Habitat Readings

Contents ...... Page

What Is a ? ...... 230

What Is Grassland? ...... 231

Stream and River Corridors ...... 232

Tundra ...... 234

Saltwater Habitat ...... 236

Freshwater ...... 238

Rocky-Intertidal Habitat ...... 240

Mudflat and Sandy Habitats ...... 242

Prairie Potholes ...... 244

Playa Lakes ...... 246

Grasslands ...... 248

Habitat Illustration Note: The habitat illustrations are general and do not represent all the plant and animal species found in each habitat.

As students learn more about these habitats, they can draw in new species and habitat differences. Students could

also explore a local wetland or grassland and add the plants and animals they find.

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S M 228 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P

What Is a Wetland?

What do you think of when you hear Soil (non-woody) plants such as cattails the word wetland? Do you picture The way a wetland soil looks growing up out of the water. These mud squishing between your toes, and feels indicates its watery plants are called emergents. Many mosquitoes buzzing in your ear, surroundings. Dig up a small other types of have trees or a good place to catch a frog? amount of soil in a wetland, and growing in them and are called What kind of plants do you think it will either be wet (dripping forested wetlands. are of--trees, grass, or something in water off the end of your shovel) a type of forested wetland. All between? or saturated. Saturated soils will wetlands with are in a drip if you squeeze them tightly group called palustrine wetlands. To understand a wetland, break in your hand. Wetland soil is dark All wetlands with a mixture of the word in two. A wetland is both brown or black near the surface and fresh and salt water are in a group wet and land! Wetlands are places shades of gray deeper down (a foot called estuarine wetlands. where water and land meet. Here, or two). Rub the soil between your plants are adapted to wet, soggy fingers, and it will feel either slick Are There Wetlands Near You? conditions. Wetlands are usually or sticky. Slick means the soil is rich To find your closest wetland, first found in the area between deep in decaying plant matter or (fine look on a map for the nearest water water (a lake, , river, or ocean) inorganic material that settled out source. Maps will show you creeks, and dry land. Wetlands are low from flood waters). Sticky means streams, rivers, oceans, , and spots within a watershed where the soil has a lot of in it. These lakes. Some maps even have little water collects. If the water is too soils hold lots of water and will not symbols that show wetland areas. deep for plants to grow (more dry very fast. Some of the soils Once you have found your closest than six feet deep), then wetland will smell like rotten eggs. Then water source on the map, go out to scientists call these areas deep- you know you are in a really wet that area and look around. Where water habitats. If the land is too wetland! is the ground soggy? What kinds dry for wetland plants to grow, then of plants are growing there? What it is called upland. Plants does the soil look, feel, and smell Wetland plants have special like? If you have water, wet soil, What Makes a Wetland adaptations to grow in wetland and water-loving plants, then you Wetlands are all about water. soil. Some plants, such as water have found a wetland! Hydro is the Latin word for water, lilies and bald cypress trees, and it can be found in the scientific grow in shallow water. Others, words that describe wetlands. like cottonwood trees and many Can you find the water (hydro) grasses, grow in wetlands where in the following description? the water is visible for only part (Hint: Look at the words in the of the year. Wetland plant names parentheses). All wetlands have: 1) can sometimes give you a hint that water (hydrology), 2) wet (hydric) they grow in wet places-- soils, and 3) water-loving plants rose, pondweed, duck potato, (hydrophytic ). alligator weed, river birch, water lily, northern orchid, Water cordgrass, sea lavender, and marsh Wetlands get their water in fern. several different ways, including rain water and runoff from higher Many Types of Wetlands ground, groundwater coming to the There are many different types of surface from deep underground, wetlands, and they come in all sizes. and flooding from nearby rivers, Wetlands can be as small as your streams or ocean tides. Some bedroom or as large as the Florida wetland may be wet all the time, which originally such as . Other wetlands covered 2.3 million acres! ay only be wet for short periods of time like potholes. Freshwater marshes are the type Wetlands, whether wet temporarily of wetland most people think of or year-round, provide vital habitat first when someone says “wetland.”

for plants and wildlife. They mainly have herbaceous

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S M 230 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P What Is Grassland?

