MOUNTAIN (East Hanover Twp.) - two animal species of concern - This site consists of the steep south-facing forested upper slope of Stony Mountain. It is dominated by chestnut oak, red oak, white pine eastern hemlock, sweet birch, black gum, and sassafras, with witch hazel and mountain laurel in the understory. It supports a population of a PA-Threatened animal species. This site is located in State Game Lands #211.

102 DAUPHIN COUNTY

HALIFAX TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

MINNIEBUSH Berry Mountain Woods (MENZIESIA PILOSA) G4G5 S3 PR 1992-05-30 B

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM Camp Hebron Swamp AQUATICUM) G5 S4 Delisted 1992-05-26 BC

SWAMP DOG- HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1992-05-26 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF State Game Lands #290 CONCERN G4 S2B PE 2000 B

FALSE LOOSESTRIFE SEEDBOX (LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA) G4 S1 PE 2001-09-12 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-08-11 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1995-09-13 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Susquehanna River At Halifax CONCERN G5 S3S4 1995-08-16 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-08-28 CD

Susquehanna River At ANIMAL SPECIES OF Montgomery Ferry CONCERN G5 S3S4 1997-10-24 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1997-10-24 AB

Locally Significant area: Berry Mountain Slopes

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

103 DAUPHIN COUNTY, HALIFAX TOWNSHIP MAP

104

HALIFAX TOWNSHIP: (SOUTHERN THIRD ONLY)

BERRY MOUNTAIN WOODS (Halifax Twp.) minniebush (Menziesia pilosa) - This site is a portion of the lower slopes of Berry Mountain along Wiconisco Creek. The habitat is an oak-heath woods, occupying bouldery slopes and ravines. An abandoned railroad grade bisects the site. A good- quality population of a G4G5, PA-Rare plant species occurs at several locations within the site. Associated species include lowbush blueberry, deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), huckleberry, pinxter-flower (Rhododendron periclymenoides), mountain laurel, maple-leaved viburnum, hazelnut, witch-hazel, sweet birch, red, chestnut and other oak species, tulip-tree, white pine, and hemlock. The population is apparently healthy and may benefit from the disturbances of small-scale logging and the abandoned railroad. Additional surveys, particularly of the steeper slopes and ravines, are needed to determine the full extent of the population. No special management is recommended.

CAMP HEBRON SWAMP (Wayne, Halifax Twps.) golden club (Orontium aquaticum), swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) - This site is an approximately five-acre swamp located at the headwaters of a tributary to Powell Creek. Tree species present include pin oak, red maple, black- gum, swamp-white oak, and black and yellow birch. Shrubs include winterberry, highbush blueberry, spicebush, dangleberry, and arrow-wood. Two species of concern occur at this site. A fair-to-good quality population of a PA-Rare shrub species is found in growing in dense thickets with the other shrub species listed above. A good-quality population of an S3 plant species occurs in the slow- moving streamlets and wet depressions. Associated species include halberd-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium), jack-in-the-pulpit, cinnamon fern, sensitive fern, violets, Sphagnum mosses, and various grasses and sedges. Both species of concern appear healthy and are reproducing. The site has been selectively logged in the past, which may have benefited the shrub species of concern. No special management is recommended. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) has been removed from the species of concern list.

STATE GAME LANDS #290 (Middle Paxton Twp.) false loosestrife seedbox (Ludwigia polycarpa), three animal species of concern - This site is at the confluence of the Juniata and Susquehanna Rivers. A fair-to-poor quality population of an aquatic animal species of concern was found in the West channel of the Susquehanna around Haldeman Island, just upstream of the confluence with the Juniata. The animal was found in still water 18 to 36 inches deep, with a substrate of large cobbles and bedrock, some silt-covered, associated with Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata). Another aquatic animal species of concern was observed at the site in 1995. Sedimentation and degradation of water quality are potential threats all three of these species of concern as well as other aquatic invertebrates at the site. This site is an island in the Susquehanna River. A Federally Threatened, PA-Endangered animal species has been breeding at this site since 1991. The island, part of State Game Lands #290, is a mixture of floodplain forest and agricultural fields, with a number of artificial ponds in the vicinity of the nest. The species of concern is protected during the breeding season by the Game Commission; its continued success also depends on the health of fish populations in the Susquehanna.

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT HALIFAX (Halifax Twp.) two animal species of concern - This site is located in the Susquehanna River at a series of large islands, part of which is included in State Game Lands #254. Two animal species of special concern were found here in 1995. The river bottom has a

105 bedrock bottom with areas of sand and gravel. Associated species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata), ridged wedgemussel (Alasmidonta marginata), squaw-foot (Strophitus undulatus), and Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). All these species are sensitive to water pollution and excessive siltation.

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT MONTGOMERY FERRY (Halifax Twp.) two animal species of concern - This site is a portion of the Susquehanna River just upstream of the confluence of the Susquehanna and Bucks Run. A forested island is present in the western half of the river. The river is shallow with low intensity riffles flowing over large cobbles and gravel. Algae and water-stargrass grow scattered on the river bottom. Two animal species of concern were found here during field surveys in 1997. Associated species at the site are freshwater mussels including eastern Elliptio, triangle floaters, and squawfoot. Threats to these populations as well as to other common species that occupy this stretch of the river include thermal and chemical pollution, impoundment, and excessive sedimentation. Maintaining the free flowing character of the river and the best quality water possible will help these species persist and even flourish at this site into the future.

Locally Significant Site:

Berry Mountain Slopes (Halifax and Upper Paxton Twps.) - This locally significant site consists of a very steep, undercut shaly slope at the west end of Berry Mountain south of Millersburg. The steepness of the slope, the southwestern aspect, and the shaly soil have created hot, dry condition and an unusual forest composition. The lower slope is eroding and has been disturbed by road-building, but the upper slope has a largely intact (and unusual) forest of table-mountain pine (Pinus pungens), virginia pine, and chestnut and black oaks, with blueberry the dominant understory. Exposed boulders and ledges are also present. Access to the site is limited due to the steepness of the slope. The unusual forest type may serve as habitat for rare plant or animal species. There are no obvious threats or management concerns to the site.

106 DAUPHIN COUNTY

JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

FLYPOISON BORER Doc Smith Run Woods/Bear MOTH Puddles (PAPAIPEMA SP 1) G2G3 S2 1998-09-23 B

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1992-08-30 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Rattling Creek Watershed CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1992-11-19 E

COVILLE'S RUSH (JUNCUS GYMNOCARPUS) G4 S4 DL 1997-07-18 C

MINNIEBUSH (MENZIESIA PILOSA) G4G5 S3 PR 1998-10-01 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3 2001 E

ROUGH-LEAVED ASTER (ASTER RADULA) G5 S2 N 1998-10-01 C

SCREW-STEM (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 2000-11-02 BC

ROUGH-LEAVED ASTER Smoke Hole Run (ASTER RADULA) G5 S2 N 1997-09-12 C

107 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Williamstown Woods/Wiconisco MINNIEBUSH Floodplain At Wmstown (MENZIESIA PILOSA) G4G5 S3 PR 1998-10-15 BC

SHOWY GOLDENROD (SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA VAR SPECIOSA) G5T5? SR N 1997-10-04 E

SHOWY GOLDENROD (SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA VAR SPECIOSA) G5T5? SR N 1997-10-04 CD

YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHID (PLATANTHERA CILIARIS) G5 S2 TU 1998-08-06 BC

Locally Significant area: Powell Creek Swamp

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

108 DAUPHIN COUNTY, JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP MAP

109

JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP:

DOC SMITH RUN WOODS / BEAR PUDDLES (Jackson, Jefferson Twp.) Flypoison Borer Moth (Papaipema sp 1), Northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) - This site includes one plant and one animal species of concern from two different habitats. Flypoison Borer Moth (Papaipema sp 1) is a population of a globally imperiled invertebrate animal species. It occurs even-aged stand of white oak with mountain laurel in the understory and a sparse groundcover with fly-poison (Amianthium muscaetoxicum). low-sweet blueberry. More survey work is needed to assess the full extent of this population. Northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) is poor to fair quality population of a federally and PA - Endangered plant species which occurs in a series of shallow woodland pools (Bear Puddles) and wet depressions at the headwaters of Doc Smith Run. The surrounding woods have well- drained, sandy acid soil, and an oak-heath dominated forest. Black-gum and red maples are common around the margins of the pools, which are also surrounded by dense shrub thickets. Most of the pools are largely shaded and have substrate of mud and dead leaves, sparsely vegetated with cinnamon fern, royal fern, Sphagnum and other mosses. Associated species include three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), floating mannagrass (Glyceria septentrionalis), woolly bulrush (Scirpus cyperinus), and various sedges (Carex spp.). Disturbances to the site include logging in the surrounding woods, and a culvert draining the sites to the south, though the impact on the pools appears to be minimal. The largest threat to the species of concern is probably deer. Nearly all specimens of the species of concern had been browsed, some down to ground level, and the pools had many deer tracks and signs of browse. This site is within State Game Lands #210 and the Weiser State Forest.

RATTLING CREEK WATERSHED (Jackson, Jefferson Twps.) seven plant species of concern, two animal species of concern - Several small rocky streams flow north out of Broad Mountain and join to form the Rattling Creek. The surrounding slopes have sandy or rocky well-drained soils, which support a dry-mesic forest consisting of various oak species, sweet birch, witch hazel, hemlock, and white pine. A plant species of concern was observed along the creek during surveys in 2000. More surveys are needed to determine health of the population. Timber harvesting may pose a threat to this species and a buffer should remain along the waters edge to protect this plant and other species of concern. A large, good quality population of a G4G5, PA-Rare shrub species occurs in the understory of this forest, along the East Branch of Rattling Creek. It is associated with low-sweet blueberry, black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), mountain laurel, azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), and bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera). A good-quality population of PA-Threatened herbaceous plant species is found in the upper reaches of the Creek and its small tributaries. It occurs in wet, sandy soil in streamside seeps and old stream channels, usually in at least partial light. Associates include Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.), Coville’s Rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), sedges (especially Carex folliculata), turtlehead (Chelone glabra), cinnamon fern, sensitive fern, royal fern (Osmunda regalis), white wood aster (Aster divaricatus), and grasses. In 1992, active signs of a G3G4, PA-threatened animal species were observed in a boulder field near Rattling Creek. Additional surveys are needed to determine the extent and current quality of this population. Surveys in 2001 identified an additional animal species of concern. There is abundant evidence of deer browse in the forests adjacent to Rattling Creek, and deer browse extensively on the plants of concern. A small dam on the creek at the confluence of the East and West branches creates a reservoir, which serves as a source of drinking water for the borough of Lykens. Portions of this site

110 are owned by the Lykens Borough Watershed authority, and portions are part of State Game Lands 210.

SMOKE HOLE RUN (Jefferson Twp.) rough-leaved aster (Aster radula) - Smoke Hole Run is a clear, sandy-bottomed stream, which flows south from Broad Mountain. The site is along the banks of Smoke Hole Run as it flows through a scrubby and dry oak-heath forest. A G5/S3 species occurs in partial sunlight along the stream, associated with interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), cinnamon fern, turtlehead (Chelone glabra), swamp dewberry (Rubus hispidus), deer-tongue grass (Panicum clandestinum), autumn-bent (Agrostis perennans), Sphagnum and other mosses, and asters. Highbush blueberry, viburnum (Viburnum dentatum), mountain laurel, red maple, white oak, and black-gum provide partial shade. A few fishing or hunting paths occur along the creek, which may benefit this light-requiring species.

WILLIAMSTOWN WOODS/ WICONISCO FLOODPLAIN AT WILLIAMSTOWN (Jackson, Williams Twp.) minniebush (Menziesia pilosa), showy goldenrod (Solidago speciosa var speciosa), yellow-fringed orchid (Platanthera ciliaris) - Williamstown Woods consists of a 3.5 mile rectangular block situated on the lower north slope of Berry Mountain between Wiconisco and Tower City. Except for a small private tract, the area is contained within the Weiser State Forest. The terrain is rugged, consisting of steep rocky slopes broken here and there by small gaps that are drained by intermittent or small permanent streamlets that flow into Wiconisco Creek. The predominant vegetation is upland mixed hardwood-heath forest. A fair to good population of a PA rare plant inhabits the margins of the streamlets and rocky places, especially talus slopes, in the gaps. This species is well-established and should do well over the long term, although it is currently suffering from excessive deer browse. A fair to good population of another PA rare plant occupies a portion of the site where a powerline/pipeline ROW was established in the recent past. The habitat here is the result of disturbance, but provides the proper environmental conditions- full sun, damp or seepy, acidic soil, and an early successional state-that the plant requires.

Locally Significant Site:

Powell Creek Swamp (Jefferson Twp.) -- This locally significant site is a hardwood swamp near the confluence of the North Fork of Powell’s Creek and Smoke Hole Run. The streams have multiple, meandering channels cutting into the deep sandy substrate. Red maple is the dominant overstory species, with sweet birch (Betula lent), black gum, and white oak also present. Mountain laurel, huckleberry, blueberry, and swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum) are the most common shrub species. Sedges, ( especially Carex hystericina), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) dominate the groundcover. The sandy soil is gleyed, indicating a widely fluctuating water level. Some areas likely dry out completely in late summer, but there also wetter areas of standing water dominated by Sphagnum, Carex folliculata, and highbush blueberry. The overstory is young and open, and may have been logged in the past, but is recovering. There is potential habitat for the rare plant species located upstream at Smoke Hole Run ( see Lykens quadrangle) in Powell Creek Swamp as well. The site is currently used for hunting and fishing. Part of the site is within State Game Lands #211.

111 DAUPHIN COUNTY

LOWER PAXTON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** NONE

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

LOWER PAXTON TOWNSHIP:

This township contains no species of concern or locally significant sites.

112 DAUPHIN COUNTY, LOWER PAXTON TOWNSHIP MAP

113

DAUPHIN COUNTY

MIDDLE PAXTON TOWNSHIP TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM Camp Hebron Swamp AQUATICUM) G5 S4 Delisted 1992-05-26 BC

SWAMP DOG- HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1992-05-26 B

GRASS-LEAVED RUSH Clark Creek Wetlands (JUNCUS BIFLORUS) G5 S2 TU 1998-09-11 D

VASEY'S EUPATORIUM (EUPATORIUM GODFREYANUM) G4 S2 N 2001-09-28 BC

YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHID (PLATANTHERA CILIARIS) G5 S2 TU 1998-09-11 C

CATTAIL SEDGE Clark Creek Woods (CAREX TYPHINA) G5 S2 PE 1997-08-11 BC

FALSE LOOSESTRIFE SEEDBOX (LUDWIGIA Dauphin Marsh POLYCARPA) G4 S1 PE 1988-08-29 F

Geologic feature- Devils Race Course “BOULDER BELTS” G? S? 1979 E

AMERICAN HOLLY Manada Creek Woods (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 1999-09-13 D

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM Peters Mountain Wetland AQUATICUM) G5 S4 Delisted 1994-07-27 B

MUD SEDGE (CAREX LIMOSA) G5 S2 TU 1992-06-26 B

114 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1994-07-27 B

POD-GRASS (SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS) G5 S1 PE 1994-07-27 BC

SWAMP DOG- HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1994-07-27 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Second Mountain Cliffs CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1992-11-20 E

NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC CLIFF COMMINITY G5 S5 1998-05-06 BC

Sharp Mountain/Ellendale Forge ANIMAL SPECIES OF Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1998-10-29 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1993-07-28 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1992-11-18 E

Stony Creek Valley- Part Of Sgl ANIMAL SPECIES OF #211 CONCERN G4 S2S3 2002-06-16 E

AMERICAN HOLLY (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 2002-06-09 BC

EPHEMERAL/FLUCT UATING NATURAL Stony Mountain Ponds POOL COMMUNITY G? S3 1997-07-24 B

PLANT SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S3 PE 1997-07-24 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Susquehanna River at Lions Park CONCERN G3G4 S1S2 N 2001-05-19 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

115 DAUPHIN COUNTY, MIDDLE PAXTON TOWNSHIP MAP

116

MIDDLE PAXTON TOWNSHIP:

CAMP HEBRON SWAMP (HalifaxTwp.) golden club (Orontium aquaticum), swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) - This site is an approximately five-acre swamp located at the headwaters of a tributary to Powell Creek. Tree species present include pin oak, red maple, black-gum, swamp-white oak, and black and yellow birch. Shrubs include winterberry, highbush blueberry, spicebush, dangleberry, and arrow-wood. Two species of concern occur at this site. A fair-to-good quality population of a PA-Rare shrub species is found in growing in dense thickets with the other shrub species listed above. A good-quality population of an S3 plant species occurs in the slow-moving streamlets and wet depressions. Associated species include halberd-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium), jack-in-the-pulpit, cinnamon fern, sensitive fern, violets, Sphagnum mosses, and various grasses and sedges. Both species of concern appear healthy and are reproducing. The site has been selectively logged in the past, which may have benefited the shrub species of concern. No special management is recommended. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) has been removed from the species of concern list.

CLARK CREEK WETLAND (Middle Paxton Twp.) grass-leaved rush (Juncus biflorus), Vasey's eupatorium (Eupatorium godfreyanum), yellow-fringed orchid (Platanthera ciliaris) - Clark Creek Wetland is a small, damp to seepy, sandy opening on the roadbank/woods border interface along PA Route 325 in State Game Lands # 211. It lies at the southern base of Peters Mountain and is within the Clark Creek drainage. Periodic roadside clearing activities have resulted in an interesting plant habitat that includes marginal and poor populations of two plant species of special concern having a state suggested status of threatened. In addition, attractive and regionally unusual species as meadow-beauty (Rhexia virginica) and marsh-gentian (Sabatia angularis) are part of the flora. The viability of this habitat is largely dependent on maintaining roadside clearing operations to benefit the species of concern. In addition, one of the species of special concern growing here is extremely showy, and given its roadside location, is very vulnerable to removal by gardeners and wildflower enthusiasts.

CLARK CREEK WOODS (Middle Paxton Twp.) cattail sedge (Carex typhina) - This site consists of two small pools along a blocked streamlet at the base of Third Mountain. The pools are vegetated with a mixture of sedges (Carex gynandra, C. lupulina, C. crinita, C. intumescens, C. lurida), bulrushes (Scirpus cyperinus, S. polyphyllus), grasses (Leersia oryzoides, L. virginicus, Glyceria melicaria, Panicum clandestinum, P. agrostoides, P. microcarpon), Iris (Iris versicolor), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) and other herbs, and scattered winterberry (Ilex verticillata), highbush blueberry, and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). A fair to good population of a PA - Endangered plant species was discovered in these pools in 1997. No immediate threats to the species of concern are apparent. The pools may have been formed by a small rock dam, which blocks flow of the streamlet just downslope. Protecting the stream and a surrounding buffer of woods will allow the rare species to persist at this site.

DAUPHIN MARSH (Middle Paxton Twp.) false loosestrife seedbox (Ludwigia polycarpa) - This site is an approximately two acre marsh located in the floodplain of the Susquehanna River. It consists of shallow open water with scattered patches of bur-reed, spike-rush, cattail, and rice cut-grass surrounded by woods and thickets. It supports a small but good quality population of a PA-Endangered plant species.

117 This site has few exotics and receives little use from humans. Maintaining the wooded buffer around this site will help the species of concern continue to persist here.

DEVILS RACE COURSE Boulder Belts (Middle Paxton Twp.) - is a boulder field about 40 meters wide and over 1000 meters long. It is formed by angular boulders from the two adjacent ridges, broken off by successive freezing and thawing when the glacial front was nearby to the north.

ELLENDALE FORGE SITE/SHARP MOUNTAIN (Middle Paxton Twp.) three animal species of concern – This site consists of the forested crest and steep upper slopes of a south facing section of Third Mountain. It is dominated by chestnut oak, red oak, black birch, eastern hemlock, red maple, and sassafras with an understory of scattered witch hazel, striped maple, mountain laurel, and blueberry. It supports a good quality population of a PA-Threatened animal species. This site received extensive surveys by the PA Game Commission between 1992 and 1994. Their surveys showed this species to be active and fairly abundant at the site. This site is located in State Game Lands #211.

MANADA CREEK WOODS (East Hanover Twp.) American holly (Ilex opaca) - This site is an upland forest growing on a well-drained, shaly soil on the east side of Manada Creek. A poor-quality population of a PA-Threatened, S2 tree species occurs at the site. Associated tree and shrub species are red oak, white oak, red maple, black-gum, hemlock, witch-hazel, serviceberry, highbush blueberry, and mountain laurel. No threats or special management needs are apparent. Part of this site occurs within the Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation.

PETERS MOUNTAIN WETLAND (Wayne Twp.) five plant species of concern - Peters Mountain Wetland is situated between the northern base of the main ridge of Peters Mountain and a smaller foothill ridge to the north. The site is a headwaters swamp, drained by tributaries of Powell Creek, which flow out both East and West. A variety of plant habitats are present, including swamp forest, wet thickets of shrubs and small trees, graminoid-dominated marshes, vigorous stands of the Virginia chain-fern (Woodwardia virginica), small ponded areas, and sphagnous wetlands. It supports five plant species of special concern: good populations of three species with a suggested state status of threatened and one species with a suggested state status of rare, and a marginal to good population of a species with a suggested state status of endangered. The latter species is particularly significant, believed to occur here at its southernmost extant population in eastern North America. In addition to the species of special concern, the site is noteworthy in having a mixture of plant species unusual for this region of the state, including such species as yellow-eyed- grass (Xyris difformis) and spatulate-leaved sundew (Drosera intermedia). The site is primarily used for hunting and does not appear to have any unnatural threats. Recent surveys revealed heavy use of the site by bear and deer. The site should be monitored for habitat changes from browse or changing water levels.

SECOND MOUNTAIN CLIFFS, Acidic Cliff NC (Middle Paxton Twp.) Northern Appalachian Acidic Cliff Community, one animal species of concern - This site consists of an extremely steep southwest-facing slope with a series of rock outcrops and cliffs separated by loose scree slopes. The slope is located on Second Mountain where it ends at the Susquehanna River. The site supports an Acidic Cliff Natural Community with an open forest of chestnut oak, red oak, Virginia pine, black birch, and sassafras, with witch-hazel, blackberry (Rubus alleghaniensis), and greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia). in the understory. In a few places the site has been disturbed by and graffiti or trash, and

118 a small amount of the weedy exotic species tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), most of the Natural Community remains undisturbed and inaccessible. The site also supports a population of a PA- Threatened animal species. Only a small portion of this site has been surveyed due to the hazardous conditions associated with such a steep slope, and potential exists for rare plant species. This site is located partly in State Game Lands #211.

STONY MOUNTAIN PONDS- (Middle Paxton Twp.) Ephemeral Fluctuating Natural Pool Community, one plant species of concern - This site is a good quality occurrence of an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pool community. It includes 12 ponds, which occur in a high valley between Stony Mountain and Sharp Mountain. The ponds range from 20 to 70 feet in diameter, and at the time of observation had varying depths of water ranging from over a foot to a few inches. The two largest ponds are open and graminoid-dominated. Surrounding the pools are red maple, pin oak, black- gum, mountain laurel, and blueberry. Tree species providing cover at the ponds included chestnut, white, and red oaks, red maple, and black gum. The smaller pools are mostly shallower and partially forested with black-gum and red maple in the canopy and sphagnum moss and mud beneath. Openings in the smaller pools also have patches of graminoid -dominated vegetation. A PA- Endangered plant species occurs in open habitat in several of the ponds. Associated plant species include three-way sedge, wool-grass, floating mannagrass, marsh St. John’s-wort, and various sedges (Carex spp.). A few of the smaller pools appear to have been excavated and may not be natural, and the west end of the site has been disturbed by jeep trails and excavations. The woods surrounding the ponds have been logged. The wooded buffer between the pools and the mowed area to the south should be maintained. This site occurs on State Game Lands #211.

STONY CREEK VALLEY (Middle Paxton, East Hanover Twps.) American holly (Ilex opaca), one animal species of concern - This site consists of a narrow band of forest along Stony Creek. A PA-Threatened tree species occurs intermittently on the Stony Creek floodplain and the adjacent lower slopes of Sharp Mountain. Associated species include hemlock, yellow birch sweet birch, white pine, black-gum, red maple, chestnut and other oaks, witch-hazel, mountain laurel, and rhododendron. The species of concern appears to be doing well, and no special management is recommended. The site is used for hunting, fishing, and recreation, and is within State Game Lands #211. White Spring Site - This site is located along the narrow forested floodplain of Stony Creek. The site is dominated by red maple, black-gum, hemlock, yellow birch, and beech; common shrub species include winterberry, witch-hazel, elderberry, rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), southern arrow- wood (Virburnum dentatum), and spicebush. Several shallow pools and backwaters dissect the floodplain and drain into the Creek. A small population of a PA-Rare plant species grows in and adjacent to the sandy bottom of one of these channels. Associated plant species include violets, asters, goldenrod, smartweed, false nettle (Bohmeria spp.) , silvery spleenwort, mosses, and various sedges (Carex spp.). The area has fishing and hiking trails, but they do not appear to be a threat to the species of concern. This site is within State Game Lands #211.

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT LIONS PARK (Susquehanna Twp.) one animal species of concern – During a survey in 2001 a population of a G3G4 aquatic animal species of concern was found in the Susquehanna River near Lions Park. Water quality is the factor, which most affects the health of this species’ populations.

119 DAUPHIN COUNTY

REED TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Aqueduct Bluffs/Juniata River ANIMAL SPECIES OF Scour CONCERN G5 S3S4 DL 1994-08-02 E

FLAT-STEMMED SPIKE-RUSH (ELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA) G4 S1 PE 1998-07-15 CD

JEWELED SHOOTING-STAR (DODECATHEON RADICATUM) G? S2 PT 1993-05-01 B

LANCE FOG-FRUIT (PHYLA LANCEOLATA) G5 S4 TU 1998-07-15 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF State Game Lands #290 CONCERN G4 S2B PE 2000 B

FALSE LOOSESTRIFE SEEDBOX (LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA) G4 S1 PE 2001-09-12 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-08-11 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1995-09-13 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

120 DAUPHIN COUNTY, REED TOWNSHIP MAP

121

REED TOWNSHIP:

AQUEDUCT BLUFFS/ JUNIATA RIVER SCOUR (Reed Twp.) - Flat-stemmed spike-rush (Eleocharis compressa), jeweled shooting-star (Dodecatheon radicatum), lance fog-fruit (Phyla lanceolata) - This site along the Juniata River has four listed species occupying several distinct habitats. Flat-stemmed spike-rush (Eleocharis compressa) is a PA-threatened, G4 plant species, which occupies moist limestone cliffs on the west side of the Juniata, associated with maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The habitat occupied is fairly inaccessible and there are no current threats to the population. Two additional plant species of concern occur along a scoured area of riverbank, growing on sparsely populated bedrock ridges at the water’s edge. The exotic species purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a potential threat, although annual scouring by ice and floods prevents succession from progressing at this site. Finally, an aquatic animal species of concern was collected from the Juniata River at this site in 1994. Habitat persists although no living specimens were found in our surveys; further surveys are recommended.

STATE GAME LANDS #290 (Reed Twp.) false loosestrife seedbox (Ludwigia polycarpa), three animal species of concern - This site is at the confluence of the Juniata and Susquehanna Rivers. A fair-to-poor quality population of an aquatic animal species of concern was found in the West channel of the Susquehanna around Haldeman Island, just upstream of the confluence with the Juniata. The animal was found in still water 18 to 36 inches deep, with a substrate of large cobbles and bedrock, some silt-covered, associated with Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata). Another aquatic animal species of concern was observed at the site in 1995. Sedimentation and degradation of water quality are potential threats all three of these species of concern as well as other aquatic invertebrates at the site. This site is an island in the Susquehanna River. A Federally Threatened, PA-Endangered animal species has been breeding at this site since 1991. The island, part of State Game Lands #290, is a mixture of floodplain forest and agricultural fields, with a number of artificial ponds in the vicinity of the nest. The species of concern is protected during the breeding season by the Game Commission; its continued success also depends on the health of fish populations in the Susquehanna.

122 DAUPHIN COUNTY

RUSH TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

MINNIEBUSH Rattling Creek Watershed (MENZIESIA PILOSA) G4G5 S3 PR 10-01-98 B

SCREW-STEM (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 TU 11-02-00 BC

ROUGH-LEAVED ASTER (ASTER RADULA) G5 S2 N 10-01-98 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3 N 2001 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1992-11-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Rattling Run Headwaters CONCERN G4 S3S4 PC 1994-08-25 E

Rausch Creek Ridge -part of ANIMAL SPECIES OF Sgl # 211 CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1996-11-07 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Stony Mountain CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1993-01-15 B

COVILLE'S RUSH JUNCUS (GYMNOCARPUS) G4 S4 DL 1997-07-08 B

EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUAT ING NATURAL POOL Stony Mountain Ponds COMMUNITY G? S3 1997-07-24 B

PLANT SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S3 PE 1997-07-24 B

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

123 DAUPHIN COUNTY, RUSH TOWNSHIP MAP

124

RUSH TOWNSHIP:

RATTLING CREEK WATERSHED (Jackson, Jefferson Twps.) five plant species of concern, two animal species of concern - Several small rocky streams flow north out of Broad Mountain and join to form the Rattling Creek. The surrounding slopes have sandy or rocky well-drained soils, which support a dry-mesic forest consisting of various oak species, sweet birch, witch hazel, hemlock, and white pine. A plant species of concern was observed along the creek during surveys in 2000. More surveys are needed to determine health of the population. Timber harvesting may pose a threat to this species and a buffer should remain along the waters edge to protect this plant and other species of concern. A large, good quality population of a G4G5, PA-Rare shrub species occurs in the understory of this forest, along the East Branch of Rattling Creek. It is associated with low-sweet blueberry, black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), mountain laurel, azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), and bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera). A good-quality population of PA-Threatened herbaceous plant species is found in the upper reaches of the Creek and its small tributaries. It occurs in wet, sandy soil in streamside seeps and old stream channels, usually in at least partial light. Associates include Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.), Coville’s Rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), sedges (especially Carex folliculata), turtlehead (Chelone glabra), cinnamon fern, sensitive fern, royal fern (Osmunda regalis), white wood aster (Aster divaricatus), and grasses. In 1992, active signs of a G3G4, PA-threatened animal species were observed in a boulder field near Rattling Creek. Additional surveys are needed to determine the extent and current quality of this population. Surveys in 2001 identified an additional animal species of concern. There is abundant evidence of deer browse in the forests adjacent to Rattling Creek, and deer browse extensively on the plants of concern. A small dam on the creek at the confluence of the East and West branches creates a reservoir, which serves as a source of drinking water for the borough of Lykens. Portions of this site are owned by the Lykens Borough Watershed authority, and portions are part of State Game Lands 210.

RATTLING RUN HEADWATERS (East Hanover Twp.) one animal species of concern - Rattling Run flows out of a small headwaters swamp are in a high, narrow valley between Sharp Mountain and Stony Mountain. The headwaters swamp itself has red-maple, black-gum, and pitch pine scattered throughout, with highbush blueberry, dangleberry, and bayberry forming shrub thickets, as well as open areas dominated by Sphagnum mosses, cinnamon fern, round-leaved sundew, and graminoids such as three-way sedge, woolly bulrush, and reedgrass. There is potential habitat for plant species of concern in the swamp.. Just northwest of the headwaters swamp an open boulder field is the site of an animal species of concern in PA. No threats or special management needs are apparent for this species. Protecting the swamp and nearby boulder fields from disturbances such as logging will benefit the species of concern.

RAUSCH CREEK RIDGE (part of State Game Lands #211) one animal species of concern (Cold Spring Township) - This site contains evidence of an unknown-quality population of an S3 Pennsylvania-Threatened animal species of concern. The habitat for this site is described as a 50% east-facing slope with dominant canopy species such as Black Birch (Betula lenta), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Red Maple

125 (Acer rubrum), and Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). The habitat of this species may extend over the south face of the mountain and includes three somewhat detached rock fields.

STONY MOUNTAIN (East Hanover Twp.) Coville's rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), one animal species of concern - This site consists of the steep south-facing forested upper slope of Stony Mountain. It is dominated by chestnut oak, red oak, white pine eastern hemlock, sweet birch, black gum, and sassafras, with witch hazel and mountain laurel in the understory. It supports a population of a PA-Threatened animal species. This site is located in State Game Lands #211.

126 DAUPHIN COUNTY

SUSQUEHANNA TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Mccormicks Island FLOODPLAIN FOREST Archipelago COMMUNITY G? S2 1997-06-09 CD

UMBRELLA MAGNOLIA (MAGNOLIA TRIPETALA) G5 S2 PT 1997-06-09 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S2S3B 2000-04-18 A

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1B PE 1997-06-09 AB

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1B PE 1997-06-09 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1B PE 1989-05-02 C

Susquehanna River at Fort ANIMAL SPECIES OF Hunter CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 CU 1998-10-16 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 CU 1995-08-09 E

Susquehanna River At ANIMAL SPECIES OF Rockville CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-09-18 BC

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

127 DAUPHIN COUNTY, SUSQUEHANNA TOWNSHIP MAP

128

SUSQUEHANNA TOWNSHIP:

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER ISLANDS (Susquehanna Twp.) Floodplain Forest Community, umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), four animal species of concern - McCormick’s Island is the largest in a series of forested islands in the Susquehanna River on the north side of Harrisburg. This silver maple and tulip poplar-dominated forest is relatively mature and contains many canopy gaps with scattered subcanopy trees and shrubs. The largest gaps are dominated by a dense mix of native and exotic herbs including the native jewel-weed, ostrich fern, and poison ivy, and the non- native garlic mustard (Alliaria officinalis) and mile-a-minute weed (Polygonum perfoliatum), and Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum). Spicebush is the most common shrub. This site has been disturbed by logging and campfires in the past but has recovered well. Its quality as a natural community should continue to improve over time. This island is one of a series of islands occurring along this stretch of the river, which together make up a greater system of habitats including riparian forest, sloughs and shrub swamps, a littoral zone, and several types of aquatic habitats such as riffles, sand bars, and pools. Several listed bird species and one listed aquatic invertebrate species are found here. The birds are colonial nesters and their rookeries may contain hundreds of nests in small areas of floodplain forest. Rookeries are known from McCormick’s Island as well as from several smaller nearby islands with mature floodplain forests. The islands are the only current nesting site in PA for one of the listed species, and make up over half the known breeding population of another. These rookeries are critical to the continued well being of these species in PA. Both the nesting trees and the surrounding mosaic of feeding habitats are required to protect the bird colonies. This site has been identified by the PA Audubon Society as one of the most important areas in the state for supporting bird diversity. This rookery and all of the habitat associated with the McCormick's Island Archipelago would be threatened by an increase of the water level along this stretch of the river through the construction of the Dock Street Dam. Increased water levels would kill trees on the islands, destroying their utility for nesting, and likely drown entirely many of the smaller islands and sand bars used for feeding. In addition, increased recreational use of the river in this area may disturb the birds’ breeding and roosting activities. The abundant diversity that helps retain the wild character of the river in this urban area exists primarily due to these islands.

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT FORT HUNTER (Middle Paxton, Susquehanna Twps.) two animal species of concern - This site is located in the Susquehanna River and is characterized by a bedrock bottom covered with gravel and cobbles with boulders. It supports two animal species of special concern. Associated species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata), squawfoot (Strophitus undulatus), triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata), and the Susquehanna Elktoe (Alasmidonta marginata susquehannae). All of these species are sensitive to water pollution and excessive siltation.

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT ROCKVILLE (Susquehanna Twp.) one animal species of concern - A fair to good quality population of a G3G4 animal species of concern was found at this site in 1998. The species of concern was found in coarse river gravel, associated with Susquehanna Elktoe. Water quality is the main concern for this population as it is for other aquatic animal elements on the river.

129 DAUPHIN COUNTY

WAYNE TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM Camp Hebron Swamp AQUATICUM) G5 S4 Delisted 1992-05-26 BC

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1992-05-26 B

GRASS-LEAVED RUSH Clark Creek Wetlands (JUNCUS BIFLORUS) G5 S2 TU 1998-09-11 D

VASEY'S EUPATORIUM (EUPATORIUM GODFREYANUM) G4 S2 N 2001-09-28 BC

YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHID (PLATANTHERA CILIARIS) G5 S2 TU 1998-09-11 C

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM Peters Mountain Wetland AQUATICUM) G5 S4 Delisted 1994-07-27 B

MUD SEDGE (CAREX LIMOSA) G5 S2 TU 1992-06-26 B

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1994-07-27 B

POD-GRASS (SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS) G5 S1 PE 1994-07-27 BC

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE (EUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1994-07-27 B

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

130 DAUPHIN COUNTY, WAYNE TOWNSHIP MAP

131

WAYNE TOWNSHIP:

CAMP HEBRON SWAMP (Halifax Twp.) Golden club (Orontium aquaticum), swamp dog- hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) - This site is an approximately five-acre swamp located at the headwaters of a tributary to Powell Creek. Tree species present include pin oak, red maple, black- gum, swamp-white oak, and black and yellow birch. Shrubs include winterberry, highbush blueberry, spicebush, dangleberry, and arrow-wood. Two species of concern occur at this site. A fair-to-good quality population of a PA-Rare shrub species is found in growing in dense thickets with the other shrub species listed above. A good-quality population of an S3 plant species occurs in the slow- moving streamlets and wet depressions. Both species of concern appear healthy and are reproducing. The site has been selectively logged in the past, which may have benefited the shrub species of concern. No special management is recommended. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) has been removed from the species of concern list.

CLARK CREEK WETLAND (Middle Paxton Twp.) Grass-leaved rush (Juncus biflorus), Yellow-fringed Orchid (Platanthera ciliaris) - Clark Creek Wetland is a small, damp to seepy, sandy opening on the roadbank/woods border interface along PA Route 325 in State Game Lands # 211. It lies at the southern base of Peters Mountain and is within the Clark Creek drainage. Periodic roadside clearing activities have resulted in an interesting plant habitat that includes marginal and poor populations of two plant species of special concern having a state suggested status of threatened. In addition, attractive and regionally unusual species as meadow-beauty (Rhexia virginica) and marsh-gentian (Sabatia angularis) are part of the flora. The viability of this habitat is largely dependent on maintaining roadside clearing operations to benefit the species of concern. In addition, one of the species of special concern growing here is extremely showy, and given its roadside location, is very vulnerable to removal by gardeners and wildflower enthusiasts.

PETERS MOUNTAIN WETLAND Golden club (Orontium aquaticum), swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa), Northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus), pod-grass (Scheuchzeria palustris), mud sedge (Carex limosa) (Wayne Twp.) - Peters Mountain Wetland is situated between the northern base of the main ridge of Peters Mountain and a smaller foothill ridge to the north. The site is a headwaters swamp, drained by tributaries of Powell Creek, which flow out both East and West. A variety of plant habitats are present, including swamp forest, wet thickets of shrubs and small trees, graminoid-dominated marshes, vigorous stands of the Virginia chain-fern (Woodwardia virginica), small ponded areas, and sphagnous wetlands. It supports five plant species of special concern: good populations of three species with a suggested state status of threatened and one species with a suggested state status of rare, and a marginal to good population of a species with a suggested state status of endangered. The latter species is particularly significant, believed to occur here at its southernmost extant population in eastern North America. In addition to the species of special concern, the site is noteworthy in having a mixture of plant species unusual for this region of the state, including such species as yellow-eyed-grass (Xyris difformis) and spatulate-leaved sundew (Drosera intermedia). The site is primarily used for hunting and does not appear to have any unnatural threats. Recent surveys revealed heavy use of the site by bear and deer. The site should be monitored for habitat changes from browse or changing water levels. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) has been removed from the species of concern list.

132 DAUPHIN COUNTY

WEST HANOVER TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

AMERICAN HOLLY Manada Creek Woods (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 1999-09-13 D

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

WEST HANOVER TOWNSHIP:

MANADA CREEK WOODS (East Hanover, West Hanover Twps.) American Holly (Ilex opaca) - This site is an upland forest growing on a well-drained, shaly soil on the east side of Manada Creek. A poor-quality population of a PA-Threatened, S2 tree species occurs at the site. Associated tree and shrub species are red oak, white oak, red maple, blackgum, hemlock, witch-hazel, serviceberry, highbush blueberry, and mountain laurel. No threats or special management needs are apparent. Part of this site occurs within the Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation.

133 DAUPHIN COUNTY, WEST HANOVER TOWNSHIP MAP

134

FRANKLIN COUNTY

A Natural Areas Inventory has not yet been completed for Franklin County. Currently, the Pennsylvania Science Office is conducting work on the survey in this county (spring 2003). In this county, we have identified the most ecologically significant areas and most field surveys have been completed. Most site descriptions have been written, however many are still in the process of being drafted, and therefore appear in a truncated format for this report.

