THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL In this issue- HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. Page 4- Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation -Act IRS Exemption Certificate No. 501( C)(3)-ldentification No. 51-0187715 Colonel Gibbon Tracks OFFICERS ACTIVE PAST PRESIDENTS Lewis and Clark Arlen Large President Irving W . Anderson J. Robert E. Gatten, Jr. Portland. Oregon 3507 Smoketree Drive Page 10- Greensboro, NC 274 10 Robert K. Doerk, Jr. Great Falls. Montana First Vice President Men in High Spirits­ James R. Fazio L. Edwin Wang Humor on the 6013 Sr. johns Avenue Moscow. Idaho Minneapolis. MN 55424- 1834 V. Strode Hinds Lewis and Clark Trail Second Vice President Sioux City. Iowa Joseph A. Mussulman Clyde G. (Sid) Huggins Arlen j. Large 2303 Lakeshore Drive Washington. D.C. Page 15- Mandeville, LA 70448 H. john Momague Secretary Portland. Oregon Patterns of the Missouri River Barbara Kubik Donald F. Nell V. Strode Hinds 17 12 S. Perry Court Bozeman. Montana Kennewick, WA 99337 William P. Sherman Page 21- Treasurer Portland. Oregon H. john Momague Lewis and Clark On the 2928 NW Verde Vis ra Terrace L. Edwin Wang Portland. OR 97210·3356 Minneapolis. Minnesota Inf ormation Superhighway Immediate Past President Wilbur P. Werner jay Rasm ussen SEUart E. Knapp Mesa. Arizona 13 17 South Black Bozeman. MT 5971 5 Page 22- DIRECTO RS AT LARGE Wish You Were Here- A David Borlaug Harry Hubbard Darold W. Jackson James M. Peterson Washburn. North Dakora Seattle. Washington St. Charles. Missouri Vermillion. South Dakota Discussion of Lewis's journal Judith Edwards Jane Schmoyer-Weber Philip C. Althen Ludd A. Trozpek Entry at the Great Fa lls Gfen Head. New York Grear Falls, Monrana Stevensville, Monrana Claremont. California Joyce A. McDonough Cynthia Orlando Lewis and Clark Trail Hericage Foundation, Inc. Astoria, Oregon Membership Secretary P.O. Box 3434. Great Falls. MT 59403 Page 26- ABOUT THE FOUNDATION News Update The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., is to stimulate public Interest In matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the contributions to American history made by the Expedition members, and events of time and place concerning the expedition which are of historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and supports activities which enhance the emjoyment and understanding of the Lewis and Clark story. The scope of the activities of the Foundation is broad and diverse, and includes involvement MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION in pursuits which, in the judgment of the directors, are of historical worth or contemporary social value, and commensurate with the heritage of Lewis and Clark. The activities of the National Foundation are intended to Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail complement and supplement those of stale and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for art wor1Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The meeting place is retary; Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ rotated among the states, and tours generally are arranged to visit sites in the area of the annual meeting which have tion, Inc.; P.O. Box3434; Great Falls, MT59403. historic association with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. We Proceeded On, the quarterly magazine of the Foundation, is mailed to current members during the months of February, May, August, and November. .~- ~ · ~ ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES* Regular ~ .... ....~ ~ • • $ 30 .00 . ·~ Family 40.00 CWe Proceeded On is lhe official publicalion of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. International 40.00 The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the famous expedition. Heritage Club 50.00 Regular-3 Yr. 80.00 E.G. CHUlNARD, M.D., FOUNDER ISSN 0275-6706 Explorer Club 100.00 Jefferson Club 150.00 Martin L. Erickson. Edicor Discovery Club 500.00 1203 28th Street South #82 1,000.00 Grear falls, MT 59405 Expedition Club Leadership Club 5 ,000.00

EDITORIAL BOARD Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. is a tax exempt Robert C. Carriker; Spokane. WA Edicorial Consultant: nonprofit corporation: 501(c)(3), IRS identification no. 51· Arlen J. Large: Washington. D.C. Vivian A. Paladin 0187715. Individual membership dues are not tax deductible. The portion of premium dues over $30 is lax deductible. Robert R. Hunt. Searcle. WA Helena. MT

2 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 by Robert E. Gatten, Jr.

Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation Executive A number of important planning initiatives are Director jay Vogt has resigned from his position ef­ underway. The finance committee, under the leader­ fective March 31, 1 996. During the latter portion of ship of Ed Wang, is preparing a long-term financial 1 995, Jay's duties in his other position with the State strategy for the foundation. The planning and devel­ of South Dakota increased substantially and he was opment committee, led by Sid Huggins, is working unable to devote an appropriate amount of effort to on a mission statement for the foundation; the draft the work of the foundation. jay and the board of statement will be submitted to the board for consid­ directors realized the situation could not remain as it eration and endorsement. In addition, the Planning was and jay submitted his resignation. Following and Development Committee will, after approval of consultation with and approval from the board, the the new mission statement, begin work on specific executive committee considered the matter of re­ goals and objectives that follow logically from the placing jay and has appointed Barbara Kubik to the mission statement. The P&D Committee is also pre­ position of interim executive director, effective April paring a list of equipment, furniture and other items 1, 1996. Barb brings to the position a detailed needed for the permanent office of the executive knowledge of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and director. The past presidents' council, under the di­ the history of the Northwest and considerable expe­ rection of Stu Knapp, is preparing a recommenda­ rience in working as a historian. We very much look tion on the establishment of the foundation's head­ forward to her work for the foundation. Please direct quarters and the location of the permanent office of all correspondence to Barb Kubik, 1 712 S. Perry the executive director; the most likely site is the Court, Kennewick, WA 99337. (P1·esident's Message continued on page 31)

. .... ?s; ( What makes We Proceeded On the wonderful:, \ the expedition. Writing about common everyday readable magazine that it is? Why do WPO readers things we might not think about such as the sounds write the editor about whatever and down in the and humor of the expedition is his specialty. corner of the letter is a handwritten note saying " ... I There are many others who contribute and each read it from cover to cover, unlike other magazines I one adds a bit of knowledge to our understanding of receive ... " I got to thinking about that the other day the expedition and the events surrounding it. History and the more I thought about it, the more I realized is most often not some grand and sweeping epic, it it was the people who write the variety of articles we is a series of small everyday events. The journey that print every issue. .~ is the Lewis and Clark Expedition is made up of the Take Arlen j. Large, for example. 8e makes history Corps of Discovery advancing two to twenty-five eminently readable and understandable. Whether he miles a day, grinding it out, surviving day to day is writing about mastedon bones or maps he writes whether in the heat on the Great Plains, blinding in a style that makes history come alive. Or, how snow in the Bitterroot Mountains or the drizzly rain about Robert Hunt? He fills in the details on the on the Oregon coast. It is ordinary men and a small things on the expedition. He writes about how woman with a small child dealing with the unknown bothersome the mosquitoes were and how many and making it known day after day after day. and what kind of tents were used. And then there is The overall result of the expedition was an epic one of our newest contributors, Joseph Mussulman, accomplishment, one never to be matched in the whose lyrical phrases create a sense of the flow of (Editor's Note continued on page 30)