What do you think of when you grassland, stretching east and Buff-breasted Sandpipers now use hear the word grassland? Do you south from the Rocky Mountains. agricultural fields, highly grazed picture grasses rolling like waves, Here you find mainly buffalo grass pastures, and burned fields that tossed by a brisk wind? Do you see along with some blue grama grass, mimic their natural habitat. It herds of bison grazing under an needle grass, and wheatgrass. is good they are adapting, but almost endless blue sky? Do you they are now exposed to new feel the sun beating down on you In between these two types threats such as pesticides. Nesting as grasshoppers buzz around your of grasslands—in part of the shorebirds like the Mountain Plover head? Dakotas, south to northern Texas, are threatened by mowing during and through parts of Oklahoma, their breeding season. Biologists Grasslands were once a vast Kansas, and Nebraska—the plants are investigating what long-term ecosystem that covered much of of the tall- and short-grass impacts these habitat changes may the central and western part of the mix. The mixed grass prairie is have on prairie- dependent species. United States. Large herds of bison where you find the most plant and They are also looking for ways to roamed and grazed freely. Huge animal diversity. promote good land stewardship colonies of prairie dogs dug through that will benefit landowners the soil, making it easier for Water and shorebirds. There are many grasses and wildflowers to sprout While it may seem that there is organizations working to conserve and grow. These creatures and little water in grasslands, the area this ecosystem for the good of all the others living in the grasslands is dotted with species. were adapted to extreme climates- shallow, temporary wetlands. -cold, hard winters and blazingly These areas provide vital water Are There Grasslands hot summers. Great floods often and habitat for many grassland in Your Backyard? followed droughts that dragged songbirds, shorebirds, and Finding true grassland in your on for years. Wildfire, sparked by waterfowl and drinking areas for neighborhood may be harder than intense storms, killed the bushes prairie mammals. you think. Of all the grassland and shrubs that threatened to take habitat that once stretched across over the open grassland, but the Soil the United States, less than 1 deeply rooted grasses quickly grew Grassland soils are dark and rich percent is left today. Most of the back. with humus (dead and decaying prairie we still have is missing some plant material). It was fertile soil of the very elements that made it What Makes a Grassland for farming. Farmers quickly true grassland: bison and prairie Just as the name suggests, learned how to break down through dogs. Was your state part of the grasslands are mostly made up the dense carpet of grass roots with grassland ecosystem? How much is of grass, but not the kind you their plows. The majority of prairie left today? find outside your front door. grasslands are now farmed. Big Bluestem, one of the tallest grassland grasses, grows over six Grasslands Today feet tall and could easily hide a Many of the original grasslands man on horseback. There are three and temporary wetlands have types of grasslands, each named disappeared today. Some states for the height of the grasses found have lost over 99 percent of their there. tall-grass prairies. Among North American birds, grassland birds Plants have shown the steepest population Tallgrass prairies are the declines of any bird group and wettest and run through the are now considered the highest center of North America. They conservation priority. These are dominated by big bluestem, important ecosystems have been little bluestem, Indian grass, replaced by the needs of a growing switchgrass, prairie cordgrass, and population for development and wheat grass. farming. As a result, many species are doing their best to adapt to The short-grass prairie is the the changing habitat conditions.

driest and most westerly type of American Golden-Plovers and

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S M 231 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Stream and River Corridors