135 FRANKLIN COUNTY

FANNETT TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Concord Narrows CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1987-08-11 C

SIDA (SIDA HERMAPHRODITA) G2 S2 PE 1995-08-08 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Neeleyton Ridgetop CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1987-08-11 BC

Sherman Mountain-gunter Road ANIMAL SPECIES OF Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-04-19 E

Community – NORTHERN The Hemlocks CONIFER FOREST G5 S3S4 1997-06-28 B

Community – EPHEMERAL/FLUCT UATING NATURAL POOL G? S3 2002-09-10 BC

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 2000-08-03 BC

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

136 FRANKLIN COUNTY, FANNETT TOWNSHIP MAP

137 FANNETT TOWNSHIP:

CONCORD NARROWS (Fannett Township) - This site contains a good population of Sida (Sida hermaphrodita), an S2 plant species of concern. This population is situated on a roadside meadow at the foot of Tuscarora Mountain. Associated species include Jewelweed (Capensis sp.), Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis), Jo-pye-Weed (Eupatorium fistulosum), Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), Sassafras (Sassafras albidum), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Poison Ivy (Toxicocendron radicans), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), Blue Chicory (Cichorium intybus), and Thimbleflower (Anemone virginiana). Invasive plant species found here include Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and Morrow’s Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii). Threats include mowing and roadside herbicides. Also included in this site on a talus slope is a fair population of a G3G4 S3 animal species of concern. No additional information is given to this site.

NEELEYTOWN RIDGETOP (Fannett Township, Antrim Township, Metal Township) - This site contains a fair to good population of a G3G4 S3 animal species of concern. A few individuals of this species were found at the crest of Tuscarora Mountain near the Huntingdon County line in an acidic rock outcrop. No immediate threats or disturbances were noted at the site. More information is needed to better assess the population.

SHERMAN MOUNTAIN-GUNTER ROAD SITE (Fannett Township, Cumberland County) - This site contains an unknown quality population of a G3G4 animal species of concern. For further information, see Cumberland County portion for the full description.

THE HEMLOCKS (Fannett Township, Cumberland County) - This site contains a good quality “Northern Conifer Forest Community” in which Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) dominates as the major canopy tree. Also included here is a fair to good quality “Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pools”, which are important breeding habitat for amphibians. Also included in this site is a fair to good population of a plant species of concern, Northeastern Bulrush (Scirpus ancistrachaetus) occurs. For a full description of this site, see the Cumberland County portion of this document.

138 FRANKLIN COUNTY

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Edenville Meadows CONCERN G5 S2B PE 1986-06-01 E

LIMESTONE PETUNIA Siberia (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1993-07-24 B

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks. Managed areas: Buchanan State Forest, State Game Lands #235

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP:

EDENVILLE MEADOWS (Hamilton Township) - This site has supported an unknown population of an S2B Pennsylvania-Endangered animal species of concern. This site was revisited in June 2003 and the following species were found. Species such as Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) were found in a large, mixed hayfield with grass, wheat, and some row crop rotation. There is still potential for this S2B Pennsylvania-Endangered species to nest in this area. Future surveys to this site are encouraged. In Pennsylvania, this species nests in older reclaimed surface-mine sites planted with various grasses and legumes and grown up with scattered, taller, woody plants (Brauning, 1993). This species also nests in mixed hayfields containing grasses, alfalfa, and other forbs. It is thought that the only viable population of this species in Pennsylvania is in Franklin County. Further surveys and encouragement of CRP is needed to secure the future of this species in Pennsylvania.

SIBERIA (Hamilton Township) - This site contains a good population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. Several natural communities occupy the site. Together these natural communities support a diverse, interesting flora. These natural communities include a floodplain forest along the Conococheague Creek, an oak-hickory forest that occupies most of the upland area searched and successional vegetation in powerline clearings. Associated species include Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Box Elder (Acer negundo), American Elm (Ulmus americana), Bitternut (Carya cordiformis), and Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quiquifolia). Disturbances include powerline clearing, jeep lanes, burrow pit, clearing for development, and exotics. Surrounding land includes the borough of Chambersburg and suburbs, farms, fields, and pastures. Exotic plant species in the floodplain are a threat to this population.

139 FRANKLIN COUNTY, HAMILTON TOWNSHIP MAP

140

FRANKLIN COUNTY

LETTERKENNY TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Community – “EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUATING Bear Valley NATURAL POOL” G? S3 2002-03-02 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Clarks Knob CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1992-11-12 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Keasey Run Wetlands CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1992-07-31 D

BROWN SEDGE (CAREX BUXBAUMII) G5 S3 TU 1992-06-23 C

BROWN SEDGE (CAREX BUXBAUMII) G5 S3 TU 1992-06-08 D

Conodoguinit Creek at PINELAND PIMPERNEL Orrstown (SAMOLUS PARVIFLORUS) G5 S2 TU 2002-08-07 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

141 FRANKLIN COUNTY, LETTERKENNY TOWNSHIP MAP

142

LETTERKENNY TOWNSHIP:

KEASEY RUN WETLANDS (Letterkenny Township) -A fair population of Brown Sedge (Carex buxbaumii), an S3 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, was found in a marshy area in a bottomland along creek in a saturated shale substrate. Associated species included Soft Rush (Juncus effusus), Fowl Mannagrass (Glyceria striata), Sedges (Carex sp.), Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis), Smooth Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea), and Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis). This area is generally surrounded by woods, but there is a fence and road to the south. This area has little disturbances with the exception of the spread of Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis). Another small population of Brown Sedge (Carex buxbaumii) was found in a wet graminoid marsh resulting from previous logging near Marsh Run. Associated species with this species include Reed Canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivalis), Tussock Sedge (Carex stricta), Sedge (Carex pellita) and Rubus species. Surrounding land uses include woods, upland and vegetation fields, and scattered openings. There are no direct threats to the site. In addition, a G3 S2 animal species of concern was found at Bud’s Lake. More surveys are needed to assess the population of this species.

CLARK’S KNOB (Letterkenny Township) - This area contains an undetermined population of an S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern. This species occurs along an exposed talus slope surrounded by a rocky forest. Surrounding land is a steep mountainside. The northeast side of Broad Mountain is Micheaux State Forest. Disturbance to slopes by snake hunters may pose a threat. The population of this species at this site needs to be reassessed and updated.

BEAR VALLEY (Letterkenny and St. Thomas Townships) - This area contains at least 22 good- quality “Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pools”, which are S3 listed natural communities. These ponds occur in very stony soils. Associated species with this include Black Birch (Betula lenta), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Red Oak (Quercus ruba), Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) and Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), White Pine (Pinus strobus), Sedge (Carex sp.), and Mannagrass (Glyceria sp.). Surrounding land use is passive and active recreation. Threats include logging activities that do not include buffers around ponds and beaver impoundment. No disturbances were noted during the visit except some past logging. It is recommended that forested buffers be placed around these pools.

CONODOGUINET CREEK AT ORRSTOWN (Letterkenny, Lurgan and Southampton Townships) - This forested but disturbed floodplain area contains an undetermined population of Pineland Pimpernel (Samolus parviflorus), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. Winged Monkey-flower (Minulus alatus), Orange Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Seedbox (Ludwigia alternatifolia), Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), Sedge (Carex lupulina), Arrow-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum), Cutgrass (Leersia virginica), Japanese Stilt-Grass (Microstegium vimineum), Clearweed (Pilea pumila), Pin Oak (Querus palustris), Bitternut (Carya cordiformis), Slippery Elm (Ulmas rubra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and Ash (Fraxinus sp.). Other plant species include White Oak (Quercus alba), Pignut Hickory (Carya ovalis), Ash (Fraxinus Sp), American Basswood (Tillia americana), American Sycamore (Platanus

143 occidentalis), Spicebush (Lindera benzion), Black-haw (Viburnmum prunifolium), Swamp Dogwood (Cornus racemosa), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Black Willow (Salix nigra), Smooth Alder (Alnus serrulata), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia), Poison-Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Dayflower (Commelina communis), White Avens (Geum canadense), Bottlebrush Grass (Elymus hystrix), Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Japanese Stilt-Grass (Microstegium vimineum), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias Incarnata), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Bog-Hemp (Bohemaria cylindrical), Water- Horehound (Lycopus uniflora), Clearweed (Pilea pumila). Bird species recorded here include Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), and Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Threats to this area include draining, conversion to agricultural fields, pasturing, grazing, and invasive species. Disturbances include selective logging that has occurred in the immediate vicinity of the plant species of concern.

144 FRANKLIN COUNTY

LURGAN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Middle Spring Creek CONCERN G3 S2 PE 2000-06-03 E

GRASS-LEAVED RUSH (JUNCUS BIFLORUS) G5 S2 TU 2001-07-28 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-07-06 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-07-06 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-06-07 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S4 DL 1997-06-07 B

SHORT-FRUITED RUSH (JUNCUS BRACHYCARPUS) G4G5 S1 PE 2001-07-28 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Rt 997 North Of Roxbury CONCERN G5 S1S2B PT 1988-06-28 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1S2B PT 1994 E

PINELAND PIMPERNEL (SAMOLUS Conodoguinit Creek at Orrstown PARVIFLORUS) G5 S2 TU 2002-08-07 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

145 FRANKLIN COUNTY, LURGAN TOWNSHIP MAP

146

LURGAN TOWNSHIP:

ROUTE 997 NORTH OF ROXBURY (Lurgan Township) - This site contains two unknown populations of an S1S2B Pennsylvania-threatened animal species of concern. Four adults and four immatures of this species were seen on a fence-post in an uncut grass pasture with a pond nearby. An updated survey to this site in June 2003 yielded species such as Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Common Yellowthroat (Geothylpis trichas), American Robin (Turdus migratorius), and Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). The habitat at this site is now marginally suitable for this S1S2B Pennsylvania- threatened animal species of concern. Cattle are present at this site as well. The main threat to this area is the conversion of grassy fields to row crop fields that would provide unsuitable habitat for this species. The initial plowing of land for crops adversely affects this grassland specialist even more than most other grassland species (Bowen and Houston, 2001). Another threat to this area is the possible conversion of old farms to development. Another unknown population of an S1S2B Pennsylvania-threatened animal species of concern was found in a similar type environment as the above population. It is recommended that these sites be surveyed for future activity for this species, and monitored for the threats mentioned above. It is also recommended that grasslands suitable for this species be of various heights with few shrubs (Bowen and Houston, 2001). This species requires short vegetation for foraging, taller vegetation for nesting, and short to medium vegetation for brood cover. Overall, grasslands should be preserved of at least 100 hectares in size (Bowen and Houston, 2001).

MIDDLE SPRING CREEK (Hopewell and Southampton Twps., Shippensburg Boro., Franklin Co.) This site supports a good quality population of a S1/S2 animal species of concern. Several dozen individuals including juveniles were observed at four separate observation points along a moderate gradient clearwater section of Middle Spring Creek. Downstream where Middle Spring Creek enters Conodoguinet Creek two adults of this species were also observed. Conodoguinet Creek is gravel and cobble-bottomed with riffles and runs along this section. The population is probably most successful in Middle Spring Creek with its cooler temperatures. Associated species include creek chub, blacknose dace, longnose dace, flathead minnow, bluegill, pearl dace, and juvenile wild brown trout. This population and the quality of habitat in Middle Spring Creek are threatened by excessive siltation from agricultural runoff and by industrial pollution. Maintaining a vegetated buffer along the creek and avoiding disturbances to the stream and its banks will help this species as well as many others continue to persist at this site. During surveys in 2000, PA-Endangered animal species of concern was discovered in a small wetland along the creek on the southern edge of the county. Associated plant species include Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Cattail (Typha spp.), Foxtail (Setaris spp.), Spike Rush (Eleocharis spp.), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Sedges (Carex spp.), Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium) and mosses (Sphagnum spp.). The wetland is fed by groundwater and has standing water in some areas. The site is disturbed and threats to this animal include invasive species and further development. More surveys are needed at this site to determine the status of the population. Better management of the area might include removal of invasive species.

147 CONODOGUINET CREEK AT ORRSTOWN (Letterkenny, Lurgan and Southampton Townships) - This forested but disturbed floodplain area contains an undetermined population of Pineland Pimpernel (Samolus parviflorus), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. Winged Monkey-flower (Minulus alatus), Orange Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Seedbox (Ludwigia alternatifolia), Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), Sedge (Carex lupulina), Arrow-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum), Cutgrass (Leersia virginica), Japanese Stilt-Grass (Microstegium vimineum), Clearweed (Pilea pumila), Pin Oak (Querus palustris), Bitternut (Carya cordiformis), Slippery Elm (Ulmas rubra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and Ash (Fraxinus sp.). Other plant species include White Oak (Quercus alba), Pignut Hickory (Carya ovalis), Ash (Fraxinus spp.), American Basswood (Tillia americana), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Spicebush (Lindera benzion), Black-haw (Viburnmum prunifolium), Swamp Dogwood (Cornus racemosa), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Black Willow (Salix nigra), Smooth Alder (Alnus serrulata), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia), Poison-Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Dayflower (Commelina communis), White Avens (Geum canadense), Bottlebrush Grass (Elymus hystrix), Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Japanese Stilt-Grass (Microstegium vimineum), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias Incarnata), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Bog-Hemp (Bohemaria cylindrical), Water-Horehound (Lycopus uniflora), Clearweed (Pilea pumila). Bird species recorded here include Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), and Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Threats to this area include draining, conversion to agricultural fields, pasturing, grazing, and invasive species. Disturbances include selective logging that has occurred in the immediate vicinity of the plant species of concern.

148 FRANKLIN COUNTY

METAL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Neeleyton Ridgetop CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1987-08-11 BC

Locally significant area: Upper West Branch Conococheague Creek

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

METAL TOWNSHIP:

NEELEYTOWN RIDGETOP (Metal Township) - This site contains a fair to good population of a G3G4 S3 animal species of concern. A few individuals of this species were found at the crest of Tuscarora Mountain near the Huntingdon County line in an acidic rock outcrop. No immediate threats or disturbances were noted at the site. More information is needed to better assess the population.

Locally Significant Site:

Upper West Branch Conococheague Creek (Metal Township) - This locally significant site includes the creek bed, banks and floodplain along the West Branch of the Conococheague Creek. The large canopy trees of beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and red oak (Quercus rubra), arch over the banks of the stream, providing filtered shade. Creek side surveys revealed a large population of the recently delisted plant species American beakgrain (Diarrhena obovata). Though recent statewide population estimates for this plant suggest that it is secure within the state, this species is geographically restricted to the southernmost portion of the state. Preservation of the floodplain along southern creeks like the West Branch of the Conococheague can help maintain current species population levels and keep this plant from becoming rare in the future. The creek bed also had sections where dense beds of submerged aquatic vegetation occurred. The species observed included water stargrass (Zosterella dubia), longleaf pondweed (Potomogeton nodosus) and two waterweed species (Elodea nuttallii & Elodea canadensis). A young stinkpot turtle (Sternotherus odoratus) was found swimming in the creek.

149 FRANKLIN COUNTY, METAL TOWNSHIP MAP

150

FRANKLIN COUNTY

MONTGOMERY TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE Concrete Bottom At Licking PETUNIA Creek (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1987-08-09 C

BLACK-STEMMED SPLEENWORT Conococheague Creek At (ASPLENIUM Highland School RESILIENS) G5 S1 PE 2002-05-18 C

GREEN-AND-GOLD (CHRYSOGONUM VIRGINIANUM) G5 S1 PE 2002-05-18 B

GREEN-AND-GOLD (CHRYSOGONUM VIRGINIANUM) G5 S1 PE 1995-05-10 B

JEWELED SHOOTING-STAR (DODECATHEON RADICATUM) G? S2 PT 1995-05-10 A

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 1992-06-30 CD

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 2002-05-18 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1984-10-05 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2002-05-18 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1987-07-15 B

151 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** Community – “NORTHERN APPALACHIAN CALCAREOUS ROCK” G2? S1 1987-07-08 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S2S3 1993-06-25 BC

SPREADING ROCKCRESS (ARABIS PATENS) G3 S2 N 2002-05-18 B

SPREADING ROCKCRESS (ARABIS PATENS) G3 S2 N 1997-05-12 AB

SPREADING ROCKCRESS (ARABIS PATENS) G3 S2 N 2002-05-18 B

VASE-VINE LEATHER-FLOWER (CLEMATIS VIORNA) G5 S1 PE 2002-05-18 B

VASE-VINE LEATHER-FLOWER (CLEMATIS VIORNA) G5 S1 PE 1992-06-26 D

ALLEGHENY STONECROP (SEDUM Lower Conococheague Creek TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 2002-09-03 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 2002-09-03 BC

AMERICAN BEAKGRAIN (DIARRHENA Mercersburg Woods OBOVATA) G4G5 S4 DL 1993-09-10 D

CATTAIL SEDGE (CAREX TYPHINA) G5 S2 PE 1993-05-27 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1993-09-10 C

152 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 DL 1993-09-10 B

SHUMARD'S OAK (QUERCUS SHUMARDII) G5 S1 PE 1993-09-10 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Shimpstown Meadows CONCERN G5 S3B,S 2002-05-20 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3B,S 2002-09-19 E

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

153 FRANKLIN COUNTY, MONTGOMERY TOWNSHIP MAP

154

MONTGOMERY TOWNSHIP:

CONOCOCHEAGUE CREEK AT HIGHLAND SCHOOL (Montgomery Township) - This site contains a large number of plant species of concern in a dry-mesic calcareous forest with a very rich herbaceous layer. Included in this site is a small population of an S1 plant species of concern, Vase- vine Leather Flower (Clematis viorna). Associated species with this plant species include Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Red Mulberry (Morus rubra), Burning-bush (Euonymus atropurpurens), and Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). In addition, a good to excellent population of Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens), a G3 S2 plant species of concern, was found in a dry mesic calcareous forest with a rich herbaceous layer. Associated species include Early Meadow-rue (Thalictrum dioicum), Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Jeweled Shootingstar (Dodecatheon radicatum), White Wood Aster (Eurybia divaricata), Solomon’s Seals (Polygonatum pubescens), Trout-lily (Erythronium americanum), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis), and Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). This site also contains a fair quality example of a Northern Appalachian Calcareous Rocky Summit along the Conococheague Bluffs.

A good population of Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens), a G3 S2 plant species of concern, was found on a steep wooded slope overlooking the west branch of Conococheague Creek. Associated species include Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), False Solomon’s Seals (Smilacina racemosa), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense), and Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis). Another good population of Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens) was found on a base of a north facing limestone cliff at the top of a wooded talus slope above the west branch Conococheague Creek. Associated species include Smooth Rockcress (Arabis laevigata), Early Meadow-rue (Thalictrum dioicium), Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Dutchman’s- Breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia), Blue-stem Goldenrod (Solidago caesia), and Early Saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis). A good population of Black-stemmed Spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens), an S1 Pennsylvania-Endangered plant species of concern, was found at a base of a north facing limestone cliff at the top of a wooded talus slope above a creek. Exotic plant species are very abundant in this area. Additional disturbances are off-road vehicle trails, vulnerability to logging, grazing, and trampling. An adjacent field is used for crops.

A small to fair population of Lance-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), an S1 plant species of concern, was found in a dry-mesic calcareous forest with a very rich herb layer. Associated species included Virginia Pine (Juniperus virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Eastern Hop- hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Red Mulberry (Morus rubra), and Burning-bush (Euonymus atropurpureus). This area is surrounded by agricultural fields and residential housing. Disturbances include selective cutting of mature trees and impact from log removing equipment. Also found here is an excellent population of Jeweled Shootingstar (Dodecatheon radicatum), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. In addition, a good population of Green and Gold (Chrysogonum virginianum), an S1 Pennsylvania-Endangered plant was found. These two species were found in a dry-mesic calcareous

155 oak community with a rich herbaceous layer on a limestone bluff surrounded by pastureland. One threat is the invasion of Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).

A good population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 Pennsylvania-threatened plant species of concern, was found on a northeast facing slope in Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii) mixed hardwoods. One disturbance of this species is the invasion of Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) on the edge. Another good population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens) was found on a wooded edge disturbed roadside adjacent to a bridge.

One adult of an S2 Pennsylvania-animal species of concern was found along exposed and wooded cliffs along a creek. This area is dominated by Black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), Eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Spleenwort (Asplenium spp.), and Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis). The surrounding land is residential, agricultural, and recreational. Aerial spraying is one threat to this area. In addition, a fair to good population of an S2S3 animal species of concern was found in a cave located in limestone rock outcrop in the middle of a forested pasture. Cattle grazing is a disturbance to this site and the site is surrounded by agriculture, residences, and a creek.

MERCERSBURG WOODS (Montgomery Township) - This site contains several Pennsylvania plant species of concern found in a small floodplain forest and marsh next to the Conococheague Creek and Johnston Run. A fair to good population of Cattail Sedge (Carex typhina), an S2 plant species of concern, was found in a narrow zone of marsh. Several species were found in the floodplain area, including a good population of an S1 plant species, American Beakgrain (Diarrhena obovata), a recently delisted species. In addition, a fair-quality population of an S2 plant species, Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), and a small population of an S1 plant species, Shumard’s Oak (Quercus shumardi). All these species were found in a floodplain forest on an alluvial terrace. Associated species include Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Silver Maple (Acer saccharum), Ash-leafed Maple (Acer negundo), Hickory (Carya sp.), American Elm (Ulmus americana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor), Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), and Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). Surrounding land use includes rural residential areas and agricultural fields. One recommendation is that timber harvesting be avoided in floodplain forests.

SHIMPSTOWN MEADOWS (Montgomery Township) - This area contains an unknown population of an S3B, S3N Pennsylvania animal species of concern. Nesting evidence of this species was present on the site, and the landowner has seen the birds on several occasions. However, more surveys are needed to access the breeding success and population of this species. A large barn is located on property very near to where grassland conservation reserve (crp) program habitat begins. The surrounding land consists of some upland forest areas, agriculture and rural residential areas. Threats include discontinued conservation reserve program (crep) or habitat is not managed to remain grassland and adjacent forested uplands. Another undetermined population of this S3B, S3N Pennsylvania animal species of concern was found in an abandoned silo next to grass fields and farmland. There is a good amount of fields for foraging for this species as well as conifer uplands for roosting. Surrounding areas include a major road, upland forest areas, farmland, suburban property, and rural residential areas. Threats include

156 discontinued conservation reserve program (crep) or habitat is not managed to remain grassland and adjacent forested uplands.

CONCRETE BOTTOM AT LICKING CREEK (Montgomery Township) - This site contains a fair population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. This species occurs along a road adjacent to a creek. Roadside mowing is a threat to the population.

157 FRANKLIN COUNTY

PETERS TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS Church Hill Marsh LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 1992-07-13 D

AMERICAN BEAKGRAIN Fort Loudon Floodplain (DIARRHENA OBOVATA) G4G5 S4 DL 2002-07-30 E

AMERICAN BEAKGRAIN (DIARRHENA OBOVATA) G4G5 S4 DL 1993-08-01 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1993-08-01 C

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 DL 1993-08-01 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3 2002-07-31 E

WATER-PLANTAIN SPEARWORT (RANUNCULUS AMBIGENS) G4 S3 N 2002-07-30 E

AMERICAN BEAKGRAIN Mercersburg Woods (DIARRHENA OBOVATA) G4G5 S4 DL 1993-09-10 D

CATTAIL SEDGE (CAREX TYPHINA) G5 S2 PE 1993-05-27 BC

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1993-09-10 C

SHELLBARK HICKORY (CARYA LACINIOSA) G5 S3 DL 1993-09-10 B

SHUMARD'S OAK (QUERCUS SHUMARDII) G5 S1 PE 1993-09-10 D

158 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

SLENDER GOLDEN- ROD (SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA Rattlesnake Ridge VAR ERECTA) G5 S1 PE 1987-09-21 B

CAT'S-PAW RAGWORT (SENECIO Sportsman's Road Shale Bank ANTENNARIIFOLIUS) G4 S1 PE 1995-05-01 BC

KATE'S MOUNTAIN CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM VIRGINICUM) G3 S1 PE 1990-05-05 D

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1987-05-22 C

WHITE WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 2002-09-14 B

FRINGED-LEAVED Williamson Red Cedar - PETUNIA Redbud Shrubland (RUELLIA HUMILIS) G5 S1 PE 2002-07-09 AB

FRINGED-LEAVED PETUNIA (RUELLIA HUMILIS) G5 S1 PE 1992-06-30 C

FRINGED-LEAVED PETUNIA (RUELLIA HUMILIS) G5 S1 PE 1994-08-22 C

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 2002-07-09 BC

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA G5 S1 PE 1990-08-31 D

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA G5 S1 PE 1994-08-22 C

159 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE ADDER'S- TONGUE (OPHIOGLOSSUM ENGELMANNII) G5 S1 PE 1994-05-24 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1990-06-13 D

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1990-08-31 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1994-08-22 D

OBLIQUE MILKVINE (MATELEA OBLIQUA) G4? S1 PE 1990-08-31 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G2G3 S1 1993-06-25 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S2S3 1993-06-25 B

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1992-06-26 D

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1985-06-11 D

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1985-07-16 C

TALL GRAMMA (BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA) G5 S2 PT 2002-07-09 C

TUFTED BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) G5 S1S2 PE 1994-05-24 CD

Locally significant area: Upper West Branch Conococheague Creek

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

160 FRANKLIN COUNTY, PETERS TOWNSHIP MAP

161

PETERS TOWNSHIP:

WILLIAMSON-RED CEDAR-REDBUD SHRUBLAND (Peters, Antrim and St. Thomas Townships) - This large site consisting of smaller separate areas contains thirteen separate plant species of concern and two animal species of concern. Plant species found in the Williamson quarry area include a fair population of Lance-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), an S1 plant species of concern and a small population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 plant species of concern. Associated species with these species include Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Virginia Pine (Juniperus virginiana), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and Common Chickweed (Stellaria media). A fair population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa), an S3 plant species of concern was also found on the sparsely vegetated sides of a steep slope of a limestone quarry. A fair population of Fringed-leaved Petunia (Ruellia humilis), an S1 plant species of concern, was found in a dry- mesic rock outcrop, lawn, powerline and red cedar shrubland. Associated species include Gypsyweed (Veronica officinalis), Wood Mint (Blephilia ciliata), Deptford Pink (Dianthus armeria), and Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). A separate fair population of Fringed- leaved Petunia (Ruellia humilis) was found on a closely mowed lawn on gently rolling terrain. Associated species include Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia), Wild Pepper-grass (Lepidium virginicum), and Thyme-leaved Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia). A separate small population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa) was found in a lawn exposed by limestone bedrock. A small to fair population of Tufted Buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis), a S1S2 plant species of concern was found in a site located at the top of east facing limestone bluff overlooking a creek at Baker Caverns. Associated species include Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Wood Geranium (Geranium maculatum), Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens), Sedge (Carex spp.), Avens (Geum spp.), Tall anenome (Anemone virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Eastern Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Eastern Red-Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), and Common Chickweed (Stellaria media). Also found on the limestone bluffs is a small population of Lance-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), an G5 S1 plant species of concern, and a small to fair population of Oblique Milkvine (Matelea oblique), a S1 plant species of concern. Associated species with Oblique Milkvine include White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Elm (Ulmus sp.), Common Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Grape (Vitis sp.), Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Catnip (Nepeta cataria), Wild Basil (Satureja vulgaris), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), and Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota). A small to fair population of Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens) was found at the top of a limestone bluff overlooking a creek. Associated species include Tall anenome (Anemone virginiana), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), Spring Avens (Geum vernum), Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), and Adder’s Tongue (Ophioglossum engelmannii). A small population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa) was found site in a grassy road bank between a corn field and a paved road. Associated species include Common Milkweed (Asclepias

162 syriaca), Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Iris (Iris sp.,), and Grasses (Poaceae). A good population of Limestone Adder’s-Tongue (Ophioglossum engelmannii), a S1 plant species of concern, was found on a dry-mesic rock outcrop in a powerline cut clearing. Associated species include Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Wood Mint (Blephilia ciliata), and Canada Bluegrass (Poa compressa). A fair population of Tall Gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula), an S2 plant species of concern, was found in a small limestone outcrop surrounded by quarries and open agricultural land. Associated species include Tall anenome (Anemone virginiana) Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Wood Mint (Blephila ciliata), and Canada Goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Exotic plant species were abundant in this area. A small population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens) was found in a deciduous woods with a shrubby thicket beside a creek at Baker Caverns. Associated species include Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and Common Chickweed (Stellaria media).

In addition, an S1 animal species of concern and an S2S3 animal species of concern were found nearby in a stream next to an agricultural area. Four individuals of the S1 animal species of concern were collected in a part of the seven caves with a stream flowing through it. Surrounding land-use include agricultural fields and a quarry. Two individuals of the S2S3 animal species of concern were also found in the same area. No threats or recommendations were identified.

FORT LOUDON FLOODPLAIN (Peters Township) - This site contains several plant species of concern and one animal species of concern. Plant species included in this site is a fair population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 plant species of concern. An undetermined population of Water-plaintain spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens), an S3 plant species of concern, was found in a forested floodplain with braided overflow channels. Associated species include Yellow-Pond Lily (Nuphar lutea), Marsh-purslane (Ludwigia palustris), Waterweed (Elodea sp.), Marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides), Sedge (Carex lurida), Bur-reed (Sparganium sp.), and Soft Rush (Juncus effuses). Dominant species at this site include Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), White Oak (Quercus alba), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), Shellbark Hickory (Carya laciniosa), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Redbud (Circus canadensis), Musclewood (Carpinus caroliniana), Eastern Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Pawpaw (Asimina triloba), Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), Japanese Stilt- Grass (Microstegium vimenium), Fowl Mannagrass (Glyceria striata), White-snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum), Sedge (Carex gynandra), Sedge (Carex lupulina), American Monkey-flower (Mimulus ringens), Arrow-leafed tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum), Halberd-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium), Bottlebrush Grass (Elymus histrix), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and Garlic- Mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Bird species recorded here include White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), American Goldfinch (Cardeulis tristas), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens), Eastern Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), and Great-crested

163 Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitis). An undetermined population of American Beakgrain (Diarrhena obovata), a recently delisted species, was found in this area as well. In addition, an undetermined population of a G4 S3 animal species of concern was found on this site. All species were found in a floodplain forest with braided overflow channels that consist of some exotic plant species, and some surrounding agricultural land use. Exotic plant species pose the greatest long-term risk to the species of concern on this site.

CHURCH HILL MARSH (Peters Township) - This site contains a small population of Lance- leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), a G5 S1 Pennsylvania Endangered plant species. This marsh is impacted by grazing, cultivation, and selective cutting. Associated species include American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Trailing Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), White Avens (Geum canadense), and Curly Dock (Rumex crispus). In addition, a population of Horned Pondweed (Zannichellia palustris), a delisted aquatic plant species, was also found at this site.

MERCERSBURG WOODS (Peters Township) - This site contains three plant species of concern and two recently delisted species of concern. A small population of American Beakgrain (Diarrhena obovata), a recently delisted species, was found at this site. A fair to good population of Cattail Sedge (Carex typhina), a Pennsylvania Endangered species of concern, was found in a narrow zone of fresh marsh parallel to a narrow zone of disturbed floodplain along the east bank of Johnston Run. Associated species include Fowl mannagrass (Glyceria striata), Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivalis), Sedge (Carex lurida), and Soft Rush (Juncus effusus). A fair population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens) was also found in a floodplain forest. Threats to this population include invasive plant species and roadside mowing. A good population of Shellbark Hickory (Carya laciniosa), a recently delisted plant, was also found in the floodplain forest. A small population of Shumards Oak (Quercus shumardii) was also found in a floodplain forest. Associated species include American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), and Box Elder (Acer negundo), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), and American Elm (Ulmus americana).

RATTLESNAKE RIDGE (Peters Township) - This site contains a good population of Slender Goldenrod (Solidago speciosa var. erecta), a G5 S1 Pennsylvania Endangered species of concern. This species is located at the foot of the ridge, on dry shale and chuncky sandstone. Threats to the population include roadside spraying and contstruction.

SPORTMANS ROAD SHALE BANK (Peters Township) - This site contains populations of four plant species of concern. A fair to good population of Cats-paw Ragwort (Senecio antennnarifolius), was found in an old shale excavation area that now simulates a shale barren. Surrounding land includes mixed deciduous forest, lawns, and a man made lake. There is potential for this species to expand in population at this site despite the threat of mowing, which may have affected the species numbers. Also found in the shale habitatwas a small population of Kate’s Mountain Clover (Trifolium virginicum), a G3 S1 Pennsylvania Endangered plant species. A fair population of Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), a G5 S3 plant species of concern, was found in an open shale bank along the road. A good population of Kate’s Mountain Clover

164 (Trifolium antennariifolius), a G3 S1 plant species of concern, was also found in an open shale area.

Locally Significant Area:

165 FRANKLIN COUNTY

ST. THOMAS TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Community – “EPHEMERAL/FLUC TUATING NATURAL Bear Valley POOL” G? S3 2002-03-02 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Edenville Meadows CONCERN G5 S2B 1986-06-01 E

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA St. Thomas Barren HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1988-04-26 C

FRINGED-LEAVED Williamson Red-cedar - Redbud PETUNIA Shrubland (RUELLIA HUMILIS) G5 S1 PE 2002-07-09 AB

FRINGED-LEAVED PETUNIA (RUELLIA HUMILIS) G5 S1 PE 1992-06-30 C

FRINGED-LEAVED PETUNIA (RUELLIA HUMILIS) G5 S1 PE 1994-08-22 C

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 2002-07-09 BC

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 1990-08-31 D

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA) G5 S1 PE 1994-08-22 C

LIMESTONE ADDER'S-TONGUE (OPHIOGLOSSUM ENGELMANNII) G5 S1 PE 1994-05-24 B

166 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1990-06-13 D

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1990-08-31 C

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1994-08-22 D

OBLIQUE MILKVINE (MATELEA OBLIQUA) G4? S1 PE 1990-08-31 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G2G3 S1 1993-06-25 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S2S3 1993-06-25 B

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1992-06-26 D

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1985-06-11 D

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1985-07-16 C

SPREADING ROCKCRESS (ARABIS PATENS) G3 S2 N 1994-05-24 CD

TALL GRAMMA (BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA) G5 S2 PT 2002-07-09 C

TUFTED BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) G5 S1S2 PE 1994-05-24 CD

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

167 FRANKLIN COUNTY, ST. THOMAS TOWNSHIP MAP

168

ST. THOMAS TOWNSHIP:

WILLIAMSON-RED CEDAR-REDBUD SHRUBLAND (Peters, Antrim and St. Thomas Townships) - This large site consisting of smaller separate areas contains thirteen separate plant species of concern and two animal species of concern. Plant species found in the Williamson quarry area include a fair population of Lance-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), an S1 plant species of concern and a small population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 plant species of concern. Associated species with these species include Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Virginia Pine (Juniperus virginiana), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and Common Chickweed (Stellaria media). A fair population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa), an S3 plant species of concern was also found on the sparsely vegetated sides of a steep slope of a limestone quarry. A fair population of Fringed-leaved Petunia (Ruellia humilis), an S1 plant species of concern, was found in a dry- mesic rock outcrop, lawn, powerline and red cedar shrubland. Associated species include Gypsyweed (Veronica officinalis), Wood Mint (Blephilia ciliata), Deptford Pink (Dianthus armeria), and Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Another population of Fringed-leaved Petunia (Ruellia humilis) was found on a closely mowed lawn on gently rolling terrain. Associated species include Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia), Wild Pepper-grass (Lepidium virginicum), and Thyme-leaved Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia). A separate small population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa) was found in a lawn exposed by limestone bedrock. A small to fair population of Tufted Buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis), a S1S2 plant species of concern, was found in a site located at the top of east facing limestone bluff overlooking a creek at Baker Caverns. Associated species include Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Wood Geranium (Geranium maculatum), Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens), Sedge (Carex spp.), Avens (Geum spp.), Tall anenome (Anemone virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Eastern Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Eastern Red-Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), and Common Chickweed (Stellaria media). Also found on the limestone bluffs is a small population of Lance-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), and a small to fair population of Oblique Milkvine (Matelea oblique), an S1 plant species of concern. Associated species with Oblique Milkvine include White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Elm (Ulmus sp.), Common Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Grape (Vitis sp.), Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Catnip (Nepeta cataria), Wild Basil (Satureja vulgaris), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), and Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota). A small to fair population of Spreading Rockcress (Arabis patens) was found at the top of a limestone bluff overlooking a creek. Associated species include Tall anenome (Anemone virginiana), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), Spring Avens (Geum vernum), Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), and Adder’s Tongue (Ophioglossum engelmannii). A small population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa) was found site is a grassy road bank between a corn field and a paved road. Associated species include Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Iris (Iris sp.,), and Grasses

169 (Poaceae). A good population of Limestone Adder’s-Tongue (Ophioglossum engelmannii), an S1 plant species of concern, was found on a dry-mesic rock outcrop in a powerline cut clearing. Associated species include Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Wood Mint (Blephilia ciliata), and Canada Bluegrass (Poa compressa). A fair population of Tall Gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula), an S2 plant species of concern, was found in a small limestone outcrop surrounded by quarries and open agricultural land. Associated species include Tall anenome (Anemone virginiana) Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Wood Mint (Blephila ciliata), and Canada Goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Exotic plant species were abundant in this area. A small population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens) was found in a deciduous woods with a shrubby thicket beside a creek at Baker Caverns. Associated species include Tree-of- heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and Common Chickweed (Stellaria media). In addition, an S1 animal species of concern and an S2S3 animal species of concern was found in area near a stream next to an agricultural area. Four individuals of this S1 animal species of concern were collected in a part of seven caves with a stream flowing through it. Surrounding land use include agricultural fields and a quarry. Two individuals of the S2S3 animal species of concern were also found in the same area. No threats or recommendations were identified.

EDENVILLE MEADOWS (Hamilton Township, St. Thomas Township) - This site has supported an unknown population of an S2B Pennsylvania-Endangered animal species of concern. This site was revisited/updated in June 2003 and species found include Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) were found in a large, mixed hayfield with grass, wheat, and some row crop rotation. There is still potential for this S2B Pennsylvania-Endangered species to nest in this area. Further surveys to this site are encouraged. In Pennsylvania, this species nests in older reclaimed surface- mine sites planted with various grasses and legumes and grown up with scattered, taller, woody plants (Brauning, 1993). This species also nests in mixed hayfields containing grasses, alfalfa, and other forbs. It is thought that the only viable population of this species in Pennsylvania is in Franklin County. Further surveys and encouragement of CRP is needed to secure the future of this species in Pennsylvania.

ST THOMAS BARREN (St. Thomas Township) - This site contains a fair population of Prickly Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa), a G5 S3 Pennsylvania rare plant species of concern. The habitat for this species is a dry disturbed shale bank next to a road with one area next to woods. Associated species include Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), Field Peppergrass (Lepidium virginicum), Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota), Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Honey-Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Disturbances include mowing and potential invasive species competition.

BEAR VALLEY (St. Thomas Township, Warren Township) - This site contains approximately 22 vernal pools as part of an Ephemeral / Fluctuating Pool Natural Community on very stony soils

170 in a mixed coniferous deciduous forest. The canopy consisted of Black Birch (Betula lenta), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Shrubs and herbaceous vegetation found here include Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), as well as a number of sedges, grasses and saplings. Surrounding land use is passive and active recreation. Threats include logging in and around vernal ponds and absence of ecologically adequate buffers around vernal pools. There will be a more complete list of species and site conditions found at this site in the Franklin County NAI final report.