-- ·-· .--- - ·-: ,.,,, ON THE COVER-A replica of the keelboat used by Lewis and Clark will be visited during the 28th Annual Meeting in Sioux City, Iowa, August 4~7. The boat is shown being pulled by ropes. Photo by v Strode Hinds

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 3 by Arlen J. Large Gibbon himself won some no­ stationed at Fort Shaw, an Army ore than a century tice during the Civil War as a mid­ post on the Montana plains some ago one of the Lewis level commander whose federal 25 miles west of modern Great and Clark division took the brunt of Pickett's Falls. That July he led two cavalry Expedition's keen­ Charge at Gettysburg. He was to companies westward toward the est stud en ts was a become much more famous as a front range of the Rockies, intend­ //!t postwar Indian fighter who never­ soldier named John Gibbon, whose ing to occupy one of the passes admiration for those bold explorers theless thought the Indians were crossing the Continental Divide. colored his own career in the getting a raw deal. The Pennsylvania-born officer had American West. In 1870 Colonel Gibbon was gone out West carrying a copy of Nicholas Biddle's narrative of the 1804-1806 Pacific expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Now, as his horsemen trot­ ted toward the mountains, Gibbon saw a chance to indulge his hobby as a Lewis and Clark enthusiast. Specifically, he wanted to find Lewis's 1806 eastbound route over the divide toward home. Gibbon kept notes, and nine years later published an account of his quest in the American Catholic Quarterly Review. He titled his article "An Autumn in the Rocky Mountains - Searching for Lewis and Clarke's Pass." 1 Gibbon wrote that his outfit headed straight west up the Sun River, called Medicine River by the 1804-1806 explorers. "As this stream was the one down which Captain Lewis and his party trav­ eled in 1807 when on his return from the Pacific coast, I anticipated a good deal of interest in tracing out his route and comparing his description of the country with its appearance of the present day." The expedition student repeated that date-wrong by one year- in . a later passage, so it wasn't a typo­ graphical error in the magazine. But Gibbon rightly focused on the john Gibbon, by Matthew Brady. Library of Congress collection. most interesting question: how

4 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 much had changed since Lewis the east side of the mountains in plain view and bearing in a described this same scenery just right after descending from the northwest direction, was 'Hay­ 64 years before? divide. What previously had caught stack' Butte, the Shishequaw "Although the appearance of the Lewis's eye was an isolated height Mountain of Lewis and Clarke, and country must have looked about he called Sh ishequaw Mountain. we were in all probability upon the the same," he said, "under what It's Haystack Butte on modern very trail used by Captain Lewis's different circumstances were the maps. Wrote Gibbon: party sixty odd years ago." two trips made! Then, this region "There before me, standing out Gibbon followed the trail as it was a perfectly unknown w ilder­ ness, actually swarming with game ... " Gibbon cited Lewis's de­ scription (as paraphrased by Biddle) of hunting among multi­ tudes of deer, antelope, wolves and buffalo, and then added: "On our trip we had no such sport in pros­ pect, and pursued our way up the river, seeing nothing more formi­ dable than a few timid antelopes, one of which I wounded at long range and captured after a sharp chase." Gibbon's official m ilitary objec­ tive was Cadotte Pass across the Divide. He wasn't sure where that was, but one of his junior officers claimed to have been there a few ' months before. Gibbon seemed to assume it would be found eventu­ ally while he pursued his personal quest: "I could obtain no information whatever in regard to Lewis and Clarke's Pass, nor indeed did anybody seem to know there was such a pass in existence. To find this was therefore the first object of our search. Accordingly, the next•' 1 morning, the main command was started across the country in the direction of what was supposed to be Cadotte's Pass, whilst with a few men I started along the foot-hills to try and discover any trail leading into the mountains." A scout found what looked like an Indian "lodge-pole trail" marked The vicinity of Colonel Gibbon's search for Lewis and Clark Pass is shown in by the well-worn tracks of travois this modern U.S. Geological Survey map of the Continental Divide in Montana. dragged behind horses. Gibbon Haystack Butte, a distinctive landmark for both Lewis and Gibbon, is shown at hurried to that spot, pulled out his the top. Cadotte Pass is no longer marked on modern maps, but it lies on the Biddle and checked Lewis's de­ Divide just below the label for Green Mountain, between Lewis and Clark Pass scription of the landscape seen on and the highway crossing at Rogers Pass.