In many parts of the world, Inland stream and river corridors Looking at the illustration, list the wetlands undergo a natural (also called riparian habitat) are names of the plants and animals change with the seasons. In the good wetland habitat for shorebirds you recognize that live in the spring, snow and ice melts in the in the spring. Shorebirds, like the stream and river corridor habitat. mountains. This melt water rushes Solitary and Spotted Sandpiper and Some of these might not be found downstream causing streams and Yellowlegs, stop on their northward in your area. What other species of rivers to overflow their banks and migration to breeding grounds wildlife might you expect to see in fill nearby lowlands. Sometimes this south of the Arctic to probe in the your area of the country? seasonal flooding makes it all the mud for snails, worms, and insect way to estuaries where fresh and larvae. saltwater meet the sea. From July to September, depending This melt water carries nutrients on where you live, the spring melt that fertilize the plants growing water has all run downstream alongside streams and rivers. and soon the water levels drop. These plants provide food for many The plants and animals that live different kinds of , along these river corridors must invertebrates, insects, and insect be adapted to survive a couple larvae, which are, in turn, food for of months of dry conditions. the area’s fish, mammals, and birds. Eventually, fall rains come and the rivers and streams rise and flood the lowlands once more before winter. Is there a river near where you live? Look carefully for shorebirds and other birds using

the banks of streams and rivers.

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S M 232 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Stream and River Corridors

(Source of illustration: Wetlands and Wildlife)

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S M 233 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Tundra

The tundra is a vast, treeless land Permafrost changes the way tundra Looking at the illustration, list the found in northern and western plants grow. Because the ground names of the plants and animals Alaska and northern Canada. Here is hard and frozen, plant roots, you recognize that live in the it is very cold in the winter, cool in like those of the Dwarf Willow, tundra habitat. the summer, and the wind almost grow sideways (prostrate) instead always blows. Because of the cold of straight down. Centuries of and the wind, no trees grow on decaying vegetation have produced the tundra. Plants that do survive a thick, spongy layer of organic here grow very close to the ground material called peat. where it is warmer. Fungi and lichens are very Many people think that the tundra important tundra organisms that is flat. In fact, the tundra is made grow across the tundra and provide up of lots of little mounds of grasses food to herds of caribou. Berry- and sedges that grow together producing plants like cloudberry like little cushions in the hard, and bearberry also provide food cold ground. Low spots are wet, to tundra wildlife. Millions of or even filled with water, and form shorebirds nest each year on the little ponds or lakes that make the tundra. They feed on the billions ground squishy. Even where it looks of larvae, hatching insects, and on high and dry, it often is not. aquatic prey like copepods and fairy shrimp that appear each summer. Although very little rain or snow falls here each year the tundra always feels wet. This is because permanently frozen ground lies just under a thin layer of topsoil. This permafrost does not allow rain or snow to drain away, so moisture continues to collect on or near the surface of the tundra all year. The permafrost does not thaw even in

summer.

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S M 234 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Tundra

(Source of illustration: Wetlands and Wildlife)

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S M 235 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Saltwater Marsh Habitat

Saltwater marshes are open, wet, ■ Cordgrass grows in the lower Looking at the illustration, list the treeless, grassy wetlands. They marsh zone. It can tolerate being names of the plants and animals may be found along ocean or completely under water for as you recognize that live in saltwater inland. The rocks and soils of inland long as 22 hours. When it dies, marshes. Some of these might not saltwater marshes are naturally it decomposes into detritus, an be found in your area. What other high in salt. There are also inland important food for small estuarine species of wildlife might you expect salt lakes such as the Great Salt animals. to see in the salt marshes in your Lake in Utah. Coastal saltwater area of the country? marshes are fed by the rise and ■ The middle marsh zone is made lowering of the salty ocean tide. up mostly of pickleweed. While this plant is also very salt- Most coastal saltwater marshes are tolerant, it can not survive being near estuaries, areas where salt under-water for long periods of water mixes with freshwater, such time like cordgrass. Pickleweed as where a river meets the ocean. gets rid of the salt that collects in A salt marsh is a transition habitat its cells by moving it to the tips found between the water and dry of its stems. The tips eventually land of the . Tidal flooding turn red and break off. causes the soils here to become very salty, making it difficult for ■ The most plant diversity is found most plants to grow. in the upper salt marsh zone. Here you will find alkali heath, Some plants have adapted to these Australian salt bush, and salt high levels of salt. They are called grass. These plants sweat the halophytes, meaning “salt loving.” extra salt out of their pores where Because these plants spend so much it crystallizes on their leaves. of their energy trying to get rid of the salt in their cells and drawing The salt marsh is also home to water into their roots, they are not many different types of animals able to grow very large. They tend that are adapted to the salty to be short with smaller leaves than conditions. Salt-tolerant bacteria, plants found in freshwater marshes. protozoa, brine flies, and brine Plants of the salt marsh grow in shrimp thrive in salt marshes. zones, depending on the amount Shorebirds such as Avocets and of flooding they can tolerate. Here Black-necked Stilts probe the mud are some common zones in North at low tide, searching for brine American saltmarches: shrimp and the eggs and larvae of

brine flies.