171 FRANKLIN COUNTY

WARREN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ALLEGHENY STONECROP Licking Creek Woods (SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 1997-06-28 B, BC, CD

BEARD-TONGUE (PENSTEMON CANESCENS) G4 S3 N 1997-06-06 C

BLACK-STEMMED SPLEENWORT (ASPLENIUM RESILIENS) G5 S1 PE 1990-09-03 C, B, B BLUNT-LEAVED SPURGE (EUPHORBIA OBTUSATA) G5 S1 PE 1991-06-04 B

COMMON HOP-TREE (PTELEA TRIFOLIATA) G5 S2 PT 1997-06-28 C

COMMON SHOOTING- STAR (DODECATHEON MEADIA) G5 S1 PE 1992-05-25 BC

GREEN-AND-GOLD (CHRYSOGONUM VIRGINIANUM) G5 S1 PE 1990-06-04 D

HOARY PUCCOON (LITHOSPERMUM CANESCENS) G5 S2 N 1997-05-03 C

JEWELED SHOOTING- STAR (DODECATHEON RADICATUM) G? S2 PT 1997-07-16 A

LARGE-LEAVED WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM) G5 S1 PE 1997-06-10 B

LIMESTONE PETUNIA (RUELLIA STREPENS) G4G5 S2 PT 1991-06-04 C

172 TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LOBED SPLEENWORT (ASPLENIUM PINNATIFIDUM) G4 S3 N 1989-05-15 C

OBLIQUE MILKVINE (MATELEA OBLIQUA) G4? S1 PE 1991-05-05 CD

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 1997-05-17 CD

RED-BANDED HAIRSTREAK (CALYCOPIS CECROPS) G5 S4 DL 1995-05-09 E

SEDGE (CAREX SHORTIANA) G5 S3 N 1997-06-08 E

SPRING CORAL-ROOT (CORALLORHIZA WISTERIANA) G5 S1 TU 1993-05-07 B

ST ANDREW'S-CROSS (HYPERICUM STRAGULUM) G5 S2 N 1997-07-16 BC

BLACK-STEMMED SPLEENWORT Little Cove Creek Cliff (ASPLENIUM RESILIENS) G5 S1 PE 1988-06-10 BC

PURPLE BEDSTRAW Tuscarora Trail (GALIUM LATIFOLIUM) G5 S3 N 2001-08-16 C

State Game Lands #124 - PURPLE BEDSTRAW Tuscarora Trail (GALIUM LATIFOLIUM) G5 S3 N 2001-08-16 B

ST ANDREW'S-CROSS (HYPERICUM STRAGULUM) G5 S2 N 2001-08-16 D

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

173 FRANKLIN COUNTY, WARREN TOWNSHIP MAP

174

WARREN TOWNSHIP:

LICKING CREEK WOODS (Warren Township and Maryland) - This site contains a total of 24 of species of concern in habitats such as Dry calcareous central forest, Alluvium and floodplain forest, moist calcareous shale woods, Limestone cliff in mixed forest, mixed deciduous “rich” woods, mesic upland forest, etc. Three good and undetermined populations of Blunt-leaved Spurge (Euphorbia obtusata), an S1 Pennsylvania- Endangered plant, were found along a weedy zone of shale-dominated roads and in a little cove. Associated species include Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Nodding fescue (festuca obtusa), Anise-root (Osmorhiza longistylis), and Yellow-flowered sanicle (Sanicula gregaria). Five populations of Allegheny Stonecrop (Sedum telephioides), a G4 S3 plant species of concern, were found in various habitats such as limestone-facing slopes, dry shale cliffs, and cliffs alongside a creek. These populations were of varying qualities such as good, good to fair and fair to small. Associated species with this listed plant species include White Wood Aster (Eurybia divaricata), Rock polypody (Polypodium virginianum), Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Marginal Shield Fern (Dryopteris marginalis), Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), Ebony Spleenwort (Asplenium platneuron), Orpine (Sedum sarmentosum), Seven-bark (Hydrangea arborescens), Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis), False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrical), Poison-Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Box-elder (Acer negundo), Tufted Hairgrass (Deschampa cespitosa), and Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Four populations of Jeweled Shooting-star (Dodecatheon radicatum), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, were found on a rich limestone hillside with frequent outcrops on the south facing ridge in a mixed second-growth forest with mostly hardwoods. The major canopy and subcanopy tree species in these woods include Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), Black Oak (Quercus velutina), Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Musclewood (Carpinus caroliniana), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The populations of this species range from fair to excellent examples and occur mostly on rich limestone hillside outcrops and in one example, a oak-hickory, dry-mesic acidic central forest. Associated species with this population include Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Ash (Fraxinus sp.), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Eastern Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), and Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida). Disturbances include an old fence, stumps, and a pipeline. Threats to all these populations include timber harvest and collecting. A small population of Green and Gold (Chrysogonum virginianum), an S1 plant species of concern, was found on a limestone cliff in a mixed forest. Associated species include Cucumber- tree (Magnolia acuminata), Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Alternate-leaved Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Eastern Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica), Joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium purpureum), Brachyelytrum (Brachyelytrum erectum), Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), False Solomon’s-Seal

175 (smilacina racemosa), Wild Yam (Dioscorea quaternata), Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Rue-anenome (Thalictrum thalictroides), and White Pine (Pinus strobus). A fair population of Limestone Petunia (Ruellia strepens), an S2 Pennsylvania-threatened plant species of concern, was found in mixed deciduous rich woods on a light slope. Associated plants include Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Devil’s-darning-needle (Clematis virginiana), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Fescue (Festuca elatior), Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus), Joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium fistulosum), Spotted Knotweed (Centaurea maculosa). Three small to fair populations of Oblique Milkvine (Matelea oblique), an S1 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, were found alongside a road and woods. Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is a potential threat to each of these populations. A fair population of Hoary Puccoon (Lithospermum canescens), a G5 S2 plant species of concern, was found along a mowed roadside adjoining a xeric calcareous central forest. Associated species include Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), Grass (Poaceae spp.), and Low Bindweed (Convolulus spithamea). A small to fair population of Prickly-Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa), an S3 Pennsylvania-Rare plant species of concern was found on an opening on a talus area at the base of a calcareous cliff. A fair to good population of St. Andrew’s Cross (Hypericum stragulum), an S2 plant species of concern, was found on a pipeline right of way with an artificial early successional habitat that simulates a grassland or meadow. Associated species include Northern Oatgrass (Danthonia compressa), Common Hairgrass (Deschampia flexuosa), Sedges (Carex spp.), and Cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis). Long-term competition, exotics, or spraying might be a problem in the future for this population. A fair population of Lobed Spleenwort (Asplenium pinnatifidum), an S3 plant species of concern, was found in a calcareous central forest at the crest of a ridge. Associated species include Eastern Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium), Walking Fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), Ebony Spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), Rock-cap Fern (Polypodium virginianum), Blunt-lobed Spleenwort (Woodsia obtusata), and Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis). A good population of Large-leaved Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), an S1 plant species of concern, was found on a moist shaded sloped substrate in a mesic upland forest. Associated species include Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Yellow Oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Nodding fescue (Festuca obtuse), Anise-root (Osmorhiza longistylis), and Yellow-flowered Sanicle (Sanicula ordorata). Three fair and good populations of Black-stemmed Spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens), an S1 plant species of concern, were found in habitats such as along an alluvium and floodplain forest along a creek, and on a limestone cliff in a mixed forest. Associated species with each of these populations of this species include Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), Wild Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), Walking Fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Wild Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), Rock polypody (polypodium virginianum), Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Marginal Shield-fern (Dryopteris marginalis) and a variety of lichens and mosses. An undetermined population of Sedge (Carex shortiana), an S3 plant species of concern, was found in Licking Creek Woods. A fair population of Beard-Tongue (Penstemon canescens), an S3 plant species of concern, was found on a slope in a calcareous central forest. Associated species include White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Eastern Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Poison-Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), and White avens (Geum canadense). Threats to this population include browsing, trampling, and enlargement of the pipeline clearing. A good population of Spring Coral-root

176 (Corallorhiza wisteriana), an S1 plant species of concern, was found in xeric/mesic southeast- facing calcareous woods. Trampling and collection threaten the population of this species. A fair population of Common Hop-Tree (Ptelea trifoliate), an S2 plant species of concern, was found in an alluvium and floodplain forest along a creek. Associated species include Ash (Fraxinus sp.), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). Species in the tree canopy include American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Hickory (Carya spp.), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), Ash-leafed Maple (Acer negundo), American Elm (Ulmus americana), Ash (Fraxinus spp.), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), and others. Cutting or clearing the forest is a threat to this population. Finally, an undetermined population of Purple Bedstraw (Galium latifolium), an S3 plant species of concern, was found in a dry-mesic calcareous central forest. Associated species include White Oak (Quercus alba), Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), Eastern Hop-Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), and Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida).

TUSCARORA TRAIL (Warren Township) This site contains a good population of Purple Bedstraw (Galium latifolium), an S3 plant species of concern, in an upland hardwood forest in well-drained rocky shale and sandstone soil. Disturbances to this site include exotics, gypsy moth defoliation, and excessive deer browse. Associated species include Woodland dropseed (Muhlenbergia tenuiflora), White-Snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum), Panic-grass (Panicum boscii), Wild Licorice (Galium circaezans), Sweet- scented Bedstraw (Galium triflorum), Stone-mint (Cunila origanoides), American Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides), Tick-trefoil (Desmodium sp.), Poverty-grass (Danthonia spicata), Canada Brome (Bromus pubescens), Sedge (Carex pennsylvanica), Japanese Stilt-Grass (Microstegium vimineum), and Virginia Snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria). Disturbances include exotic plant species, deer browse, and gypsy moth defoliation.

LITTLE COVE CREEK CLIFF (Warren Township) - This site contains a fair to good population of Black-stemmed Spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens), an S1 plant species of concern. This species was found on a northeast facing calcareous cliff. No disturbances or threats were identified at this site.

STATE GAME LANDS #124-TUSCARORA TRAIL (Warren Township)- This site contains a good population of Purple Bedstraw (Galium latifolium), an S3 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. This population was found in an upland-hardwood forest in well-drained rocky shale and sandstone soil. Associated species include Woodland Dropseed (Muhlenbergia tenuiflora), Tall Eupatorium (Eupatorium rugosum), Panic-Grass (Panicum boscii), Wild Licorice (Galium circaezans), Sweet-scented Bedstraw (Galium triflorum), Stone-mint (Cunila origanoides), American Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides), Tick-trefoil (Desmodium sp.), Poverty Grass (Danthonia spicata), Canada Brome (Bromus pubescens), Sedge (Carex pennsylvanica), Japanese Stilt-Grass (Microstegium vimineum), and Virginia Snake-root (Aristolochia serpentaria).

177 FULTON COUNTY

AYR TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ Site Name Community Type Global State State Status Last Seen Quality**

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS Ford Limestone Quarry LANCEOLATA) G4G5 S1 PE 6/5/91 E

Managed Areas: Buchanan State Forest State Game Lands #124 State Game Lands #53

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

AYR TOWNSHIP:

FORD LIMESTONE QUARRY - This site is centered on the occurrence of Lanceolate Buckhorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), an endangered plant species in Pennsylvania. The shrub was found in a weedy thicket between the roadside and forest, west of a limestone quarry. Lanceolate Buckhorn prefers moist, especially calcareous soils and can be found in boggy fields, streambanks, and calcareous woods. Threats to the occurrence of this element are roadside spraying of herbicide and general maintenance of the road. Careful use of herbicides and road maintenance that considers the plant population of concern and its immediate habitat would help maintain the viability of this location for the buckthorn.

178 FULTON COUNTY, AYR TOWNSHIP MAP

179 FULTON COUNTY

DUBLIN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Camp Sinoquipe CONCERN G5 S3S4 1987-05-10 E

LUPINE (LUPINUS PERENNIS) G5 S3 PR 1987-06-27 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5T2Q SH 1980-06 H

SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS MICRANTHUS) G5 S3 PR 1987-05-10 BC

Managed Areas: Buchanan State Forest State Game Lands #81

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

DUBLIN TOWNSHIP:

CAMP SINOQUIPE - The site includes much of Camp Sinoquipe Scout Reservation and can be characterized as mesic, well-drained, mixed deciduous forest. Several individuals of an Animal Species of Concern were found during a survey of campsites in this area. Wild Lupine (Lupinus perennis) was found growing on a steep bank along a trail. An Animal Species of Concern was observed at its nest site, a telephone booth at the camp office. This occurrence was deemed “accidental”. Other species identified within the site include: Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), White Pine (Pinus strobus), Virginia Pine (P. virginiana), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), White Oak (Quercus alba), Chestnut Oak (Quercus Montana), Red Oak (Q. rubra), Rue Anemone (Anemonella thalictroides), Plantain-leaved Pussytoe (Antennaria plantaginifolia), Toothwort (Dentaria laciniata), Bedstraw (Galium sp.), Liverleaf (Hepatica Americana), Old-field Cinquefoil (Potentilla simplex), Early Saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis) and Long-leaved Bluets (Houstonia longifolia). Additional campsites, trails, and disturbances from scout activities are potential threats to the elements found at this site.

180 FULTON COUNTY, DUBLIN TOWNSHIP MAP

181

FULTON COUNTY

TODD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

GLADE SPURGE (EUPHORBIA Little Aughwick Creek PURPUREA) G3 S1 PE 1999-02-03 C

Community – “HIGH-GRADIENT CLEARWATER CREEK” G? S3 E

SHORT-LEAF PINE (PINUS ECHINATA) G5 S1S2 N 1905-06-05

Managed Areas: Buchanan State Forest Cowans Gap State Park State Game Lands #53

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

182 FULTON COUNTY, TODD TOWNSHIP MAP

183

TODD TOWNSHIP:

LITTLE AUGHWICK CREEK - Located in Cowans Gap State Park, this site can be characterized as a typical deep valley within the Appalachian Mountain Section of the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province. Elevation ranges from 1900 to 1200 feet. The valley bottom is mesic with some small seepage swamps. Species identified include: Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), White Oak (Quercus alba), Red Oak (Q. rubra), White Pine (Pinus strobus), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Witch-hazel, (Hamamelis virginiana), and Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea). The valley slopes are drier and include Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana) whereas the summits are xeric (very dry) and include Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida). The entire area is forested and soils are somewhat sandy with much sandstone influence. Numerous springs and seeps are present, especially on southeast valley slope. Cowans Gap State Park includes a man-made lake on South Branch of Little Aughwick Creek, a campground with semi-improved sites and cabins, asphalt roads, and hiking trails. Three colonies of Glade Spurge (Euphorbia purpurea) were found along the creek. This plant is associated with seepage wetlands and is across its range, threatened by the loss of habitat due to wetland alteration. Maintaining the current hydrologic conditions at this site and minimizing impacts to the stream corridor will help assure the continuation of this plant population of concern.

The South Branch of Little Aughwick is considered a High-gradient Clearwater Creek. The “exceptional value” section runs from the source 2.2 miles east of SR 16/US 522 junction in McConnellsburg to Cowans Gap Lake inlet. Maintenance of a sewer line ROW near element occurrence and trampling along creek edge are threats to this plant of concern. However, since the site is within a state park, the opportunity for protection is considerable.

184 FULTON COUNTY

THOMPSON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

SLENDER GOLDEN-ROD Cobalt/Wolf Hollow (SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA VAR Roads ERECTA) G5 S1 PE 9/21/87 C

ALLEGHENY STONECROP Delancy Barrens (SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 3/27/96 D

SHALE BARREN EVENING PRIMROSE Johnsons Mill Barrens (OENOTHERA ARGILLICOLA) G3G4 S2 PT 8/2/94 B

ALLEGHENY PLUM (PRUNUS ALLEGHANIENSIS) G4 S2S3 PT 8/2/94 CD

ALLEGHENY STONECROP (SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 3/27/96 C

ALLEGHENY STONECROP (SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 8/2/94 B

KATE’S MOUNTAIN CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM VIRGINICUM) G3 S1 PE 8/2/94 D

COMMUNITY: “CENTRAL APPALACHIAN SHALE BARREN” G? S1

ALLEGHENY STONECROP Licking Creek (SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 7/7/91 E

HILL’S PONDWEED (POTAMOGETON HILLII) G3 S1 PE 8/27/92 C

ILLINOIS PONDWEED (POTAMOGETON ILLINOENSIS) G5 S3S4 PR 7/2/91 ?

COMMON HOP-TREE (PTELEA TRIFOLIATE) G5 S2 PT 7/16/91 E

SLENDER GOLDEN-ROD (SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA VAR ERECTA) G5 S1 PE 10/8/97 B

185 TNC Ranks* Special Species/ Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

COMMUNITY: DRY, MESIC CALCAREOUS CENTRAL FOREST G? S2S3

Tonoloway Creek ALLEGHENY STONECROP Barrens (SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES) G4 S3 PR 8/1/85 AB

MISTFLOWER (EUPATORIUM COELESTINUM) G5 S3 N 8/14/54 H

SHALE BARREN EVENING PRIMROSE (OENOTHERA ARGILLICOLA) G3G4 S2 PT 8/1/85 C

GREEN-AND-GOLD (CHRYSOGONUM VIRGINIANUM) G5 S1 PE 6/11/92 B

COMMUNITY - CENTRAL APPALACHIAN SHALE BARREN G? S1 5/28/86 BC .

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #124

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

186 FULTON COUNTY, THOMPSON TOWNSHIP MAP

187

THOMPSON TOWNSHIP:

COBALT/WOLF HOLLOW ROADS - The west-facing, upper slope of shalely roadside where this site is located has partial sunlight and xeric soils. A medium-sized occurrence (100 or so flowering individuals) of Slender Golden-rod (Solidago speciosa var erecta) exists at this site. Associated plant species include: Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), White Oak (Quercus alba), Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), Old-field Cinquefoil (Potentilla simplex), Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), Pale Blueberry (Vaccinum pallidum), Bramble (Rubus sp.), and Linear- leaved Panic-grass (Panicum linearifolium). Threats to this site include roadside spraying of herbicide, widening and construction of the roadbed, and invasive exotic species, particularly Spotted Knapweed, which is documented to be especially problematic within shale barrens communities. Consideration of this area and species of concern when performing road maintenance would help to maintain reasonable habitat and allow this species to remain viable at this site.

DELANCY BARRENS - The hillside where this site is found ascends to approximately 240 feet over a horizontal distance of approximately 1300 feet. Approximately two-thirds up the slope is a band of open shale cliff around 8 to 12 m high. At the top of the cliff, next to where a small run trickles over the edge of the barren, is a small patch of Allegheny Stonecrop (Sedum telephioides). Given the severe conditions, there are few opportunities for vegetation to establish on this steep slope. Occasional clumps of Poverty Grass (Danthonia sp), Hairgrass (Deschampsia sp.), Woodsia (Woodsia sp.), Marginal Wood Fern (Dryopteris marginalis), Alum-root (Heuchera sp.), and common Polypody (Polypodium virginianum) are present. There is some soil accumulation in vertical fissures that supports Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia.), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), and Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Above and below the cliff lie mixed pine woodlands that include: Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), Table-mountain Pine (P. pungens), White Pine (P. strobus), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), White Oak (Q. alba), Serviceberry (Amelanchier sp.), Rosebay (Rhododendron maximum), Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.), Trailing-arbutus (Epigaea repens), Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens), and dry habitat mosses and lichens. The only evidence of disturbance was a modest amount of Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora).

JOHNSON MILL BARRENS - This site is located on the south aspect of an Appalachian shale barren community at the junction of Big and Little Tonoloway Creeks, north of Johnsons Mill. This community can be crosswalked to Fike’s classification (Fike 1999) as a Red Cedar-mixed hardwood rich shale woodland community. Elevation at the site varies from just under 500 to over 600 feet. The base of the slope is wooded and the floodplain of the stream has been converted to agriculture where feasible. Exposed shale occurs on much of the slope. The upper and lower slope areas are covered by thin soils derived from the shale. Plant species of concern located at the site include Shale Barren Evening Primrose (Oenothera argillicola), Allegheny Plum (Prunus alleghaniensis), Allegheny Stonecrop (Sedum telephioides), and Kate’s Mountain Clover (Trifolium virginicum). A jeep trail that cuts through the northwest corner of the barren is the only disturbance observed at the time of the survey. No obvious threats to the steep hillside plant community were noted. However, excessive water run-off, loss of vegetation, or introduction of exotic species would be detrimental to this community. Limiting direct disturbances to slopes

188 where the natural community and species of concern are living as well as to the areas directly upslope will be critical to the long-term viability of this site. LICKING CREEK - Licking Creek, a medium/high gradient clearwater stream and its surrounding valley are the focus of this site. The creek channel is bordered by dry-mesic calcareous central forest on one side, a community that can be crosswalked to Fike’s dry oak mixed-hardwood forest community (Fike 1999), and floodplain forest terrace on the other. Five hundred plants of Allegheny Stonecrop (Sedum telephioides) were found on acidic cliffs along creek. Hill’s Pondweed (Potamogeton hillii), Illinois Pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis), Common Hop- tree (Ptelea trifoliate), and Slender Golden-rod (Solidago speciosa var erect) were also found at this site. Associated plant species include Eelgrass (Vallisneria Americana), Water Stargrass (Zosterella dubia) Waterweed (Elodea sp.) and Water Willow (Justicia Americana) Disturbance to adjacent habitat that results in impact to the slopes or a decline in water quality can threaten the species of concern and natural community found in this location. Activities that would add nutrients or silt to the stream, change the structure or character of the slopes, or lead to the introduction and spread of exotic species would also prove detrimental to the species living here.

TONOLOWAY CREEK BARRENS - This area features a central Appalachian shale barren community that can be crosswalked to Fike’s classification (Fike 1999) as a Red Cedar-mixed hardwood rich shale woodland community. This community occurs on steep, south-facing slopes of thinly bedded, often calcareous, weathering shales. Exposed ridges composed of shale support few plant species. Below the ridges, flaked shale creates conditions necessary for a barren. Allegheny Stonecrop (Sedum telephioides), Mistflower (Eupatorium coelestinum), Shale Barren Evening Primrose (Oenothera argillicola), and Green-and-Gold (Chrysogonum virginianum) were found on this site. Excessive water run-off, loss of vegetation, or introduction of exotic species would be detrimental to this community. Limiting direct disturbances to slopes where the natural community and species of concern are living as well as to the areas directly upslope will be critical to the long- term viability of this site.

189 LEBANON COUNTY

BETHEL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks*

Special Species/ Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

State Game Lands #80 SCREW-STEM at Monroe Creek (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 9/14/99 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF S3B, CONCERN G4 S3N CR 7/29/02 E

SCREWSTEM Swope Valley Run (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 8/14/01 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S2 PE 5/15/2002 E

BLACK DASH BUTTERFLY Swatara Creek Valley (EUPHYES CONSPICUUS) G4 S3 N 6/28/00 BC

CATTAIL SEDGE (CAREX TYPHINA) G5 S2 PE 8/31/00 BC

NETTED CHAIN FERN (WOODWARDIA AREOLATA) G5 S2 N 8/31/00 D

SCREW-STEM (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 9/30/99 D

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #80

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

190 LEBANON COUNTY, BETHEL TOWNSHIP MAP

191

BETHEL TOWNSHIP:

STATE GAME LANDS #80 at Monroe Creek - This area contained a marginal-quality population of Screw-stem (Bartonia paniculata), an S3 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, along Monroe Creek in State Game Lands # 80. Associated species with this plant species of concern include Clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), Violets (Viola spp.), Sessile Bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia), Autumn bent-grass (Agrostis perennans), Sedge (Carex intumescens), Sedge (Carex gracillima), Golden ragwort (Senecio aureus), White Wood-Aster (Aster divaricatus), and Calico Aster (Aster lateriflorus).

Several individuals of S3B, S3N Pennsylvania animal species of concern, were captured in four different sites within this area. Two sites were located close to Monroe Creek and two additional sites were located on Lake Strauss property. Four individuals of this species, including two reproductive females, were caught along a stream in a small riparian corridor consisting of Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and Greenbriar (Smilax sp.). Threats to this area, while mild, may consist of future control of shrub and sapling growth so as to make area appear more “park-like”. At Monroe Creek, five individuals were caught in two sites in well-forested riparian areas consisting of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), and Greenbriar (Smilax sp.) along the streambank and in the wetlands. These wet seepy areas are described in more detail below. Snags appeared to be prevalent in some areas of the forest, especially along the stream in wetlands. Associated species at all these sites include Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) and Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus).

The overall habitat consists of a mixed-hardwood forest and some conifer dominant forest. The habitat in this area is classified as a “Tuliptree-Beech-Maple Forest” with some Skunk Cabbage Seeps (Fike, 1999). A number of streamlets and seepy areas occur in this forest but the forest is well-drained overall. Dominant species include Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), White Oak (Quercus alba), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and White Pine (Pinus strobus). Other species at this site included Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), Wild Geranium (Geranium sp.), Violets (Viola spp.), A sedge (Carex folliculata), A Sedge (Carex laxiculmis), Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora), American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Slippery Elm (Ulnus rubrum), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Maidenhair Fern (Adiatum pedatum), Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), False Hellebore (Veratrum viride), and Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis). There were many exotic plant species such as Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), and Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) at this site. An increasing amount of the exotic species Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortuneii) may cause some long-term declines in plant diversity at disturbed sites. Other disturbances include some previous logging, jeep roads and trails. This site extends far into Berks County as well.

192 SWATARA CREEK VALLEY - This site is a dense shrub wetland along the floodplain of the Swatara Creek between Irving and the Lebanon County line. Two individuals of an invertebrate animal species of concern, the black dash butterfly (Euphyes conspicuus), were collected at this site in 2000. This G4, S3 species occurs in marshes, wet meadows and the floodplains of slow woodland streams. Sedges, particularly the tussock sedge (Carex stricta), are the necessary host plants for the juvenile stage of this species. Additional site surveys for this species are encouraged to determine the extent of this population.

Three plant species of special concern were also found at this location during field visits in 1999 & 2000. This site contains a fair to good-quality population of the PA-Endangered cattail sedge (Carex typhina), a small population of the G5, S2 netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata) and a small population of the G5, S2 plant species screw-stem (Bartonia paniculata). Though considered a small population of the netted chain fern on a statewide range, it is remarkable for being one of the few occurrences in the Ridge and Valley Province. The plants were seen growing among woody shrubs on elevated hummocks that are interspersed with exposed muck and standing water. Dominant tree species at this site include red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), oaks (Quercus rubra & Q. palustris), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus strobus). Common in the thick shrub layer were poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), spice bush (Lindera benzoin), smooth alder (Alnus serrulata), withe-rod (Viburnum cassinoides), arrow- wood (Viburnum recognitum) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Associated herbaceous species included cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), royal fern (O. regalis), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), sedges (Carex intumescens & C. folliculata), reedgrass (Cinna arundinacea), manna grass (Glyceria spp.), and mosses.

This site was also noted for its good wetland-bird habitat. Observed species include Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), Northern Parula (Parula americana), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Green Heron (Butoides virescens), Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), Wood Duck (Aix sponza), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothylpis trachias), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Willow Flycatcher (Empidomax trailii) and American Woodcock (Scolopax minor).

Threats to this site include the potential spread of introduced invasive species of plants. The invasive succesional shrub autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) was observed encroaching into meadow areas. A small amount of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) was observed at the wetland edge. A concerted effort to remove the few plants present, and continued vigilance would help keep this site free of these and other invasive species. The extensive meadow areas are currently mowed on an infrequent basis. This mowing regime should continue to provide habitat for wildflowers, butterflies and old-field dependent bird species. The site lies completely within Swatara State Park.

SWOPE VALLEY RUN - In 2002, a good-quality population of a G3, S2 PA-Endangered animal species was found in a wetland dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and surrounded by multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Besides these two aggressive plant species, associated species include common cattail (Typha latifolia), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus

193 foetidus), wintercress (Barbarea spp.), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus), red maple (Acer rubrum), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), swamp candles (Lysimachia terrestris), sweet flag (Acorus calamus), multiflora rose, crested shield fern (Dryopteris cristata). Modification of the seepage areas and associated wetlands would be the greatest threat to this species. Invasion of reed canary grass and multiflora rose also pose a potential threat to this habitat.

In 2001, a small population of the G5, S3 plant species, screwstem (Bartonia paniculata), was found during a field visit to the seeps feeding Swope Valley Run. Prior logging, jeep roads, and exotic species including planted conifers have disturbed the habitat at this site. The seepy, open bank at this site also included dense moss cover (Sphagnum spp. & Polytricum spp.), dewberry (Rubus hispidus), New York fern (Thelypteris novaboracensis), horsetails (Equisetum arvense), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia) and Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense). No threats are evident and no special management appears to be needed. This site includes private land and a portion of SGL#80.

194 LEBANON COUNTY

COLD SPRING TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ State Last Site Name Community Type Global State Status Seen Quality** Cold Spring/Stony Creek ANIMAL SPECIES OF at Dresden Lake CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 4/8/93 BC ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 6/9/01 C ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3 N 6/9/01 E

Gold Mine Run ANIMAL SPECIES OF Vernal Pool and Seeps CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 7/28/93 E COMMUNITY- “EPHEMERAL / FLUCTUATING NATURAL POOL” G? S3 N 2001 E SOUTHERN BOG CLUBMOSS Gold Mine Wetlands-part of (LYCOPODIELLA State Game Lands #211 APPRESSA) G5 S2 PT 7/28/99 D YELLOW-FRINGED Gold Mine Seeps- part of ORCHID (PLATANTHERA State Game Lands #211 CILIARIS) G5 S2 PU 8/6/01 D

Rausch Creek Ridge- part of ANIMAL SPECIES OF SGL #211 CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 11/7/96 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF Rausch Gap-Rausch Creek CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 4/29/92 E MINNIEBUSH (MENZIESIA PILOSA) G4G5 S3 PR 7/30/99 CD Sharp Mountain- part of State ANIMAL SPECIES OF Game Lands #211 CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 7/16/93 E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE E Stony Creek Valley –Part of AMERICAN HOLLY SGL #211 (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 2002 BC ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 6/19/02 E

Locally significant area: County Line Swamp Evening Branch Wetlands and Ridge, part of SGL #211 Managed Areas: State Game Lands #211

• Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status ** Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks

195 LEBANON COUNTY, COLD SPRING TOWNSHIP MAP

196

COLD SPRING TOWNSHIP:

COLD SPRING/STONY CREEK AT DRESDEN LAKE - This site contains a marginal to good-quality population of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern. This population has been documented at this site since the 1940’s. This population is found in a spring in a mixed- hardwood forest that empties into Stony Creek. It is recommended that surveys be conducted for reproduction at this site. No threats are identified at this site.

This site also contains a fair population of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern. Twelve individuals of this species were observed near Stony Creek, including males and females. Associated species included an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, and Springtime Darner (Basiaeshna janata). Major forest canopy tree species included Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), and Yellow Birch (Betula animal species of concern). An undetermined population of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern was found in this same area. This species was found in the same area as the previous listed species and the associated species and major canopy tree species are the same. No recommendations are made for this site.

GOLD MINE RUN VERNAL POOLS AND SEEPS- Part of State Game Lands #211 (Cold Spring township) This site contains one natural, and several artificially produced “Ephemeral/fluctuating pool” natural communities (Fike, 1999). Ephemeral or vernal pools are wetlands that fill with water on an intermittent basis due to annual precipitation, rising groundwater, or surface water runoff (Kenney and Burne, 2000). These pools become almost completely dry in most years, losing water through transpiration and evaporation. These pools, due to being ephemeral and virtually free of breeding fish, attract many species of breeding salamanders, turtles, frogs and toads. Some species, like the Spotted Salamander, (Ambystoma maculatum), and Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) are obligate vernal pool species. This species and other Ambystoma species lay eggs only in vernal pools. Both the artificial and natural vernal pools contained many egg masses left by Ambystoma species, Wood Frogs, and other species. One associated species, the Northern Red Salamander (Pseudotriton ruber), was found in this area. Some of the vegetation that was associated with these ponds included Black Birch (Betula lenta), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Early low blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia), Indian Cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), Striped Maple (Acer pennsylvanica), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Sheeps Laurel (Kalmia angustifolium), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), and Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense). Also in this site was a Shrub Swamp that was at the headwaters of Gold mine run. Species associated with this shrub swamp included Meadowsweet (Spirea sp.), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Swamp Dewberry (Rubus hispidus), Sphagnum Moss (Sphagnum spp.), and Soft Rush (Juncus effusus). An undisturbed forested buffer should be maintained around all of these ponds. This site is part of a long ridge that provides habitat for Eastern Woodrat (Animal species of concern), an S3 Pennsylvania-Threatened animal species of concern. Active signs of this species were

197 seen during two visits to this site in 1990 and 1993. This site is described as a sandstone conglomerate outcrop or talus in a water gap with a fifty percent slope.

GOLD MINE SEEPS- Part of SGL # 211 (Cold Spring Township) This large easternmost section of State Game Lands # 211 contains several plant and animal element occurrences and several additional large wetland habitats that are important for the conservation of biodiversity. A small population of Yellow-fringed Orchid (Platanthera ciliaris), an S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, was found near Gold Mine Road in a small seep opening. Associated species included Sphagnum Moss (Sphagnum sp.), New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Pennsylvania Rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), Dangleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Swamp Dewberry (Rubus hispidus), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sedges (Carex spp.), Screw-stem (Bartonia virginica), and Red Chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia). The opening where this plant species of concern occurs is probably caused by some kind of coal mining activity, and the water from the opening is eventually drained into Black Spring Creek. No threats or major disturbances exist here, but some exotic plant species occur alongside the road.

GOLD MINE WETLANDS- Part of SGL # 211 (Cold Spring Township) A small population of Southern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella appressa), an S2 Pennsylvania- Threatened plant species of concern, was found in a revegetated coal yard that is described as a springy area with an acidic substrate. The vegetation includes shrub/small trees areas and graminoid/herbaceous areas. The species composition, depending on the drainage, includes Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), occurring a few feet apart. The only disturbances include lots of exotic plant species; competition and succession are the only threats.

One area of West Branch Creek near Black Spring Creek, between two ridges, contains a very interesting natural community. This area contains several interesting habitats that are relatively undisturbed and extensive. One area was described as a “Hemlock-mixed hardwood palustrine forest” where the plant species included Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), and Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata) (Fike, 1999). Bird species of interest heard and/or seen include Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), and Veery (Catharus fuscescens). This palustrine forest opened up into an extensive linear “alder-sphagnum wetland” and a “Tussock-sedge marsh”. Plant species associated with this area included Speckled Alder (Alnus rugosa), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris), Northern Arrowood (Viburnum recognitum), New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Sphagnum Moss (Sphagnum spp.), American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), Red Chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), Sedges (Carex spp.), Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), Three-way Sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), and Iris (Iris sp.). Bird species detected in this area included Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), whose breeding has not been documented in Lebanon County at the time of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Pennsylvania (Brauning, 1992). This individual was singing on territory, but further trips to the area would be needed in May and June to

198 document breeding activity. Other species of interest in this area included Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), Barred Owl (Strix varia), Common Yellowthroat (Geothylpis trichus), and American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). One recommendation of this site could be the eradication of exotic plants along the roadside and in the areas where the two plant species of concern are located.

RAUSCH CREEK RIDGE- part of State Game Lands #211 (Cold Spring Township) This site contains evidence of an unknown-quality population of Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), an S3 Pennsylvania-Threatened Animal species of concern. The habitat for this site is described as a 50% east-facing slope with dominant canopy species such as Black Birch (Betula lenta), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), and Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). The habitat of this species may extend over the south face of the mountain and includes three somewhat detached rock fields.

RAUSCH GAP-RAUSCH CREEK- part of State Game Lands #211 (Cold Spring Township)- This area extends from the flatter portion of Rausch Creek to the area where the steeper Rausch Gap occurs. This site contains an unknown-quality population of Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), an S3 Pennsylvania-threatened animal species on three-detached rock fields. Dominant trees include Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), and Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Clear cutting has been conducted on this site but there is no sign of natural disturbances. A marginal to small population of Minniebush (Menziesia pilosa), an S3 Pennsylvania- Rare plant species, was found on banks and rocky slopes of Rausch Creek. A mixed hardwood forest was the main forest type of this area with species such as Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Black Tupelo (Betula lenta), Red Oak (Quercus rubrum), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and White Pine (Pinus strobus). Associated species of this rare plant included Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Pink Azalea (Rhododendron periclymenoides), and Bigleaf Holly (Ilex montana). Disturbances to this area include old logging, old coal-mining activity, acid drainage in stream that is being treated with lime dispenser, old home foundations nearby, exotic plants (mostly along road or at old home foundations), foot traffic, deer browse, jeep trails. The existence of this species does not seem to be endangered by deer browse but it does limit the expansion of population.

Another site that is in close proximity of these two species of concern contained a few different habitat types. A “Dry Oak-Heath forest” graded into a “Hemlock-mixed hardwood palustrine forest” that consisted of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Red Oak (Quercus rubrum), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.), and dense Rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). A sedge-sphagnum meadow was found within the Hemlock area, and included species such as Sedges (Carex folliculata, C. spp.), Rice-cut Grass (Leersia oryzoides), Azalea (Rhododendron sp.), Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), New York Fern (Theylpteris noveboracensis), Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), Rushes (Juncus sp.), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and mosses. These areas were mostly undisturbed with the exception of some logging and the close proximity to the Appalachian Trail. Both areas are part of the very large

199 and contiguous State Game Lands #211. Rausch Creek is itself a tributary of Stony Creek, a designated “wild” river by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR, Scenic Rivers Program).

SHARP MOUNTAIN (PART OF STATE GAME LANDS #211) - This spectacular geologic feature is an “outcrop wall” of Sharp Mountain quartz-pebble conglomerate has been locally known as “High Rocks” and “Boxcar Rocks”. The ridgetop of this area provided an outcrop habitat for two separate populations of an S3 Pennsylvania-threatened animal species of concern. Associated species with this species include Black Oak (Quercus velutina), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sassafras (Sassafras albidum), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Wild Grape (Vitis sp.), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum.). Disturbances to this site include hikers, litter and parties from people, and logging. One recommendation is that more surveys for this threatened species be conducted to determine the extent of the population.

STATE GAME LANDS 211 (St. Anthony’s Wilderness) (Cold Spring, East Hanover, & Union Townships) – Encompassing an impressive approximate size of 70,000 acres, this area is by far the largest contiguous forested land in Lebanon County. This area serves as an extremely important interior songbird nesting area in south-central Pennsylvania. Due to the contiguous forest, SGL #211 is designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Pennsylvania Audubon (Crossley 1999). Due to the large size of this area and the identification of each area of St. Anthony’s Wilderness as important to the overall biodiversity of Lebanon County, the entire SGL #211 was divided into different sites that contained natural features and habitats.. Each site is described in another section and as a subunit to this contiguous wilderness parcel.

This large and undisturbed wilderness provides valuable breeding habitat for avian species such as Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Acadian Flycatcher (Empidomax virescens), Blue- headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Wood Thrush (Hylochichla mustelina), Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), one S2S3B Pennsylvania- Candidate animal species of concern, an S2S3B, S3N Pennsylvania-Candidate animal species of concern, Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and many more forest-interior species (Crossley, 1999).

The uplands of State Game Lands #211 generally consist of mixed oak-hardwoods with patches of conifers. Species such as Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Striped Maple (Acer pensylanicum), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), White Oak (Quercus alba), and Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana) are common canopy and subcanopy species throughout this area. St. Anthony’s Wilderness is home for many rare plants as well. American Holly (Ilex opaca), an S2, Pennsylvania Threatened plant species has been found, as well as Southern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella appressa), an S2 Pennsylvania-Threatened plant species that was found on this large tract of relatively undisturbed wilderness.

200 Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus). Shrub Swamps can be variable in species composition depending on water flow, geographical locations, and the amount of light and moisture available. Species that were found in one particular shrub swamp included Meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia), Smooth Alder (Alnus serrulata), Speckled Alder (Alnus rugosa), Maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), Swamp Candles (Lysimachia terrestris), Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), Northern Arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis). As stated earlier, this large area has been broken down into the following smaller natural areas that are high priorities for protection. These areas were highlighted in State Game Lands #211 due either to their number of element occurrences, large contiguous size, or because the area represents a very good example of a natural community.

STONY CREEK VALLEY- PART OF SGL #211 (Cold Spring township)- A good-quality population of American Holly (Ilex opaca), an S2 Pennsylvania-threatened plant species of concern, is found on this site. Also, specimens identified as a G4 S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern were taken from a spring leading to Stony Creek. Part of the overall habitat of this area is described as a rocky substrate “Hemlock-Red Oak-Mixed Hardwood Terrestrial Forest” (Fike, 1999). Species associated with this threatened plant species include Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), White Oak (Quercus alba), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Striped Maple (Acer pensylvanica), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Hay-scented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Birch (Betula lenta), White Pine (Pinus strobus), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and Rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). Disturbances in this area include trails and paths used for outdoor recreation and some exotic plant species but there are not any imminent threats to the population.

The terrestrial “Hemlock-Red Oak-Mixed Hardwood Terrestrial Forest” gradually opens into a “Hemlock-Mixed Hardwoods palustrine forest” where the water table is higher. This area opens into a large and extensive “Alder-Sphagnum Wetland” along Stony Creek. The species associated with this wetland include Meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), Smooth Alder (Alnus serrulata), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), Jewelweed (Impatiens sp.), Mannagrass (Glyceria sp.), Swamp Candles (Lysimachia terrestris), Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), Arrow-wood (Viburnum recognitum), Sedges (Carex spp.), Grasses and Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile).

This area provides good habitat for nesting neo–tropical songbirds. The survey was conducted in mid to late June, which is optimal time for detecting breeding birds. The species recorded on this site included Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), Common Yellowthroat (Geothylpis trichas), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorous), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Acadian Flycatcher (Empidomax virescens), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). This area extends

201 vastly into Dauphin County as well and should be considered an important wetland area for both Dauphin and Lebanon Counties. Buffers should be placed adjacent to Stony Creek and around the wetland. There are concerns about the woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) that is continuing to attack Eastern Hemlock Forests and is a real threat to these trees. This aphid has the potential to destroy most hemlock forests in the area and wipe out critical habitat for wildlife, especially hemlock- dependent bird species. It is recommended that biological control measures be used to reduce the impact of this growing threat.