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 5 went a bit further south and then Captain Lewis as a 'low' one dian guide, Pierre Cadotte.2 turned west into the mountains. was so only in reference to its Stevens crossed the divide again "Our guide was very positive surroundings; for although in 1855, this time from the west. that this was not the trail high peaks rose on both sides Now he fo llowed roughly Lewis 's leading into Cadotte's Pass. of it north and south. the gap 1806 eastward track and, guided and now. with the spirit of was high enough to give a very by Dory, rode up the valley of Alice exploration strong upon us. we extended view of over a Creek "and passed over Lewis and pushed ahead. determined to hundred miles to the eastward. Clark's Pass, where many observa­ decide for ourselves where it At certain seasons, too, it was tions were taken." Stevens contin­ did lead to. ft was very evidently high enough to be a ued: evidently a lodge-pole trail. for very breezy place, for the "This divide can be arranged as we drew closer to the stunted pines which grew there for wagon roads with gentle mountains and entered the were all lying bent to the declivities on either side. Little timber. the marks of the lodge­ eastward very close to the or no timber would have to be poles upon the trees standing ground, forced to grow that cut away. We found grass on close to the trail were plainly to way apparently by the strong both sides of the mountain, as be seen. The trail, however. western winds which sweep well as near its summit ... From had been for a long time in over the mountain. " the top of the mountain, it may disuse, and as the timber got Gibbon said his small party "had be remarked, we had a thicker. we found in several now discovered the existence of a delightful view of the country places the way obstructed by ~eco nd pass through the moun­ before us about an hour before fallen trees. The ground rose tains not known to the people of sundown. The air was perfectly more and more rapidly as we the country," that is, to the local transparent and we could see, advanced. and after issuing settlers. He was careful not to running nearly to the north, the from the dense timber and claim that the pass's location was mountain spurs of the main climbing a very steep hill, we at totally unknown, or that he was chain of the Rocky length stood upon the highest the first litera te person to stand Mountains ... "3 there since Lewis. Possibly he was point of the ridge. and had a While Stevens thought wagons aware that this vicinity had been magnificent view of the eventually could use Lewis and investigated at least 15 years ear­ surrounding country. " Clark Pass, he said a rail crossing lier by War Department surveyors From the top of the pass Lewis would require a tunnel. Alas, nei­ looking for a railroad route over had said he could see "fort moun­ ther highway nor railroad has ever the mountains to the Pacific. tain," a height he had nam ed at traversed that lonely saddle. Isaac Stevens, too, had been the Missouri River's great falls in Roadbuilders in the 20th century equipped with a copy of Biddle's I 805, bearing northeast about 20 instead chose Rogers Pass, a bit Lewis and Clark narrative when he miles away. The modern name is farther south of the Lewis and began searching in I 853 for a rail Square Butte. Gibbon thought the Clark and Cadotte passes, for the route running from St. Paul to distance was more like 50 miles crossing place of Montana State Puget Sound. As governor of Wash­ but he knew he was in the right ington Territory, Stevens took the Highway 200 running between place. War Department surveying assign­ Missoula and Great Fall s. That gap "There could be no question ment with an obvious interest in was named for Major A. B. Rogers, 4 now; we had been following promoting a northern line that who surveyed it in 1887. Lewis's trail. and were would benefit his political turf. standing in the very gap where After his 1870 visit to Lewis and he stood 6.3 [sic] years ago, James Doty, Stevens' secretary, 'delighted at discovering· marched in July 1853 from Fort Clark Pass, Colonel Gibbon won­ himself once more on the Benton, Montana, southwestward dered whether Cadotte Pass was eastern slope of the continent. through the mountains via Lewis the alternate "Road to the Buffa­ Not satisfied at reaching the and Clark Pass on his way to the loes" that Lewis reported hearing top, we rode on a short Bitterroot Valley. Stevens himself about from the Nez Perce in 1806. distance further and looked followed in September. Instead of Continuing his "Autumn in the down on the other side over using the Lewis Cro ss ing-place, Rocky Mountains" account in the that 'easy ascentjrom the however, Stevens veered about Catholic Quarterly Review, Gibbon westward' to which he three miles further south to a pass said he and five companions took refers ... The 'gap' described by recommended by his French-Cana- a hunting and sightseeing trip on

6 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 the west side of the Divide in Octo­ foot of the way is of especial inter­ perhaps no fact speaks more ber, 1871. The colonel was an avid est, and the journal is consulted at plainly of the advance made in sportsman who habitually packed every step." He saw hillocks and the settlement of the country, a flyrod and shotgun with his field surmised he was looking at the than that a region which 65 gear. On October 7 Gibbon arrived "Prairies of the Knobs" described years ago was teeming with at the Blackfoot River and began by Lewis on July 6, 1806. Noting game of all kinds is now a following it eastward through coun­ that Lewis had seen a terrain thick solitary wilderness. Not a try he thought he recognized from with antelope, deer and game living thing except ourselves is the Lewis journal. birds, Gibbon marveled: to be seen, and as we move "Being now on the route of Cap­ along through the white waste, tain Lewis," Gibbon wrote, "every "Now we see none of these, and we brushjrom the heavily loaded limbs overhanging the long-unused trail the masses of snow which have accumulated there." Gibbon's group left Lewis's trail and bore right, climbing into "a

r' howling storm" of wind and snow...... · , , • .J They topped the summit of a pass and went part way down the shel­ tered eastern slope, where camp was made. The next morning the hunters looked for game. La­ mented Gibbon: "We soon became aware that the hunting days of Lewis and Clarke were past, for after climbing over miles of rough mountain spurs without seeing so much as a single deer, we returned to camp, packed up and resumed our trip eastward down the mountains. Our i. guide. as we issued from the foothills, announced that this was the modern Cadotte's Pass. and as we got farther away from the mountains, the landmarks around the entrance of Lewis and Clark's Pass, explored in the preceding summer, were distinctly recognized at about three miles to the north of us; so that we had demonstrated not only the existence of two passes close together, but that they were the two described by Lewis, and named by him 'Lewis and Clarke's Pass,' and 'the Road to the Buffaloes.'" A portion of Isaac Stevens's "Preliminary Sketch" of potential railroad routes to Gibbon was mistaken about that the Pacific, showing the area of his 1853 and 1855 explorations in the vicinity of detail of naming. Lewis assigned Lewis and Clark Pass. no name to this or any other pass.