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S M 236 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P

Saltwater Marshes

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S M 237 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Freshwater Marshes

Freshwater marshes are open, wet, Plants that grow in a marsh are Looking at the illustration, list grassy wetlands fed by creeks and adapted to being wet. Their roots the names of the plants and streams or by rain and snow. They are always under water and grow animals you recognize that live in can fill broad, flat areas or tiny where water is shallow and slow- freshwater marshes. Some of these pockets that are surrounded by moving. The sedges, rushes, and might not be found in your area. higher land. Freshwater marshes grasses that grow in the freshwater What other species of wildlife might are often found along the edges marshes of western North America you expect to see in the freshwater of ponds, lakes, or rivers. Stream resemble a wet . Small marshes in your area of the water or runoff continuously brings shrubs and delicate, flowering country? nutrients into them. Freshwater herbs can also grow in freshwater marshes come in many shapes and marshes. sizes, and there are many kinds, including swamps, , and prairie Insects, snails, and other small potholes. animals thrive among these plants in the slow-moving water. Freshwater marshes are very and aquatic insects find shelter nutrient-rich. They support a great in the underwater parts of the variety of plant communities that plants. Shorebirds and other birds in turn support a wide variety of find plenty of food in a marsh and wildlife within this vital wetland can hide from predators in the ecosystem. In addition to their tall grass. Have you ever seen great habitat value, marshes help a Common Snipe, a yellowlegs, absorb floodwaters and filter excess a dowitcher, or a phalarope in a nutrients from surface runoff. ? They are excellent natural water

purifiers.

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S M 238 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Freshwater Marshes

(Source of illustration: Wetlands and Wildlife)

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S M 239 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Rocky-Intertidal Habitat

The is the part of There is another challenge facing Looking at the illustration, list the the ocean shoreline that is covered tidepool animals--rolling or even names of the plants and animals by saltwater when the tide is high pounding ocean waves! Many have you recognize that live in the rocky- and exposed to the air when the developed ways to cling to the intertidal habitat. Some of these tide is low. Life here has both exposed rocks and walls. Almost might not be found in your area. challenges and rewards. Plants, no plants grow here; there is no soil What other species of wildlife might animals, and other organisms like for their roots. Wave action keeps you expect to see in this habitat in algae, often called seaweed, must soil from collecting on the exposed your area of the country? be very tough and able to adapt to rocks. However, large seaweed and changing water levels, salinity, and kelp take the place of plants in the pounding surf! . They capture the sun’s energy, grow, and then provide food Plants and animals that live in this and shelter for tiny marine animals. intertidal habitat have to survive being covered and then uncovered The larger predators and by water once or twice a day. scavengers of the rocky intertidal These plants must be able to get habitat have a hard time finding oxygen from the air and from the shelter from the sun, surf, and wind water. They must also keep from but are well adapted to find food drying out when the tide is low. among the rocks. Many shorebirds The salinity (or level of saltiness) use the rocky-intertidal habitat. of the water constantly changes The Black Oystercatcher feeds here too. As the last drops of water almost nowhere but here most evaporate at low tide, salt is left of the year. Its strong, red bill behind. This can make small tidal is specially designed for prying pools even saltier than when they hard-shelled animals off rocks or were completely underwater. When cracking them open. Turnstones it rains, on the other hand, these and surfbirds also live here during same plants and animals must migration and winter. adjust to pools diluted with fresh water.

Salt marshes, sandy , and mudflats can all be found within the intertidal zone. The part of this zone made up of boulders, cliffs, gravel, shale, or just rocks is called the rocky-intertidal habitat. While this rocky-intertidal zone has no soil, pools or crevices that hold water, tidepools, are teeming with life just like any other wetland

habitat!