Locally Significant Area:

Evening Branch Wetlands and Ridge- Part of SGL #211 - This locally significant area, the Evening Creek Swamp west of Gold Mine Road, consists of a variety of wetland and upland communities including an extensive beaver enhanced wetland, a “Hemlock-mixed hardwood palustrine forest”, a “Red Maple-mixed shrub palustrine woodland”, and a “Red Maple-sedge- palustrine woodland” (Fike, 1999). This area is a successional community, with plant communities that could change from year to year dependent upon the amount of precipitation and beaver activity. Species associated with the Hemlock-mixed deciduous area included Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), White Oak (Quercus alba), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis), Greenbrier (Smilax sp.), Indian Cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), Tussock Sedge (Carex stricta), Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), A sedge (Carex folliculata), A sedge (Carex intumescens), and Pink Azalea (Rhododendron periclymenoides). The sedge meadow included species such as Tussock Sedge (Carex stricta), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), Swamp Dewberry (Rubus hispidus), Sphagnum Moss (Sphagnum sp.), Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Japanese Stilt Grass (Microstegium vimeneum), Sedge (Carex gynandra), Arrow-leafed tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum), Water-horehound (Lycopus sp.), and Soft rush (Juncus effusus). Animal species recorded in this area included Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus), Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica), Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta), and Barred Owl (Strix varia). In addition, the upper elevation ridge area has potential habitat for an S3S4 animal species of concern. No special management appears to be necessary for this site but the beaver activity could be monitored here for future considerations.

Stony Creek - Sixteen miles of this creek were designated “wild” by the Pennsylvania Game Commission on March 24, 1980 (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Scenic Rivers Program). “Wild” shall be free-flowing and supportive of native fish and wildlife (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Scenic Rivers Program, 2000). The shorelines and adjacent environment shall be pristine in character. Access to segments is restricted to foot and/or nonpowered watercraft (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 2000). Sixteen miles of Stony Creek and the three tributary streams, Rattling Run, Yellow Springs, and Rausch Creek, from the headwaters in Lebanon County to the Pennsylvania Game Commission gate at Ellendale Forge is designated as “Wild” (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Scenic Rivers Program, 2000).

202 LEBANON COUNTY

EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ State Last Site Name Community Type Global State Status Seen Quality** East Blue Mountain ANIMAL SPECIES OF Spring CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 4/8/93 BC Fort Indiantown Gap LEONARD’S SKIPPER Macrosite (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 N 8/21/98 C ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3B, S3N N 7/28/99 E FORKED CHICKWEED (PARONYCHIA FASTIGIATA VAR. NUTTALLI) G5T3T5 S1S2 TU 9/8/99 C REGAL FRITILLARY (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 N 1998 E A HAND-MAID MOTH (DATANA RANACAEPS) G3G4 S1 N 5/17/99 E PINE BARRENS ZALE (ZALE SP.1) G3Q S1 N 5/17/99 E FROSTED ELFIN (INCISALIA IRUS) G3 S2 N 5/10/99 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3BS3N N 6/24/99 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S3BS3N N 6/30/99 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G5 SU N 7/15/99 E Fort Indiantown Gap ANIMAL SPECIES OF Macrosite Ridge CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 11/17/99 E STRIPED GENTIAN Manada Creek Field (GENTIANA VILLOSA) G4 S1 TU 10/21/99 B ANIMAL SPECIES OF Saint Joseph Spring CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 2/23/95 D

Locally significant: Swatara Floodplain and Union Canal

Managed Areas: Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation Memorial Lake State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

203 LEBANON COUNTY, EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP MAP

204

EAST HANOVER TOWNSHIP:

EAST BLUE MOUNTAIN SPRING - A marginal to good-quality population of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern was collected near a spring on Blue Mountain. Three individuals of this species were collected under rocks in a mountain spring in an Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forest. It is recommended that more surveys for individuals are conducted and that the population is monitored.

FORT INDIANTOWN GAP MACROSITE - Where much of Lebanon County is heavily influenced by agriculture, there are some parts in the northern tier of the county that still contain large contiguous areas of forest. Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation is an area that contains 17,154 acres of land (TNC, Environmental Office, 2002). This site is a valley located between Blue Mountain and Second Mountain on both sides of the Lebanon/Dauphin county line. Historically, parts of the valley were kept open by wildfires and other disturbance. In recent times, the valley has been used as a military reservation. Bombing and other exercises by the military have maintained an unusual, prairie- like habitat in parts of the valley. Presently, the fort is a mosaic of second-growth mixed oak and conifer forests, woodlands, and open areas dominated by Little Bluestem (Shizachyrium scoparium), and other grasses, goldenrods (Solidago spp.), milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), asters (Aster spp.), and blueberries. Much of this land is used for varying amounts and impacts of military training. The last populations in the east of Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia), a G3 animal species of concern, occur on this site. This species has very specific habitat requirements, and has been found at several separate locations in the Gap where pockets of appropriate early-successional habitat exists. Larval forms of this species depend exclusively upon Arrow-leaved Violet (Viola sagittata) for food, and Butterfly- weed (Asclepias tuberosa) is the preferred nectar plant for the adults, although other flowers may be used (TNC, Environmental Office, 2002).

205 A marginal population of Forked Chickweed (Paronychia fastigiata var nuttallii), an S1S2 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, was found in a mixture of open fields, shrub thickets, and cut-over woods. Frequent disturbances due to military training, and succession; the habitat itself is a disturbance (bulldozing, logging).

An S3 Pennsylvania-threatened animal species of concern was found in ten locations over a stretch of 3.5 miles at Second Mountain. Evidence such as food caches and droppings were found along this area. This area extended into Dauphin County as well.

206

Three individuals of Leonard’s Skipper (Hesperia leonardus), an S3S4 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, were found in a series of successional fields that were former Regal Fritillary habitat. The dominant vegetation is cool and warm season grasses along with Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia), Goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and Deertongue (Panicum clandestinum).

Five individuals of a G3G5 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, were captured in an upper floodplain portion of a linear woodland community. The dominant canopy species in this area is White Ash (Fraxinus americana) along with Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Multi-flora Rose (Rosa multiflora), and Blackberry (Rubus animal species of concern).

207 The Second Mountain Corridor has been designated by Pennsylvania Audubon as an Important Bird Area (IBA) in Pennsylvania (Crossley, 1999). This area overlooks SGL 211 to the north and the southern view extends some 20 miles away to South Mountain, with Lebanon Valley and Fort Indiantown Gap in-between. This area is part of a major corridor flyway and is used by bird- watchers to witness the migration of birds of prey during the fall. Thousands of birds migrate over this area during the fall making it the second most important hawk migration corridor in Pennsylvania. The first Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), and a Pennsylvania-species of concern candidate animal species were recorded here (Crossley, 1999).

FORT INDIANTOWN GAP MACROSITE RIDGE - Evidence of an S3 Pennsylvania- threatened animal species of concern, was found in ten locations over a stretch of 3.5 miles at Second Mountain. This area extends into Dauphin County as well.

MANADA CREEK FIELD - A good-quality population of Striped Gentian (Gentiana villosa), an S1 Pennsylvania-plant species of concern, was found in a dry, open bluestem prairie adjacent to a creek. This habitat is an old field habitat with a shale substrate and dominated by Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). Associated species include Wild Strawberry (Fragaria sp.), Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris), Goldenrod (Solidago spp.), Heath aster (Aster pilosus), and Deer- tongue Grass (Panicum clandestinum). The disturbances include fire, deer overbrowsing, and military exercises. No threats are evident to this species habitat.

STATE GAME LANDS 211 (St. Anthony’s Wilderness) – Encompassing an impressive approximate size of 70,000 acres, this area is by far the largest contiguous forested land in Lebanon County. This area serves as an extremely important interior songbird nesting area in south-central Pennsylvania. Due to the contiguous forest, SGL #211 is designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Pennsylvania Audubon (Crossley 1999). Due to the large size of this area and the identification of each area of St. Anthony’s Wilderness as important to the overall biodiversity of Lebanon County, the entire SGL #211 was divided into different sites that contained natural features and habitats.. Each site is described in another section and as a subunit to this contiguous wilderness parcel.

This large and undisturbed wilderness provides valuable breeding habitat for avian species such as Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Acadian Flycatcher (Empidomax virescens), Blue- headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Wood Thrush (Hylochichla mustelina), Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), one S2S3B Pennsylvania- Candidate species of concern, an S2S3B, S3N Pennsylvania-Candidate species of concern, Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and many more forest-interior species (Crossley, 1999).

The uplands of State Game Lands #211 generally consist of mixed oak-hardwoods with patches of conifers. Species such as Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Striped Maple (Acer pennsylanicum), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis

208 virginiana), Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), White Oak (Quercus alba), and Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana) are common canopy and subcanopy species throughout this area. St. Anthony’s Wilderness is home for many rare plants as well. American Holly (Ilex opaca), an S2 Pennsylvania threatened plant species has been found, as well as Southern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella appressa), an S2 Pennsylvania-threatened plant species was also found on this large tract of relatively undisturbed wilderness.

There are many special habitats such as shrub swamps and forested wetlands within SGL 211. The forested wetlands typically consist of canopy species like Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and Red Maple (Acer rubrum). The understory species generally consists of Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.), Early-low blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), Sedges (Carex spp.) and Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus). Shrub Swamps can be variable in species composition depending on water flow, geographical locations, and the amount of light and moisture available. Species that were found in one particular shrub swamp included Meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia), Smooth Alder (Alnus serrulata), Speckled Alder (Alnus rugosa), Maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), Swamp Candles (Lysimachia terrestris), Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), Northern Arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis). As stated earlier, this large area has been broken down into the following smaller natural areas that are high priorities for protection. These areas were highlighted in State Game Lands #211 due either to their number of element occurrences, large contiguous size, or because the area represents a very good example of a natural community.

ST. JOSEPH’S SPRING - A small population of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern was found near a spring that is on Fort Indiantown Gap Military property. Pollution and a fish hatchery are potential threats to this site.

Locally Significant Stie:

Swatara Floodplain and Union Canal - This locally significant site contained an extensive floodplain forested area between the Swatara Creek and Union Canal. The area consisted of a deciduous floodplain area, buttonbush shrub swamp, and a swamp rose thicket. Species associated with the Buttonbush area included Hemp-Nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit), Bur-marigold (Bidens cernua), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis), New York Fern (Thelypteris novaboracensis), Curly Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), and Water Hemlock (Cicuta bulbifera). The Floodplain forest consisted of Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum), Ash-leafed Maple (Acer negundo), Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), American Basswood (Tilia americana), Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata), Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), and Common Smartweed (Polygonum hydropiper). This area also contained some exotic plant species, most notably Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese Stiltgrass

209 (Microstegium vimineum), and Catalapa (Catalpa bignonioides). Due to the extensiveness of the wetland, and the lack of such wetlands in this area, this site is considered locally significant. A recommendation for this site is the control of the spread of Multiflora Rose throughout this property. It is of interest to mention that a control agent, Rose Rosette Disease has spread to some populations of Multiflora rose throughout Pennsylvania. It seems to be very effective in controlling this species. It is not clear, however, whether this disease should be introduced to populations of Multiflora rose, as its effects on other roses or other species is still largely unknown.

210

LEBANON COUNTY

SWATARA TOWNSHIP & Jonestown Borough

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Last Site Name Community Type Global State Status Seen Quality**

LEONARD’S SKIPPER Swatara Hillside Forest (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 N 8/30/00 E

BEARDTONGUE (PENSTEMON CANESCENS) G4 S3 N 5/30/00 C

BLACKSEED NEEDLEGRASS (PIPTOCHAETIUM AVENACEUM) G5 S1 N 5/31/00 CD

BRONZE COPPER Toineeta Farm Meadow (LYCAENA HYLLUS) G5 S2 N 7/29/87 B

BLACK DASH (EUPHYES CONSPICUUS) G4 S3 N 7/06/88 B

Locally significant area: Swatara Creek at Route 78

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #80 Swatara Gap State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

211 LEBANON COUNTY, SWATARA TOWNSHIP MAP

212

SWATARA TOWNSHIP:

SWATARA GAP STATE PARK (Union, Swatara Township) This area is characterized as a dry shaly south-facing hillside with a hardwood and Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana) forest. This area contains a marginal-quality population of Beard-tongue (Penstemon canescens), an S3 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, and a marginal to small population of Blackseed Needlegrass (Piptochaetium avenaceum), an S1 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. The typical associates of Beard-tongue include Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), White Oak (Quercus alba), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), Deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), Maple-leafed Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), Bluestem Goldenrod (Solidago caesia), White Goldenrod (Solidago bicolor), Northern Oatgrass (Danthonia spicata), and Moss-pink (Phlox subulata).

This small population of Blackseed Needlegrass is the only extant record in Pennsylvania. Associated species are very similar to Beard-tongue but also include Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa), A sedge (Carex swanii), and Wedge-grass (Sphenopholis nitida). Exotic species present included Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) and Morrow’s Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii). There were no obvious threats to this area with the exception of over browsing by deer.

A site that was south of this area contained a floodplain forest along the swatara creek with remnants of an old canal and a disturbed substrate from mining. The floodplain has a series of wetlands and pools, many of which appear to be created as a part of mining activities from the past. It is questionable whether these pools are natural. Regardless if the pools are natural or not, they provide crucial breeding habitat for many amphibians and reptiles. Species of interest recorded here from past surveys include Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica), Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum), Red-spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), American Toad (Bufo americanus), Northern Spring Peeper (Hyla crucifer), Eastern Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), River Birch (Betula nigra), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Bur-reed (Sparganium sp.), Three way Sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum), Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Smartweed (Polygonum sp.), White Pine (Pinus strobus), and Monkey-flower (Mimilus sp.) (Cassell and Wingert, 2001). A moth inventory of this park was conducted in June of 2002. Some of the species found during this survey include Rosy Maple Moth (Dryocampa rubicunda), Yellow-dusted Cream Moth (Cabera erythemaria), Confused Eulithis (Eusarca confusaria), Horned Spanworm Moth (Nematocampa resistaria), Lesser Grapevine Looper Moth (Eulithis diversilineata), Chocolate Prominent (Peridea ferruginea), Grateful Midget (Elaphria grata), The Hebrew (Polygrammate hebraeicum), Fluid Arches (Morrisonia latex), and Oblique-banded Leafroller Moth (Choristoneura rosaceana). The park should be revisited to determine if any of the pools are natural and also to map the remaining ones.

213

An individual of Leonard’s Skipper (Hesperia leonardus), a Pennsylvania S3S4 animal species of concern, was found along a grassy road in an overgrown field. Host plants of this species include Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Switch Grass (Panicum virgatum), Bentgrass (Agrostis sp.), Poverty Grass (Danthonia spicata), and Side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis). This species prefers close proximity to moister meadows with abundant nectar sources. This area is a grassy road passing through shrubby fields.

TOINEETA FARM MEADOW - A good-quality population of Bronze Copper (Lycaena hyllus), an S2 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, and an individual of Black Dash (Euphyes conspicuous), an S3 Pennsylvania Animal species of concern, were found on this site. This area is described as an open meadow/pasture land with wet swales of Bulrush species. It is recommended that this site be monitored for further use by this species and for the integrity of the habitat.

Locally Significant Site:

Swatara Creek at Route 78 - This locally significant area contained a diverse shrub swamp and a sedge seep opening that is in close proximity to Interstate 78. Species identified in the shrub swamp included Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), Sedge (Carex gynandra), Arrow-leafed tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum), Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), River Birch (Betula nigra), Jack-in- the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Jewelweed (Impatiens sp.), Japanese Stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum), American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), Green dragon (Arisaema dracontium), White Avens (Geum canadense), and May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum). A large wetland contained an abundant amount of Cattail (Typha latifolia) and other species such as Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Water Hemlock (Cicuta bulbifera), Swamp Dewberry (Rubus hispidus), Meadow-sweet (Spirea sp.), Yellow Pond-lily (Nuphar lutea), Iris (Iris versicolor), Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), and Bur-reed (Sparganium sp.). This area also contained some exotic species such as Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Despite the exotic plant species documented at this site, this area is significant due to the large wetland that provides habitat for interesting animals and plants and also for the possibility of rare species. The major threat to this area is the spread of exotic plant species in the wetland. It is recommended that the wetland not be improved and left as is.

214 LEBANON COUNTY

UNION TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species/ Community State Last Site Name Type Global State Status Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF East Blue Mountain Spring CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 4/8/93 BC

Fort Indiantown Gap ANIMAL SPECIES OF Macrosite CONCERN G4 S3BS3N N 8/26/99 E

HORSE-GENTIAN (TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM) G5 S1 TU 10/26/94 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 N 6/22/98 E

LEONARD’S SKIPPER (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 N 9/9/99 B

REGAL FRITILLARY (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 N 1998 E

NODDING TRILLIUM (TRILLIUM CERNUUM) G5 S3 N 4/23/02 BC

Fort Indiantown Gap ANIMAL SPECIES OF Macrosite Ridge CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 10/28/98 E

BLACK-WAVED FLANNEL Indiantown Run Woods MOTH (LAGOA CRISPATE) G5 S1 N 8/23/95 C

SPINY OAKWORM MOTH (ANISOTA STIGMA) G5 S? N 8/24/94 E

BLACK DASH (EUPHYES CONSPICUUS) G4 S3 N 7/8/99 BC

AMERICAN HOLLY (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 8/26/99 D

NETTED CHAINFERN (WOODWARDIA AREOLATA) G5 S2 N 8/26/99 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Saint Joseph Spring CONCERN G4 S2S3 N 2/23/95 D

Swatara Gap Fossil Site GEOLOGIC FEATURE N

215

LEONARD’S SKIPPER Swatara Hillside Forest (HESPERIA LEONARDUS) G4 S3S4 N 8/30/00 E

BEARD-TONGUE (PENSTEMON CANESCENS) G4 S3 N 5/30/00 C

BLACK NEEDLEGRASS (PIPTOCHAETIUM AVENACEUM) G5 S1 N 5/31/00 CD

BRONZE COPPER Toineeta Farm Meadow (LYCAENA HYLLUS) G5 S2 N 7/29/87 B

BLACK DASH (EUPHYES CONSPICUUS) G4 S3 N 7/06/88 B

REGAL FRITILLARY Trout Run Meadow (SPEYERIA IDALIA) G3 S1 N 7/5/01 E

Managed Areas: Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation State Game Lands #211 Swatara State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status ** Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks

216 LEBANON COUNTY, UNION TOWNSHIP MAP

217

UNION TOWNSHIP:

FORT INDIANTOWN GAP MACROSITE - One individual of an S3BS3N Pennsylvania animal species of concern was captured along a stream and road leading to Shuey Lake. The forested canopy consisted of White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The shrub layer consisted of Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and Mulberry (Morus sp.).

A marginal to poor-quality population of Horse-Gentian (Triosteum angustifolium), an S1 Pennsylvania-plant species of concern, was found in a dry, abandoned field adjacent to a road and up slope from a marshy area. This site is disturbed and probably was once used for military training at one time. Associated species include Early Goldenrod (Solidago juncea), Grass-leaved Goldenrod (Solidago graminifolia), Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Heath Aster (Aster pilosus), Purple top (Tridens flavus), and Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Disturbances such as deer overbrowsing and competition may prevent mature plants from being at the site. No imminent threats are evident at this site.

A population of Leonard’s Skipper (Hesperia leonardus), an S3S4 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, was found in several old fields. The habitat was described as a series of fields dissected by roads and bordered by oak forests. Associated plant species included Goldenrod (Solidago spp.), Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Spotted Knapweed (Centaura maclulosa), Milkweed (Asclepias spp.), Ovate-leaved Violet (Viola sagittata), Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Deertoungue (Panicum clandestinum), and Deptford Pink (Dianthus armeria). Tracked vehicle usage and proposed tank trails are the most imminent threats to the population. Three individuals of this Pennsylvania animal species of concern were also found in a decent-sized grassland of 6.4 acres. Cool and warm season grass is the dominant vegetation along with little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) and butterflyweed (Asclepias tuberosa), ironweed (Vernonia sp.), and Field thistle (Cirsium discolor). Another site on the military base detected twenty-five individuals and four sub-populations of this species. The main disturbances to this area are foot travel and the spread of exotic plant species. No known threats are imminent to this area.

An unknown population of Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia), an S1, G3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern was found during extensive surveys of Fort Indiantown Gap Macrosite. This site represents the only viable population of this species in the eastern United States. A total of 133 individuals of this species were found during the survey efforts in 1998. Primary breeding habitat is generally fields in early to late successional vegetation. These fields consist of a variety of naturally occurring warm season (Little Bluestem, Deer-Tongue & Broomsedge) & cool season grasses and

218 forbs. Nectar sources are scarce at this site but include Butterfly Milkweed, Field Thistle, Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum sp.) and Milkweed. Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) and Spotted Knapweed (Neither Are Regal Nectar Sources) dominates the fields. Associated plants include Arrow-leafed Violet (Viola sagittata), Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and Deptford Pink (Dianthus armeria). Threats include succession, tracked vehicle use, and proposed tank trails. One recommendation is to keep the fields in an early stage of succession by conducting infrequent mowing or burning. See more information on this species at Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation in East Hanover Township.

A fair to good population of Nodding Trillium (Trillium cernuum) was found in a rich hardwood and hemlock forest along a mountain stream in a cool shaded ravine. Associated plant species include Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius), Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia), American Dog Violet (Viola conspersa), Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum), May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), Bishop’s-cap (Mitella diphylla), False Solomon’s Seal (Smilacina racemosa), Garlic-mustard (Alliaria petiolata), Brachyelytrum (Brachyelytrum erectum), Wood Geranium (Geranium maculatum), Sweet White Violet (Viola blanda), Marginal Shield Fern (Dryopteris intermedia), Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Hay-scented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), Black Birch (Betula lenta), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), A sedge (Carex laxiculmis), Indian Cucumber Root (Medeola virginiana), Rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum pubescens), Smooth Yellow Violet (Viola eriocarpa), Anise-root (Osmorhiza longistylis), and Agrimony (Agrimonia sp.).

FORT INDIANTOWN GAP MACROSITE RIDGE - Evidence of an S3 Pennsylvania- threatened animal species of concern in ten locations was found over a stretch of 3.5 miles at Second Mountain on rock outcrops. This area extended into Dauphin County as well.

INDIANTOWN RUN WOODS - This site has considerable habitat designated for Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia). A marginal to good-quality population of Black Dash (Euphyes conspicuus), an S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern was found in a small sedge meadow that is divided by a meandering stream in Indiantown Run Woods. This site is surrounded by a mixed-oak forest and contains Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) and Sedges (Carex spp.). One threat to this area is the potential for a tank maneuvering trail that could disturb much of the habitat for the larval host plant. Also in this area, a marginal population of Spiny Oakworm Moth (Anisota stigma), a Pennsylvania animal species of concern, was sighted in an old field composed of mostly Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia) adjacent to a military training area.

In addition, individuals of Black-waved Flannel Moth (Lagoa crispata), an S1 Pennsylvania animal species of concern were found in this area. Several larvae from this species were seen along the forest edge that is composed of Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), and Maple (Acer sp.). The area consists of an old field training area. Logging, military training and Gypsy Moth spraying are threats to this area.

A small population of American Holly (Ilex opaca), an S2 Pennsylvania-threatened plant species, was found in the Indiantown Run Woods Area. Associated species included Serviceberry

219 (Amelanchier arborea), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Oak (Quercus spp.), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), New York Fern (Theylpteris noveboracensis), and Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.).

A marginal to poor-quality population of Netted Chainfern (Woodwardia areolata), an S2 Pennsylvania-threatened plant species of concern was also found in the Indiantown Run Woods area. A small population of this species was found in a mixed woodland along Indian Run. Associated species include Hayscented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), and Swamp Dewberry (Rubus hispidus). This site also has considerable habitat designated for Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia). Threats to this site include logging and hydrology changes. No military training currently exists here. Disturbances include military training foot travel, litter, and some exotic plant species. However, there are no imminent threats as of the date of the survey.

ST. JOSEPH’S SPRING - A small population of an S2S3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern was found near a spring that is on Fort Indiantown Gap Military property. Water pollution from a fish hatchery is a potential threat to this site.

SWATARA GAP FOSSIL SITE - This geologically significant site consists of an outcrop of Ordovician shale containing the largest abundance of the fossil trilobite Cryptolithus in Pennsylvania. This area also contains excellent specimens of the rare Ordovician starfish Hallaster (Geyer & Bolles, 1979). Proposed alterations to Interstate 81 at this site will likely greatly alter its accessibility for future research.

SWATARA HILLSIDE FOREST - This area is characterized as a dry shaly south-facing hillside with a hardwood and Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana) forest. This area contains a marginal-quality population of Beard-tongue (Penstemon canescens), an S3 Pennsylvania plant species of concern, and a marginal to small population of Blackseed Needlegrass (Piptochaetium venaceum), an S1 Pennsylvania plant species of concern. The typical associates of Beard-tongue at this site include Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), White Oak (Quercus alba), Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), Deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), Maple-leafed Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), Bluestem Goldenrod (Solidago caesia), White Goldenrod (Solidago bicolor), Northern Oatgrass (Danthonia spicata), and Moss-pink (Phlox subulata).

Finally, an individual of Leonard’s Skipper (Hesperia leonardus), a Pennsylvania S3S4 animal species of concern, was found along a grassy road in an overgrown field. Host plants of this species include Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Switch Grass (Panicum virgatum), Bentgrass (Agrostis sp.), Poverty Grass (Danthonia spicata), and Side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis). This species prefers close proximity to moister meadows with abundant nectar sources. This area is a grassy road passing through shrubby fields.

220

TOINEETA FARM MEADOW - A good-quality population of Bronze Copper (Lycaena hyllus), an S2 Pennsylvania animal species of concern, and an individual of Black Dash (Euphyes conspicuus), an S3 Pennsylvania Animal species of concern, were found on this site. This area is described as an open meadow/pasture land with wet swales of Bulrush species. It is recommended that this site be monitored for further use by this species and for the integrity of the habitat.

TROUT RUN MEADOW - This site contains an undetermined population of Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia), an S1, G3 Pennsylvania animal species of concern. This population is an extension of the documented population at Fort Indiantown Gap Macrosite, but this particular population is located on private land. Several males of this species were observed flying over a field and nectaring on thistle. Nectaring plants for this species included Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor), and Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), but these species were not abundant. In addition, the host plant violets were present but not abundant. Threats to this site include succession of old fields. It is therefore recommended to continue infrequent mowing of these fields to allow regeneration of host plant species and nectar source species.

221 LEHIGH COUNTY

HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Community – “NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC ROCKY Bake Oven Knob SUMMIT” G? S2 1998-09-10 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Furnace Gap CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-22 E

BROWN SEDGE Jordan Valley Marsh (CAREX BUXBAUMII) G5 S3 TU 1992-06-02 C

Locally significant area: Trout Run Woods

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #217

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

222 LEHIGH COUNTY, HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP MAP

223

HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP:

JORDAN VALLEY MARSH (Heidelberg Twp.) - This site supports a fair quality population of a PA-Endangered plant species, brown sedge (Carex buxbaumii). The sedge occurs in a open, calcareous wet meadow adjacent to Jordan Creek. Associated species include golden ragwort (Senecio aureus), wrinkle-leaf goldenrod (Solidago rugosa), swamp dewberry (Rubus hispidus), other sedges (Carex spp.) and the exotics, sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) and velvet grass (Holcus lanatus). Succession is a potential threat; the site needs to be cleared periodically by mowing or other means in order to maintain the open habitat necessary for this species survival.

Locally Significant Site:

Trout Run Woods (Heidelberg Twp.) is a locally significant area that includes a seepy woodland located along Trout Run at the base of Blue Mountain. The woods are dominated by mixed oaks (Quercus spp.), sweet birch (Betula lenta), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black-gum (Nyssa sylvatica), with scattered groves of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). They are in relatively good condition although some areas have been selectively logged in the recent past. The woods contain numerous streamlets, seeps, and several vernal ponds. Swampy or seepy areas are more prevalent

224 adjacent to Trout Run. These areas support species typical of wet woods including skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), sedges (Carex spp.), and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.). This wooded segment of Trout Run is good habitat for many plants and animals. The creek itself with several species of native aquatic plants is excellent habitat for aquatic insects. There are historic records for species of concern occurring at this site although none were observed during a 1997 field survey. Further surveys are recommended. This site is partly on State Gamelands #217.

225 LEHIGH COUNTY

LYNN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Geologic feature: “EROSIONAL Bears Rocks REMNANT”

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-22 E

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS SGL #217 & Appalachian Trail ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 2002-07-11 AB

Locally Significant area: Leaser Lake Woods

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Leaser Lake State Game Lands #106 State Game Lands #217

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

226 LEHIGH COUNTY, LYNN TOWNSHIP MAP

227

LYNN TOWNSHIP:

SGL #217 AND APPALACHIAN TRAIL (West Penn Township and Lehigh County) – In 2002, a graminoid-dominated Ephemeral Fluctuating pool Natural Community was located along the ridge of Blue Mountain in SGL #217. A very good-quality population of a G3, S3 PA- endangered, and Federally-endangered plant species, the northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus), was located in this pond. The Federally endangered status of this plant indicates that the species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The northeastern bulrush is primarily found in temporary ponds and other pools with fluctuating water levels. These ponds also typically provide important breeding habitat for forest dwelling amphibians such as the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). Associated species at this site include wool-grass (Scirpus cyperinus), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), moss (Sphagnum spp.), soft rush (Juncus effusus), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), red maple (Acer rubrum) and gray birch (Betula populifolia). A wide undisturbed forested buffer should be maintained around this site. No disturbances were observed at this pond. Nearby disturbances include the creation of clearings as food plots and logging. The Game Commission should avoid the temptation to improve this wetland habitat. This site falls primarily within SGL #217, and includes a portion of the Appalachian Trail.

Locally Significant Area:

Leaser Lake Woods (Lynn Twp.) - This locally significant site is a moderately aged second growth forest with a nice diversity of herbs. The forest canopy includes a good diversity of tree species with tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweet birch (Betula lenta), red maple (Acer rubrum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) being dominant. Further upslope oaks such as red oak (Quercus rubra), black oak (Q. velutina), and chestnut oak (Q. prinus) are more common. Shrubs include witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and black-haw

228 (Viburnum prunifolium). Herbaceous species, of which there are many, include eight species of fern, many species of sedges and grasses, and numerous wildflowers. Along with its plant diversity the site is significant for the many types of habitat it includes, such as streams, seeps, shoreline, forest, and boulder fields. Numerous streamlets and seeps flow over the gentle forested slopes at the bottom of Blue Mountain and into Leaser Lake. They are excellent habitat for certain amphibian species such as the northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus), northern spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus), northern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata), and others. They are also important for other species such as crayfish and Odonates (dragonflies and damselflies). Letting the forest at this site mature without further disturbance will help maintain the good quality of this locally significant area.

229 LEHIGH COUNTY

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

LONG'S SEDGE Blue Mountain Pumping Station (CAREX LONGII) G5 SU TU 1999-06-16 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-04-17 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Furnace Gap CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-22 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Water Gap CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1995-03-09 E

Geologic feature: “PALEOZOIC EARTH HISTORY”

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS Rextown Ponds ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1993-08-11 C

TORREY'S RUSH Rextown Quarry Site (JUNCUS TORREYI) G5 S2 PT 1986-08-05 B

AUTUMN WILLOW Walnutport Canal Site (SALIX SERISSIMA) G4 S2 PT 1997 D

VIRGINIA ROSE (ROSA VIRGINIANA) G5 S1 TU 1994-06-21 C

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #217

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

230 LEHIGH COUNTY, WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP MAP

231

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP:

BLUE MOUNTAIN PUMPING STATION (Washington Twp.) - During a survey of this site in 1991 evidence of a PA-Threatened animal species was discovered. However, the evidence was not fresh, indicating that the species had been living in the area in the past but was not living there at the time of the survey. The habitat requirements of this species include areas of exposed boulders or rock outcrops generally with some scattered trees or shrubs. This type of habitat is abundant along sections of the upper slopes and ridgetop of Blue Mountain. Although there have been no recent successful surveys for this species in Lehigh or Northampton counties there have been casual observations by some area residents that suggest it still persists here. It is possible that some areas where it used to occur are part of the extensive damage caused by the fallout from the historic smelter operation in Carbon County. Additionally, the species is currently thought to be declining in Pennsylvania due to problems with certain parasites. Areas of Blue Mountain that are suitable habitat for this species are very unlikely to be developed or disturbed and therefore no management action is recommended. Long's sedge (Carex longii) is a plant species of concern that was found near a utility line right-of- way in SGL #217. The sedge was located in a low, damp area among a few clumps of Sphagnum. The site is within a well drained harwood sapling woods. Associated species include rice cutgrass (Leersia spp.), panicgrass (Panicum microcarpon), fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), red maple (Acer rubrum), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica). Disturbances to the site include previous logging and exotics in the nearby utility line right-of-way.

LEHIGH FURNACE GAP (Washington Twp.; East Penn Twp., Carbon Co.) - During a survey of this site in 1991 evidence of a PA-Threatened animal species was discovered. However, the evidence was not fresh, indicating that the species had been living in the area in the past but was not living there at the time of the survey. The habitat requirements of this species include areas of exposed boulders or rock outcrops generally with some scattered trees or shrubs. This type of habitat is abundant along sections of the upper slopes and ridgetop of Blue Mountain. Although there have been no recent successful surveys for this species in Lehigh or Northampton counties there have been casual observations by some area residents that suggest it still persists here. It is possible that some areas where it used to occur are part of the extensive damage caused by the fallout from the historic smelter operation in Carbon County. Additionally the species is currently thought to be declining in Pennsylvania due to problems with certain parasites. Areas of Blue Mountain that are suitable habitat for this species are very unlikely to be developed or disturbed and therefore no management action is recommended.

LEHIGH WATER GAP (Washington Twp., Lehigh Co.; Lehigh Twp., Northampton Co.; East Penn & Lower Towamensing Twps. Carbon Co.) Paleozoic Earth History is a water gap in Blue Mountain. Erosion by the Lehigh River has cut through the rock layers as they have been slowly uplifted over millions of years. An impressive cross-section of rock strata is exposed on the east side of the gap. An animal species of concern was found at this site during surveys in 1995. Further surveys are needed to determine the extent of the population. This site has potential for a variety of species of special concern but has been severely degraded by pollution from the smelter operations on the north side of the ridge.

232 REXTOWN PONDS (Washington Twp.) - The Rextown Ponds site has several small, seasonally- wet, shallow depressions or ponds in an otherwise well-drained, upland forest. The depressions typically have standing water in spring and early summer and often become desiccated by late summer and fall. The vegetation includes a mixture of herbaceous and woody species, such as various grasses and sedges (Carex spp.), chain fern (Woodwardia virginica), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). A fair quality population of a PA- Threatened plant, northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) occurs in one of the ponds, which appears to have somewhat better drainage than is typical of most of the sites that are inhabited by this species. As a result, the species is severely threatened by competition from other vegetation, particularly from the various woody species that are well-established in the pond.

REXTOWN QUARRY SITE (Washington Twp.) - This site is an abandoned slate quarry. A large population of a PA threatened rush, Torrey's rush (Juncus torreyi), occurs at the base of a large slag pile on muddy soil enriched by the limy slate. In this case human disturbance has created a unique habitat utilized by the species of concern. No special management recommendations are suggested for this occurrence.

WALNUTPORT CANAL SITE (Lehigh, North Whitehall, & Washington Twps.) This site consists of an abandoned historic canal, the adjacent banks, and a strip of woods between the towpath and the river. Two plant species of concern, autumn willow (Salix serissima) and virginia rose (Rosa virginiana) were observed in this area during visits in 1988 through 1997. The site is primarily used for low intensity recreational use such as fishing and walking. Regular mowing of the towpath trail is a potential threat to these species.

233 MONROE COUNTY

ELDRED TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Global State Last Seen Quality** Type Status

WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT G5T5 S3 TU 1993-09-24 C Aquashicola Creek (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS)

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #168

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

ELDRED TOWNSHIP:

AQUASHICOLA CREEK - (Eldred Twp.) A good to marginal population of a Pennsylvania plant species of concern, white water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var diffusus), was identified in an open portion of Aquashicola Creek on a pebble/cobble bottom. Associated species include waterweed, pondweed, algae, and aquatic bryophytes. No obvious threats to this population were noted in the field.

234 MONROE COUNTY, ELDRED TOWNSHIP MAP

235

MONROE COUNTY

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Global State Last Seen Quality** Type Status Aquashicola Creek HOARY WILLOW G5 S1 PT 1993-08-04 C Wetland (SALIX CANDIDA)

MATTED SPIKE-RUSH G5 S2 PT 1993-08-04 BC (ELEOCHARIS INTERMEDIA)

Big Offset Barren VARIABLE SEDGE G3 S2 PE 1997-07-03 BC (CAREX POLYMORPHA)

Cherry Creek Valley Community: G2G3 S1 1987-09-14 B SHRUB FEN

YELLOW SEDGE G5 S2 PT 1997-06-04 C (CAREX FLAVA)

HEMLOCK-PARSLEY G5 S1 PE 1999-09-24 C (CONIOSELINUM CHINENSE)

GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS G5 S2 PE 1997-06-04 C (PARNASSIA GLAUCA)

YELLOW SEDGE G5 S2 PT 1994-06-08 B (CAREX FLAVA)

DOWNY WILLOW-HERB G5? S3 PE 1994-08-23 E (EPILOBIUM STRICTUM)

BROOK LOBELIA G5 S1 PE 1994-08-23 B (LOBELIA KALMII)

BEBB'S SEDGE G5 S1 PE 1999-06-24 BC (CAREX BEBBII)

DOWNY WILLOW-HERB G5? S3 PE 1999-09-24 C (EPILOBIUM STRICTUM)

WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT G5T5 S3 1997-06-04 BC (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSES)

THIN-LEAVED COTTONGRASS G5 S2 PT 1994-06-08 CD (ERIOPHORUM VIRIDICARINATUM)

236

GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS G5 S2 PE 1994-08-23 B (PARNASSIA GLAUCA)

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 2000-06-22 E CONCERN

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 1998-SU E CONCERN

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 2000-07-17 E CONCERN

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 2001-06-16 C CONCERN

Hamilton Square Swale BROWN SEDGE G5 S3 TU 1993-06-16 BC (CAREX BUXBAUMII)

A SEDGE G4G5 S2 PT 1993-06-16 B (CAREX TETANICA)

Little Offset Swamp SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE G5 S2S3 TU 1997-05-22 C (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA)

SPREADING GLOBE FLOWER G3Q S1 PE 1991-04-20 D Mansfield Seep (TROLLIUS LAXUS SENSU STRICTO)

Pomeroy Woods Community: G? S2 1992-05-07 CD MESIC CENTRAL FOREST

Managed Areas: Appalachian Trail MCCD Wildlife Preserve

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

237 MONROE COUNTY, HAMILTON TOWNSHIP MAP

238

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP:

APPALACHIAN TRAIL - The Appalachian Trail is located along Blue Mountain at the very southern edge of the county. Although not a natural feature, it is important that the trail, and a buffer area around it, remain in a fairly natural setting for the trail to be fully enjoyed. In places, low-density housing is encroaching upon the trail; even this amount of development should be considered unacceptable. Those areas near the trail that are feasible to develop because of soils and slope should be targeted for protection soon.

AQUASHICOLA CREEK WETLAND- (Hamilton and Ross Twps.) This site is a poorly-drained wetland in the bottomland along Aquashicola Creek. The vegetation is quite diverse, consisting of marshy areas and marshy areas interspersed with shrub thickets. Two plant species of concern, hoary willow (Salix candida ) and matted spike-rush (Eleocharis intermedia) were documented at this site. Species associated with the matted spike rush include bur-reed, rice-cut grass, needle spike-rush, arrowhead, and sedges. Poison sumac, highbush blueberry, red maple, alder-leaved buckthorn, speckled alder, swamp rose, and swamp azalea are the plant species growing near the hoary willow. Threats to the site include beaver activity and some grazing by cattle.

BIG OFFSET BARREN - (Hamilton Twp., Monroe County and Plainfield, Northampton County) A good to marginal population of a State Endangered, G3 plant species, variable sedge (Carex polymorpha), was revisited in 1993 and 1997. The population seems to be doing well and the growth of the plants was vigorous.

CHERRY CREEK VALLEY - Cherry Creek Fen constitutes the most important site in the township because of the good quality Shrub Fen Natural Community and good-quality populations of eight plant species of concern found there. A good population of a state- endangered animal that thrives in the rich waters of the wetland makes the site especially important. Flowing calcareous water derived from weathering of the underlying limestone bedrock and till influences this natural community. The relatively high pH of the water creates conditions amenable to suites of plants that are unable to tolerate the more acidic conditions found on adjacent bedrock types. The restriction of many of these plants to calcareous wetlands accounts for their rarity. At this site, one finds an open graminoid area consisting mainly of sedges (Carex spp.) and spike rushes (Eleocharis spp.) with scattered shrub hummocks dominated by poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and a smaller open area of saturated stones and gravel. The plants of special concern grow in the open at the edges of hummocks and in the saturated stony areas. A surrounding shrub zone dominated by hazel alder (Alnus serrulata) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) grades into a red maple (Acer rubrum)/white pine (Pinus strobus) swamp. The landowners of Cherry Creek Fen have "registered" the natural area with The Nature Conservancy. "Registry" means that the landowners have informally agreed to protect the land and to notify the Conservancy of any threats to the property. This collaboration of efforts should protect the core of the wetland, but continued efforts will be needed to prevent adverse off-site effects.