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 7 merely calling his 1806 crossing­ the soft sandstone of Pompey's formed a part. The name is place "the dividing ridge between Pillar. A number of earlier something of a misnomer, but the waters of the Columbia and visitors have done so, first a reference to the [Biddle] Missouri rivers. "5 As did Cadotte among whom was Captain journal of Lewis and Clark will Pass. Lewis and Clark Pass prob­ Clark. who, on the occasion of show that they described it ably got its name during the his descent of the Yellowstone fairly. "6 Stevens railroad survey in the in 1806, discovered the rock 1850s. It was half wrong, of and gave it its name. 'Wm. In 1877, back at Fort Shaw, course, because Clark never got Clark.July 25, 1806' is the Colonel Gibbon got word that re­ near the place. inscription he left behind, and it still appears as distinctly as bellious Nez Perce tribesmen were heading eastward into Montana Gibbon continued- to sightsee in when graven there seventy years ago. But a cavalry vandal from their Idaho homeland. In July the West, visiting Yellowstone in 1877 he received emergency or­ the summer of 1872, just five today disfigured the inscription by carving his own name over ders to rush his infantry west into months after Congress had made it western Montana's Bitterroot Val­ a national park. Eastern magazines the letter 'k, 'for which he deserves to be pilloried. When ley to protect the settlers. Once were hungry for western travel again Gibbon had to cross the Con­ yarns, so Gibbon found a ready taken to task about it he is said to have defended himself by tinental Divide in the locality he market for an 1873 article about had visited seven years before. the Yellowstone trip in the journal saying: 'Bejases, it's a dom lie ·anyhow, for there wuz niver a This time he headed straight for of the American Geographical Soci­ Cadotte Pass and the Blackfoot ety of New York. The American white man in this countery sivinty years ago. '" River route to Missoula. If the Nez Catholic Quarterly Review pub­ Perce were coming east on their lished two more Gibbon pieces Bradley perceptively observed traditional Road to the Buffalo, the about his Rocky Mountain that the name didn't match the colonel wanted to block their path. "rambles" in 1876. landmark. In his m anuscript jour­ Once through Cadotte Pass his That year the frontier soldier nal Clark had called it Pompy's unit picked up Lewis's old started gaining a reputation as an Tower, most likely in honor of Blackfoot Ri ver trail that Gibbon Indian fighter. Starting from Fort "Pomp," his nickname for had partially retraced in 1871. As Shaw. he led in l 876 one of the Sacagawea's year and a half-old he studied the knoll-studded ter­ army columns trying to fo rce huge son. Nobody in Gibbon's or rain further west, "a light suddenly numbers of Sioux and Cheyenne Bradley's day knew that, however. dawned upon me," he recalled in onto their reservations. It was They could only rely on the 1814 an I 879 article about the Nez Gibbon's outfit that first stumbled narrative by Biddle, who had pre­ Perce campaign.7 Now he was en­ onto the Little Bighorn battlefield served Clark's physical description tering the real Prairie of the Knobs and buried the dead of George A. while fancifully changing the name described by Lewis. "There could Custer's 7th Cavalry. to Pompey's Pillar. Biddle seemed be no question about it," he wrote. En route to that battlefield one to be mimicking an Egyptian col­ "This was the spot referred to, and of Gibbon's officers showed him­ umn by that name honoring a in fancying that I had discovered in self to be an equally avid fan of Roman general. An upright col­ the expedition six years ago the Lewis and Clark. On April 17. umn, then, is what visitors ex­ place so named by Captain Lewis, I 1876, Lieutenant James H. Bradley, pected to see. Said Bradley: was in error." keeping his own journal, reported "Many of the officers Reaching the Bitterroot Valley that his advance detachment expressed themselves the colonel turned south in pursuit pitched camp on the Yellowstone disappointed when they saw of the Nez Perce. At the head of River "a few hundred yards below the rock, having expected to the valley he came to Ross's Hole, Pompey's Pillar." That was the see a slender shaft rearing where he noted there were still sandstone butte on the river's itself needle-like above all descendants of the Flatheads who south bank described by Clark on surrounding objects, whereas met Lewis and Clark there in 1805. his homeward route in 1806. in fact the rock is broader than The local chief's father had been Wrote Bradley: it is high, slopes off gradually called Victor, who Gibbon said "Our boys have been busy all on the river side, and is "lived until only a few years ago, day transmitting their names overtopped by the neighboring and was present at this m eeting of to posterity by carving them in bluffs of which at one time it Lewis and Clark." Gibbon reported

8 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 receiving "many interesting remi­ whose cruel fate nearly three-quar­ niscences" about that meeting ters of a century later (1877) was About the author. .. from a local settler who had known to mark the culminating point of Victor well. the maltreatm ent of the Indians in Arlen J. Large of Washington, One of these second-hand tales this country. "9 D.C. is a former foundation threw light on Clark's journal entry Gibbon died in Baltimore in president ( l 983-84), a frequent for September 4, 1805, relating 1896 at the age of 69, and is bur­ con tributor to WPO, a retired how the Flatheads "threw white ied in Arlington Cemetery. science correspondent of the robes over our Sholders." Re­ Wall Street j ournal, and contin­ counted Gibbon: "He [the settler] -FOOTNOTES- ues to travel the world pursuing says that Victor had often de­ 'John Gibbon, "An Autumn in the Rocky his many scientific interests. He scribed to him this first meeting Mountains Searching for Lewis and certainly ranks among the top Clarke's Pass." American Catholic Quarterly with white men, and how from Lewis and Clark authorities in Review. (1879) Vol. 4, No. 6. pp. 81-100. the nation, and he serves on the thei r pale faces th ey supposed they The article also appears in a new were cold, and covered them with collection of Gibbon's writing: Alan and editorial board of WPO. robes."8 Maureen Gaff. eds., Adventures on the "In imitation of Captain Clark," Western Frontier. (I ndiana University Press, Bloomington, 1994) pp. 36-56. Guided by said the colonel, the infantrymen Nicholas Biddle's 181 4 narrative of the c:Yrom the ~art crossed into the Big Hole basin expedition, Gibbon here spelled Clark's Lewiston (Idaho) Tribune over the pass which now bears name with the extra "e" that ran September 10, 1955 Gibbon's name, and was used by throughout Biddle's text. Gibbon's article was called to the attention of We Proceeded Four photostatic copies of original Clark on his separate return trip in On by Foundation member Eugene records of Lewis and Clark's expe­ l 806. On the morning of August 9, Swanzey of Hamilton, Montana. dition 150 years ago have arrived 1877, it was Gibbon who ordered 2Marshall Sprague, The Great Cates: The for the Lewiston Chamber of Com­ soldiers to start shooting at the Story of the Rocky Mountain Passes. (Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1964) p. 155. Before merce. They will be on exhibit dur­ sleeping Indian camp in the Big ing the Sesquicentennial celebra­ Hole. Both Nez Perce and army acquiring the name Cadotte Pass (the modern rendering has no possessive tion here October 7-8-9 said casualties were heavy in the ensu­ apostrophe "s") during the Stevens Marcus). Ware, president of the ing battle; Lieutenant Bradley, the expedition, th~ crossing was known as Lewis and Clark Sesquicentennial Pompey's Pillar visitor, was the first Blackfoot Pass. ' 3 Celebration Inc. soldier to die. The bloody fight lsaac. Ste9ens. Reports of explorations and heightened Gibbon's celebrity surveys to ascertain the most practicable October 5, 1955 and economical route for a railroad from the among newspaper readers in the Lewistown ·s official celebration of Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. the Lewis and Clark Sesquicenten­ East. He had become a reasonably (House of Representatives Executive famous man in 1879 when the Document No. 56, Washington, 1860) Vol. nial will open October 7 with one of American Catholic Quarterly Re­ 12, Book 1. p. 215. the largest street parades ever 4 view published his two articles Sprague, The Great Cates. p. 433. staged by the 7\.vin Cities. The line of 5Gary Moulton, ed., Th e journals of the about Lewis and Clark Pass and the march will be from the Clarkston Lewis & Clari~ Expedition. (University of Post Office through Lewiston to Nez Perce campaign. " , Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1993) Vol. 8, p. Despite his aggressive role in tl;.le 102. Clearwater Memorial Bridge. Big Hole battle, Gibbon later made 6"Journal of James H. Bradley: The Sioux October 10, 1955 Campaign of J 876 Under the Command it clear he thought the Nez Perce The third and final day of the cel­ of General [sic] John Gibbon," ebration of the 150th anniversary of had legitimate cause to res ist their Contributions to the Historical Society of treatment in Idaho in l 877. Writ­ Montana. ( 1896) Vol. 2, pp. 172-3 . the visit of the Lewis and Clark Ex­ ing in t 895, the then-retired officer ;John Gibbon, "The Pursuit of 'Joseph,"' pedition to this valley was high­ used the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ originally published in American Catholic lighted by the presence of two gover­ Quarterly Review ( 1879) and reprinted in tion to make that point. Gibbon nors at breakfast, the dedication of Gaff, Adventures on the Western Frontier. p. Clark Hall, new men's dormitory at recounted how the explorers in 179. 1805 first encountered the Nez 8Gibbon, "Pursuit of 'Joseph,"' in Gaff, Lewis-Clark Normal School, and the Perce, or Chopunnish, on the west Adventures on the Western Frontier, p. 186. annual Air Fair at Lewiston Airport. side of the Ro ckies: "On the "John Gibbon, "The Battle of the Big Hole," At Roundup Park, Indians who have originally published in Harper's Weekly Clearwater they met and estab­ been encamped in tepees since be­ ( I 895) and reprinted in Gaff, Adventures on fore the start of the celebration held lished friendly relations with a the Western Frontier, p. 204. final war dances and prepared to tribe of Indians (Chopunnish) break camp. MAY 1996 - WE PROCEEDED ON 9 HUMOR ON THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL

by Joseph A. Mussulman anything we've found among the on a creek near a beached whale, 2 "He who laughs, lasts. "-Anon. stars. " Em pirically, however, we southwest of Fort Clatsop. Even well-worn variation on a each fathom that mystery in our William Clark was amused after time-honored aphorism own way. Alm ost everyone knows the crisis was past. According to has it that he who how to laugh, and what to laugh at. Sergeant Joh n Ordway, the captain laughs, lasts. If anything The question here is, what did the at firs t thought of co mmemorating A ensured the safe return men of the Co rps of Discovery find the inciden t by calling the creek of the Corps of Discovery from the amusing? "Mcneals folly." The j oke ev idently Weste rn Sea, beyond the extraordi­ withered, though, for he actual ly nary leadership, the strict military To begin with-, that common wrote "E-cu-lah, or Whale Creek" 4 discipline, and the integrity, deter­ criminal Human Nature surely on his map. mination and resilience of the en­ supplied them with enough foibles. Other m ishaps, too, as serious listed men and civilians, it may phobias, mannerisms and annoy­ as they may have appeared at first, well have been laughter, that uni­ ing habits to spontaneously ignite surely elicited some lighthearted versal palindrome for j oy (hah-hah­ many a laugh, making a mild in­ badinage: Frost nipped York's pe­ hah ...), transcending all barriers­ sult less abrasive, or honing the nis one bitterly cold day at Fo rt 5 age, sex, race, nationality, lan­ edge of a well-deserved gibe. Imag­ Mandan. On July 18, 1806, guage, and adversity. Even in the ine the hearty haw-haws that George Gibson was severely in­ j ourney's bleakest moments we taunted the hapless Private jured when his horse dumped him cannot imagi ne this robust com­ Alexander Willard when he caught and a dead tree-branch punctured pany facing hardship, any more up with the rest after dropping his his thigh; the accident virtually than triumph, in so lemn silence. gun in a creek w hile en route back immobilized him and slowed the In the balance, the journals con­ from retrieving th e tomahawk he party's homeward surge. Sergeant tain many more references to pain had left behind at the previous Nathaniel Pryor was bitten on the and misery than to joy and laugh­ day's camp.3 hand by a vicious wolf in the ter, but looking at them from the Laughter must have served, too, middle of the night a few days lighter side leads us still closer to as a safety valve to vent fee lings of later. And certai nly Meriwether an appreciation of the full human nervousness, anxiety or frustration Lewis must have been the butt of dimensions of the men of the caused by crises or accidents, as some congenial kidding after he Lewis and Clark Expedition. when a buffalo stormed through was shot in the rear by Pierre Humor is a delicate subject to the camp on the night of May 29, Cruzatte on August 12. deal with, for too much discussion 1805, its hooves missing by inches Making fun of the food and bad­ dries up a joke. Not that it hasn't the heads of some of the sleeping mouthing the cook is a time-hon­ been tried: scien tifically speaking, men. Similarly, som e gallows hu­ ored soldierly amusement. Eight there are more than eighty distinct mor may have relieved the tension days west of their Traveler's Rest and sometimes conflicting theories the morning after Private Hugh cam p, on September 18, 1805, of why people laugh-and what McNeal let himself be lured into a with nothing more than a few they laugh at.1 "What we have," life-threatening situation by an squirrels, grouse and jays in their says Timothy Ferris, "is a mystery Indian with murder on his mind. hunters' sights, they "dined and within the human brain as deep as The incident occurred in a village suped on a s l~ant proportion of