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S M 240 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P

Rocky-Intertidal Habitat

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S M 241 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Mudflat and Sandy Beach Habitats

Mudflats and sandy beaches are of the most productive areas on Looking at the illustration, list the important shorebird habitats. the earth, rich in invertebrate names of the plants and animals Both habitats can be found inland, foods. If you scooped up one pail you recognize that live on mudflats bordering lakes and streams, of wet mud or and examined and sandy beaches. Some of these and along the coasts within the it with a microscope, you would might not be found in your area. intertidal zone. What else do see hundreds or thousands of tiny What other species of wildlife might mudflats and sandy beaches have in snails, worms, and invertebrate you expect to see in these habitats common? eggs and larva. There would be in your area of the country? larger animals like clams, shrimp, They are both very open areas with and long worms as well. few plants, subjected to constant change. Organisms that live here The high numbers of invertebrate have to be hearty to survive! Plants foods make mudflats and sandy and animals of coastal mudflats beaches critical to shorebird and sandy beaches are adapted migration. Hundreds of thousands to the cycle of high and low tides. of shorebirds will concentrate here, They must tolerate changes in sometimes feeding and resting for wetness and salinity twice a day. days before moving on. Shorebirds Water levels at inland mudflats rely on these stopover sites for and sandy beaches change too. energy-rich foods to make it to their Rainfall, flooding, and evaporation next stop, which might be hundreds change water levels and nutrient or even thousands of miles away! concentrations. In some areas, water is actually pumped out of Mudflats and sandy beaches are lakes to provide irrigation and also critical breeding grounds for drinking water. several shorebird species. Snowy Plovers nest along the sandy Both inland and coastal mudflats beaches of the West . Wilson’s and sandy beaches are nutrient-rich Plover, another sandy beach habitats. Salts and minerals are nester, is found in the east. Black carried by rainwater and snowmelt Oystercatchers prefer the coastal into rivers. They are then swept and inland mudflats of Alaska downstream where they eventually while their counterparts, American mix with ocean or lake water. This Oystercatchers, nest on eastern constant input of nutrients makes mudflats.

mudflats and sandy beaches some

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S M 242 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Mudflats and Sandy Beaches

(Source of illustration: Wetlands and Wildlife)

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S M 243 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Prairie Potholes

Dotted across the northern This region provides refuge Looking at the illustration, list the grasslands of the United States are for approximately 36 species of names of the plants and animals thousands of shallow, temporary migrating and breeding shorebirds, you recognize that live in and wetlands called prairie potholes. such as the White-rumped around the prairie potholes of the Glaciers scraping over the Sandpiper, Long-billed Dowitcher, grassland habitat. Some of these landscape during the Pleistocene, and Lesser Yellowlegs. Many of might not be found in your area. thousands of years ago, formed the the shorebirds that occur here What other species of wildlife might prairie potholes of Canada and the are found in shallow wetlands, you expect to see in your area of the United States. They are found in wet pastures, flooded agricultural country? North and South Dakota, Nebraska, fields, and lake . The area is Wisconsin, and Minnesota. They home to over 50 percent of North fill in the spring with snowmelt and American migratory waterfowl, rainwater. with many species dependent on the potholes for breeding and Because of the numerous shallow feeding. In addition to supporting lakes and marshes, rich soils, and a great diversity of wildlife, warm summers, the prairie prairie potholes also absorb excess region is described as being one of rain, snowmelt, and floodwaters, the most important wetland regions reducing downstream flooding. in the Central Pacific Flyway. This region provides birds with a feast of insects, worms, clams, snails, and other invertebrate foods for both breeding and migrating birds. Because most prairie potholes are fed by rain and snow, they vary greatly in their sizes and water levels. This also means the suitable habitat for shorebirds is unpredictable from year to year. Because these wetlands are unpredictable, shorebirds disperse across the region wherever suitable potholes can be found instead of concentrating at predictable areas as they do along the Atlantic and

Pacific Coasts.