HAMILTON SQUARE SWALE - (Hamilton Twp.) This site is a damp to wet abandoned pasture/meadow consisting of interspersed young woods, shrub thickets, and herbaceous areas. Two

239 good to marginal quality populations of plant species of concern were mapped here in 1993. A sedge (Carex tetanica) is listed as PA Threatened, and brown sedge (Carex buxbaumii) is a Tentatively Undetermined plant species. Species associated with Carex tetanica a include spike rush, skunk cabbage, smooth goldenrod, jewelweed, sensitive fern, blue vervain, marsh fern, soft rush, and rough bluegrass. Species growing with Carex buxbaumii include velvet grass, southern agrimony, spike rush, golden ragwort, and sweet vernal grass. Threats to the site include competition from exotic species and succession and deer browse. Further disturbance (e.g., grazing by cattle) of the site should be avoided.

LITTLE OFFSET SWAMP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.; Hamilton Twp., Monroe Co.) - This site is a 10-acre shrub swamp located near the top of Little Offset on the Blue Mountain. A good quality population of a PA-threatened plant species swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) was documented from this wetland. The swamp may have been formed by a small ice block left from the last glacial advance. An extremely dense shrub layer of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), which shades out all groundcover, rings the margin of the swamp. Other shrubs present include huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), swamp azalea (Rhododendron nudiflorum), and rhododendron (R. maximum). The center of the swamp is more open with occasional pitch pine (Pinus rigida), white pine (P. strobus), and pin oak (Quercus palustris) trees growing out of a mat of sedges (Carex spp.) and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.). Several large pits have been blasted in the swamp, possibly to extract peat. A fair population of a shrub species of concern occupies the zone between the swamp and the xeric oak forest surrounding it. The open canopy is made up of bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), red maple (Acer rubrum), black-gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and various oaks (Quercus spp.). Associated understory species include highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and red maple (Acer rubrum). The swamp is near the Appalachian Trail, and partly owned by the National Park Service. Disturbances include jeep trails, a small hunting cabin, and excavation within the swamp. Trail building, peat mining, and vehicle use could degrade the remaining habitat.

MANSFIELD SEEP - (Stroud and Hamilton Twps.) A fair-quality population of spreading globe flower (Trollius laxus sensu stricto) was found at this site in 1986, and again in April of 1991. Additional surveys are needed to determine the size of the population.

POMEROY WOODS - This Mesic Central Forest Natural Community was observed in 1986, and again in 1992. The quality of the site was assessed as marginal to poor. The biggest threat appears to be development around the site.

240 MONROE COUNTY

MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Global State Last Seen Quality** Type Status

Arnott Fen A SEDGE G4G5 S2 PT 1993-06-01 CD (CAREX TETANICA)

BROOK LOBELIA G5 S1 PE 1998-09-08 D (LOBELIA KALMII)

CAROLINA GRASS-OF- G5 S2 PE 1998-09-08 BC PARNASSUS (PARNASSIA GLAUCA)

CLINTON'S WOOD FERN G5 S2 N 2002-10-19 BC (DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA)

DOWNY WILLOW-HERB G5? S3 PE 1998-09-08 BC (EPILOBIUM STRICTUM)

Community – G2G3 S1 1998-09-08 BC SHRUB FEN

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL G5 S1 PE 1998-09-08 B (POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA)

SMALL-HEADED RUSH G5 S2 PT 1998-09-08 D (JUNCUS BRACHYCEPHALUS)

Hiawatha Road Pond CAPITATE SPIKE-RUSH G5 S4 PR 1990-08-30 E (ELEOCHARIS OLIVACEA)

CLOUD SEDGE G5 S1S2 TU 1990-08-30 C (CAREX HAYDENII)

North of Depew Island WHITE HEATH ASTER G5 S3 TU 1991-10-17 B (ASTER ERICOIDES)

Community –

Poplar Run “HIGH-GRADIENT CLEARWATER CREEK” Ressaca Falls Boy Scout Community – Camp Site WATERFALLS AND RAPIDS

Shawnee Fen A SEDGE G4G5 S2 PT 1993-06-01 D (CAREX TETANICA)

241

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 1987-07-09 E CONCERN

Shoemakers Swamp BOG BLUEGRASS G3 S3 PT 1995-06-20 D (POA PALUDIGENA)

DOWNY WILLOW-HERB G5? S3 PE 1995-06-20 D (EPILOBIUM STRICTUM)

SLENDER SEDGE G5 S3 PR 1995-06-20 D (CAREX LASIOCARPA)

SOFT-LEAVED SEDGE G5 S3 PR 1995-06-20 D (CAREX DISPERMA)

CLINTON'S WOOD FERN G5 S2 N 1997-09-28 B Turn Farm Woods (DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA) Wallpack Bend Cliff / CATTAIL SEDGE G5 S2 PE 1996-06-28 BC Old Hogback Road Wetland (`CAREX TYPHINA)

Locally significant area: Tim’s Swamp Wallpack Bend Cliff Winona Falls

Managed Areas: Delaware River National Recreation Area Delaware State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

242 MONROE COUNTY, MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP MAP

243

MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP:

ARNOTT FEN - This Shrub Fen Natural Community supports seven plant species of concern, and a population of a state-endangered animal. This small natural community is part of a larger wetland complex. Calcareous (sweet) waters derived from weathering of the underlying limestone bedrock influence the array of species living in the community; the plant species of special concern growing here thrive under these conditions. The condition of these plant populations ranges from good to poor. The overall condition of the globally ranked G2G3 Shrub Fen Natural Community is good to marginal. Invading shrubs and red maple saplings pose a threat to some of the species of concern at this site. Dominant plants of the fen include meadow-sweet (Spiraea latifolia), marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), and peat moss. The location of the site on National Park Service land affords it some protection. However, the fen's location within a transmission-line corridor may mean periodic disturbance as part of maintenance activities. Mechanical control of woody vegetation along the corridor is recommended in this area. Flooding from beaver may pose the greatest current threat; their removal is recommended to ensure the continued health of this unique wetland community.

HIAWATHA ROAD POND - Hiawatha Road Pond, northwest of Ivan Swamp, provides habitat for capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea), and cloud sedge (Carex haydenii), that are listed as Tentatively Undetermined. The pond is vernal, full of water during the early growing season and dry by late summer. Only a handful of species are able to tolerate the stresses of such a variable environment. Further research is needed to determine the "naturalness" of this community. In addition, similar ponds in the vicinity should be investigated for the occurrence of species of special concern.

NORTH OF DEPEW ISLAND – This site is located on a 15-foot tall, 1000-foot long limestone outcrop along the Delaware River. An oak forest is at the top of the cliff. A good quality population of white heath aster (Aster ericoides) was documented at this site in 1991. Some graffiti and littering degrade this otherwise intact natual community.

POPLAR RUN - Poplar Run is a designated Exceptional Value stream and wild trout stream. Indian Ladder Falls is a scenic waterfall that tumbles over the sandstone and siltstone bedrock at the edge of the Pocono Plateau. Permission of the landowner is required to visit the area. Zimmer Wildlife Sanctuary is a refuge owned by the Natural Lands Trust. To guarantee that this sanctuary remains valuable to wildlife, the township can help prevent housing and commercial development from encroaching upon the area. Maintenance of wide vegetated corridors will allow wildlife to move freely between the sanctuary and nearby wetlands and forests

244

RESSACA FALLS BOY SCOUT CAMP - Scenic Resica Falls is listed among the top geological features in Pennsylvania by Geyer and Bolles (1979). The falls, located near the town of Ressaca on the Bush Kill, cascade over the green and red sandstones and sandy shales of the Catskill Formation. At the Resica Falls Boy Scout Reservation, Schweitzer (1981) confirmed the presence of one state- imperiled (S1) moth and possibly one other S1 moth species. Both of these species are associated with "pitch pine/scrub oak barrens" communities. Aerial spraying to control gypsy moths should be avoided in this area

SHAWNEE FEN SP539 - This area consists of a shrub thicket on a flat, saturated and occasionally flooded calcareous glacial till. A small, poor population of a Pennsylvania Threatened plant, a sedge (Carex tetanica), was found growing in a mossy, open area at this site in 1993. Associated plant species include sphagnum moss, creeping spikemoss, jewelweed, purple-leaved willow-herb, bedstraw, marsh fern, and skunk cabbage. Threats to the plant species include changes in hydrology (e.g., drainage ditches), beaver activity, and competition/succession. Additional surveys are recommended. During surveys in 1987, an animal species of concern was found. More surveys are needed to determine the extent of this population and identify suitable habitat.

SHOEMAKERS SWAMP - The National Park Service owns this mixed hardwood forested wetland. Four plant species of special concern including one G3 ranked species were identified on this site in 1995. All four plant populations are listed as poor quality. Associated species include skunk cabbage, sphagnum moss, buckbean, sedges, cinnamon fern, poison sumac, and alder. No obvious threats were observed during the field visit with the exception of increased beaver activity. Further survey work is needed to verify and evaluate the extent of the plant populations.

TURN FARM WOODS SP558 - This site is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Recreational activities at the site include hiking, hunting, and snowmobiling. A good population of an S2 plant species of concern clinton's wood fern (Dryopteris clintoniana), was discovered here in 1997. The population is located in a flat to slightly depressional area between two ridges in an area with limestone geology. Plant species growing in association with the species of concern include stilt grass, Christmas fern, white-snakeroot, Virginia creeper, spicebush, multiflora rose, black birch, and sugar maple. Exotic species invasion appears to be the only threat at the site. Monitoring of the population is needed to determine the effects of these exotic plant species.

WALLPACK BEND CLIFF /OLD HOGBACK ROAD WETLAND – This site occurs on the outside edge of a Delaware River meander. Older hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) with an open understory of rosebay (Rhododendron maximum) dominate this steep north-facing slope. A good population of a Pennsylvania Tentatively Undetermined plant species, cattail sedge (Carex typhina), was identified here in 1996. The population was found in an opening of a forested wetland. Beaver activity near the site appears to be changing the hydrology of the area. Periodic monitoring of the population status is recommended. This site is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.

Locally Significant Sites:

245 Tim’s Swamp – This site, located along PA 402 near the Monroe County line, is a natural area of local significance. Tims Swamp consists of approximately 20 acres of forested peatland co- dominated by broadleaf and coniferous trees including red maple (Acer rubrum), black spruce (Picea mariana), and larch (Larix laricina) with scattered white pine (Pinus strobus) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida). A dense shrub understory includes sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), and high-bush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). PSO staff did not find species of special concern at the site, but recommend further investigation. The swamp's location in the Delaware State Forest affords it some protection. Logging to the north of the swamp and development to the south should be limited where possible.

Winona Falls – This Locally Significant Site is a waterfall and rapis mapped as an outstanding geological feature (Geyer and Bolles). Further surveys of this site are necessary to determine if this site is a natural community and to look for species of special concern. Loffing and development should be restricted near the falls if it is to continue to be a scenic attraction.

246 MONROE COUNTY

ROSS TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Global State Last Seen Quality** Community Type Status Aquashicola Creek Shrub ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 1999 E Swamp CONCERN

MATTED SPIKE- RUSH G5 S2 PT 1993-08-27 C (ELEOCHARIS INTERMEDIA)

BROOK LOBELIA G5 S1 PE 1993-08-27 CD (LOBELIA KALMII)

Aquashicola Creek Wetland HOARY WILLOW G5 S1 PT 1993-08-04 C (SALIX CANDIDA)

MATTED SPIKE- RUSH G5 S2 PT 1993-08-04 BC (ELEOCHARIS INTERMEDIA)

Buckwha Creek BROWN SEDGE G5 S3 TU 1993-06-17 C (CAREX BUXBAUMII)

Community – Knechts Ponds “EPHEMERAL/FLUC G? S3 1998-04-15 E TUATING NATURAL POOL”

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

247 MONROE COUNTY, ROSS TOWNSHIP MAP

248

ROSS TOWNSHIP:

AQUASHICOLA CREEK SHRUB SWAMP – Two plant species of concern and an animal species of concern were identified at this site. The species are located in a degraded shrub swamp along Aquashicola Creek near a pipeline crossing. Periodic spraying in the right-of-way may be preventing these populations from spreading further. Occasional mowing may actually benefit these species and is preferred to spraying as a method of keeping the right-of-way open. More surveys are needed to determine the extent of these populations.

BUCKWHA CREEK – This site is a wet to seasonally wet marsh/shrub thicket in the bottomland of Buckwha Creek. A marginal quality population of a plant species of concern, brown sedge (Carex buxbaumii), was identified at the site in 1993. Associated species include meadow-sweet, steeple-bush, sweet vernal grass, swamp candles, New York ironweed, field-wood rush, and marsh fern. The main threat to the site appears to be succession/competition. Site management recommendations include mowing every other year.

KNECHTS PONDS (Bushkill Twp.; Ross Twp., Monroe Twp.) - This site is a gently sloping forested area that includes an Ephemeral Fluctuating Pools Natural Community. There are at least twelve vernal pools here. The woods are variably wet with some elevated areas being drier. Dominant tree species include white oak (Quercus alba) and red maple (Acer rubrum) which occur with scattered tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oak (Quercus rubra), and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is the common understory species with white pine (Pinus strobus) saplings and arrow-wood (Viburnum spp.) also occurring. The pools may have varying covertypes as is typical of this community type. Cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), sedges (Carex spp.), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata) are common in these situations with numerous other species being possible. Vernal pools are valuable habitat for the reproduction of amphibian species and can be important in the life cycles of many other animal species. The character of this site was determined through the examination of aerial photographs and through observations made from the adjacent road. This site has the potential for several plant species of special concern and further surveys are encouraged. Disturbances at the site include a paved road that bisects the site, as well as some unpaved lanes that cross through the woods. The woods have been cut over in the past but are nearing maturity again. Maintaining the forest cover at this site and letting the pools continue in their annual cycle of water retention and loss will benefit this natural community and all the species that depend on it. If the forest in this area is harvested care should be taken not to run machinery in the pools and to leave buffering trees around the pools and nearby streams.

249 MONROE COUNTY

SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Global State Last Seen Quality** Type Status

Delaware Water Gap Community – G5 S3 1989-06-20 C “ACIDIC SHRUB SWAMP”

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3G4 S3 PT 1993-07-28 E CONCERN

Geologic Feature: G? S? 1979 E DRAINAGE PATTERNS

Geologic Feature: G? S? 1979 E EROSIONAL REMNANT

Community – G5 S5 1997-05-05 B “NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC CLIFF COMMUNITY”

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE G5 S2S3 TU 1989-06-20 C (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA)

WILD BLEEDING-HEARTS G4 S1 PE 1997-05-05 A (DICENTRA EXIMIA)

YELLOW WATER- G5 S2 N 1989-06-20 E CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS FLABELLARIS)

APPALACHIAN SAND CHERRY G5T4 S2 1992-08-06 D (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR SUSQUEHANAE)

Indian Chair Geologic Feature: G? S? 1979 E “EROSIONAL REMNANT”

Marshall Creek ANIMAL SPECIES OF G4 S3 CR 1998-07-24 E CONCERN

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G5 S1S2 PE 1998-07-24 E CONCERN

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G5 S3 PC 1998-07-24 E CONCERN

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G4 S1 PE 1998-07-24 E CONCERN

250

Mosiers Knob PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS G5 S3 PR 1990-04-16 C (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA)

Shawnee Fen A SEDGE G4G5 S2 PT 1993-06-01 D (CAREX TETANICA)

ANIMAL SPECIES OF G3 S2 PE 1987-07-09 E CONCERN

PROSTRATE SAND CHERRY G5T5 S1 1983-07-12 A Shellenbergers Island (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR DEPRESSA)

Totts Gap Swamp SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE G5 S2S3 TU 1997-05-23 C (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA)

Locally significant area: Intake Dam Woods

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Delaware River National Recreation Area

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

251 MONROE COUNTY, SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP MAP

252

SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP:

DELAWARE WATER GAP - Along the Delaware River there are two localities for plant species of special concern. On the eastern edge of the map, south of Bushkill, a good population of a state- rare wildflower (SP508) grows in the cracks and hollows of limestone exposed along the river's edge. This population is continuous with one found on the adjacent Flatbrookville quadrangle. Although graffiti and litter make the area less attractive than it would be naturally, the plants are fairly inaccessible and presumably safe. In addition, the plants occur in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, which prohibits wildflower picking.

DELAWARE WATER GAP - (Smithfield Twp., Monroe County and Pahaquarry Twp., Warren County) A good example of an Northern Appalachian Acidic Cliff Natural Community was found above the Delaware River in 1997. The community is nearly vertical and is 25-50 acres in size. The sparsely vegetated cliffs stretch from above the river approximately one mile to the southwest slopes. Vegetation identified included pitch pine, black cherry, scrub oak, mountain laurel, pink corydalis, goldenrod, and common cinquefoil. Animal species observed in this natural community included both black and turkey vultures, ravens, prairie warbler, and goldfinch. This site is protected as part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. The community extends to the Portland quadrangle. During surveys in 1989, Yellow water-crowfoot (Ranunculus flabellaris) was identified in the Delaware Water Gap area. At the time, this species was not listed as a species of concern but previous investigations have indicated that the plant may be declining. The species was found in a wooded wetland with other plants such as crystalwort (Riccia fluitans) and duckweed (Lemna minor).

INDIAN CHAIR – This geologic feature is an outcrop of dark-gray chert, more commonly known as flint, that resembles a huge chair (Geyer and Bolles, 1979). This outcrop is called Indian Chair because Indians used the high-quality stone to make weapons and tools.

MARSHALL CREEK - Marshall Creek is an exceptional value stream with low gradient stream reaches and adjacent riparian wetlands. This is a low gradient stream habitat with fine particulate substrates consisting of mucky peat or organic detrital materials interspersed with large gravel or cobble. Surveys in 1998 yielded six animal species of concern. Associated fish species include brown trout, common shiner, blacknose dace, longnose dace, and white sucker..

MOSIERS KNOB – A small population of a State Rare shrub species prickly pair cactus (Opuntia humifusa) was found growing at this site in 1992. Threats to the species include trampling by hikers and deer browse.

SHAWNEE FEN – This site is a wetland with shrub thickets, small trees and mossy areas on flat, saturated and occasionally inundated calcareous glacial till. Several unusual limestone ledges line the adjacent uplands. A plant species of concern, a sedge (Carex tetanica), and an animal species of concern were documented in this wetland habitat. Disturbances include a drainage ditch, a dam, exotics, and planted conifers along the s-border. The surrounding area is woodland and rural residential.

253 SCHELLENBERGERS ISLAND - On the southeast corner of Schellenbergers Island in the Delaware River, an excellent population of a shrub prostrate sand cherry (Prunus pumila var depressa), occurs in large dense thickets growing in river sands and gravels. Associated species include willows (Salix spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), wild grape (Vitis spp.), and assorted herbaceous plants. The plant of special concern thrives in the highly disturbed environment of the alluvial island where it is subjected to annual flooding and scouring. At present, human activities, which are minimal on this part of the island, do not threaten the plant.

TOTTS GAP SWAMP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.; Smithfield & Stroud Twps., Monroe Co.) - This site consists of several shrub dominated rocky summit outcrop areas located on the ridge east of Totts Gap. The outcrops are dominated by scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) with a few scattered stems of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Herbs on this xeric substrate include poverty grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), dewberry (Rubus spp.), and field sorrel (Rumex spp.). The site supports poor to fair quality populations of a PA-Threatened plant, swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa). This site will be best protected by leaving it in its current condition.

Locally Significant Site:

Intake Dam Woods – This Locally Significant Site is a fairly mature mixed conifer and hardwood forest that was probably maintained as pasture at one time but has been allowed to revert to forest. White pine dominates the forest but white oak, hemlock, white ash, and red maple are also present. The past history and presence of exotic species prevent this site from being listed as more than of local significance Because this land along Sambo Creek is close to East Stroudsburg Reservoir lands, the protection of this woodland would provide nearly complete protection for the watershed should there be a need to expand water services in the future. Further, the combination of this tract with the watershed lands would create a significant amount of open space and wildlife habitat in an area that is rapidly becoming urbanized.

254 MONROE COUNTY

STROUD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

AMERICAN HOLLY Appalachian Trail (ILEX OPACA) G5 S2 PT 1989-07-03 CD

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1997-05-22 C

APPALACHIAN SAND CHERRY (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR SUSQUEHANAE) G5T4 S2 1991-08-08 CD

Geologic Feature (INVERTEBRATE FOSSIL Centerfield Coral Reef ANIMALS) G? S? 1979 E

LESSER BLADDERWORT Fox Gap Pond (UTRICULARIA MINOR) G5 S4 PT 1987-08-24 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Hartman’s Cave CONCERN G4 S3B,S3N 1996-02-06 E

SPREADING GLOBE FLOWER (TROLLIUS LAXUS SENSU Mansfield Seep STRICTO) G3Q S1 PE 1991-04-20 D

Community – “MESIC CENTRAL Pomeroys Woods FOREST” G? S2 1992-05-07 CD

Community – “ACIDIC BROADLEAF Tannersville Cranberry Bog SWAMP” G5 S3 1983-07-07 B

BOG COPPER (LYCAENA EPIXANTHE) G4G5 S2 1984-07-18 BC

BOG-ROSEMARY (ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA) G5 S3 PR 1990-08-29 D

Community - “BOREAL CONIFER SWAMP” G? S3 1983-07-07 A

255

CAPITATE SPIKE-RUSH (ELEOCHARIS OLIVACEA) G5 S4 PR 1992-10-03 E

Community – “OLIGOTROPHIC GLACIAL KETTLEHOLE BOG” G? S3 1983-07-07 B

MUD SEDGE (CAREX LIMOSA) G5 S2 TU 1992-10-03 C

SLENDER SEDGE (CAREX LASIOCARPA) G5 S3 PR 1992-10-03 B

Locally significant area: Intake Dam Woods

Managed Areas - Appalachian National Scenic Trail Delaware River National Recreationa Area Tannersville Cranberry Bog

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

256 MONROE COUNTY, STROUD TOWNSHIP MAP

257

STROUD TOWNSHIP:

APPALACHIAN TRAIL - The Appalachian Trail is located along Blue Mountain at the very southern edge of the county. Three species of plants of special concern were located along this stretch of the trail. It is important that the trail, and a buffer area around it, remain in a fairly natural setting for the trail to be fully enjoyed. In places, low-density housing is encroaching upon the trail; even this amount of development should be considered unacceptable. Those areas near the trail that are feasible to develop because of soils and slope should be targeted for protection soon.

CENTERFIELD CORAL REEF – This geologic feature is the Centerfield Coral Reef, which is one of the best sites in Pennsylvania for fossil horn coral specimens (Geyer and Bolles, 1979). Since this locality is on private property, permission to examine the outcrop should be obtained from the owner.

FOX GAP POND (Upper Mount Bethel and Stroud Twps.) - This site is a small, shallow pond near the base of the Blue Mountain. The pond is surrounded by forest. The pond and forest is protected as a public watershed for drinking water. A PA-Threatened aquatic plant species, lesser bladderwort (Utricularia minor), occurs along the edges of the pond. Succession from competing aquatic species is a potential threat. Maintaining the surrounding forest will protect the water quality as well as the species of concern.

HARTMAN’S CAVE - This area was surveyed by the PA Game Commission in 1997. Ten individuals of a G4 animal species of concern were found in February. No special management recommendations were given by the PGC.

POMEROY WOODS - (Stroud and Hamilton Twps.) This Mesic Central Forest Natural Community was observed in 1992. The quality of the site was assessed as marginal to poor. The biggest threat appears to be development around the site.

TANNERSVILLE CRANBERRY BOG - (Pocono and Stroud Twps.) Tannersville Cranberry Bog is a preserve owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy. Located east of the town of Tannersville, the elongate wetland feeding Cranberry Creek supports an excellent population of a butterfly imperiled at the state level, bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe), and three natural communities: an excellent quality Boreal Conifer Swamp, a good quality Acidic Broadleaf Swamp, and a good quality Glacial Bog. The Boreal Conifer Swamp consists of a 45'-high canopy of black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) with scattered red maple (Acer rubrum), white pine (Pinus strobus), and gray birch (Betula populifolia) and very little understory. Red maple up to 60' tall dominates the Acidic Broadleaf Swamp with associates of sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), white pine, hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and yellow birch (Betula lutea). The understory contains rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum),

258 highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) while cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) and peat moss (Sphagnum spp.) compose the herbaceous layer.

The Glacial Bog community consists of a patchwork of shrubs and peat moss openings. The diverse shrub layer includes highbush blueberry, hazel alder (Alnus serrulata), poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia). In the peat moss openings, a poor population of a state-rare shrub bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), a good population of mud sedge (Carex limosa), and a good-quality population of a PA-rare plant, slender sedge (carex lasiocarpa), grow in association with round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), cotton-grass (Eriophorum virginicum), bog laurel (Kalmia polifolia), white beaked-rush (Rhynchospora alba), and pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

Continued development around the perimeter of the Tannersville Cranberry Bog threatens to degrade the water quality of the wetland and possibly harm the species of special concern. Already, nutrient run-off and non-point pollution from septic systems are having a noticeable impact. Future steps that should be taken to preserve the diverse wetland include 1) halting herbicide use along telephone line and power line right-of-ways that cross the wetland, 2) restricting development within the bog's primary watershed, and 3) acquiring additional buffer land around the wetland. Conservation easements on adjoining properties would further help to protect the wetland.

Locally Significant Site:

Intake Dam Woods – This locally significant site is a fairly mature mixed conifer and hardwood forest that was probably maintained as pasture at one time but has been allowed to revert to forest. White pine dominates the forest but white oak, hemlock, white ash, and red maple are also present. The past history and presence of exotic species prevent this site from being listed as more than of local significance. Because this land along Sambo Creek is close to East Stroudsburg Reservoir lands, the protection of this woodland would provide nearly complete protection for the watershed should there be a need to expand water services in the future. Further, the combination of this tract with the watershed lands would create a significant amount of open space and wildlife habitat in an area that is rapidly becoming urbanized.

259 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

BUSHKILL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Community – “EPHEMERAL / Knechts Ponds FLUCTUATING POOL” G? S3 1998-04-15 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Moorestown Wetlands CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1998-05-07 BC

Community – “EPHEMERAL / Rismiller Woods FLUCTUATING POOL” G? S3 1998-05-20 BC

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1998-05-20 B

Locally Significant Area: Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center State Game Lands #168

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

260 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, BUSHKILL TOWNSHIPMAP

261

BUSHKILL TOWNSHIP:

KNECHTS POOLS (Bushkill Twp.; Ross Twp., Monroe Twp.) - This site is a gently sloping forested area that includes an Ephemeral Fluctuating Pools Natural Community. There are at least twelve vernal pools here. The woods are variably wet with some elevated areas being drier. Dominant tree species include white oak (Quercus alba) and red maple (Acer rubrum) which occur with scattered tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oak (Quercus rubra), and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is the common understory species with white pine (Pinus strobus) saplings and arrow-wood (Viburnum spp.) also occurring. The pools may have varying cover types as is typical of this community type. Cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), sedges (Carex spp.), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata) are common in these situations with numerous other species being possible. Vernal pools are valuable habitat for the reproduction of amphibian species and can be important in the life cycles of many other animal species. The character of this site was determined through the examination of aerial photographs and through observations made from the adjacent road. This site has the potential for several plant species of special concern and further surveys are encouraged. Disturbances at the site include a paved road that bisects the site, as well as some unpaved lanes that cross through the woods. The woods have been cut over in the past but are nearing maturity again. Maintaining the forest cover at this site and letting the pools continue in their annual cycle of water retention and loss will benefit this natural community and all the species that depend on it. If the forest in this area is harvested care should be taken not to run machinery in the pools and to leave buffering trees around the pools and nearby streams.

MOORESTOWN WETLAND (Bushkill Twp.) - This site includes areas of marsh and shrub swamp, which are fed by ground water seepage. Red maple (Acer rubrum), cattail (Typha latifolia), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), and sedges (Carex spp.) are common species. It has been impacted by silt runoff from the adjacent farm fields as well as by the roads that may be influencing the hydrology. It supports an animal species of special concern. Maintaining the hydrology of the site is critical to the survival of this species at this site.

RISMILLER WOODS (Bushkill Twp.) - This site supports a good to fair quality example of an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pools Natural Community. The forest is dominated by a mix of tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q. alba), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Several streams and springs are also present at the site. The ponds, streams, and springs create a diversity of microhabitats which support a large diversity of herbs, ferns, and graminoid species. The great variety of wetland microhabitats makes this area excellent breeding habitat for amphibians. The area has seen disturbance in the past from logging though much of the forest is currently recovering. A good quality population of swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) a PA-Rare shrub, occurs in many of the pools at this site as well as along some of the small seepy streams. Associated species include highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), arrow-wood (Viburnum spp.), and rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). The north end of the stream corridor is threatened by new housing developments and gravel storage. This forested riparian corridor connects the sizable forest at Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center with Blue Mountain. Preserving these woods will provide a corridor for wildlife movement as well as habitat for swamp dog hobble. This site will be best protected by maintaining

262 the integrity of the matrix forest and by limiting or decreasing the fragmentation of the forest on the surrounding landscape.

Locally Significant Sites:

Blue Mountain is the most extensive relatively contiguous area of natural habitat in the two counties. It is one of the major corridors for the movement of biota in eastern Pennsylvania. It includes extensive forests with streams, seeps, springs, vernal pools, rock outcrops, and boulder fields. It has long been recognized as one of the major east coast fall flyways for migrating raptors. The extensive relatively unfragmented forests include habitat for resident animal species including larger mammals such as bear and animal species of concern, as well as for numerous smaller mammals including a PA- Threatened Animal species of concern. Wetland areas associated with streams, seeps and vernal pools are important habitat for a wide diversity of plant species as well as for many groups of animals including birds, reptiles, amphibians, Odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) and others. Conserving sites on the mountain as highlighted in this report must be considered as part of the effort to conserve the greater natural functional value of the mountain ridge. Preserving the ecological integrity of Blue Mountain should be considered an important component in preserving the biodiversity of the two counties.

Jacobsburg Environmental Ecucation Center (Bushkill Twp.) - This locally significant area consists of over 1,168 acres of mostly forested land bisected by Bushkill Creek and Sober’s Run. The park has a wide diversity of habitats, from shaly rock outcrops and hemlock forests along the Bushkill to mesic forests of red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), white ash (Fraxinus americana), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and red maple (Acer rubrum). Some common herbs include maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), rue anemone (Anemonella thalictroides), bird’s-foot violet (Viola pedata), and black snakeroot (Cimicifuga racemosa). Much of the forest is fairly mature with good structure and a diverse groundcover persists despite invasion of exotic species such as Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and garlic mustard (Alliaria officinalis) in some areas. Several small tributary streams have headwater seeps with swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), and jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum). The park’s wide variety of habitats and ecosystems provide a good potential for rare plant species, although none were identified in our surveys. The park is also home to an environmental education center, and has an extensive trail system used for biking, hiking and cross-country skiing. The park represents one of the largest remaining tracts of largely intact forest south of the Blue Mountain in Northampton County, and is connected to the Mountain by a riparian forest corridor. As such it is also important habitat for animals requiring large patches of forest, such as forest interior-breeding birds.

Bushkill Creek is a HQ-CWF throughout its basin, except for Shoeneck Creek.

263 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

LEHIGH TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

GOLDEN CLUB (ORONTIUM Bertsch Creek Seep AQUATICUM) G5 S4 DL 1991-05-09 C

Community – “ACIDIC SHRUB Devils Potato Patch/Little Gap SWAMP” G5 S3 1997-07-28 CD

Geologic Feature: “BOULDER BELTS” 1979 E

HARTFORD FERN (LYGODIUM PALMATUM) G4 S4 PR 1997-07-28 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lehigh Water Gap CONCERN G4 S3B,S 1995-03-09 E

Geologic Feature: “PALEOZOIC EARTH HISTORY” 1979 E

SPOTTED PONDWEED (POTAMOGETON Neffs Ponds PULCHER) G5 S1 PE 1997-07-28 BC

EBONY SEDGE Rockdale Cliffs (CAREX EBURNEA) G5 S1 PE 1997-06-04 B

AUTUMN WILLOW Walnutport Canal Site (SALIX SERISSIMA) G4 S2 PT 1988-05-25 D

VIRGINIA ROSE (ROSA VIRGINIANA) G5 S1 TU 1994-06-21 C

Locally Significant Site: Blue Mountain

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #168

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

264 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, LEHIGH TOWNSHIP MAP

265

LEHIGH TOWNSHIP:

BERTSCH CREEK SEEP (Lehigh Twp.) - This site is located in a forested stream ravine along Bertsch Creek. The lower reaches of the creek run along the bottom of a moderately steep forested slope and contain segments of rock outcrop and groves of hemlock. A seep-derived tributary of the creek supports a fair quality population of a PA-Rare plant species, golden club (Orontium aquaticum). Disturbances at the site are minimal. Leaving this site in its current condition will help the rare plant persist here.

DEVILS POTATO PATCH (Lehigh Twp.) - “Devil’s Potato Patch” is a boulder field occupying a wind gap in Blue Mountain. Sandstone and conglomerate rock of the Shawangunk Formation was broken off of Blue Mountain by repeated freezing and thawing during glacial times. Gravity moved the boulders to where they rest today. Similar boulder fields of “peri-glacial” origin are found along the length of Blue Mountain. Boulder fields may be used as habitat by certain reptiles, mammals, and insects.

LEHIGH WATER GAP (Washington Twp., Lehigh Co.; Lehigh Twp., Northampton Co.; East Penn & Lower Towamensing Twps. Carbon Co.) Paleozoic Earth History - is a water gap in Blue Mountain. Erosion by the Lehigh River has cut through the rock layers as they have been slowly uplifted over millions of years. An impressive cross-section of rock strata is exposed on the east side of the gap. An animal species of concern was found at this site during surveys in 1995. Further surveys are needed to determine the extent of the population. This site has potential for a variety of species of special concern but has been severely degraded by pollution from the smelter operations on the north side of the ridge.

LOCKPORT MARSH - Autumn willow (Salix serissima) is a plant species of concern that has been found in Lockport Marsh. This area is an open marsh dominated by Carex rostrata, typha latifolia, scirpus expansus and lythrum salicaria. A possible threat to the site includes encroachment of woody species, which are resulting in a drying of the marsh.

NEFFS PONDS (Lehigh Twp.) - This site is located near the base of a south facing forested slope along the Blue Mountain. It supports a small cluster of vernal pools located under a canopy of chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), red maple (Acer rubrum), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and black- gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Water levels and vegetation in the pools varied widely at the time of observation. Several pools had from 1 to 2 feet of water at their deepest points while others were merely moist. Vegetation cover was greatest in the pools with water. One pool had vegetation comparable to a shrub swamp with arrow-wood (Viburnum spp.), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), royal fern (Osmunda regalis), bur-reed (Sparganium spp.), and sedges (Carex spp.) being common, and another had shrubs on the margins only with herbs such as knotweed (Polygonum spp.), pondweed (Potamogeton spp.), and pale meadow-grass (Torreyochloa pallida) growing scattered over the pond. The majority of the pools lacked vegetation and were lined only with decaying leaves. Several of the ponds support fair to good quality populations of a PA-Endangered plant species, spotted pondweed (Potamogeton pulcher). These ponds are also important to amphibians for reproduction. The ponds are located straddling the boundary of State Game Lands 168. Several ponds fall on or very close to private property and have been manipulated. The forest is

266 crisscrossed with ATV trails though none are currently impacting the ponds. Limiting further disturbance around the ponds including not logging or allowing ATV’s to ride through the ponds will help them and the PA-Endangered species persist at the site. Locating and posting the Game Lands boundary may prevent potential encroachment from further degrading this site.

WALNUTPORT CANAL SITE - Virginia rose (Rosa virgiana) is a plant species of concern that was found along the Walnutport Canal during surveys in 1994. Some associated species include sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and grape (Vitis spp.). Mowing along the towpath is a potential threat to this species.

Locally Significant Site:

267 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

MOORE TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** None

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

Locally Significant Site: Blue Mountain

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands # 168

MOORE TOWNSHIP:

Locally Significant Site:

Blue Mountain is the most extensive relatively contiguous area of natural habitat in the two counties. It is one of the major corridors for the movement of biota in eastern Pennsylvania. It includes extensive forests with streams, seeps, springs, vernal pools, rock outcrops, and boulder fields. It has long been recognized as one of the major east coast fall flyways for migrating raptors. The extensive relatively unfragmented forests include habitat for resident animal species including larger mammals such as bear, as well as for numerous smaller. Wetland areas associated with streams, seeps and vernal pools are important habitat for a wide diversity of plant species as well as for many groups of animals including birds, reptiles, amphibians, Odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) and others. Conserving sites on the mountain as highlighted in this report must be considered as part of the effort to conserve the greater natural functional value of the mountain ridge. Preserving the ecological integrity of Blue Mountain should be considered an important component in preserving the biodiversity of the two counties.

Monocacy Creek is a HQ-CWF throughout its basin.

268 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, MOORE TOWNSHIP MAP

269

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

PLAINFIELD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

VARIABLE SEDGE Big Offset Barren (CAREX POLYMORPHA) G3 S2 PE 1997-07-03 BC

Locally Significant area: Grand Central Woods

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

270 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PLAINFIELD TOWNSHIP MAP

271

PLAINFIELD TOWNSHIP:

BIG OFFSET BARREN (Plainfield Twp.; Hamilton Twp., Monroe County) - This site is a broad forested plateau which straddles the Northampton and Monroe County line on the Blue Mountain. It supports a fair to good quality population of a G2G3 PE-Endangered plant species variable sedge (Carex polymorpha). The relatively young forest at this site is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) with scrub-oak (Quercus ilicifolia), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), and huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) occurring in the understory and in forest gaps. The forest at this site has a history of logging or fire. Long term survival of this species at this site may depend on the availability of forest gaps. The 1997 survey of the barren found the population continuing to do well. The site is located partly on Appalachian National Scenic Trail lands.

Locally Significant Site:

Grand Central Woods (Plainfield Twp.) - This locally significant area is a mesic hardwood forest dissected by the headwaters of Little Bushkill Creek. The area has a good diversity of tree species and is fairly mature (80-100 yrs). White oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Quercus velutina), red oak (Quercus rubra), and white ash (Fraxinus americana) are the dominant tree species. Red maple (Acer rubrum), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) are also present. Understory shrubs and trees include rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Although this site was visited too late in the season for many forest herbs, wild sarsparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), asters (Aster spp.), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), and solomon’s seal (Polygonatum spp.) were all observed. The forest shows no signs of recent disturbance, and has an uneven age structure. Several standing dead trees were observed -- these are important for cavity nesting bird and bat species. A box turtle (Terrapene carolina) was also seen on our field survey. Some exotic species such a Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum) and Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), are present at the site but are not dominant. A section of the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad has been converted to a walking trail through the woods. Preserving the site will be of value for human recreation and for wildlife.