I 0 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 portable soupe" - scant, perhaps, there were the reactions to the ing for a full week. And when the because the concoction may have waves of good feeling that rose on wind, rain or cold (or all three tasted like glue.6 Might not the the floods of optimism, confi­ taken together) interfered w ith cooks have seasoned it with a dash dence, success or relief, and which good fellowship, or when hunger of josh or a dollop of raillery? And broke over into celebrations such gnawed at the mind as much as w hat of that Christmas dinner of as Christmas, New Year's, and In­ the belly, the sensitive man might "pore elk," spoiled fish, and roots dependence days. have kept his sallies to himself. We at Fort Clatsop? No doubt a quip or The "frolick" on Christmas Day, know how often the disagreeable two helped joke it down. Well, a 1804, at Fort Mandan began be­ mosquitoes, gnats, flies and fleas gag, then? fore daybreak, and the men were outstripped everyone's risibility, The Fourth of July celebration in "m errily Disposed" until nine and only a sick mind could have 1805 was certainly one to remem­ o'clock that night. At Fort Clatsop · found anything funny in a foot-full ber, but a good deal of the also the observance, typically in of prickly-pear cactus sp ines . company's mirth was probably the Southern tradition, began with Similarly, times of great disap­ mixed with disappointment, or volleys of gunfire followed by "a pointment or adversity would have perhaps with painful dread in no­ Selute, Shoute and a Song" from been borne in a stoicism consis­ torious topers such as Hugh Hall the whole party. The salute and the tent w ith military discipline, and if and Thomas Howard, or even Cap­ song deserve separate treatment any wisecracking flickered in the tain Lewis, for that was the night in another article; the shout was gloom, it had to be kept out of the com pany downed the last of its probably a rous ing "Christmas earshot of the officers. On July 9, stock of "sperits. " 7 But with what Gift!" If you could say it first, the 1805, at the upper end of the por­ hilarity must they have greeted, other person owed you a gift.9 tage around the Great Falls of the nearing home on September 6th Surely, none but a Grinch or a Missouri, Lewis's brain-child, his of the following year, the drams Scrooge could suppress the urge to "favorite boat" -a portable iron­ that ended their fifteen-month dry decorate it with a garland of laugh­ framed canoe covered with elk and spell when they m et some traders, ter. buffalo skins-sank within hours of outbound up the Missouri River, • To be sure, fun could get out of its launching, and had to be aban­ who charitably sold them a keg of hand. Horseplay, presumably, doned. That was a priceless oppor­ whiskey! nearly cost Clark's black servant tunity for any natural comedian, The tobacco-chewers undoubt­ York the sight in one eye w hen a especially one with a hand in lug­ edly giggled with delight at the comp·?-nipn. threw sand at him on a ging l 00 pounds of iron and other captains' Fort Clatsop Ch ristmas June day'in 1804. A few months materials halfway across the conti­ gift of half of the dozen remaining later York horrified some Arikara nent. But who would have dared twists. Now, self-rationing is tough Indians by letting on that before make light of it in the shadow of enough, but late in March, the cap­ Clark had captured him he had the Captain's mortification? tains had to prohibit its use alto­ been a wild man who ate little kids gether in order to discourage the for dinner. His companions may The company's general merri­ local Indians from demanding it in have rolled on the ground w ith ment was sometimes even worth a exchange for desperately needed laughter, at the Indians' expense, few lines of ink, which is extraordi­ food. The craving for nicotine must but Clark was embarrassed be­ nary, since the experience seldom have exacerbated their hunger, an@ cause York had apparently "made translates well to the page. You the camaraderie must have worn a him Self more turrible in thier view really have to be there. little thin. just imagine how they than I w ished him to Doe." 10 It was the hearty, good-natured cackled and hooted over that There were some occasions Clark who seemed most to have heady rush after they dove into when hilarity rolled over into hos­ appreciated the men's more ami­ their reserve tobacco supply at the tility, especially at Camp DuBois able moods, for it is in his entries cache on the Beaverhead River, on during the winter of 1803-04. that we find- at least sixteen July 8, 1806.8 There were other times when it times-that the men have been in Many days on the journey might would have been muted, if not "high Spirits," or "verry Chearfull," also have been punctuated w ith simply inappropriate. The men or "verry merry." Yet it was the spontaneous laughter arising from were "all in Spirits" on the evening introspective and melancholy the idle banter, incidental horse­ of September 1, 1804, but there Lewis w ho often revealed his own play, and all those countless absur­ probably were none who had not quiet, Attic sense of humor. In the dities that j ust didn't happen to fall begun to be concerned about entry for May 9, 1805, which is too on the journalists' pages. Finally, young George Shannon, then miss- long to quote here, his whimsical

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 11 version of Toussaint Charbon­ neau's recipe for home-made sau­ sage, boudin blanc, suggests that c tl ft 0 1lf c r,. i 1n en t. Lewis was not only a gourmet of r.. f / sorts, but also an entertaining ra­ conteur. On May 6, 1805, he summed up A Nc\v American Jeficr. seven months of grizzly bear en­ counters with a characteristically E.': /.'! :; ,-/ .1tOST ll' R /':. '.. :s (t; 1 rt.(7 ir. i'; t; F discreet circumlocution: "I find that the curiossity of our party is \\'iii\' J. :!-.-\t, rrv S1 oriC"·-:-S111:.1rl Jt, p:tr!ccs­ pretty well satisfyed with rispect to lJr• ·11 r\cl•:t 11:urc -l-"un11~· Jui.l"·-\\' iii: •t:. \\' this anamal." His men, he said, !:-.t\·i:. ·• ~-:\11&·ulotl"~ a·•1,rric:.-nh were of two minds: To some the \\' l1i111 ·-l'11a•.-llun !\lol!>- bear was a threat, to others a chal­ :.11111 l ..'lu~h .. l>!c ·1 rid..~, lenge. Whimsically, he predicted .i:.11:;- ~f-.:.· '-i,·:, -:.t't'rr '1rt·r·r l·.f.re f:..l·lifhcJ. that the beast's ferocity would es­ calate with the onset of the mating season: "! expect these gentlemen Tl) \\llll'll A;tY. ,\DDF.D [the bears, he means] will give us // CLE:" EH Ct;, I. 1. EC T J 0 ~v 0 F some amusement shotly as they soon begin now to coppolate." CL'lt lfll"S F.l'ITAPllS1 A month later he related at HL')fORUl.:S t::•1C1U'\IS-A~IOKOl"S .A~D FACTTIOl'S length the tale of his own solitary SO:\CS-l'fJSli'.\l>RUMS-TCIASTS-st.~• face down with one of these Tl~lt:STS, &c. &c. "gentlemen." "So it was," he sighed, and then delivered the Compil.-J f rinrif,111;• f..r thf' /.m1-fi mo:I '-f /·.•.'g snapper: "And I feelt myself not a IYm:,·r £i.·c·.1i11.!!.1-t1J r >.p: I D.r. -1!1··,-::..·11 c;ri. }­ little gratifyed that he had declined err.ii~ ,1Jirth-1111J :,frt' ll-t' kr.ui, r 111 I~ l·t H. i11 t the combat." (General laughter.) -4 chearful C1Jml/, ~um,·.:, While retracing the portage around c· ~..,., &4'/it.. • I the Great Falls of the Missouri in --·------. . ___ s:: __ . ... July of the following year, Private McNeal had a similarly hair-raising encounter with a grizzly. Lewis IJ111 Pr.::t'-:r. trintrJ !J J. N :-air, for wryly concluded, evidently having in mind all the other crises they NE A. L ~ A:-:~ K A :\1 M E a. ER, JLr.t• had endured there the previous N". :.q, S'Jtlh 'll!rJ .~11·,·•t, /'i:i/-.:! .. ~... !.·i11. summer: "there seems to be a sertain fatality attached to the 1795. neighbourhood of these falls, for there is always a chapter of --American Antiquarian Society accedents prepared for us during our residence at them." end to their dancing, the men humor-jesters, as joke-books were We sense Lewis's mixture of drank the last drams of "sperits" call ed, and almanacs. amusement and annoyance when, and "continued their mirth with after many embraces by the songs and festive jokes and were At least twenty- jesters were pub­ greased and war-painted Shoshone extreemly merry untill late at lished in the United States between Indians, he grinned through gri tted night." the Revolutionary War's end and teeth that he was "heartily tired of And what might those "festi ve the turn of the century, including the national hug." jokes" have been like? We can gain titles such as The Laughing Philoso­ Lewis could appreciate his a feeling for the repertoires the pher, or thoughts onjesting (Phila­ men's levity, too. On that memo­ men could have carried with them delphia, 1 789); The merry fellow's rable Fourth of July, 1805, despite by examining some of the printed pocket companion, (by "Billy an evening rain shower that put an sources of late-eighteenth-century Broadgrin" of Philadelphia, I 797),