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S M 244 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P

Prairie Pothole

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S M 245 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Playa Lakes

Scattered across the grasslands playa lakes support such a wide Looking at the illustration, list the of West Texas, Oklahoma, New variety of animals, they contribute names of the plants and animals Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas significantly to the you recognize that live in and are thousands of round, shallow, of this grassland region. Playas around the playa lakes of the temporary wetlands called playa also help support the surrounding grassland habitat. Some of these lakes. These special wetlands are agriculture by providing irrigation might not be found in your area. lined with a watertight layer of water and seasonally recharging What other species of wildlife might bedrock. They fill with water only underground water sources called you expect to see in your area of the after spring rainstorms when aquifer. The Ogallala Aquifer is country? freshwater collects in the round North America’s largest aquifer depressions of the mostly flat that underlies the Southern High landscape. There are many theories Plains1 and is being used for as to the origin of playas, but the irrigation and drinking water most widely accepted are that faster than it is being replenished. playas are either carved by wind Aquifers are like huge underground or formed by sinkholes. Whatever sponges made of porous sediments their origin, playas are important to of sand and gravel that catch the humans, animals, and plants. water as it percolates through the grassland soils Playas are important because they store water in a part of the country Some shorebird species, such as that receives as little as 20 twenty the Long-billed Curlew, Mountain inches of rain a year and where Plover, and Snowy Plover, nest in there are no permanent rivers or the playa lakes region. Curlews streams; so playas are the main breed in grassy areas often support for an astounding array of associated with playas, while wildlife. An estimated 15 million Snowy Plovers nest on saline lake birds migrate through the playa beds with little water and often no lakes, and one-third commonly vegetation. Mountain Plovers prefer winter there. Mayflies, dragonflies, the sparse shortgrass prairie area salamanders, bald eagles, near the playas. endangered whooping cranes, jackrabbits, and raccoons also can be found at playa lakes. Because

1 Southern High : This is a distinct geographic region of the United States that extends from West Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas. This region is made up of shortgrass and mixed grass and ranges in elevation from 900

to 6000 feet.

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S M 246 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P

Playa Lake

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S M 247 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P Grasslands

Grasses roll in waves, tossed The shortgrass prairie is the Playa lakes in the south, prairie by a brisk wind. Winters can be driest and most westerly type of pot holes in the north, and farms very cold and summers very hot. grassland. It stretches from the are all part of the grasslands. Droughts can drag on for years Rocky Mountains east and south Looking at the illustration, list the and can be followed by great floods. through parts of the Canadian names of the plants and animals The creatures and plants living province of Saskatchewan, you recognize that live in and in grasslands are adapted to an Montana, the Nebraska panhandle, around grassland habitat. Some extreme climate. Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, of these might not be found in your Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. area. What other species of wildlife There are three types of grasslands Buffalo grass is the dominant grass might you expect to see in your that are defined by the typical with some blue grama grass, needle area of the country? height of the grass. Tallgrass grass, and wheatgrass. Mountain prairies are the wettest and Plovers and Long-billed Curlews run through the center of North nest and feed here. America. They occur in the southern Canadian province of The mixed-grass prairie covers Manitoba, down through eastern part of the Dakotas and extends North Dakota, western Minnesota, south to northern Texas and and parts of Oklahoma, South through parts of Oklahoma, Dakota, Kansas, and Nebraska. Kansas, and Nebraska. Here, the The dominant grasses in the plants of the tall- and shortgrass tallgrass prairie are big bluestem, prairies mix. The vegetation in little bluestem, Indian grass, these areas is more diverse than switchgrass, prairie cordgrass, and in either of the other two types wheat grass. Upland Sandpipers of grasslands. During migration, nest and feed within tallgrass Buff-breasted Sandpipers and prairies. American Golden-Plovers rest and feed in pockets of highly grazed and freshly tilled farm fields and other grassy areas within mixed-grass

prairies.

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S M 248 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P

Grassland

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S M 249 I Explore the World with Shorebirds! S A T R ER G S RO CHOOLS P