272 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

UPPER MOUNT BETHEL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** WHITE HEATH ASTER Arrow Island (ASTER ERICOIDES) G5 S3 TU 1982-08-26 D

WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS VAR DIFFUSUS) G5T5 S3 1997-08-12 E

PROSTRATE SAND CHERRY (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR DEPRESSA) G5T5 S1 1997-08-12 B

Community – Delaware Water Gap “ACIDIC SHRUB SWAMP” G5 S3 1989-06-20 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1993-07-28 E

Geologic Feature: “DRAINAGE PATTERNS” 1979 E

Geologic Feature: “EROSIONAL REMNANT” 1979 E

Community – “NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC CLIFF COMMUNITY” G5 S5 1997-05-05 B

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1989-06-20 C

WILD BLEEDING-HEARTS (DICENTRA EXIMIA) G4 S1 PE 1997-05-05 A

YELLOW WATER- CROWFOOT (RANUNCULUS FLABELLARIS) G5 S2 N 1989-06-20 E

APPALACHIAN SAND CHERRY (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR SUSQUEHANAE) G5T4 S2 1992-08-06 D

PROSTRATE SAND CHERRY (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR DEPRESSA) G5T5 S1 1983-07-12 A

273

East Bangor Wetland ANIMAL SPECIES OF Complex CONCERN G5 S3B 1992-05-15 E

LESSER BLADDERWORT Fox Gap Pond (UTRICULARIA MINOR) G5 S2S3 PT 1987-08-24 B

HEMLOCK-PARSLEY Lake Poco (CONIOSELINUM CHINENSE) G5 S1 PE 1997-06-24 B

YELLOW SEDGE (CAREX FLAVA) G5 S2 PT 1993-06-15 C

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE G5 S2S3 TU 1997-05-22 C Little Offset Swamp (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA)

A SEDGE Lohman Fen (CAREX TETANICA) G4G5 S2 PT 1993-06-08 D

Community – “ACIDIC BROADLEAF SWAMP” G5 S3 1984-07-03 CD

AUTUMN WILLOW (SALIX SERISSIMA) G4 S2 PT 1988-05-31 A

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1996-08-02 D

Community – “CALCAREOUS SEEPAGE SWAMP” G? S1 1994-04-19 C

CAROLINA GRASS-OF- PARNASSUS (PARNASSIA GLAUCA) G5 S2 PE 1993-01-06 E

DOTTED WATER-MEAL (WOLFFIA BOREALIS) G5 S4 TU 1982-09-11 E

HEMLOCK-PARSLEY (CONIOSELINUM CHINENSE) G5 S1 PE 1991-08-21 CD

PRAIRIE SEDGE (CAREX PRAIREA) G5? S2 PT 1993-06-01 CD

SCARLET INDIAN- PAINTBRUSH (CASTILLEJA COCCINEA) G5 S2 TU 1992-06-12 D

YELLOW SEDGE (CAREX FLAVA) G5 S2 PT 1993-06-08 BC

274

SPREADING GLOBE- FLOWER (TROLLIUS LAXUS SENSU STRICTO) G3Q S1 PE 1997-07-01 C

Community – Minsi Lake Vernal Pools / “CIRCUMNEUTRAL Bear Swamp BROADLEAF SWAMP” G? S2S3 1997-04-15 BC

Community – “EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUATIN G NATURAL POOL” G? S3 1999-05-06 A

Community – Mount Jack Limestone “CALCAREOUS RIVERSIDE Outcrop OUTCROP COMMUNITY” G? S1 1997-06-30 B

FLAT-STEMMED SPIKE- RUSH (ELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA) G4 S1 PE 1997-06-30 BC

Community – “NORTHERN APPALACHIAN SHALE CLIFF COMMUNITY” G? S2 1997-06-30 C

WHITE HEATH ASTER (ASTER ERICOIDES) G5 S3 TU 1995-04-27 B

PROSTRATE SAND CHERRY (PRUNUS PUMILA VAR DEPRESSA) G5T5 S1 1986-08-14 D

A SEDGE Mt Bethel Fens (CAREX TETANICA) G4G5 S2 PT 1995-06-21 B

AUTUMN WILLOW (SALIX SERISSIMA) G4 S2 PT 1988-05-31 D

Community: (BASIN GRAMINOID-FORB FEN) G? S1 1995-08-30 A

BLACK DASH (EUPHYES CONSPICUUS) G4 S3 1996-07-06 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1996-10-05 A

BROOK LOBELIA (LOBELIA KALMII) G5 S1 PE 1997-09-03 B

CAPILLARY BEAKED-RUSH (RHYNCHOSPORA CAPILLACEA) G5 S1 PE 1997-09-03 AB

275

CAROLINA GRASS-OF- PARNASSUS (PARNASSIA GLAUCA) G5 S2 PE 1997-09-03 AB

HEMLOCK-PARSLEY (CONIOSELINUM CHINENSE) G5 S1 PE 1996-09-10 B

HOARY WILLOW (SALIX CANDIDA) G5 S1 PT 2001-09-27 D

MATTED SPIKE-RUSH (ELEOCHARIS INTERMEDIA) G5 S2 PT 1996-09-10 B MULBERRY WING (POANES MASSASOIT) G4 S3 1996-07-06 B PRAIRIE SEDGE (CAREX PRAIREA) G5? S2 PT 1991-06-01 D SCARLET INDIAN- PAINTBRUSH (CASTILLEJA COCCINEA) G5 S2 TU 1997-05-23 B SHINING LADIES'-TRESSES (SPIRANTHES LUCIDA) G5 S3 N 2002-06-10 BC STERILE SEDGE (CAREX STERILIS) G4 S1 PT 1997-09-03 B THIN-LEAVED COTTON- GRASS (ERIOPHORUM VIRIDICARINATUM) G5 S2 PT 1997-09-03 B WHORLED NUTRUSH (SCLERIA VERTICILLATA) G5 S1 PE 1997-09-03 AB WIRY WITCHGRASS (PANICUM FLEXILE) G5 S2S3 TU 1997-09-03 C YELLOW SEDGE (CAREX FLAVA) G5 S2 PT 1997-09-03 AB SPREADING GLOBE- FLOWER (TROLLIUS LAXUS SENSU STRICTO) G3Q S1 PE 1995-05-04 C

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE Polly Acres Swamp (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1997-05-22 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Portland Power Plant Site CONCERN G5 S2B PT 2000 C

Community – “CALCAREOUS SEEPAGE Raesly Woods SWAMP” G? S1 1991-04-20 C

276 SPREADING GLOBE- FLOWER (TROLLIUS LAXUS SENSU STRICTO) G3Q S1 PE 1997-04-10 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF School Road Swamp CONCERN G3 S2 PE 2001 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3B 1996-05-13 E

SWAMP DOG-HOBBLE Totts Gap Swamp (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1997-05-23 C

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Bear Swamp and Lake Minse County Park Deleware River National Recreation Area Delaware River Open Space Fishing Lake & Park Mount Bethel Fens

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

277 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, UPPER MOUNT BETHEL TOWNSHIP MAP

278

UPPER MOUNT BETHEL TOWNSHIP:

ARROW ISLAND (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site is associated with a large island in the Delaware River just downstream of the Delaware Water Gap. The island is heavily scoured by ice and floodwaters. The vegetation consists of dense patches of stunted sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and ash (Fraxinus spp.) interspersed with large openings. The open areas have prairie grasses such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) and switch grass (Panicum virgatum), low shrubs such as willow (Salix spp.) and grape (Vitis spp.), and areas of bare sand and cobbles. A good population of a PA- Rare shrub species, prostrate sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa), occurs scattered over a several acre area. There are no immediate threats to this population. A PA-Threatened aquatic plant species, white water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) also occurs at the site. It grows in the fast-flowing section of the Delaware River adjacent to the island on the east side. The full extent of this population is unknown. Other plant species growing in this section of the river include pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) and broad waterweed (Elodea canadensis). There are no immediate threats to either of these populations and no special management is recommended. This site occurs entirely within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.

BEAR SWAMP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site supports a fair to good quality example of a Circumneutral Broadleaf Swamp Natural Community. The swamp community occurs in two separate lobes along two separate tributaries of Martins Creek and occupies approximately 200 acres. Red maple (Acer rubrum), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) are dominant tree species with some hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) also present. The understory has a high percentage cover of spicebush (Lindera benzoin) with a few scattered copses of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). The herb layer is lush with marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), false hellebore (Veratrum viride), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum), and violets (Viola spp.)all being common in wet hollows and with cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) and various sedges (Carex spp.) growing on raised hummocks. Although there has been much historic manipulation of the landscape surrounding the swamps, both areas are currently surrounded by forested buffers of varying widths. Other disturbances include several powerlines crossing the site, remnants of drainage channels, and the dam upstream at Minsi Lake. This site will be best protected by maintaining the integrity of the forest buffer and ensuring a consistent hydrologic regime. Limiting or decreasing the fragmentation of the landscape in this area will benefit this natural community. Current land use patterns separate the swamp from the adjacent forest around the Minsi Lake vernal ponds, as well as from the greater forest of the Delaware Water Gap Recreation Area. Species that occupy the swamp and the vernal ponds area will benefit from increasing the continuity of the forest around them so as to connect it with that of the greater forest of the Delaware Water Gap Recreation Area and Blue Mountain. Bear Swamp is located partly within Minsi Lake - Bear Swamp County Park.

DELAWARE RIVER WATER GAP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.; Smithfield Twp., Monroe Co.) - The Delaware River Water Gap is one of the most striking natural features in Pennsylvania. The water gap supports a good quality example of the relatively common Northern Appalachian Acidic Cliff Natural Community. On the PA side of the Delaware River the natural community extends from the lower elevations adjacent to Rt. 611 near the Northampton-Monroe County line south into

279 Northampton County along the ridge face and then southwest for a total distance of approximately three quarters of a mile. The exposed rock escarpment of sandstone and conglomerate of the Shawangunk Formation that creates habitat for this community starts at a low elevation nearest the river and quickly increases elevation so that much of the community is adjacent to the ridgetop. The substrate is characterized by a high percentage of weathered exposed bedrock with small patches of thin soil in crevices and on ledges. Vegetation consists of widely scattered and stunted pitch pine (Pinus rigida), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), shadbush (Amelanchier spp.), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and black cherry (Prunus serotina) with very limited amounts of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Herbs and grasses common at the site include poverty grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), sedges (Carex spp.), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and common polpody (Polypodium virginianum). Other less common herb species include rock harlequin (Corydalis sempervirens), pinweed (Lechea spp.), and rattlesnake-weed (Hieracium venosum). The highly exposed cliffs and the extensive talus piles located on the slopes below support a population of a PA-Threatened animal species. The site also supports an excellent quality population of a PA-Endangered plant species wild bleeding-hearts Dicentra eximia). Hundreds of individuals of this species were observed in flower during our 1997 field survey. The cliff community also provides habitat for a variety of bird species, the most notable of which are an animal species of concern turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) and ravens (Corvus brachyrhynchos). All of these species were observed at the site in 1997 and any or all of them may be nesting here. Inaccessibility of much of the cliff prevented a thorough survey for nests. The dry exposed habitat of the cliffs is also good habitat for reptile species such as the five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus), fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), and certain snake species. This site occurs within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.

EAST BANGOR WETLAND COMPLEX (Upper Mount Bethel Twp., East Bangor Twp.) - This site represents the largest contiguous wetland complex in Northampton County. It extends from just west of Stier Station for nearly 2 miles to the dam in East Bangor. It includes large expanses of forested swamp, shrub swamp, wet meadows, springs, and open water. The variety of cover types and the interfaces between them are good habitat for a wide diversity of animals including numerous bird, reptile, amphibian, insect, and mammal species. A good qualitay population of a PA-threatened plant species of concern, lesser bladderwort (Utricularia minor), was documented in this wetland. The site has potential for other species of concern. Numerous ducks and herons were observed during a 1997 field survey. The site has a history of disturbance which includes the dam which creates the impoundment and the rail line which bisects parts of the swamp along its southern edge. How much of the swamp is natural and how much is a result of human activities is uncertain. Despite the disturbances this wetland complex still contains an extensive amount of good habitat. An effort should be made to keep the outflow at the dam open so the upstream wetlands are not subjected to unnatural flooding. Some of the habitat has been degraded by unnatural flooding which if persistent will kill or stunt many wetland plant species. This site is partly managed by the PA Fish and Boat Commission.

FOX GAP POND (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site is a small, shallow pond near the base of the Blue Mountain. The pond is surrounded by forest. The pond and forest is protected as a public watershed for drinking water. A PA-Threatened aquatic plant species hemlock-parsley (Conioselinum chinense) occurs along the edges of the pond. Succession from competing aquatic

280 species is a potential threat. Maintaining the surrounding forest will protect the water quality as well as the species of concern.

LAKE POCO (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - Lake Poco is a shallow lake maintained by a dam at its east end. Several seeps and small streams flow into the lake from the west. Red maple (Acer rubrum), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) make up the canopy of these wet woods, with spicebush (Lindera benzoin) common in the understory. A small population of a PA-Endangered plant species, yellow sedge (Carex flava), was found along the edge of one seep, alongside skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and horsetails (Equisetum spp.). There is potential for the species of concern to occur in other springs and seeps in the vicinity. Southwest of Lake Poco is a utility line right-of-way. Another plant species of concern, swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa), occurs in a small (approx. 1 acre) wetland on the right-of-way. This species is indicative of high pH conditions. Associated plants in the wetland include several sedges (Carex spp.), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), rushes (Juncus spp.), grasses, and bulrushes (Scirpus spp.). The plant species of concern is dependent upon the artificial opening caused by clearing for the right-of-way. There is also evidence that turtles use this site and take advantage of the nearby railroad bed for nesting. The use of herbicides and changes to its hydrology are both potential threats.

LOHMAN FEN – Includes Five Points Wetlands, East Johnsonville Swamp, Getz Swamp, Lohman Fen, Lohman Swamp:

- Five Points Wetland (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This wetland is characterized by high pH groundwater and includes areas of marsh, shrub thicket, and forest. Woody species at the site include red maple (Acer rubrum), alder (Alnus spp.), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), arrow-wood (Viburnum spp.), and poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix). Species common

281 in the herb layer include a wide variety of sedges and rushes as well as cattail (Typha latifolia), marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium spp.), ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), goldenrods (Solidago spp.), and violets (Viola spp.). A fair to good population of a PA-Threatened plant species, yellow sedge (Carex flava), occurs here. The site has potential for several other rare plant and animal species. This site has probably seen some disturbance in the past from grazing and is located adjacent to a road. The area closest to the road has the highest concentration of non-native species. Limiting disturbance in and adjacent to the wetland will help the species of special concern persist here.

- East Johnsonville Swamp (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site supports a fair quality example of an Acidic Broadleaf Swamp Natural Community. The canopy is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) growing over an understory of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.), bur-marigold (Bidens spp.), and canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense) are common on the hummocky ground. The swamp is about 20 acres, and largely undisturbed. Maintaining the wooded buffer around the swamp will protect the quality of this community. A small area at the south end of the swamp has been filled and used as a Christmas tree plantation. A poor population of an S2 plant, scarlet indian-paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), occurs in the filled meadow along with goldenrod (Solidago spp.), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), and robin’s plantain (Erigeron pulchellus). No special management is recommended for this population. At the north end of the swamp there is a 2-acre shrub fen dominated by poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and other tall shrubs. A small population of a PA-Endangered herb, carolina grass-of-parnassus (Parnassia glauca), occurs in an opening in the fen; more surveys are recommended to determine the extent of this population. The shrub fen may be the result of a blocked drainage caused by a road on the north end of the swamp. The blocked drainage may have caused persistent inundation killing the trees and creating the open area now filling in with shrubs. Continued thickening of the shrub layer is a threat to the endangered plant population.

- Getz Swamp (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site supports a fair example of a Calcareous Seepage Swamp Natural Community. This forested swamp which is almost completely encircled by nearby roads is fed by seeps on the south side but also has several stream channels running through it. Red maple (Acer rubrum) is the most common tree species with black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) also being common. The understory has a high percentage cover of spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) with a few scattered copses of willow (Salix spp.) and viburnum. The herb layer is relatively diverse with skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and ferns being most common. This site supports four plant species of concern, two of which are PA-Endangered. Although there has been much manipulation of the landscape surrounding the swamp including roads, residences, and historic pasturage, the natural community remains relatively intact. Close proximity to roads is probably the cause of the large number of exotic species which occur at the site. Maintaining the current hydrologic regime is critical to the persistence of the community and rare species at this site. Culverts that allow water to enter and exit the site must remain clear. Obstruction of the culverts could lead to flooding that would alter the habitats in the swamp and eliminate the rare species.

282 - Lohman Swamp (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site supports a fair to good quality example of a Calcareous Seepage Swamp Natural Community. The overstory is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with black ash (Fraxinus nigra), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American elm (Ulmus americana) and the understory is dominated by spicebush (Lindera benzoin). The herb layer is relatively diverse, with skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) being most common. Although this site is fairly small and isolated, it is a relatively mature intact example of this natural community.

- Lohman Wetlands (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site has both forested an unforested portions, both influenced by calcareous soils. At one time the east end of the site likely supported a relatively open graminoid - forb dominated calcareous fen, but due to a lowering of the water table and possibly a change in land use that portion of the site is now a shrub dominated wetland too degraded to be designated a natural community. Shrubs including silky dogwood (Cornus amomum) and willow (Salix spp.), and stunted trees including red maple (Acer rubrum), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and American elm (Ulmus americana) form dense thickets over most of the site. Strict sedge (Carex stricta) is the most common herbaceous species. This area supports five species of special concern. Restoration of a higher water table would likely benefit the herbaceous species of concern. Disturbances at this site include roads and houses at the east and west ends, and a railroad along the southern margin. Allowing the swamp to mature without additional disturbances will improve the quality of the natural community here.

MINSI LAKE VERNAL POOLS (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site supports a good quality example of an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pools Natural Community. It may be the largest concentration of vernal ponds known from Pennsylvania. There are more than one hundred ponds of varying sizes scattered throughout several hundred acres of dry-mesic forest. The forest is dominated by a mix of tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q. alba), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Several streams and springs are also present at the site. The ponds, streams, and springs create a diversity of microhabitats which support a large diversity of herbs, ferns, and graminoid species. The great variety of wetland microhabitats makes this area excellent breeding habitat for amphibians. This site has potential for several species of concern though none were observed during our surveys. The area has seen disturbance in the past from logging and perhaps grazing though much of the forest is currently recovering. This site will be best protected by maintaining the integrity of the matrix forest and by limiting or decreasing the fragmentation of the forest on the surrounding landscape. Current land use patterns separate the forest containing the vernal ponds from the nearby forest of Bear Swamp. Species that occupy the vernal ponds and the swamp will benefit from increasing the connectivity of these two forested areas and by increasing or at least maintaining the connectivity of these areas with that of the greater forest of the Delaware Water Gap Recreation Area and Blue Mountain. These large forested areas of the north half of Upper Mount Bethel Township are the most extensive forests remaining within Northampton County with the exception of the forest running along the south facing slope of Blue Mountain. The proximity and connectivity of these forests to Blue Mountain and subsequently Monroe County offer great potential for retaining or even improving biodiversity. Many species, including forest interior-breeding birds such as Cerulean Warblers, require large unfragmented tracts of forest for survival. Minsi Lake Vernal Ponds is located partly within Minsi Lake - Bear Swamp County Park.

283 MOUNT JACK LIMESTONE OUTCROP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - Exposed and eroded limestone occurring along the Delaware River at this site supports a good quality example of a Calcareous Riverside Outcrop Natural Community and a fair quality example of a Northern Appalachian Shale Cliff Natural Community. The site consists of a series of shrub and forb dominated riverside outcrops that run along the base of several steeply sloping, sparsely vegetated shale cliffs. The low lying riverside outcrops are often scoured by ice flows in late winter and/or by flood waters in early spring. By late summer the plants growing on the rocks may be exposed to extreme drought. Dominant woody species on these outcrops include false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), willow (Salix spp.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), river birch (Betula nigra)and swamp rose (Rosa palustris). Dominant herbs and grasses include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), switch grass (Panicum virgatum), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum spp.), and asters (Aster spp.). The Calcareous Riverside Outcrop Natural Community supports three plant species of special concern. The shale cliff portion of the site is sparsely vegetated. It supports a unique suite of plant species, which are adapted to surviving in the cracks and crevices of the exposed bedrock such as lyre-leaved rock cress (Arabis lyrata), wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), and alum-root (Heuchera americana). Above the cliffs is a steeply sloping hillside with a forest dominated by various oak species. The adjacent stretch of the river includes a series of riffles and turbulent rapids, which is excellent habitat for several animal species of concern. Historic evidence of an animal species thought to be extirpated from PA was observed during 1997 field surveys though no living individuals or recent evidence was found. Further surveys are encouraged to determine whether this or any other state listed animal species occur at the site. The natural communities and species of concern at this site will be best protected by leaving the site in its current condition. The site does include significant populations of exotic species which have become common along the river shore throughout much of the Delaware River corridor. Maintaining the forested buffer along the river throughout this stretch will help maintain the integrity of this site and should help to prevent more serious colonization by exotics.

MT. BETHEL FENS (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - Mt. Bethel Fens is a complex of at least 10 rare wetland communities located in a small valley to the west and northwest of the village of Mt. Bethel. These important wetlands are comprised of small calcareous fens and seeps (open meadow-like, permanently saturated wetlands fed by high pH groundwater), marshes and wooded swamps. They are scattered across the valley floor and walls over a 1 to 2-square mile area. The valley is unique because there are few areas in Pennsylvania that are both underlain by limestone and recently deposited glacial material. The area is underlain by limestone bedrock of Cambrian and Ordovician ages. Further, the valley was last glaciated during the Wisconsonian Glaciation. When the glacier retreated about 15,000 years ago it left an overburden above the bedrock of unsorted glacial debris (moraines or till comprised of clay, silt, sands and gravels) and kame deposits (poorly sorted material with lenses of sands, gravels and rocks) containing limestone material (for more information on bedrock and glacial geology see: Hall, 1934; Miller et al., 1939; Sherwood, 1964; and Epstein, 1969). The till material can be an effective block to groundwater movement while the kames may act as “pipelines” for groundwater flow. Where these pipelines intersect the surface either in depressions on the valley floor or on the lower sideslopes, seeps and springs emerge and the calcareous wetlands are formed. Due to the constant saturation by groundwater, organic matter (peat) has built up over time to a depth of about 3 feet in some places. The constantly high water table and past disturbances (fire, beaver, clearing and grazing) has

284 resulted in these wetlands being dominated by grasses and sedges. The fens are often surrounded by a border of shrubs such as poison sumac.

Due to the combination of limestone and glaciation, the fen habitat is very rare, both in PA and globally. It stands to reason then that many of the species that depend upon the fens are rare as well. To date, there are 15 rare plants, 3 rare animals and 2 rare mosses known to occur in the various fen communities. Another rare plant occurs in the wooded seeps adjacent to the fens. Not all of the fens include all of the species, but, taken together, the populations of most of the species are in good to excellent condition.

The fens offer more than just habitat for rare species. They provide recreational opportunities such as bird watching and hunting, and general open space for the enjoyment of all. They are a colorful natural garden throughout the growing season. Many uncommon, attractive species, such as fringed gentian (Gentianopsis crinita), asters (Aster spp.), and ladies tresses (Spiranthes spp.), occur in the open habitats in and around the fens.

To maintain the fens it is critical to look at the entire landscape in which the fens occur. This landscape provides water to the fens and the means by which species are able to colonize/move to new sites. Maintaining the array of fens and the habitats between is critical to ensuring the fen species are able to survive. Native vegetation is needed around each fen to act as a buffer against disturbances and to help exclude weedy species. Corridors are needed for native species to relocate from one fen to another.

There are a variety of threats to the fens and the species that inhabit them. Of most immediate concern is the abundance of two very aggressive weeds - phragmites (Phragmites australis) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). These two plants are capable of displacing the native fen plants. Of equal concern is maintaining the hydrologic system that the fens depend upon. An abundance of clean, high pH water feeding the fens is critical to maintaining the species that occur there. Without the quantity of water, the fens will quickly change into shrub wetlands and eventually into forested wetlands. If water quality is degraded, the weedy species will be favored to the exclusion of the native flora.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has identified the Mt. Bethel Fens as one of its highest priorities for conservation in PA. Currently, TNC is cooperating with landowners throughout the valley to ensure the survival of the fens. TNC is working with researchers to understand groundwater flow patterns, past land use and vegetation history, beneficial disturbances and methods to control the phragmites and loosestrife. This effort by a variety of people and organizations is needed for the fens to remain indefinitely on the landscape as a refuge for rare species and as beneficial open space for the people of Upper Mount Bethel Township and Northampton County.

POLLY ACRES SWAMP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site is a 3- to 5-acre broadleaf-conifer swamp. Red maple (Acer rubrum), black-gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) are the dominant species, with white pine (Pinus strobus) and red spruce (Picea rubens) as associates. The presence of red spruce, a northern species, is unusual for Northampton County. The understory is dominated by rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.) and sedges (Carex spp.) are the predominant ground-cover. Other common species in the herb layer

285 include canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), goldthread (Coptis trifolia), and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea). Very few exotic species were observed in the swamp. A good quality population of a shrub species of concern, swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa), occurs here. The woods surrounding the swamp have been developed for residential and vacation homes. Other disturbances include a dam and pond at the east end, a small bulldozed lane into the south side, and an ATV trail in the southeast corner. Additional road building and development are potential threats. Keeping ATV’s out of the swamp and maintaining a small forested buffer would help preserve the integrity of the site and the rare species it contains.

PORTLAND POWERPLANT SITE (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This PA- Endangered animal species has been successfully reintroduced into the Delaware River Valley after being nearly extirpated in PA. It was observed nesting at this site in 1997. It requires habitat associated with sea coasts or large rivers or lakes. Major threats include shooting and contamination of aquatic ecosystems by pesticides. An additional animal species of concern was found here during surveys in 2000. This species depends on aquatic animals for food and water quality in the nearby Delaware River is a concern.

RAESLY WOODS (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site supports a fair quality example of a Calcareous Seepage Swamp Natural Community. The swamp is fed by seeps and springs from the hill of calcareous deposits (a kame) to the northwest. Black ash (Fraxinus nigra) is the dominant overstory species, with red maple (Acer rubrum), elm (Ulmus spp.), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) also present. Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is the dominant understory species. There is a diverse herb flora with skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) being particularly abundant. Other common herbs include violets (Viola spp.), dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius), bedstraw (Galium spp.), buttercups (Ranunculus spp.), and toothwort (Cardamine spp.). Mosses, particularly several species of sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.) are also common. This site is a mosaic of wet seepy areas, meandering streams, and slightly higher uplands. The upland areas have been used as pasture in the past and are more open. They provide habitat for a small population of a PA-endangered plant, spreading globe-flower (Ttrollius laxus sensu stricto). The species needs the light that is provided by a thin canopy or by canopy gaps and would benefit from enhancing habitat through girdling or cutting of a few trees to maintain the openings. Disturbances include roads along the south margin, past logging, grazing, and ditch digging in some areas. Maintaining a buffer of upland forest and leaving the hydrology intact will help to improve the quality of this community over time.

SCHOOL ROAD SWAMP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.) - This site is a wetland mosaic that includes large areas of both forested swamp and emergent marsh. The forested swamp is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with ash (Fraxinus spp.), American elm (Ulmus americana), and scattered swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) , and has a shrub layer dominated by spicebush (Lindera benzoin) with highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and swamp rose (Rosa palustris). Herbaceous species include numerous sedges and ferns, with skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) also being common. The emergent marsh is dominated by strict sedge (Carex stricta) and cattail (Typha latifolia) with some scattered stems of stunted red maple (Acer rubrum). Three animal species of concern were observed at this site during surveys in 1996 and 2001.. The hydrology of the emergent marsh may be influenced by the presence of School Road at the west end of the site, although whether the influence plays a negative or

286 positive role is unknown. Leaving this site in its current condition should help that species of concern that may be nesting here.

TOTTS GAP (Upper Mount Bethel Twp.; Smithfield & Stroud Twps., Monroe Co.) - This site consists of several shrub dominated rocky summit outcrop areas located on the ridge east of Totts Gap. The outcrops are dominated by scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) with a few scattered stems of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Herbs on this xeric substrate include poverty grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), dewberry (Rubus spp.), and field sorrel (Rumex spp.). The site supports poor to fair quality populations of a PA-Threatened plant and a PA-Rare plant. This site will be best protected by leaving it in its current condition.

Locally Significant Sites:

Slateford Creek is designated as an Exceptional Value Stream from its source to the T734 bridge.

Blue Mountain is the most extensive relatively contiguous area of natural habitat in the two counties. It is one of the major corridors for the movement of biota in eastern Pennsylvania. It includes extensive forests with streams, seeps, springs, vernal pools, rock outcrops, and boulder fields. It has long been recognized as one of the major east coast fall flyways for migrating raptors. The extensive relatively unfragmented forests include habitat for resident animal species including larger mammals such as bear and animal species of concern, as well as for numerous smaller mammals. Wetland areas associated with streams, seeps and vernal pools are important habitat for a wide diversity of plant species as well as for many groups of animals including birds, reptiles, amphibians, odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) and others. Conserving sites on the mountain as highlighted in this report must be considered as part of the effort to conserve the greater natural functional value of the mountain ridge. Preserving the ecological integrity of Blue Mountain should be considered an important component in preserving the biodiversity of the two counties.

Delaware River is an excellent recreational and scenic resource; it includes many current and historical records for species of special concern. The river and adjacent forested watersheds comprise one of the major corridors for the movement of biota in eastern Pennsylvania.

287 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

SWAMP DOG- HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE Angle Swamp RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1998-05-20 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Roseto Pond CONCERN G3 S2 PE 1995-08-15 E

SWAMP DOG- HOBBLE (LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA) G5 S2S3 TU 1992-05-22 C

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP:

ANGLE SWAMP (Washington Twp.) - This site is a 1- to 2- acre shrub swamp with pockets of open marsh and clumps of trees. The majority of the site is inundated with water which ranges in depth from 6 to 24 inches. Deeper water areas are dominated by cattail (Typha latifolia) and the invasive species, common reed (Phragmites australis). Most of the site has well-defined pit and mound microtopography, with the pits containing unvegetated pools of water and the mounds supporting highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) or red maple (Acer rubrum) with sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.), sedge (Carex canescens) and rushes (Juncus spp.) growing at their bases. The site has likely received some significant disturbance in the past. Logging has occurred and possibly some excavation. The invasive common reed, a very tall grass species, has degraded this site significantly. The site supports a fair quality population of a PA-Rare shrub species swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) and likely supports numerous amphibian and aquatic insect species. No specific management is recommended for this site.

ROSETO POND (Washington Twp.) - This site supports a small but healthy population of a PA-Rare plant, swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa). This species occurs in partial light along the edge of a shallow pond. Associated species include witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). This site is located immediately adjacent to a road and therefore roadside cutting and spraying in the pond area should be avoided. An individual of a PA-Endangered animal species was found along a roadside at this site in 1995. A survey of the site in 1998 found no appropriate habitat for this species, although additional wetlands in the area should be evaluated to determine whether good habitat exists.

288 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP MAP

289

PERRY COUNTY

CARROLL TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** AMERICAN BEADGRAIN Shermans Creek Dromgold To (DIARRHENA Shermans Dale OBOVATA) G4G5 S4 DL 2002-08-21 BC

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1993 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-07-03 BC

Locally Significant Site: Gibson’s Rock Woods

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #230

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

290 PERRY COUNTY, CARROLL TOWNSHIP MAP

291

CARROLL TOWNSHIP:

SHERMANS CREEK - DROMGOLD TO SHERMANS DALE (Carroll Twp.) - This portion of Sherman's Creek is a series of riffles and pools, with a substrate ranging from bedrock ridges to areas of sand and cobbles. Aquatic vegetation is common, including tape-grass, (Vallisneria americana), waterweed (Elodea canadensis), and riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum). A small population of an aquatic animal species of concern was found at several sites along this portion of the Creek in 1998, associated with Eastern Elliptio and the non-native Asiatic clam. The Asiatic clam is common in many of central Pennsylvania’s rivers and may be competing with native mussels. Another aquatic animal species of concern was found at the site in 1995; more recent surveys did not rediscover this species. Most of this portion of the Creek has a forested buffer along its banks. Degradation of water quality for agricultural runoff or other sources are the main threats to the species of concern in the Creek.

Locally Significant Site:

Gibsons Rock Woods (Carroll Twp.) - This locally significant site is an area of cliffs and woods where Sherman's Creek has cut through the east end of Pisgah Ridge. Fifty to one-hundred foot high cliffs rise above a forest dominated by hemlock, with beech, and sweet and yellow birches. The cliffs and Creek may have made logging this site impractical in the past -- several of the beech and hemlock trees are unusually large for the county’s forests. The northerly aspect and the cliffs have allowed some species more typical of northern climes, such as Canada yew (Taxus canadensis) and mountain maple (Acer spicatum) to colonize and persist at the site. A PA-Rare plant species American beakgrain (Diarrhena obovata), was located during surveys here in 2002. (This species was removed from the PA species of concern list recently, so the site becomes locally significant.) Associated species include Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Riverbank Wild Rye (Elymus riparius), Woodreed (Cinna arundinacea), Spicebush (Lindera spp.), Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) and Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora). Threats include a proposed bridge relocation project and competition from invasive species. The site is rugged and more area remains to be explored.

292 PERRY COUNTY

JACKSON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Geological feature: (EROSIONAL Big Knob REMNANT) E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bowers Mountain Site – East CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-02 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bowers Mountain Site – West CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-04-20 E

Locally Significant Sites: Bull Run School Cliffs

Managed Areas: Tuscarora State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

293 PERRY COUNTY, JACKSON TOWNSHIP MAP

294

JACKSON TOWNSHIP:

BIG KNOB (Jackson Twp.) This geologic feature is an exposed peak of Tuscarora quartzite located near the Perry and Juniata County border on a folded ridge between Conococheague and Tuscarora mountains. Currently there is a large transmission tower and associated grassy/weedy openings. The cleared area affords impressive views of the surrounding ridges and forests of Tuscarora State Forest.

BOWERS MOUNTAIN SITE - EAST (Jackson Twp.) - This southeast-facing forested mountain slope supports a PA-Threatened animal species of concern. The canopy vegetation includes hemlock, black birch and mixed oaks. The subcanopy includes mountain laurel and striped maple. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1997.

BOWERS MOUNTAIN SITE - WEST (Jackson Twp.) - This southeast-facing forested mountain slope supports a PA-Threatened animal species of concern. The canopy vegetation includes hemlock, black birch and mixed oaks. The subcanopy includes mountain laurel and striped maple. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1991.

Locally Significant Site:

Bull Run School Cliffs (Jackson Twp.) This locally significant site is an approximately 150 meter long corridor of north -facing cliffs and steep slopes along Sherman's Creek. The cliffs vary from 5 to 25 meters high, and are composed of a mixture of red shale and other bedrock. A mixture of mosses, ferns, wildflowers and vines cling to the cliffs, including maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), stonecrop (Sedum ternatum), early saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis), jewelweed (Impatiens spp.), seven-bark (Hydrangea arborescens), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). The flora is diverse and there is potential for rare plant species, although none were found in surveys from the Creek. In crevices and overhanging the cliffs, an open canopy of basswood (Tilia americana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and oaks (Quercus spp.) is present. Across the Creek to the north, a very narrow strip of floodplain forest with a rich spring flora exists between the road and the Creek. Maintaining this strip will provide a buffer of shade and native vegetation for the cliffs, as well as reduce erosion along the Creek’s banks.

295 PERRY COUNTY

PENN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Aqueduct Bluffs/ ANIMAL SPECIES OF Juniata River Scour CONCERN G5 S3S4 DL 1994-08-02 E

FLAT-STEMMED SPIKE- RUSH (ELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA) G4 S1 PE 1998-07-15 CD

JEWELED SHOOTING- STAR (DODECATHEON RADICATUM) G? S2 PT 1993-05-01 B

LANCE FOG-FRUIT (PHYLA LANCEOLATA) G5 S4 TU 1998-07-15 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Cove Mountain Outcrops CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1988-10-10 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S4B 1987-03-18 A

Community – “MESIC CENTRAL Cove Mountain Slopes FOREST” G? S2 1998-06-02 C

Locally Significant Site: Pine Ridge Swamp

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #170

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

296 PERRY COUNTY, PENN TOWNSHIP MAP

297

PENN TOWNSHIP:

AQUEDUCT BLUFFS/ JUNIATA RIVER SCOUR (Penn, Reed, Watts, and Wheatfield Twps,.) - Flat-stemmed spike-rush (Eleocharis compressa) jeweled shooting-star (Dodecatheon radicatum) lance fog-fruit (Phyla lanceolata) This site along the Juniata River has four listed species occupying several distinct habitats. A PA-threatened, G4 plant species occupies moist limestone cliffs on the west side of the Juniata, associated with maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The habitat occupied is fairly inaccessible and there are no current threats to the population. Two additional plant species of concern occur along a scoured area of riverbank, growing on sparsely populated bedrock ridges at the water’s edge. The exotic species purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a potential threat, although annual scouring by ice and floods prevents succession from progressing at this site. Finally, an aquatic animal species of concern was collected from the Juniata River at this site in 1994. Habitat persists although no living specimens were found in our surveys; further surveys are recommended.

COVE MOUNTAIN OUTCROP (Marysville Boro., Penn Twp.) - This site is located on the summit of Cove Mountain near its southern terminus north of Marysville. The site has supported excellent quality populations of two animal species of special concern. Neither species was observed in field surveys during the inventory. The site has recently been disturbed by logging, although appropriate habitat remains. Additional surveys for the rare species at the site are recommended. Widening of Route 11 to the east and construction of cellular phone towers are potential threats.

COVE MOUNTAIN SLOPES (Penn Twp.) - This site is a fair-quality example of a Rich Hemlock- Mesic Hardwoods Forest Natural Community. The community occupies a rocky, north-facing lower slope of Cove Mountain bounded on the north by Sherman's Creek. A sharp bend and rapids in Sherman's Creek forms the western boundary, and the Susquehanna River cuts a water gap through Cove Mountain at the eastern edge of the site. The slope is rocky and steep, with Sherman's Creek actively cutting into its base. The site is a fairly mature second growth woods, with sugar maple (Acer saccharum), basswood (Tilia americana), and red oak (Quercus rubra) the dominant species, and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) common along the Creek and on the steepest, rockiest portions. Sugar maple and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) are the most common species in the understory, with May- apple (Podophyllum peltatum), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii), and baneberry (Actaea spp.) among the ground cover. This community extends approximately halfway up the slope, before grading into a Dry white pine (hemlock)-oak forest with openings of talus and black birch. Red-eyed vireos, (Vireo olivaceus) winter wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes), worm- eating warblers (Helmitheros vermivorus), black-billed cuckoos (Coccyzus erythropthalmus), Acadian (Empidonax virescens) and great-crested (Myiarchus crinitus) flycatchers, ovenbirds (Seirurus aurocapillus), eastern wood-pewees (Contopus virens), eastern titmice (Parus bicolor), and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are some of the bird species observed. There were no signs of recent logging at the site. A gated dirt road runs near the base of the slope to a small reservoir west of the area surveyed. This road is used for mountain biking and hiking, and local municipalities apparently dump grass clippings, brush, and Christmas trees along the road. Exotics and weeds such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) are common between this road and the

298 creek. The dumping of brush along the dirt road widens the forest opening and is an avenue for exotics to invade. Ending dumping, closing the road to motor vehicles, and allowing the forest to mature further would benefit the natural community. The Appalachian Trail runs along the top of the mountain above the site, with several scenic overlooks, and eventually cuts down through the east end of the Natural Community to Sherman's Creek. Maintaining the slope in a natural state would also increase the scenic and conservation value of the Appalachian Trail Corridor.

Locally Significant Sites:

Pine Ridge Swamp (Rye and Penn Twps.) - This Locally Significant Area is a forested swamp which forms the headwaters of Trout Run, a small tributary of Sherman's Creek. It is located in a narrow valley between Pine Ridge and Cove Mountain. The swamp is fed by many small seeps and springs from the base of the ridges along the perimeter. The swamp has a well-developed “pit and mound” topography, with Hemlock, sweet birch, red maple and black ash growing on the mounds. The shrub layer has winterberry, and highbush blueberry. Sphagnum (Sphagnum spp.) and other moss species and golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum) are common in the wetter portions of the swamp. Cinnamon and royal ferns (Osmunda cinnamomea and O. regalis), various sedges (Carex spp.), and skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) are also present in the groundcover. Upslope, southwest of the swamp are a series of small vernal pools; this area has been heavily logged, but the pools may be used by amphibian species and have potential for rare plant species if allowed to recover. Adjacent to the swamp is The Chimneys, the remains of an old foundry. The swamp itself is in fairly good condition and is potential habitat for rare plant species. Part of the site is owned by Duncannon Borough.

299 PERRY COUNTY

RYE TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Cove Mountain Outcrops CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1988-10-10 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S4B DL 1987-03-18 A

Lambs Gap / Trout Run ANIMAL SPECIES OF Headwaters CONCERN G4 S3 2001-07-21 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S1 2002-06-26 AB

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 2001-08-26 E

GLADE SPURGE (EUPHORBIA PURPUREA) G3 S1 PE 1998-06 B

Community – “CIRCUMNEUTRAL BROADLEAF SWAMP” G? S2S3 1997-06-07 C

Locally significant area: Pine Ridge Swamp

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #170

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

300 PERRY COUNTY, RYE TOWNSHIP MAP

301

RYE TOWNSHIP:

LAMBS GAP/TROUT RUN HEADWATERS (Rye Twp.) –This site supports a fair quality example of a Circumneutral Broadleaf Swamp Natural Community. It is comprised of a series of broad seeps which occur in the bottom of a valley between Little Mountain and Blue Mountain. The swamp is dominated by American beech, black birch, and tulip poplar with an understory of smooth alder and spicebush. The substrate of the seeps is relatively deep muck. Moss-covered hummocks support shrub copses, trees, and several species of fern. A wide diversity of herbs, sedges, and grasses grows within the swamp as well as along its margins. Skunk cabbage and jewel-weed are dominant herbs. The site supports a good quality population of a globally rare plant species glade spurge (Euphorbia purpurea). During recent surveys, three animal species of concern were found at this site. The relative isolation of the site, tucked between the mountains, makes it good habitat for a number of common birds, reptiles, and amphibians. A few species that have been observed here during our field surveys include wood and green frogs, dusky and red-backed salamanders, water snakes, and 26 species of birds. The swamp is undisturbed except for some nearby mountain bike trails. Adjacent slopes on the two mountains were both clear cut over ten years ago but the clear cutting does not appear to have impacted the hydrology of the site. Opportunistic exotic species that frequently colonize disturbed areas may invade the clear cuts and potentially threaten the quality of the site. Limiting disturbances in this watershed, particularly by re-routing the existing bike trails, will help to maintain the quality of this site and allow the globally rare species to persist here. This site is located in State Game Lands 170.