12 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 in New York," "a taylor's shop in Philadelphia," or "an arrogant En­ TB!. glishman passing through New­ - jersey in the stage." K£N'TUCKT Rambling th rough the expedition's j ournals, one comes upon countless incidents that are ALMANAC: reported as cold facts, but which in real ity might have reminded one 70R THE man or another of a good story. When the crowning blow to a diffi­ Tl.AR OP OUR LORD 1eo I ; cult day on the Great Falls portage I route was the discovery that "ts:.r1tc ,.11• "',.,, .,,.,.. •1su:X,.ll.1!., 01: L•.•I', wolves had consumed most of the I Tl!~lt; .'f'Jll!. "l'WZJlr'T-'1,'1'11 01 AMUIC... Jii- meat stashed at the White Bear i LJ£P~llDUIC•; '1'•6. ,_.IJH'8Zllft Ol' "'l'JI• I~· , Island campsite, did someone re­ 1!~•.AL COV~···••t\ .111D 'l'M~ "rr11r• Ol ftl• i call a certain old joke, and perhaps COii 110111'~.IL 'l'JI. suggest a new role for Cruzatte, the 1 CONTA1NING company's indispensable fiddler? A Scotch bagpiper traveling to lr.e Lumtion~. Conjunl\ions,-and Ecfmrt1, Jw&'-, • Ireland, opened his wallet by a ml'1>tof the Wc::1tMr, Rmaukablc Dan, l..cnJld>' wood side, and sat down to "f U1ys ~ Ni.g:ats; together .with Uf:ful ··ta ~ dinner; no sooner had he said j Lies~ ::.ni·'Rf'cipN," varirt1 of.Ena:rt&ini.og ~ grace. but three wolves came ~s, in Profc: and V ~rf.:.l kc. • i about him. To one he threw bread. to another meat, till his provender .1 was all gone-At length he took up his pipes. and began to play, at . Cclc11latti/ (w •be u1itr11/tt of 37° .A14rth,j which the wolves ran away. The '. ~r.rl fl ftlcritljm1 of r:s' ~11'".f P.iJiUtkl-~ dee/ saw me, said Sawney, an I '. p!1ia : tmd v:1JJ /tr.;e, j,.{t"°f "11,l; 1aui/Jk j had ken'dyou /a 'd music sa wee/, : t1o1,.i4"tion, for 1be Nori& 1J"nwl7J ~t'rrild· ; you should have had it before ~ "Y· ...,~,. f/-,:u11n~1. Srtrt~ •rTl!tlnu1t1, 11nJ.; dinner." ll: th~ 1;'i'11rT11 p11rl1 of Yilgi.U. Speaking of Cruzatte-did any­ 1 one ever tease him with a version ----:z•t .. ,, I of perhaps the hoariest guffaw of all? II LEX fGG'lTJN: A droll fellow who got a livelihood •• by fiddling at fairs and about the !. PRIMT.Rtt •T )C'lav-n1.a11rot-o,.AT ,.u.r; on1cs. · country. was one day met by an ac­ 'i o• Tu" 1'a~'f1fC&Y G.A.UfT~. ~ quaintance that had not seen him a • great while. who accosted him thus, . lY ( ..... K't"-Y. T jf' ...... tij' .. ······· ··· ··:'I··· Bless me. are you alive! Why not. answered the ]idler. did you send any body to kill me? No. replies the other, --American Antiquarian Society but I was told you was dead. Aye, so and Laugh and be Fat, or, an Anti­ times with, but usually without, it was reported it seems. says the dote against Melancholy (Salem, acknowledgment-from British ]idler. but I knew it was a lie as soon 1799). sources, and especially from that as l heard it. (32) One of the best, in terms of for­ legendary fount of humor, Joe Did the men's frolics with Indian m at, variety and style, and, at l '32 Miller'sjests, first published in Lon­ women lead to mutual teasing, pages perhaps the largest, was don in 17'39. Some item s were with embarrassed shuffles and Feast of Merriment, published in transplanted to American so il, re­ grins, and did someone remember Philadelphia in 1795. Typically, the set in more familiar geographical one of Joe Miller's shriekers .. . contents were borrowed-some- contexts: "a citizen of some note Lord W- G- n. playing at