302 PERRY COUNTY

SOUTHWEST MADISON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality** NONE

Managed Areas: Tuscarora State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

303 PERRY COUNTY, SOUTHWEST MADISON TOWNSHIP MAP

304

PERRY COUNTY

SPRING TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS Milligan Ridge Ponds ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1994-07-19 B

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS Waggoner’s Gap (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 2000-11-29 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-12-09 E

Locally significant area: Gibson’s Rock Woods and Waggoners Gap

Managed Areas: Florence Jones Reinman Wildlife Sanctuary

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

305 PERRY COUNTY, SPRING TOWNSHIP MAP

306 SPRING TOWNSHIP:

MILLIGAN RIDGE PONDS (Spring Twp.)- This site consists of a group of woodland ponds located in an upland area between Germany Ridge and Milligan Ridge. The surrounding uplands have a well- drained, acidic, sandy soil, with a forest of oak, hickory, pine, and heaths. The ponds themselves are flooded in the spring but dry by late summer. Around the margins of the pools are red maple, black- gum, sweet birch, greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia), winterberry, highbush blueberry, huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and button-bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), along with royal fern (Osmunda regalis), cinnamon fern, and Sphagnum moss. A federally-endangered plant species northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) is found in at least two of these ponds. It grows in the middle of the pools, on organic substrate, and is associated with wool-grass (Scirpus cyperinus), mannagrass, soft rush (Juncus effusus), marsh-St.-Johns-wort (Triadenum virginicum), and various sedges (Carex spp.). This good-quality population is large and reproducing. Any logging or development in the area should include buffers to protect the quality of these pools and the species of concern.

WAGGONER’S GAP, (Lower Frankford and Spring Twp.) - This site is located on the crest of Blue Mountain in the vicinity of Waggoner's Gap. The area consists of three main habitat types including patches of exposed talus outcrops, patches of pine-oak-heath woodland, and more extensive xeric mixed oak forest. The talus outcrops occur on the ridgetop and on south facing slopes and consist of large rock boulders which form many small cave-like crevices and support no vegetation. These areas are fringed primarily with chestnut oak and black birch. The pine-oak-heath woodland occurs on a large expanse of exposed bedrock that flanks a section of the mountain ridge on the south side. This area is characterized by scattered pines and chestnut oaks with patches of mountain laurel and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), and a few scattered herbs. It can be seen on the upslope side of Route 74 when driving on the south side of the gap. This site supports two species of concern, one a PA-Threatened animal species and the other a PA-Rare plant species prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa). This site has been disturbed by the construction of Route 74 and radio transmission towers. Its close proximity to the road and the panoramic view makes it a desirable party spot and therefore vulnerable to degradation from trash and vandalism.

Locally Significant Site:

307 PERRY COUNTY

TYRONE TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Flat Rock Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1996-07-19 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Tuscarora Trail Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1990-11-27 E

PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS Waggoner’s Gap (OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA) G5 S3 PR 2000-11-29 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-12-09 E

Managed Areas: Florence Jones Reinman Wildlife Sanctuary Tuscarora State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

308 PERRY COUNTY, TYRONE TOWNSHIP MAP

309

TYRONE TOWNSHIP:

FLAT ROCK SITE (Upper Frankford Twp.) - This southeast facing forested mountain slope supports a PA-Threatened animal species. The canopy vegetation includes black oak and chestnut oak. The subcanopy includes witch hazel, mountain laurel, blackberry, and grape. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1996. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

TUSCARORA TRAIL SITE (Lower Mifflin, Tyrone Twps.) -- This site is a rocky forested ridgetop along the border of Cumberland and Perry Counties, dominated by oak. Evidence of a PA- Threatened animal species was found here in 1990; further surveys to determine the extent and condition of the population are recommended. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

310 PERRY COUNTY

TOBOYNE TOWNSHIP TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bowers Mountain Site – West CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-04-20 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF Conococheague Moutnain Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1996-10-31 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF Fowler Hollow Road Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1991-05-02 E ANIMAL SPECIES OF Laurel Run Road Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-04-19 E NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS Second Narrows Pond ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1997-06-28 D ANIMAL SPECIES OF Second Narrows Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-04-19 E Sherman Mountain-gunter ANIMAL SPECIES OF Road Site CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1997-04-19 E Community – NORTHERN CONIFER The Hemlocks FOREST G5 S3S4 1997-06-28 B ANIMAL SPECIES OF Three Square Hollow East CONCERN G3G4 S3 PT 1986-10-02 C Community – EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUATI Three Square Hollow Pools NG NATURAL POOL G? S3 1997-07-17 B NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 PE 1997-07-17 B

Locally significant area: Big Round Top Woods

Managed Areas: Big Spring State Park Hemlocks Natural Area Fowlers Hollow State Park Tuscarora State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

311 PERRY COUNTY, TOBOYNE TOWNSHIP MAP

312

TOBOYNE TOWNSHIP:

BOWERS MOUNTAIN SITE - WEST (Toboyne Twp.) - This southeast-facing forested mountain slope supports a PA-Threatened animal species. The canopy vegetation includes hemlock, black birch and mixed oaks. The subcanopy includes mountain laurel and striped maple. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1997. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

CONOCOCHEAGUE MOUNTAIN SITE (Toboyne Twp.) – Active signs of a PA-Threatened animals species were located at the crest of this mountain during surveys in 1996. The same species was again located on the Conococheague Mountain at a site to the southwest. This species typically inhabits the deep crevices of rocky outcrops, boulder-strewn talus slopes and caves. Populations of this species throughout the state have experienced rapid decline in recent decades due to unknown causes. Additional surveys for this species at this site are recommended. These sites are found within the Tuscarora State Forest.

FOWLER HOLLOW ROAD SITE (Toboyne Twp.) - This forested slope on the north side of Fowler Hollow Run supports a PA-Threatened animal species. The canopy vegetation includes red maple, black birch, chestnut oak, red oak, and white oak. The understory includes striped maple, gooseberry, and ferns. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1991. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

LAUREL RUN ROAD SITE (Toboyne Twp.) - This southeast facing forested mountain slope supports a PA-Threatened animal species. The canopy vegetation includes red maple and red oak. The subcanopy includes witch hazel, striped maple, and red maple. Evidence of this population was last observed in 1997. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

SECOND NARROWS POND (Toboyne Twp.) - This site is a group of woodland pools occurring in an oak-heath forest near the headwaters of Schaeffer Run. The pools are surrounded by a margin of black-gum, red maple, sassafras, and oak trees, and shrubs such as huckleberry, mountain laurel, and witch-hazel. One of the pools has a poor-quality population of a PE G3S2 plant species species, northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus), growing in it. The population is small but appears to have expanded in recent years. Associated species include three-way sedge, pale meadowgrass, rattlesnake-mannagrass, and sedges. Some of the adjacent ponds also provide potential habitat for the species of concern, as well as for amphibians. Any logging in the area should leave buffers around the pools. The site is entirely within Tuscarora State Forest.

SECOND NARROWS SITE (Watsontown Boro., Toboyne Twp.) - This site is a somewhat open forested slope with scattered hemlock and black birch. Evidence of a population of a PA-Threatened animal species was observed here as recently as 1997. This site is located within Tuscarora State Forest.

SHERMAN MOUNTAIN - GUNTER ROAD SITE (Toboyne Twp.) - This site is a forested sandstone talus slope located in the Tuscarora State Forest. Canopy vegetation includes chestnut oak, red oak, white oak, and black birch. The subcanopy and shrub layers include striped maple, mountain laurel, and witch hazel. The site supports a PA-Threatened animal species.

313

THE HEMLOCKS (Toboyne Twp.) - This site consists of an area of old growth in an isolated mountain valley. The old growth area is a Northern Conifer Forest Natural Community, occurring along Patterson Run in a steep, north-facing ravine. The steep, rocky slopes are dominated by old growth hemlock trees, some over 150 feet tall. Near the head of the ravine the slopes are steepest and the canopy is almost entirely hemlock, with a few yellow birches in the understory and an herb layer dominated by intermediate wood-fern and mosses. Further downstream there are more hardwoods beneath the taller hemlocks, including red oak, cucumber-tree, tulip-tree, black-gum, red maple, and chestnut oak. The understory is densely shaded and sparse, with striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum), witch-hazel, yellow birch, and hemlock. The herb layer contains downy rattlesnake- plantain (Goodyera pubescens), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), jack-in-the-pulpit, squawroot (Conopholis americana), solomon’s seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Indian cucumber, Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), and hay-scented fern. Bird species observed at The Hemlocks include Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens), Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), and Louisiana Waterthrush. This site is protected as a Natural Area within the Tuscarora State Forest and is used for hiking. No threats to the Natural Community are evident. This rare old-growth site deserves continued protection.

THREE SQUARE HOLLOW-EAST (Lower Frankford and Toboyne Twp.) - This site consists of the forested crest and steep upper slope of a southeast facing mountain ridge. It is dominated by mixed oak species growing from a talus substrate. It supports a fair quality population of a PA-Threatened animal species. A small portion of this site is located in Tuscarora State Forest.

THREE SQUARE HOLLOW POOLS (Toboyne Twp.) - This site is a good quality example of an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Natural Pool Community. It includes 11 pools and wet depressions at the base of Sherman Mountain, near the headwaters of Laurel Run. At the time of observation the ponds had varying depths of water, ranging from several feet to a few inches, with several ponds having only saturated soil. Vegetation cover varies widely between pools. The shallower pools and depressions tend to be partially forested by red maple and black-gum trees, with Sphagnum moss and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) common in the ground-cover. The larger, deeper pools are more open, with red maple, black-gum, sweet birch, chokeberry, mountain laurel, and huckleberry restricted to the margins. Ground-cover in the deeper pools include three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), pale meadowgrass (Torreyochloa pallida), floating mannagrass (Glyceria septentrionalis) and sedges (Carex spp.). A good quality population of a PE G3S2 plant species northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) occurs in one of the ponds. The surrounding forest is dominated by black-gum and various oaks and is relatively undisturbed, with some large trees. Seasonal ponds such as this are also important as breeding habitat for amphibians. Logging in the area should include adequate buffers around all of the pools. The site is entirely within Tuscarora State Forest.

Locally Significant Site:

Big Round Top Woods (Toboyne Twp.) This Locally Significant site is a mature second-growth, high-elevation forest of mixed conifer and hardwood species occupies this site. Red oak (Quercus rubra), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), sweet birch (Betula lenta), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), red

314 maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) are prevalent in the canopy, with mountain laurel, (Kalmia latifolia), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) are among the shrub species present. There are very few groundcover species present -- Indian cucumber (Medeola virginiana) and evergreen wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis) are two. Some of the larger red oak and black gum trees are over 150 years old. The site is along an upper slope of Big Round Top, and is cut by several hiking trails and old logging roads. Ravens, often a species of remote mountain forests, were observed at this site during our survey. Although it has been logged in the past, the forest shows little recent disturbance and good regeneration of young trees. Excluding or limiting future logging operations to highly selective cutting will allow the persistence of this relatively mature forest.

315 PERRY COUNTY

WATTS TOWNSHIP TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

FLAT-STEMMED SPIKE- RUSH Aqueduct Bluffs/Juniata River (ELEOCHARIS Scour COMPRESSA) G4 S1 PE 1998-07-15 CD

LANCE FOG-FRUIT (PHYLA LANCEOLATA) G5 S4 TU 1998-07-15 C

JEWELED SHOOTING- STAR (DODECATHEON RADICATUM) G? S2 PT 1993-05-01 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 DL 1994-08-02 E

Juniata River At Half ANIMAL SPECIES OF Falls/Half Falls Mountain CONCERN G5 S1 1998-08-07 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1998-08-07 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S2 PT 2000-07-05 CD

FALSE LOOSESTRIFE SEEDBOX State Game Lands #290 (LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA) G4 S1 PE 2001-09-12 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G4 S2B PE 2000 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S1 1998-08-11 CD

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3G4 S3S4 1995-09-13 E

BOX HUCKLEBERRY (GAYLUSSACIA Watts Mountain BRACHYCERA) G3 S1 PT 1998-03-18 B

Managed Area: State Game Lands # 254

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

316 PERRY COUNTY, WATTS TOWNSHIP MAP

317

WATTS TOWNSHIP:

JUNIATA RIVER AT HALF FALLS (Buffalo, Miller and Watts Twps.) - This site consists of a section of the Juniata River, with a ledge (Half Falls) at the upstream end and riffles and gravel bars downstream. Small populations of two animal species of concern were found in an area of shallow quickwater habitat with a substrate of large cobbles and gravel. No aquatic plants were observed. Associated animal species include Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata), triangle floater (Alasmidonta marginata), and Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). More searching of this and adjacent portions of the Juniata is needed to determine the extent of the population of the species of concern. Protecting the flow levels and water quality of the Juniata is essential to the continued survival of these species.

STATE GAME LANDS #290 (Reed and Watts Twp.) - This site is an island in the Susquehanna River. A Federally Threatened, PA-Endangered animal species has been breeding at this site since 1991. The island, part of State Game Lands #290, is a mixture of floodplain forest and agricultural fields, with a number of artificial ponds in the vicinity of the nest. The species of concern is protected during the breeding season by the Game Commission; its continued success also depends upon the health of fish populations in the Susquehanna. Two aquatic animal species of concern are known from adjacent portions of the Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers During a survey in 2001, a population of a plant species of concern, false loosestrife seedbox (Ludwigia polycarpa,) was documented in a lowlying portion of the island that is periodically inundated with water. These areas are infested with invasive species such as purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), which present the greatest threat to this species.

WATTS MOUNTAIN (Watts Twp.) - This site is a series of parallel ridges on the eastern side of the Juniata River and U.S. Routes 22-322. The ridges have very steep, mostly wooded slopes and a well drained, shale or shale-sandstone substrate. Hemlock is present, and sometimes dominant, on the moister and cooler lower slopes, while mixed hardwoods and pines grow on the upper slopes. The overall quality of the site has been degraded by logging and encroaching agriculture, but particularly by highway construction during the expansion of Routes 22-322 in the 1960s. Despite these disturbances, various portions of the wooded north-facing upper slopes support a good-ranked population of a PA-endangered, G2G3 plant species box huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachycera).

318 The landowner supports conservation of the plant on this property, and no immediate threats are apparent. The site should be monitored to ensure that deer browse or increased shading do not adversely affect the species of concern.

319 PERRY COUNTY

WHEATFIELD TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / Community State Site Name Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

FLAT-STEMMED SPIKE- Aqueduct Bluffs/Juniata River RUSH Scour (ELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA) G4 S1 PE 1998-07-15 CD

LANCE FOG-FRUIT (PHYLA LANCEOLATA) G5 S4 TU 1998-07-15 C

JEWELED SHOOTING- STAR (DODECATHEON RADICATUM) G? S2 PT 1993-05-01 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 DL 1994-08-02 E

COMMON HOP-TREE Losh Run Valley (PTELEA TRIFOLIATA) G5 S2 PT 1997-06-27 C

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Shermans Creek At Pine Ridge CONCERN G5 S1 1998-07-15 C

Locally significant area: Pine Ridge Swamp

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #256

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

320 PERRY COUNTY, WHEATFIELD TOWNSHIP MAP

321

WHEATFIELD TOWNSHIP:

LOSH RUN VALLEY (Miller and Wheatfield Twp.) - This site is an early succesional rich woods adjacent to Losh Run. A fair population of a PA-threatened plant species common hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata) occurs here, associated with red oak, bitternut hickory, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), poison ivy, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The site is disturbed by exotic species, particularly privet (Ligustrum spp.), and is bounded by roads and a railroad. The population, though small, has no immediate threats, and no management concerns are apparent.

SHERMANS CREEK AT PINE RIDGE (Wheatfield Twp.) - A small population of an aquatic animal species of concern was found at this site in 1998. The substrate of the Creek here is a mixture of shale bedrock ridges and loose gravel. Associated animal species include Eastern Elliptio and the Asiatic Clam and a large population of crayfish. This portion of the Creek is surrounded by forest and is habitat to a variety of bird species, including kingfishers, green herons and animal species of concerns. Preserving water quality will protect the species of concern as well as the other wildlife which use the Creek

Locally Significant Site:

Pine Ridge Swamp (Rye, Penn and Wheatfield Twps.) - This Locally Significant Area is a forested swamp which forms the headwaters of Trout Run, a small tributary of Sherman's Creek. It is located in a narrow valley between Pine Ridge and Cove Mountain. The swamp is fed by many small seeps and springs from the base of the ridges along the perimeter. The swamp has a well-developed “pit and mound” topography, with Hemlock, sweet birch, red maple and black ash growing on the mounds. The shrub layer has winterberry, and highbush blueberry. Sphagnum (Sphagnum spp.) and other moss species and golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum) are common in the wetter portions of the swamp. Cinnamon and royal ferns (Osmunda cinnamomea and O. regalis), various sedges (Carex spp.), and skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) are also present in the groundcover. Upslope, southwest of the swamp are a series of small vernal pools; this area has been heavily logged, but the pools may be used by amphibian species and have potential for rare plant species if allowed to recover. Adjacent to the swamp is The Chimneys, the remains of an old foundry. The swamp itself is in fairly good condition and is potential habitat for rare plant species. Part of the site is owned by Duncannon Borough.

322 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

EAST BRUNSWICK TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Hawk Mountain Lookout CONCERN G4 S3S4 PC E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 N 10/29/1997 E

A GEOMETER MOTH (APODREPANULATRIX LIBERARIA) G4 S3 N 1997 E

LEONARD’S SKIPPER BUTTERFLY (HESPERIA LEONARUS) G4 S3S4 N 2000 E

APPLE SPHINX MOTH (SPHINX GORDIUS) G4 S1S3 N 1997 E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE (HAWK MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT) N E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE (DAN’S PULPIT) N E

Locally Significant: Little Schuylkill River Rabbit Run Wetlands

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Hawk Mountain Sanctuary State Game Lands #106 State Game Lands #222

323 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, EAST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP MAP

324

EAST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP:

A study on the amphibians of Hawk Mountain was conducted in the spring of 1997 and revealed that ten species of salamanders and five species of frogs inhabit the streams and ponds in the vicinity of the sanctuary (Monroe 1998). Species observed during this study included the green frog (Rana clamitans), pickerel frog (Rana palustris), wood frog (Rana sylvatica), spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum), northern spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) & long-tailed salamander (Eurycena longicauda). The presence of this diversity of amphibians is notable in view of studies indicating the worldwide decline of amphibian species (Blaustein 1994). The maintenance of undisturbed forested buffers around all temporary pools, streams and wetlands in the immediate vicinity of the Hawk Mountain Sanctuary will be necessary to maintain the habitat necessary for the continued success of these species.

325 The Hawk Mountain Lookout geological feature is a massive outcrop of Tuscarora sandstone, 1520 feet above sea level. From this site, one can view a truly majestic 70-mile vista of the Great Valley and Blue Mountain. Dan’s Pulpit is formed from outcrops of the Tuscarora quartzite standing in vertical columns. (Geyer & Bolles 1979). This area was designated a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in 1965. This site falls primarily within Hawk Mountain Sanctuary and SGL #106, and includes a portion of the Appalachian Trail.

Locally Significant Sites:

Little Schuylkill River (East Brunswick & West Brunswick Townships) – This Locally Significant site is a length of the Little Schuylkill River between New Ringgold and Drehersville. Previously impacted by acid mine drainage, this river has seen much recent improvement. A diverse plant association resembling a mesic riverside outcrop community inhabits a shale cliff railroad cut along the creek. Some invasive species like knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) are present along the banks. A spring and surface fed wetland known as Bickle’s Bog occurs along the opposite side of the Railroad tracks. Though not a true bog, this botanically interesting wetland provides breeding habitat for many amphibians including wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculata) and red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). An enormous abandoned stone railroad bridge abutment can also be seen from the river. This masonry structure provides habitat for an interesting array of ferns and other plant species. A wetland near Drehersville provides habitat for an excellent diversity of plants, waterfowl, amphibians and reptiles. Changes in the hydrology of these wetlands, (filling, draining) and increased nutrient or acid mine runoff would detrimentally impact this site.

Rabbit Run Wetland (East Brunswick Township) – This Locally Significant site has a high degree of plant diversity with over 200 species observed during site visits in 2002. The wetlands at this site look remarkably different from spring to fall as a variety of plant species mature to dominate the site. Among the species observed at this site include Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), purple- stemmed aster (Aster puniceus), velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), vernal sweet-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), creeping spikemoss (Selaginella apoda), and a great variety of sedges (Carex spp.). The late autumn mowing regime provided by the private landowner at this site helps maintain this habitat by reducing the potential impact of invasive species. Additional surveys to this site are recommended to search for species of concern.

326 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

NORTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Indian Run Watershed CONCERN G4 S3B,S3N CR 7/22/2002 E

MOUNTAIN STARWORT (STELLARIA BOREALIS) G5 S1S2 N 7/01/2002 B

Locally Significant: Tumbling Run Creek

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #286 Weiser State Forest

Other: Tumbling Run Creek – High Quality Stream & Class-A Trout Waters

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

327 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, NORTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP MAP

328

NORTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP:

INDIAN RUN WATERSHED (Branch & North Manheim Townships) – This site includes the Indian Creek and the myriad of springs and seeps draining off the adjacent slopes. Being primarily within the Schuylkill County Municipal Authority watershed, this site has seen virtually no recent disturbance. The braided headwaters of Indian Creek are particularly diverse in plant species. Over 120 species were listed during the inventory. This mixed hardwood and conifer forest is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), black birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), various oaks (Quercus spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and white pine (Pinus strobus).

An unknown-quality population of a G4, S3B, S3N PA-Candidate rare animal species was found at this site during the July 2002 inventory. These animals are probably traveling to nearby wooded stream valleys to forage for food, roost, and breed. The PA Game Commission monitors this species.

Also found at this site was a good-quality population of mountain starwort (Stellaria borealis) a G5, S1S2 plant species of concern. The plants were found growing in the braided headwaters of Indian Creek in deep, organic, water-saturated soil. Associated species include mosses (Bryophytes), blue marsh violet (Viola cucullata), enchanter’s-nightshade (Circaea alpina), sedges (Carex leptalea, C. echinata), golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum) and jewelweed (Impatiens capensis). This site is currently protected as watershed property by the Schuylkill County Municipal Authority. In the event that the Water Authority considers this property obsolete, effort should be made to secure this area for conservation purposes.

Locally Significant Site:

Tumbling Run Creek (Blythe and North Manheim Townships) – This Locally Significant site includes Tumbling Run, the main tributary to Silver Creek Reservoir, which contains a fair-quality headwaters swamp. Extensive clearcutting and over browsing by deer have diminished this site’s quality, but it still functions as a high-quality migration corridor for birds and other animals, and as a refuge for a high diversity of more common plant and animal species. Reducing the size of the deer herd at this location would help improve this habitat. The Tumbling Run Creek is designated as a High-Quality Stream by the PA Department of Environmental Protection, and as a Class-A trout water by the PA Fish & Boat Commission. The continued maintenance of undisturbed forested buffers, which provide a cooling effect along the shores of this stream and its tributaries, is essential to maintain its quality.

329 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

PINE GROVE TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

NATURAL COMMUNITY (EPHEMERAL DeHaas Run Wetlands FLUCTUATING POOLS) G? S3 N 4/30/2002 E

NETTED CHAIN FERN (WOODWARDIA AREOLATA) G5 S2 N 7/26/2001 C SOUTHERN BOG CLUBMOSS (LYCOPODIELLA Gold Mine Wetlands APPRESSA) G5 S2 PT 7/28/1999 D BLACK DASH BUTTERFLY Swatara State Park (EUPHYES CONSPICUUS) G4 S3 N 6/28/2000 BC

SCREWSTEM (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 9/30/1999 D CATTAIL SEDGE (CAREX TYPHINA) G5 S2 PE 8/31/2000 BC NETTED CHAIN FERN (WOODWARDIA AREOLATA) G5 S2 N 8/31/2000 D ANIMAL SPECIES OF Swope Valley Run CONCERN G3 S2 PE 5/15/2002 E SCREWSTEM (BARTONIA PANICULATA) G5 S3 N 8/14/2001 D

Locally Significant: Exmoor Wetlands Sweet Arrow Lake

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Sweet Arrow Lake State Game Lands #80 State Game Lands #211 State Game Lands #229 Swatara State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

330 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, PINE GROVE TOWNSHIP MAP

331

PINE GROVE TOWNSHIP:

DEHAAS RUN WETLANDS (Pine Grove & Tremont Townships) – This site includes two large, excellent-quality, open wetlands that may have been created or enhanced by past beaver activity, and a series of vernal pools between them. In 2001, a marginal-quality population of a G5, S2 plant species of concern, the netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata), was documented at this site. Though considered a small population for this species on a statewide range, it is remarkable for being one of the few occurrences in the Ridge and Valley Province. The habitat is composed of a shrub-graminoid wetland with an extensive sphagnum substrate exhibiting a ‘quaking’ aspect. Besides an excellent population of Coville’s rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), associated species at this site include cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), various sedges (Carex folliculata, C. echinata, C. rostrata, C. trisperma, Dulichium arundinaceum), bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), marsh St.-Johns-wort (Triadenum fraseri), round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and cotton grass (Eriophorum virginicum). A hemlock forest and a forested wetland rings the shrub swamp openings with pronounced spring-fed mound and pool microtypography. These undulating vegetated hummocks create less saturated habitat conditions where a variety of plant species occur.

The ephemeral/fluctuating pool natural community is located in the headwaters of DeHaas Run between the two wetland openings. The immediate habitat is a hemlock-mixed hardwood palustrine forest with a thick rosebay (Rhododendron maximum) understory. Except for a water- level ring of sphagnum moss, the ponds were unvegetated. The ephemeral pools along DeHaas Run provide important habitat for breeding amphibians. Wood frog (Rana sylvatica) eggs and tadpoles, and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) eggs and were observed in the pools.

A good diversity of bird life was also noted from this site. Since this site was visited very early in the breeding season, few of these species can be considered to be breeding here at this time. Among those species observed at this site include Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata coronata), Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula), Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina), Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis), Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo palypterus) and Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus).

GOLD MINE WETLANDS (Pine Grove Township and Lebanon County) - A small population of Southern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella appressa), an S2 Pennsylvania-Threatened plant species of concern, was found in a revegetated coal yard that is described as a springy area with an acidic substrate. The vegetation includes shrub/small trees areas and graminoid/herbaceous areas. The species composition, depending on the drainage, includes Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), occurring a few feet apart. Disturbances include lots of exotic plant species; competition and succession were the only observed threats.

332

PINE GROVE AIRPORT (Pine Grove Township & Lebanon County) - This site is a dense shrub wetland along the floodplain of the Swatara Creek between Irving and the Lebanon County line. Two individuals of an invertebrate animal species of concern, the black dash butterfly (Euphyes conspicuus), were observed at this site in 2000. This G4, S3 species occurs in marshes, wet meadows and the floodplains of slow woodland streams. Sedges, particularly the tussock sedge (Carex stricta), are the necessary host plants for the juvenile stage of this species. Additional site surveys for this species are encouraged to determine the extent of this population.

Three plant species of special concern were also found at this location during field visits in 1999 & 2000. This site contains a fair to good-quality population of the PA-Endangered cattail sedge (Carex typhina), a small population of the G5, S2 netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata) and a small population of the G5, S3 plant species screw-stem (Bartonia paniculata). Though considered a small population of the netted chain fern on a statewide range, it is remarkable for being one of the few occurrences in the Ridge and Valley Province. The plants were seen growing among woody shrubs on elevated hummocks that are interspersed with exposed muck and standing water. Dominant tree species at this site include red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), oaks (Quercus rubra & Q. palustris), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus strobus). Common in the thick shrub layer were poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), spice bush (Lindera benzoin), smooth alder (Alnus serrulata), withe-rod (Viburnum cassinoides), arrow- wood (Viburnum recognitum) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Associated herbaceous species included cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), royal fern (O. regalis), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), sedges (Carex intumescens & C. folliculata), reedgrass (Cinna arundinacea), manna grass (Glyceria spp.), and mosses.

SWOPE VALLEY RUN (Pine Grove Township & Lebanon County) - In 2002, a good-quality population of a G3, S2 PA-Endangered animal species was found in a wetland dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and surrounded by multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Besides

333 these two aggressive plant species, associated species include common cattail (Typha latifolia), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), wintercress (Barbarea spp.), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus), red maple (Acer rubrum), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), swamp candles (Lysimachia terrestris), sweet flag (Acorus calamus), multiflora rose, crested shield fern (Dryopteris cristata). Modification of the seepage areas and associated wetlands would be the greatest threat to this species. Invasion of reed canary grass and multiflora rose also pose a potential threat to this habitat.

Locally Significant Sites:

Exmoor Wetlands (Pine Grove Township) – This Locally Significant site includes the floodplains along the Swatara Creek between Pine Grove Borough and I-81. This site exhibits a variety of wetland habitat types covering a large, relatively undisturbed area. The various habitats found at this site include forested wetlands, shrub wetlands, and herbaceous openings dominated by sedges and grasses. No disturbances were noted and no special management appears to be necessary. Changes in the hydrology (draining or filling), or changes at the upstream water treatment facility could impact the health of this wetland system.

Sweet Arrow Lake (Pine Grove & Washington Townships) – This Locally Significant site includes Sweet Arrow Lake and the adjacent headwaters. This body of water serves as a migration stopover for many species of birds. It also provides educational, recreational boating and fishing opportunities. Bird species reported at this site during migration include Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus), Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), Black Crowned Night Heron (Animal species of concern), Pied–billed Grebe (Animal species of concern) and Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) breeding status unknown. No threats were reported, and no special management appears to be needed. This site is primarily owned by the Pine Grove Borough.

334 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

SOUTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bear Creek At Aucheys CONCERN G5 S2S3B-S3N N 5/01/1996 E NATURAL COMMUNITY: (EPHEMERAL / Blue Mountain Ridgetop FLUCTUATING POOLS) G? S3 N 8/29/2001 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S2S3B-S3N N 1999 E

FLY-POISON BORER MOTH (PAPAIPEMA SP.1) G2G3 S2 N 9/24/1998 B

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #110 State Game Lands #286 Weiser State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

335 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, SOUTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP MAP

336

SOUTH MANHEIM TOWNSHIP:

BEAR CREEK AT AUCHEYS (South Manheim & Wayne Townships) - A nesting pair of a G5, PA-Candidate rare animal species of concern was located at this site in 1996. The habitat is the forested creek bottom in the vicinity of Auchys. This species is associated with large contiguous stands of mature northern hardwood forest. Populations of this species in Pennsylvania were likely severely impacted by the extirpation of the passenger pigeon (Brauning 1992). Protection recommendations include providing a 300 meter radius undisturbed buffer around all active and inactive nest sites.

BLUE MOUNTAIN RIDGETOP (Wayne, South Manheim Twps. & Berks County) - This site includes a series of vernal pools that makeup an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community. In 2001, a total of nine pools were documented on a flat ridgetop in SGL #110 adjacent to the Appalachian Trail. The ephemeral pools occur within a dry oak – heath forest matrix, and provide important habitat for breeding amphibians. Vegetation in each pool varies from unvegetated to heavily vegetated and may include cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), royal fern (O. regalis), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus), various sedges (Carex folliculata, C. gynandra & Dulichium arundinaceum), rice cut grass (Leersia virginiana), manna grass (Glyceria spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.), spike-rushes (Eleocharis spp.), marsh St.-John’s-wort (Triadenum virginicum) and mosses (Sphagnum spp.). The threats to the pools include filling, spraying of pesticides to control mosquito populations, logging, and the practice of throwing slash from logging into the pools. Forested buffers need to be maintained around these ponds. No threats or disturbances were observed.

337 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

TREMONT TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Black Creek Watershed CONCERN G5 S3B,S4N N 6/17/2002 E

NATURAL COMMUNITY: (EPHEMERAL / DeHaas Run Wetlands FLUCTUATING POOLS) G? S3 N 4/30/2002 E

NETTED CHAIN FERN (WOODWARDIA AREOLATA) G5 S2 N 7/26/2001 C

SOUTHERN BOG CLUBMOSS (LYCOPODIELLA Gold Mine Wetlands APPRESSA) G5 S2 PT 7/28/99 D

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Sharp Mountain CONCERN G3G4 S3 PE 1993 E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE: (CHINESE WALL) N E

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #211 State Game Lands #229

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

338 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, TREMONT TOWNSHIP MAP

339

TREMONT TOWNSHIP:

BLACK CREEK WATERSHED (Branch & Reilly Townships) - The large, contiguous forest within this relatively undisturbed valley contains a beautiful mosaic of hemlock palustrine forest, alder-sphagnum wetland with graminoid openings, and an extensive Blueberry/Meadowsweet shrub swamp. In conjunction with the Indian Run watershed to the east, this area represents an intact palustrine ecosystem of rare quality and size in Schuylkill and many neighboring Counties. It is the contiguous and relatively undisturbed nature of these watersheds and excellent water quality of the streams that make this area one of the top sites in the county for conservation. This is an example of a landscape-scale ecosystem that if left intact, can be expected to be viable well into the future.

A single occurrence of a G5, S3B-S4N PA-Candidate rare animal species of concern was observed at this site. This species has been known to breed in many open-water habitats and at this site was observed in an isolated active beaver pond surrounded by a Hemlock-mixed hardwood forest. Associated species included Animal species of concern (Pandion haliatus), Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus), and Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). This site contains no immediate threats or disturbances, since the area is fairly remote. Acid mine drainage was observed in a shrub swamp leading out of the beaver pond, and should be monitored for possible decreased water quality in the future.

The hemlock-palustrine forest, the surrounding alders-sphagnum wetland and the meadowsweet/blueberry shrub swamp provide excellent quality habitat for many neo-tropical migrant landbirds. Many uncommon northern affinity species such as Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis), Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), Veery (Catharus fuscescens), and Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) were present in good numbers. Other species observed include Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina), Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). The dominant vegetation at this site includes hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), St. John's wort (Hypericum spp.), Alder (Alnus spp.), Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis), Soft rush (Juncus effusus) and short-hair sedge (Carex crinita). Observed disturbances include logging in some areas which could make conditions favorable for exotic species. This site is primarily owned by the Pine Grove Borough Water Authority, and includes a portion of Weiser State Forest.

340 Besides an excellent population of Coville’s rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), associated species at this site include cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), various sedges (Carex folliculata, C. echinata, C. rostrata, C. trisperma, Dulichium arundinaceum), bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), marsh St.-Johns-wort (Triadenum fraseri), round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and cotton grass (Eriophorum virginicum). A hemlock palustrine forest, (a forested wetland), rings the shrub swamp openings with pronounced spring-fed mound and pool microtypography. These undulating vegetated hummocks create less saturated habitat conditions where a variety of plant species occur.

The ephemeral/fluctuating pool natural community is located in the headwaters of DeHaas Run between the two wetland openings. The immediate habitat is a hemlock-mixed hardwood palustrine forest with a thick rosebay (Rhododendron maximum) understory. Except for a water-level ring of sphagnum moss, the ponds were unvegetated. The ephemeral pools along DeHaas Run provide important habitat for breeding amphibians. Wood frog (Rana sylvatica) eggs and tadpoles, and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) eggs and were observed in the pools. Undisturbed forested buffers need to be maintained around these pools to effectively protect the integrity of this essential breeding habitat.

A good diversity of bird life was also noted from this site. Since this site was visited very early in the breeding season, few of these species can be considered to be breeding here at this time. Among those species observed at this site include Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Blue- gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata coronata), Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula), Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina), Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis), Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo palypterus) and Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus).

GOLD MINE WETLANDS (Pine Grove & Tremont Townships and Lebanon County) - A small population of Southern Bog Clubmoss (Lycopodiella appressa), an S2 Pennsylvania-Threatened plant species of concern, was found in a revegetated coal yard that is described as a springy area with an acidic substrate. The vegetation includes shrub/small trees areas and graminoid/herbaceous areas. The species composition, depending on the drainage, includes Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana), occurring a few feet apart. Disturbances include lots of exotic plant species; competition and succession were the only observed threats.

SHARP MOUNTAIN (Reilly & Tremont Townships, & Lebanon County) - Evidence of several fair-quality populations of a G3G4, S3 PA-Threatened animal species was found at this site during visits in 1990-1993. The site consists of a series of conglomerate outcrops and talus slopes on the ridge and slopes of Sharp Mountain between Lorberry Junction and continuing southwest into Lebanon County. This species typically inhabits the deep crevices of rocky outcrops, boulder- strewn talus slopes and caves. Populations of this species throughout the state have experienced rapid decline in recent decades due to unknown causes. Additional surveys for this species at this site are recommended. These ridges and slopes are cloaked in a dry oak-heath forest matrix composed of Black Oak (Quercus velutina), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sassafras (Sassafras albidum), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Black Birch (Betula lenta), Wild Grape (Vitis sp.), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia),

341 and Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.). Undisturbed forested buffers should be maintained around talus slopes and outcrops in this area. Past and present mining activity is the only disturbance noted from this site.

Chinese Wall is a Geologic feature consisting of a spectacular outcrop of Sharp Mountain quartz- pebble conglomerate that has been known locally as “High Rocks” and “Boxcar Rocks” (Geyer & Bolles 1979). Litter and vandalism detract from the natural beauty of this site. This site falls primarily within State Game Lands #211 & #229.

342 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

WALKER TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

None

Managed Areas: State Game Lands #222 State Game Lands #257 Tuscarora State Park

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

WALKER TOWNSHIP:

During this study, no species of special concern, exemplary natural communities, or locally significant sites were identified in Walker Township. However, environmentally sensitive areas may exist in the township. It is likely that additional field studies would identify sensitive features along the banks of the Little Schuylkill River, Beaver Creek, Cold Run, Brushy Run and Stump Run, as well as the many seeps draining from Sharp, Second and Wildcat Mountains. Whenever possible, efforts should be made to preserve or restore wetland and floodplain forest features in the landscape. The creation or preservation of undisturbed forested buffers along river and stream banks are not only important to many plant and animal species, but the features are also particularly effective in improving water quality, providing groundwater recharge, and protection from flooding. The forested slopes of Sharp, Second and Wildcat Mountains also act as natural corridors for animal migration, and as refugia for more common species of plants. Efforts should be undertaken to maintain and preserve the unbroken integrity of these natural corridors.

343 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, WALKER TOWNSHIP MAP

344

SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Lower Little Swatara Wetland CONCERN G3 S2 PE 5-15-2002 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3B, S3N N 1999 E

Locally Significant: Sweet Arrow Lake

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Sweet Arrow Lake State Game Lands #80 State Game Lands #160 Weiser State Forest

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

345 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP MAP

346

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP:

LOWER LITTLE SWATARA WETLAND (Washington & Wayne Townships) - A fair population of a G3, S2 PA-Endangered animal species was observed at this open tussock sedge marsh in 2002. The habitat was dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Other vegetation characteristic of this site include goldenrod (Solidago spp.), tear-thumb (Polygonum spp.), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), swamp candles (Lysimachia terrestris), wintercress (Barbarea spp.), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), soft rush (Juncus effusus), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), red maple (Acer rubrum), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), sedges (Carex spp.), meadow rue (Thalictrum spp.), violet (Viola spp.), swamp dewberry (Rubus hispidus), arrow-wood (Viburnum recognitum), and swamp rose (Rosa palustris). Modification of the seepage areas and associated wetlands would be the greatest threat to this species. Invasion of reed canary grass and multiflora rose also pose a potential threat to this habitat.

Also at this site, a nest of a G5, PA-Candidate at risk animal species was observed in a hollow tree in 1999. The tree has since fallen down and hence unavailable for use as a den tree by this species. Further surveys to determine if this site has other suitable nesting sites for this species are recommended. A shift in agricultural practices, loss of suitable nesting structures and general change in land use patterns pose threats to the continued success of this species in Pennsylvania (Brauning1992).

Locally Significant Site:

Sweet Arrow Lake (Pine Grove & Washington Townships) – This Locally Significant site includes Sweet Arrow Lake and the adjacent headwaters. This body of water serves as a migration stopover for many species of birds. This site also provides educational, recreational boating and fishing opportunities. Bird species reported at this site during migration include Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), Animal species of concern (Animal species of concern), Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus), Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), Black Crowned Night Heron (Animal species of concern), Pied–billed Grebe (Animal species of concern), and Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) (breeding status unknown). No threats were reported, and no special management appears to be needed. This site is primarily owned by the Pine Grove Borough.

347 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

WAYNE TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Bear Creek at Aucheys CONCERN G5 S2S3B,S3N CR 5/01/1996 E

NATURAL COMMUNITY: (EPHEMERAL / Blue Mountain Ridgetop FLUCTUATING POOLS) G? S3 N 8/29/2001 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S2S3B-S3N N 1999 E

FLY-POISON BORER MOTH (PAPAIPEMA SP.1) G2G3 S2 N 9/24/1998 B

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Indian Run Watershed CONCERN G4 S3B,S3N CR 7/22/2002 E

MOUNTAIN STARWORT (STELLARIA BOREALIS) G5 S1S2 N 7/01/2002 B

Lower Little Swatara ANIMAL SPECIES OF Wetland CONCERN G5 S3B, S3N N 1999 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G3 S2 PE 5/15/2002 E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Schweigerts School CONCERN G5 S3B, S3N N 1998 E

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #80 State Game Lands #110 Weiser State Forest

Other: Bear Creek - Class-A Trout Water

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

348 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, WAYNE TOWNSHIP MAP

349

WAYNE TOWNSHIP:

BEAR CREEK AT AUCHEYS (South Manheim & Wayne Townships) - A nesting pair of a G5, PA-Candidate rare animal species was located in 1996. The habitat is the forested creek bottom in the vicinity of Auchys. This species is associated with large contiguous stands of mature northern hardwood forest. Populations of this species in Pennsylvania were likely severely impacted by the extirpation of the passenger pigeon (Brauning 1992). Protection recommendations include providing a 300 meter radius undisturbed buffer around all active and inactive nest sites.

The Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission has designated 3.4 miles of Bear Creek, from its headwaters to T-959, a Class-A Trout Water. The continued maintenance of undisturbed forested buffers, which provide a cooling effect along the shores of this stream, is essential to maintain its quality.

An invertebrate animal species of concern, the fly-poison borer moth (Papaipema sp.1), has also been found at this site since the 1970’s, and as recently as 1998. This species is currently only known to occur in Pennsylvania. The larval stage of this species requires the fly-poison lily (Amianthium muscaetoxicum) as a food source. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) to control gypsy moths should not harm this species, but the spraying of Dimlin would pose a serious threat to the larvae.

A single juvenile G5, PA-Candidate rare animal species, was observed in 1999 on this forested ridgetop. This species is associated with large contiguous stands of mature northern hardwood forest. Populations of this species in Pennsylvania were likely severely impacted by the extirpation of the passenger pigeon (Brauning 1992). Protection recommendations include providing a 300 meter radius undisturbed buffer around all active and inactive nest sites.

INDIAN RUN WATERSHED (Branch Township) – This site includes the Indian Creek and the myriad of springs and seeps draining off the adjacent slopes. Being primarily within the Schuylkill County Municipal Authority watershed, this site has seen virtually no recent disturbance. The braided headwaters of Indian Creek are particularly diverse in plant species. Over 120 species were

350 listed during the inventory. This mixed hardwood and conifer forest is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), black birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), various oaks (Quercus spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and white pine (Pinus strobus).

An unknown-quality population of a G4, S3B, S3N PA-Candidate-rare animal species was found at this site during the July 2002 inventory. These animals are probably traveling to nearby wooded stream valleys to forage for food, roost, and breed. The PA Game Commission monitors this species.

LOWER LITTLE SWATARA WETLAND (Washington & Wayne Townships) - A fair population of a G3, S2 PA-Endangered animal species was observed at this open tussock sedge marsh in 2002. The habitat was dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Other vegetation characteristic of this site includes goldenrod (Solidago spp.), tear-thumb (Polygonum spp.), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), swamp candles (Lysimachia terrestris), wintercress (Barbarea spp.), Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), soft rush (Juncus effusus), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), red maple (Acer rubrum), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), sedges (Carex spp.), meadow rue (Thalictrum spp.), violet (Viola spp.), swamp dewberry (Rubus hispidus), arrow-wood (Viburnum recognitum), and swamp rose (Rosa palustris). Modification of the seepage areas and associated wetlands would be the greatest threat to this species. Invasion of reed canary grass and multiflora rose also pose a potential threat to this habitat.

Also at this site, a nest of a G5, PA-Candidate at risk animal species was observed in a hollow tree in 1999. The tree has since fallen down and hence unavailable for use as a den tree by this species. A shift in agricultural practices, loss of suitable nesting structures and general change in land use patterns pose threats to the continued success of this species in Pennsylvania (Brauning 1992). Further surveys are encouraged to determine the continued existence of this species at this location.

SCHWEIGERTS SCHOOL (Wayne Township) - A nest of a G5, PA-Candidate at risk animal species was observed here in 1998. A hole in the nesting structure has been filled and may not provide access for future nesting. A shift in agricultural practices, loss of suitable nesting structures and general change in land use patterns pose threats to the continued success of this species in Pennsylvania (Brauning 1992).

351 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

WEST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks* Special Species / State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Last Seen Quality**

Deer Lake Fossil Site GEOLOGIC FEATURE N E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF Hawk Mountain Lookout CONCERN G4 S3S4 PC E

ANIMAL SPECIES OF CONCERN G5 S3S4 N 10/29/1997 E

A GEOMETER MOTH (APODREPANULATRIX LIBERARIA) G4 S3 N 1997 E

LEONARD’S SKIPPER BUTTERFLY (HESPERIA LEONARUS) G4 S3S4 N 2000 E

APPLE SPHINX MOTH (SPHINX GORDIUS) G4 S1S3 N 1997 E

GEOLOGICAL FEATURE (HAWK MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT) N E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE: (DAN’S PULPIT) N E

GEOLOGIC FEATURE Rattling Run/ Schuylkill Gap (WATER GAP) N

Locally Significant: Little Schuylkill River

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association State Game Land #106 State Game Land #110

Other: Rattling Run: Exceptional Value Stream

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

352 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, WEST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP MAP

353

WEST BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP:

DEER LAKE FOSSIL SITE (West Brunswick Twp. & Deer Lake Borough) - The site has one of the most varied fossil assemblages in PA. Mahantango Formation / Devonian age. Contains brachiopods, gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, trilobites, coelenterates and plants. (Geyer & Bolles 1979). This site is on private property.

354 Sanctuary will be necessary to maintain the habitat necessary for the continued success of these species.

The Hawk Mountain Lookout geological feature is a massive outcrop of Tuscarora sandstone, 1520 feet above sea level. From this site, one can view a truly majestic 70-mile vista of the Great Valley and Blue Mountain. Dan’s Pulpit is formed from outcrops of the Tuscarora quartzite standing in vertical columns. (Geyer & Bolles 1979). This area was designated a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in 1965. This site falls primarily within Hawk Mountain Sanctuary and SGL #106, and includes a portion of the Appalachian Trail.

RATTLING RUN / SCHUYLKILL GAP (West Brunswick Township, Port Clinton Borough & Berks County) – The Geologic Feature at this site represents an outstanding example of a water gap in Blue Mountain, with an exceptional exposure of the quartzites of the Silurian age Tuscarora Formation (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

Little Schuylkill River (East Brunswick & West Brunswick Townships) – This Locally Significant site is a length of the Little Schuylkill River between New Ringgold and Drehersville. Previously impacted by acid mine drainage, this river has seen much recent improvement. A diverse plant association resembling a mesic riverside outcrop community inhabits a shale cliff railroad cut along the river. Some invasive species like knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) are present along the banks. A spring and surface fed wetland known as Bickle’s Bog occurs along the railroad tracks adjacent to the river. Though not a true bog, this botanically interesting wetland provides breeding habitat for many amphibians including wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculata) and red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). An enormous abandoned stone railroad bridge abutment can also be seen from the river. This masonry structure provides habitat for an interesting array of ferns and other plant species. A wetland near Drehersville provides habitat for an excellent diversity of plants, waterfowl, amphibians and reptiles. Changes in the hydrology of these wetlands, (filling, draining) and increased nutrient or acid mine runoff would detrimentally impact this site.

355 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY

WEST PENN TOWNSHIP

TNC Ranks*

Special Species / Federal State Site Name Community Type Global State Status Status Last Seen Quality**

Bears Rocks Erosional Remnant GEOLOGIC FEATURE N E

NORTHEASTERN BULRUSH (SCIRPUS SGL #217 and Appalachian Trail ANCISTROCHAETUS) G3 S3 LE PE 4/11/2002 AB

Locally Significant: Mahoning Creek Wetlands

Managed Areas: Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Game Lands #106 State Game Lands #217 State Game Lands #257

* Please refer to Appendix IV for an explanation of TNC Ranks and State Status. **Please refer to Appendix V for an explanation of Quality Ranks.

356 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, WEST PENN TOWNSHIP MAP

357

WEST PENN TOWNSHIP:

BEARS ROCKS EROSIONAL REMNANT (West Penn Township and Lehigh County) – This outstanding geologic feature is composed of an outcrop of the Tuscarora quartzite that forms three large blocks standing in a row (Geyer & Bolles 1979).

SGL #217 AND APPALACHIAN TRAIL (West Penn Township and Lehigh County) – In 2002, a graminoid-dominated Ephemeral Fluctuating pool Natural Community was located along the ridge of Blue Mountain in SGL #217. A very good-quality population of a G3, S3 PA-endangered, and Federally-endangered plant species, the northeastern bullrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) was located in this pond. The Federally endangered status of this plant indicates that the species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The animal species of concern is primarily found in temporary ponds and other pools with fluctuating water levels. These ponds also typically provide important breeding habitat for forest dwelling amphibians such as the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). Associated species at this site include wool-grass (Scirpus cyperinus), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), moss (Sphagnum spp.), soft rush (Juncus effusus), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), red maple (Acer rubrum) and gray birch (Betula populifolia). A wide undisturbed forested buffer should be maintained around this site. No disturbances were observed at this pond. Nearby disturbances include the creation of clearings as food plots and logging. The Game Commission should avoid the temptation to improve this wetland habitat. This site falls primarily within SGL #217, and includes a portion of the Appalachian Trail.

Locally Significant Site:

Mahoning Creek Wetlands (West Penn Township & Carbon County) – This Locally Significant site is comprised of a mixture of wetland types grading one into another. Included at this site are shrub swamp, wooded swamp, sedge meadow and vernal pool wetland types. The site provides important breeding habitat for amphibians, reptiles, birds and a host of wetland plant species. Much of this type of habitat has been drained or filled in the past, so the protection of what is left is critically important. Disturbances observed at this site include a recent attempt to fill and drain this wetland. Though the destruction of this wetland habitat has ceased for the time being, efforts should be made to secure this site as valuable wildlife habitat.

358 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY

The Kittatinny Ridge has a number of groups pursuing the protection of natural areas within the project boundary. The following are general recommendations for protecting biological diversity within the county.

1. All sites that are ranked 1 or 2 (Table 2) should be considered top priorities for conservation initiatives. The conservation of sensitive natural features on privately owned lands at these sites may be protected through a combination of conservation easements and acquisition to encourage current land use or make improvements in land use where needed. The drafting and implementation of local zoning ordinances that provide for the conservation of these sensitive natural features can be an important initial step in this process.

2. Management plans on public and private lands should address species of special concern and natural communities and assess the need for additional acres to complete protection. Each element located within a given site will need to be addressed in new management plans for that area. Many of the already-protected sites are in need of additional land to complete protection and/or are in need of management to ensure the continued existence of the associated natural elements. Efforts are already underway to refine management plans for some of the high quality natural areas on public lands in the counties.

3. Conservation easements or other low cost protection can be pursued on lower-ranked sites. All sites of lower rank but with good to excellent populations of species of special concern or good natural communities on private land are also excellent candidates for conservation initiatives, but conservation easements or some form of tax incentives may be more appropriate. Conservation easements are designed to allow landowners the current use of their land while protecting the owner and the resource from outside development pressure. Management plans will be needed to ensure that these sites remain high-quality natural areas. Where easements are not possible, any proposals for significant land use changes should be scrutinized carefully by county and municipal planners.

4. Low quality sites (e.g., with marginal or poor populations of listed species in marginal areas) should be carefully assessed before pursuing protection or management efforts. The rare elements may be important for the maintenance of biological diversity at the local level, but costs and efforts for protecting these sites need to be weighed against other sites that will be left unprotected which truly have the potential for long-term viability of elements. However, these sites may have other qualities, such as scenic or recreation value, that make them likely conservation targets.

5. Locally Significant sites (Table 3) may be protected as higher priority sites are completed or as new information emerges. These are sites in the counties that do not have exemplary natural communities or known occurrences of rare species, but that could be excellent sites for county or township parks or as natural areas within existing parks (sites within existing managed areas will need to be included in management plans). Those that can serve more than one purpose such as recreation, environmental education, wildlife habitat, flood and sediment control, water supply, etc.,

359 are ideal. Species of special concern that may be found in some of these areas in future surveys can fit into County Park or conservation plans.

6. Protection of the reservoirs, wetlands, rivers, and creeks of The Kittatinny Ridge is vital, especially those that protect biodiversity, supply drinking water, and are attractive recreational resources. Many of the sites containing rare species, natural communities or locally significant habitats along the Kittatinny Ridge are associated with water. Protection of these watersheds is the only way to ensure the viability of natural habitats and water quality. Cooperative efforts on land use among municipal, county, state, and federal agencies, developers, and residents can lessen the impact of development on the watersheds and plant communities of the three counties. Protecting natural areas around municipal water supply watersheds provides an additional protective buffer around the water supply, habitat for wildlife, and may also provide low-impact recreation opportunities.

7. Minimize encroachment on the parks and conservation lands throughout the Kittatinny Ridge. Existing parks and conservation lands provide habitat for a number of plant and animal species and may be important not only on a county-wide level, but also on a regional scale. For example, they may serve as nesting or wintering areas for birds or as stopover areas during migration. Where appropriate, more land should be added or agreements worked out with abutting landowners to minimize encroachments that may threaten native flora and fauna.

8. Counties and township officials can encourage landowners, whose land includes waterways, to maintain vegetated buffer zones along shorelines. Vegetated buffers (preferably of PA-native plant species) help reduce erosion and sedimentation and help to shade and cool the water. This in turn benefits aquatic animal life, including the fisheries. These buffers also provide habitat for other wildlife species and help to create a diversity of habitats along the creek or stream.

9. Scrutinize development proposals for their impact on entire watersheds not just the immediate impact area. Certainly, new housing and commercial development can be given close scrutiny before it is allowed in the areas outlined in this report and careful review can be required within any watershed in project boundary. Townships can also require minimum setbacks from all water bodies to help protect water quality. Landowners within any particular watershed can act on their own to protect water by forming watershed associations to voluntarily monitor and screen proposals in their localities.

10. Development plans should provide for creating natural buffers between the development and the core preserve area, be it a barrens community, wetland, water body, or forest. Care should be taken to ensure that protected natural areas do not become "islands" surrounded by development. When a wetland or woodland is completely surrounded by development, even if there are no direct impacts, the site is effectively isolated and its value for wildlife is reduced. If possible, networks or corridors of woodlands or greenspace should be preserved linking sensitive natural areas to each other. Cluster development could be used to allow the same amount of development on much less land in such areas, but most importantly, leave much of the land intact as corridors for wildlife and native plants.

360 11. Grassroots organizations are needed. County and municipal governments can do much of the work necessary to plan for the protection and management of the natural areas identified in this report. However, grassroots organizations are needed to assist with identifying landowners who wish to protect their land, providing information about easements to landowners, land acquisition, and management and stewardship of protected sites. Increasingly, local watershed organizations and land trusts are taking proactive steps to accomplish conservation at the local level.

12. Encourage development in sites that have already seen past disturbances. Careful planning can maintain open space, including natural environments and the plants and animals associated with them. A balance between growth and the conservation of scenic and natural resources can be achieved by guiding development away from the most environmentally sensitive areas. The reclamation of previously disturbed areas for commercial and industrial development presents a logical way to accommodate economic growth while allowing ecologically sensitive areas to remain undisturbed.

On the Township maps in this report, we have outlined the watersheds or subwatersheds where the natural communities and species of special concern occur. These areas should be viewed as zones of potential impact; protection of the entire area may not be necessary. Smaller buffer areas have been designated for locally significant sites. The core areas where the communities and species occur need to be given the most attention and fee title acquisition may be appropriate. Land uses that do not impact these important sites should be encouraged for the buffer zones.

We wish to emphasize that this Natural Areas Inventory Summary is only a beginning. New sites with good natural communities and species of special concern wait to be discovered. Plant communities and plant and animal populations are dynamic, constantly changing with time and conditions. As this information is received and updated in the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory database, so too will the Natural Areas Inventories. If there are any questions about the impact of the proposed development or other activity, we suggest that our office, the Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy, be consulted at (717) 948-3962. Questions regarding protection methods and tools for planning should be directed to the County Planning Commissions listed below:

Berks County Planning Commission: (610) 478-6300 Carbon County Planning Commission: (570) 325-3671 Cumberland County, Tri-County Planning Commission (717) 234-2639 Dauphin County, Tri-County Planning Commission (717) 234-2639 Franklin County Planning Commission: (717) 261-3855 Fulton County Planning Commission: (717) 485-3717 Lebanon County Planning Commission: (717) 274-2801 Lehigh County, Lehigh Valley Planning Commission: (610) 264-4544 Monroe County Planning Commission: (570) 517-3100 Northampton County, Lehigh Valley Planning Commission: (610) 264-4544 Perry County, Tri-County Planning Commission (717) 234-2639 Schuylkill County Conservation District: (570) 622-3742

361 GLOSSARY

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) – drainage flowing from or caused by surface mining, deep mining, or coal refuse piles that are typically highly acidic with elevated levels of dissolved metals (DEP).

Acidophilic – a plant that requires or prefers acidic soil conditions.

Alluvium – material such as sand, silt, or clay that is deposited on land by streams.

Anthropogenic – human caused.

ATV – all-terrain-vehicle.

Bald – a rocky or stony area with little or no vegetation.

Barrens – areas that are naturally infertile as a consequence of nutrient-poor soils; often form on resistant rock such as quartz, sandstone or highly weathered and leached glacial material. Fire is a natural process on the ridgetop barrens. .

Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) – an insecticide, which is produced by the fermentation of a bacterium (Bt), used to control many caterpillar-type pests (e.g., gypsy moth).

Bog – a nutrient poor, acidic peatland that receives water primarily from direct rainfall with little or no input from groundwater or runoff; vegetation consists primarily of peatmoss and ericaceous shrubs.

Bryophyte – liverworts, hornworts and mosses.

Canopy – the layer formed by the tallest vegetation.

Chitin – the material that enables insects to form an exoskeleton.

Circumneutral – pH between 5.5 and 7.

Co-dominant – where several species together comprise the dominant layer (see "dominant" below).

Community – an assemblage of plant or animal populations sharing a common environment and interacting with each other and the physical environment.

Community complex – a set of community types that tend to occur together under a specific set of environmental circumstances.

DBH – The diameter of a tree at breast height.

362

DCNR – Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.

DEP – Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.

Diabase – a dark gray igneous rock. The chemical composition of diabase may support unusual plant communities.

Dimilin – a commercially produced, restricted-use insecticide containing diflubenzuron as the active ingredient. Diflubenzuron, which has been used as a method to control gypsy moth, interferes with chitin production during the early stages of certain insects (DCNR, Division of Pest Management).

Disturbance regime – a repeating pattern of natural disturbances such as fire, flooding, ice scouring, windthrows, erosion, etc.

Dominant – the species (usually plant) exerting the greatest influence on a given community either by numerical dominance or influence on microclimate, soils and other species.

Element – all-inclusive term for species of special concern and exemplary natural communities.

Emergent – upright, rooted vegetation that may be temporarily to permanently flooded at the base, while the upper portions of the plant grow erect above the water surface.

Ericaceous – members of the heath family including blueberries, huckleberries, rhododendrons, and azaleas; these plants are adapted to living in acidic soils.

Exceptional Value Waters (EV) – DEP designation for a stream or watershed which constitutes an outstanding national, state, regional or local resource, such as waters of national, state or county parks or forests; or waters which are used as a source of unfiltered potable water supply, or waters of wildlife refuges or State Game Lands, and other waters of substantial recreational or ecological significance. For more detailed information about EV stream designations, the reader is referred to the Special Protection Waters Implementation Handbook (Shertzer 1992).

Exotic – non-native; used to describe plant or animal species that were introduced by humans; examples include Japanese honeysuckle, purple loosestrife and grass carp; exotics present a problem because they may out-compete native species.

Extant – currently in existence.

Floodplain – low-lying land generally along streams or rivers that receives periodic flooding.

Forb – non-grass herbaceous plant such as goldenrod.

Graminoid – grass or grass-like plant such as a sedge or a rush.

363 Ground cover – low shrubs, herbs and mosses that are found at or close to the ground surface.

Hibernacula – A location where animals hibernate.

Hibernation – The period of winter inactivity during which time normal physiological processes are reduced and a significant decrease in body temperature occurs. In Pennsylvania, true hibernation is shown by woodchucks, jumping mice, and bats.

High-Quality Coldwater Fisheries (HQ-CWF) – DEP designation (PA Code, Chapter 93) for a stream or watershed that has excellent quality waters and environmental or other features that require special water quality protection.

Hydrology – water system of an area including both surface water and ground water.

Lepidoptera – moths and butterflies.

Listed species – species that is monitored and considered to be of concern by PNDI.

Littoral – the area where water meets land, the shoreline.

Mesic – moist, not saturated.

Minerotrophic – groundwater fed; influenced by water that has been in contact with bedrock or soil, and is richer in mineral content than rainwater.

Native – describes species that occurred in Pennsylvania or in the area in which they are found prior to European settlement; not introduced by human activities.

Natural area – As used in this study, a site with either an exemplary natural community or species of special concern; not to be confused with the State Forest Natural Areas which are specific management units designated by DCNR Bureau of Forestry.

Non-point – refers to diffuse sources of pollution such as storm water runoff contaminated with oil or pesticides.

Oligotrophic – poor to extremely poor in nutrients; typically describes dilute waters with low base metal ion concentrations.

Palustrine – areas intermediate between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, where conditions are at least periodically wet enough during the growing season to produce anaerobic soil conditions and thereby influence plant growth.

Peat – partially decomposed remains of plant material in which at least some of the plant parts are still distinguishable.

POSCIP – Plant of Special Concern in Pennsylvania.

364

Potential Natural Area – used by The Nature Conservancy to denote an area that may have desirable environmental characteristics to support rare species or exemplary natural communities, but which needs a field survey to confirm; a preliminary category given to sites prior to field survey (see METHODS section).

Prescribed burning – burning under controlled conditions; needed to maintain communities such as limestone glades and pitch pine barrens.

Riparian – streamside.

R-O-W – Strip of land occupied or intended to be occupied by a street, crosswalk, railroad, electric transmission line, oil or gas pipeline, water main, sanitary or storm sewer line, or other special use.

Seeps – where water flows from the ground in a diffuse pattern and saturates the soil; lush herbaceous vegetation often grows in these wet areas.

Soil association – a group of soils that are geographically associated in a characteristic repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a single unit.

Soil series – groups of soils that have vertical profiles that are almost the same, that is, with horizons (layers) that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Succession – natural process of vegetation change through time; over time, the plant species of a site will change in composition and structure as light and soil conditions change (e.g., a field that is left alone may, over time, be taken over by shrubs, then small trees and eventually a woodland).

Talus – slope formed of loose rock and gravel that accumulates at the base of mountains or cliffs.

Understory – layer of shrubs and small trees between the herbaceous layer and the canopy.

Vernal – occurring in the spring.

Xeric – extremely dry or droughty.

365 REFERENCES AND LITERATURE CITED

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368 Harlow, W.H. 1957. Trees of the Eastern and Central United States and Canada. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. 288 pp.

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372 APPENDICES

373 APPENDIX I: NATURAL AREA SURVEY FORM

Surveyor: Address & Phone:

Date of Observation Site Name:

Quadrangle Name Exact Location of Site (please be specific & include a map or sketch)

Owner: Owners Attitude Toward Conservation:

Site Elevation: Size of Site (acres):

Source of Lead:

Current Land Use:

Type of Area: Old Growth Forest; Marsh; Shrub Swamp; Forested Swamp; Bog; Natural Pond.

Written Description: Try to convey a mental image of the site features (including vegetation, significant animals & plants, aquatic features, land forms, geologic substrata, scenic qualities, etc.):

Evidence of Disturbance:

Site Condition Compared to Your Last Visit:

Please attach any additional information, species list, etc. Please send completed report forms to Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy, 208 Airport Drive, Middletown, PA 17057 (717) 948-3962. Additional forms may be obtained from this office. Thank you for your contribution.

374

APPENDIX II: COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL COMMUNITIES IN PENNSYLVANIA (1995 DRAFT)

COMMUNITY NAME MAP GLOBAL STATE CODE RANK* RANK* ______

ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES

DEEPWATER SUBTIDAL COMMUNITY EAA G? S1 SHALLOW-WATER SUBTIDAL COMMUNITY EAB G? S1 FRESHWATER INTERTIDAL MUDFLAT EBA G3G4 S1 FRESHWATER INTERTIDAL MARSH ECA G3G4 S1

RIVERINE COMMUNITIES

LOW-GRADIENT EPHEMERAL/INTERMITTENT CREEK RAA G? S5 LOW-GRADIENT CLEARWATER CREEK RAB G? S3S4 LOW-GRADIENT CLEARWATER RIVER RAC G? S2S3 LOW-GRADIENT BROWNWATER CREEK RAD G? S2S3 MEDIUM-GRADIENT EPHEMERAL/INTERMITTENT CREEK RBA G? S5 MEDIUM-GRADIENT CLEARWATER CREEK RBB G? S3 MEDIUM-GRADIENT CLEARWATER RIVER RBC G? S? MEDIUM-GRADIENT BROWNWATER CREEK RBD G? S3 HIGH-GRADIENT EPHEMERAL/INTERMITTENT CREEK RCA G? S5 HIGH-GRADIENT CLEARWATER CREEK RCB G? S3 HIGH-GRADIENT CLEARWATER RIVER RCC G? S? HIGH-GRADIENT BROWNWATER CREEK RCD G? S? WATERFALL AND PLUNGEPOOL RDA G? S3S4 SPRING COMMUNITY REA G? S1S2 SPRING RUN COMMUNITY REB G? S1S2

LACUSTRINE

ACIDIC GLACIAL LAKE LAAA G? S2S3 CALCAREOUS GLACIAL LAKE LAAB G? S1 NONGLACIAL LAKE LAB G? S2 ARTIFICIAL LAKE LAC * * NATURAL POND LBA G? S2S3 ARTIFICIAL POND LBB * * STABLE NATURAL POOL LCA G? S? EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUATING NATURAL POOL LCB G? S2

375

ARTIFICIAL POOL LCC * * EPHEMERAL/FLUCTUATING LIMESTONE SINKHOLE LCD G? S1

PALUSTRINE COMMUNITIES

ACIDIC BROADLEAF SWAMP PAA G5 S2S3 CIRCUMNEUTRAL BROADLEAF SWAMP PAB G? S2S3 BOREAL CONIFER SWAMP PAC G? S3 NORTHERN CONIFER SWAMP PAD G? S3S4 BROADLEAF-CONIFER SWAMP PAE G? S3S4 FLOODPLAIN SWAMP PAF G? S1 EASTERN CALCAREOUS SEEPAGE SWAMP PAG G? S1 ACIDIC SHRUB SWAMP PAH G5 S3 CIRCUMNEUTRAL SHRUB SWAMP PAJ G? S3 GRAMINOID MARSH PBA G? S3 ROBUST EMERGENT MARSH PBB G? S2 MIXED GRAMINOID-ROBUST EMERGENT MARSH PBC G? S2S3 CALCAREOUS MARSH PBD G? S1 OLIGOTROPHIC GLACIAL KETTLEHOLE BOG PCAA G? S3 WEAKLY MINEROTROPHIC LAKESIDE BOG PCAB G? S2 NONGLACIAL BOG PCB G? S3 RECONSTITUTED BOG PCC * * POOR (GRAMINOID) FEN PCD G? S1 SHRUB (CALCAREOUS) FEN PDA G2G3 S1 BASIN GRAMINOID-FORB (CALCAREOUS) FEN PDB G? S1 HILLSIDE GRAMINOID-FORB (CALCAREOUS) FEN PDC G? S1 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN CIRCUMNEUTRAL SEEP PEA G? S3? NORTHERN APPALACHIAN CALCAREOUS SEEP PEB G? S1 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC SEEP PEC G? S3? RIVERSIDE SEEP PED G? S2?

TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITIES

NORTHERN CONIFER FOREST TBA G5 S3S4 NORTHERN HARDWOOD (DECIDUOUS) FOREST TBB G? S3S4 NORTHERN HARDWOOD-CONIFER FOREST TBC G? S3 XERIC CENTRAL HARDWOOD (DECIDUOUS) FOREST TCA G? S5 XERIC CENTRAL CONIFER FOREST TCB G? S3S4 XERIC CENTRAL HARDWOOD-CONIFER FOREST TCC G? S3 RIDGETOP DWARF-TREE FOREST TCD G4 S2S3 DRY-MESIC ACIDIC CENTRAL FOREST TCE G? S5 DRY-MESIC CALCAREOUS CENTRAL FOREST TCF G? S2S3 MESIC CENTRAL FOREST TCG G? S2 TALUS SLOPE FOREST TCH G? S2?

376

COASTAL PLAIN FOREST TEA G? S1 FLOODPLAIN FOREST TFA G? S2 RIVER GRAVEL COMMUNITY TGA G? S4S5 MESIC SCRUB OAK-HEATH-PITCH PINE BARRENS TCDA G1 S1 EASTERN SERPENTINE BARRENS THA G2 S1 CENTRAL APPALACHIAN SHALE BARREN THBA G? S1 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN SHALE BARREN THBB G? S2 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN SAND BARREN THC G? S? NORTHERN APPALACHIAN BOULDER FIELD THD G? S5 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN CALCAREOUS CLIFF THE G? S2 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC CLIFF THF G? S5 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN SHALE CLIFF THG G? S2 RIVERSIDE OUTCROP/CLIFF THJ G? S1S2 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN TALUS WOODLAND TCHA G? S? NORTHERN APPALACHIAN ACIDIC ROCKY SUMMIT THK G? S2 NORTHERN APPALACHIAN CALCAREOUS ROCKY SUMMIT THM G? S1 CALCAREOUS ROCKY SLOPE TFG G? S? CALCAREOUS RIVERSIDE OUTCROP THH G? S1 LAKE SEDIMENT SLUMP TGB G? S1 EASTERN GREAT LAKES BEACH COMMUNITY TJA G? S? EASTERN GREAT LAKES DUNE COMMUNITY TJB G? S? EASTERN GREAT LAKES SAND PLAINS COMMUNITY TJC G? S? EASTERN GREAT LAKES BLUFF/CLIFF COMMUNITY TJD G? S?

SUBTERRANEAN COMMUNITIES

SOLUTION CAVE TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITY SAA G? S3 SOLUTION CAVE AQUATIC COMMUNITY SAB G? S3 TECTONIC CAVE COMMUNITY SAC G? S3S4 TALUS CAVE COMMUNITY SAD G? S2S4

DISTURBED COMMUNITIES

BARE SOIL DAA -- -- MEADOW/PASTURELAND DAB -- -- CULTIVATED LAND DAC -- -- SUCCESSIONAL FIELD DAD -- -- YOUNG MISCELLANEOUS FOREST DAE -- -- CONIFER PLANTATION DAF -- --

* Not all natural communities have been assigned a global or state rank; disturbed or artificial communities are not assigned ranks.

377

APPENDIX III: FIELD SURVEY FORM

PENNSYLVANIA NATURAL DIVERSITY INVENTORY EAST: SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN FIELD REPORT SNAME: EOCODE: SURVEYDATE: SITENAME: SOURCECODE SURVEYSITE: SURVEYOR:

SPECIMEN REPOSITORY:

Locational Information QUADCODE DOTNUM TEN,TEN COUNTYCODE TOWNSHIP LAT: LONG: DIRECTIONS:

Global PA EORANK: EORANK COMMENTS:

DATA:

HABITAT DESCRIPTION:

MISCELLANEOUS:

DATA SENSITIVITY: OWNERCODE REASON FOR DATA OWNER SENSITIVITY: HABITAT SKETCH:

378

APPENDIX IV: RANKING DEFINITIONS

FEDERAL AND STATE STATUS, AND THE NATURE CONSERVANCY (TNC) RANKS

FEDERAL STATUS:

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE CATEGORIES OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The following definitions are extracted from the September 27, 1985 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service notice in the Federal Register:

LE - Listed Endangered - Taxa in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges.

LT - Listed Threatened - Taxa that are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future through all or a significant portion of their ranges.

PE - Proposed Endangered - Taxa proposed to be formally listed as endangered.

PT - Proposed Threatened - Taxa proposed to be formally listed as threatened.

C1 - Taxa for which the Service currently has on file substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support the appropriateness of proposing to list them as endangered or threatened species.

C2 - Taxa for which information now in possession of the Service indicates that proposing to list them as endangered or threatened species is possibly appropriate, but for which substantial data on biological vulnerability and threats are not currently known or on file to support the immediate preparation of rules.

C3 - Taxa that are no longer being considered for listing as threatened or endangered species. Such taxa are further coded to indicate three categories, depending on the reason(s) for removal from consideration.

3A--Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction.

3B--Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding, usually as represented in published revisions and monographs, do not represent taxa meeting the Act's definition of "species".

3C--Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than was previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat.

N - Taxa not currently listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

379

STATE STATUS-NATIVE PLANT SPECIES

Legislative Authority: Title 25, Chapter 82, Conservation of Native Wild Plants, amended June 18, 1993, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.

PE - Pennsylvania Endangered - Plant species which are in danger of extinction throughout most or all of their natural range within this Commonwealth, if critical habitat is not maintained or if the species is greatly exploited by man. This classification shall also include any populations of plant species that have been classified as Pennsylvania Extirpated, but which subsequently are found to exist in this Commonwealth.

PT - Pennsylvania Threatened - Plant species which may become endangered throughout most or all of their natural range within this Commonwealth, if critical habitat is not maintained to prevent further decline in this Commonwealth, or if the species is greatly exploited by man.

PR - Pennsylvania Rare - Plant species which are uncommon within this Commonwealth. All species of native wild plants classified as Disjunct, Endemic, Limit of Range and Restricted are included within the Pennsylvania Rare classification.

PX - Pennsylvania Extirpated - Plant species believed by the Department to be extinct within this Commonwealth. These plant species may or may not be in existence outside this Commonwealth. If plant species classified as Pennsylvania Extirpated are found to exist, the species automatically will be considered to be classified as Pennsylvania Endangered.

PV - Pennsylvania Vulnerable - Plant species which are in danger of population decline within Pennsylvania because of their beauty, economic value, use as a cultivar, or other factors which indicate that persons may seek to remove these species from their native habitats.

TU - Tentatively Undetermined - Plant species which are believed to be in danger of population decline, but which cannot presently be included within another classification due to taxonomic uncertainties, limited evidence within historical records, or insufficient data.

N - None - Plant species which are believed to be endangered, rare, or threatened, but which are being considered by the required regulatory review processes for future listing.

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STATE STATUS-ANIMALS

The following state statuses are used by the Pennsylvania Game Commission for (1990, Title 34, Chapter 133 pertaining to wild birds and mammals) and by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (1991, Title 30, Chapter 75 pertaining to fish, amphibians, reptiles and aquatic organisms):

PE - Pennsylvania Endangered

Game Commission - Species in imminent danger of extinction or extirpation throughout their range in Pennsylvania if the deleterious factors affecting them continue to operate. These are: 1) species whose numbers have already been reduced to a critically low level or whose habitat has been so drastically reduced or degraded that immediate action is required to prevent their extirpation from the Commonwealth; or 2) species whose extreme rarity or peripherality places them in potential danger of precipitous declines or sudden extirpation throughout their range in Pennsylvania; or 3) species that have been classified as "Pennsylvania Extirpated", but which are subsequently found to exist in Pennsylvania as long as the above conditions 1 or 2 are met; or 4) species determined to be "Endangered" pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Public law 93-205 (87 Stat. 884), as amended.

Fish and Boat Commission - Endangered Species are all species and subspecies: (1) declared by the Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior to be threatened with extinction and appear on the Endangered Species List or the Native Endangered Species list published in the Federal Register; or, (2) declared by the Executive Director (PaFC) to be threatened with extinction and appear on the Pennsylvania Endangered Species List published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

PT - Pennsylvania Threatened

Game Commission - Species that may become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout their range in Pennsylvania unless the causal factors affecting the organism are abated. These are: 1) species whose populations within the Commonwealth are decreasing or have been heavily depleted by adverse factors and while not actually endangered, are still in critical condition; or 2) species whose populations may be relatively abundant in the Commonwealth but are under severe threat from serious adverse factors that have been identified and documented; or 3) species whose populations are rare or peripheral and in possible danger of severe decline throughout their range in Pennsylvania; or 4) species determined to be "Threatened" pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Public law 93-205 (87-Stat. 884), as amended, that are not listed as "Pennsylvania Endangered".

Fish and Boat Commission - Threatened Species are all species and subspecies: (1) declared by the Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior to be in such small numbers throughout their range that they may become endangered if their environment worsens and appear on a Threatened Species List published in the Federal Register; or, (2) have been declared by the Executive Director (PaFC) to be in such small numbers throughout their range that they may become endangered if their environment worsens and appear on the Pennsylvania Threatened Species List published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

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TNC GLOBAL ELEMENT RANKS

G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extinction.

G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range.

G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range; in terms of occurrences, in the range of 21 to 100.

G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

GH = Of historical occurrence throughout its range, i.e., formerly part of the established biota, with the expectation that it may be rediscovered (e.g., Bachman's Warbler).

GU = Possibly in peril range wide but status uncertain; need more information.

GX = Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g., Passenger Pigeon) with virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered.

TNC STATE ELEMENT RANKS

S1 = Critically imperiled in state because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state.

S2 = Imperiled in state because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state.

S3 = Rare or uncommon in state (on the order of 21 to 100 occurrences).

S4 = Apparently secure in state, with many occurrences.

S5 = Demonstrably secure in state and essentially ineradicable under present conditions.

SA = Accidental in state, including species which only sporadically breed in the state.

SE = An exotic established in state; may be native elsewhere in North America (e.g., house finch).

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SH = Of historical occurrence in the state with the expectation that it may be rediscovered.

SN = Regularly occurring, usually migratory and typically non-breeding species for which no significant or effective habitat conservation measures can be taken in the state.

SR = Reported from the state, but without persuasive documentation which would provide a basis for either accepting or rejecting (e.g., misidentified specimen) the report.

SRF = Reported falsely (in error) from the state but this error persisting in the literature.

SU = Possibly in peril in state but status uncertain; need more information.

SX = Apparently extirpated from the state.

Note: A "T" appearing in either the G Rank or S Rank indicates that the intraspecific taxa is being ranked differently than the species. A "Q" in the rank indicates that there is taxonomic uncertainty about a taxa being ranked (i.e., taxa is being accepted as a full species or natural community in this list but may be treated as a variety or form by others). A "?" after a "G" or "S" indicates that the rank is uncertain at this time.

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APPENDIX V: PENNSYLVANIA ELEMENT OCCURRENCE QUALITY RANKS

Quality Rank* Explanation

A Excellent occurrence: all A-rank occurrences of an element merit quick, strong protection. An A-rank community is nearly undisturbed by humans or has nearly recovered from early human disturbance; further distinguished by being an extensive, well-buffered occurrence. An A-rank population of a sensitive species is large in area and number of individuals, stable, if not growing, shows good reproduction, and exists in natural habitat.

B Good occurrence: protection of the occurrence is important to the survival of the element in Pennsylvania, especially if very few or no A-rank occurrences exist. A B- rank community is still recovering from early disturbance or recent light disturbance, or is nearly undisturbed but is less than A-rank because of significantly smaller size, poorer buffer, etc. A B-rank population of a sensitive species is at least stable, in a minimally disturbed habitat, and of moderate size and number.

C Fair occurrence: protection of the occurrence helps conserve the diversity of a region's or county's biota and is important to statewide conservation if no higher-ranked occurrences exist. A C-rank community is in an early stage of recovery from disturbance, or its structure and composition have been altered such that the original vegetation of the site will never rejuvenate, yet with management and time partial restoration of the community is possible. A C-rank population of a sensitive species is in a clearly disturbed habitat, small in size and/or number, and possibly declining.

D Poor occurrence: protection of the occurrence may be worthwhile for historical reasons or only if no higher ranked occurrences exist. A D-rank community is severely disturbed, its structure and composition has been greatly altered, and recovery to original conditions, despite management and time, essentially will not take place. A D- rank population of a sensitive species is very small with a high likelihood of dying out or being destroyed, and exists in a highly disturbed and vulnerable habitat.

E Verified as extant, but has not been given a rank; additional information needed to evaluate quality. ______

* Intermediate ranks may also be assigned.

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