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 13 questions and commands. with many stories in the jesters, but any Still, one wonders. As a Virginian some very pretty young ladies. national or ethnic representative he naturally used run and creek was commanded to take off a would have served equally well for interchangeably, but it is possible garter from one of them. but she. a "switch." At least three of the that he deliberately used the as soon as he had laid hold of her · expedition's personnel were of former as both a noun and a verb petticoats. ran away into the ~ext Irish parentage, and perhaps when he named a small stream in room. where there was a bed; Patrick Gass, William Bratton or North Dakota "Frasure's Run ," Now, madam, said he. tripping up George Shannon reminded some­ perhaps to record that as the place her heels. f bar squeaking. bar the door you fool, cried she. (28) one of an old groaner such as ... where Private Robert Frazer had to Never did an Irishman utter a shoot a bison several times before January 7, 1806, the first day 14 better bull. than did an honest bringing it down. without rain since they had holed john; who being asked by afri.end Similarly, an "extensive and an up at Fort Clatsop, must have "Has your sister got a son or a open leave! plain ... near the river aroused good cheer, though there daughter?" answered, "Upon my bank" would be called a "bottom." is no m ention of it in the j ournals. soul. I do not know whether I am Along the Columbia, near the Meanwhile, recalling the rainy an uncle or an aunt. .. (83) mouth of the Cowlitz River, on nights many of them had occasion­ The quintessential Irish charac­ March 16, 1806, Clark strolled ally spent without shelter, did any ter-type was Teague, the "hero" in through "an eligant bottom on the of the corps ring a change on ... humorist Hugh Henry South Side" opposite an island he A gentleman riding over Salisbury Brackenridge's satire on the ex­ named for his younger sister, plain. when it rained very hard, ce.sses of dem ocracy, Modern Chiv­ Fanny. In his journal entry for that set up a gallop and passed by alry, which was published serially date he wrote, "This bottom we another whose horse stood still; a between 1792 and 1805. The also Call fannys bottom," but on little surprized at this sight, he his map he inscribed "Fanny's Val­ asked the reason of it: Zounds. guileless immigrant even made his ley." ' 5 says the other. who the devil but a way into Feast of Merrimen( in a With or without "sperits" to m el­ fool would ride in all this wet. (33) four-line verse entitled "Teagues Request of the Excutioner," a rec­ low tongues, toasts comprised both As the westward trek across the ollection of which m ight have a type of "polite conversation" and Bitterroot Mountains in the fall of salved the consciences of those a kind of ritual humor in 18th­ 1805 dragged on into the tenth soldiers ordered by court martials, century America. At the grand din­ day beyond the one they had origi­ early in the journey, to carry out ner and ball held on September nally expected, perhaps someone the floggings of their comrades. 12 25, 1806, two days after the lightened the gloom with a gasser expedition's return to St. Louis, a such as ... Do tie. the rope below my arms. my dear, total of at least eighteen toasts Two Irishmen having travelled on were raised, unanimously reflect­ foot. from Chester to Barnet, were Says Teague to Ketch. as he was ing patriotic pride coupled with very much tired with their on the wreck. sincere admiration and respect for journey; and the more so. when the men of the Corps of Discovery, they were told they had still about Because. d'ye see. it makes me feel so queer and fo r their leaders. Th ere was ten miles to London. "By my not a hint of humor. 16 shoul, cries one of them. it is but As I'm so very ticklish round the On the trail, however, the mood jive miles a-piece. let's e'en walk neck. (110) · would have been different. Raising on." (84) There are, of course, a num ber their cups to "Health of body, When their clothes, shelters and of entertaining malapropisms scat­ peace of mind, a clean shirt, and a blankets began to wear out as the tered among Clark's notorious guinea," the men may have expedition neared the Pacific misspellings, and the attentive and snorted over its inherent ironies. Ocean, did anyone cleverly re- discriminating reader of his jour- · Their occasional liaisons with In­ call ... nals will stumble upon them with dian women m ay have called forth One asked another why he wore delight. 13 If his wondrously varied "May we kiss whom we please, his stockings the wrong side orthography merely reflects a and please whom we kiss," to outwards; the other told him, fickle ear for phonics, then he was which someone might have re­ Because there was a hole on the no doubt unaware that his sponded adroitly w ith the warning, other side. (J 6) "wrighting" would entertain any­ "May the evening's diversion bear The Irishman, the Englishm an's one. Thus, perhaps such feeble wit the morning's reflection." A less fall guy, was the butt of a great as the pun went by him unnoticed. j udgmental man might have :: 1

14 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 topped the exchange with a corny of several million copies, is the humor.20 Sometimes called conundrum: "Why is a pretty Farmer's Almanac, first published Jonathan, he was a shrewd, multi­ woman like an oat cake? Because by Robert Bailey Thomas in I 792. purpose, seriocomic figure-now a she is often toasted." Of full-blown jokes or humorous hero, now a dupe. Feast of Merri­ When they traded their setting­ anecdotes there were seldom ment opens with a long account of poles and cordelles for horses and more than a dozen in any issue of a Yankee who outwits a Scotch improvised saddles, and especially an alm anac- not much entertain­ bully. on the August day in 1805 when ment for a whole twelve months. Clark was certainly familiar with Lewis bought a fine mule from a On the other hand, Th omas's issue the image. He remarked that Shoshone, one of the men could fo r 1794 contained an especially Drouillard and the three other men have asked another, "Why is your intriguing item reprinted from a who accompanied him on his visit saddle like a mule?" and volun­ London newspaper. Astronomer with Chief Broken Arm of the Nez teered the retort, "Because it is William Herschel, it was said, had Perce on June 6, 1806, had "ob­ between a horse and an ass." They "reduced to a certainty, the opin­ tained a good Store of roots and might occasionally have made light . ion that the moon is inhabited." bread in exchange fo r a number of of the threat of Indian hostilities by He had discovered land and water, little notions, useing the Yanke raising the cup to "Short shoes and and distinguished between the phrase, with which their own long corns to the enemies of green and barren mountainous enginuiety had principally fur­ America!" or reflected on the spots. "Within these few days he nished them." home-front economy, so far as has distinguished a large edifice, they remembered it, with "May the - apparently of greater magnitude It is not necessary to suggest miser grow poor, and the benevo­ than St. Paul's; and he is confident that any of the men actually car­ 7 lent rich." 1 of shortly being able to give an ried along almanacs, or any such account of the inhabitants." 19 The books as Feast of Merriment, much More widely read than the jester odds are that this j uicy item less ever read them, fo r the was the almanac, which had quickly became common wisdom, comedian's art is an oral art. Tim­ shared with the Holy Bible a place t and that some of the moons that ing is everything, and the timing is as an essential book in the Ameri­ shone on the expedition drew in the telling, Some, perhaps all, of can home ever since An Almanac tides of serious conjecture as well the jokes in the j es ters had been in Calculatedfor New England was as hilarious repartee from among circulation, in one version or an­ issued at Cambridge for the year the mern other, for who-knows-how-many 1639. By the end of the eighteenth One of the most famOU? alma­ generations. Word gets around. century, dozens of almanacs were nacs was Poor Richard's, published It would be fun to know which being published annually in the very profitably by Benjamin of the men possessed the liveliest U.S. - over 600 in the 1790s Franklin, under the pseudonym of sense of humor- who was the alone-some as far w est as Lexing­ Ri chard Saunders, from 1733 until natural comedian, the wisecrack ton, Kentucky, and many selling 1758 . His series was a rich reposi­ artist, the master of drollery, the more than 100,000 copies per is­ tory of aphorism s which were lib­ irrepress ible clown, the ring-leader sue. erally quoted in copy-cat publica­ of jollity. Who was always ready The almanac functioned as a" , tions such as Carey's Franklin Al­ with a zippy one-liner? Who had meteorological bureau, astrological manac. Franklin's Legacy. Poor Ri­ the most infectious laugh? Who forecaster, medical reference, and chard Improved, Poor Richard Re­ was the sourpuss whose stony vis­ agricultural advisor. Typically, each vived, and Poor Will's Almanack. all age made a funny story all the of the m onthly calendar pages was appearing in 1801. Such enduring funnier? What did the Frenchmen headed by a bit of sentimental, renown suggests that at least a few think of the Americans' humor. humorous, or inspirational verse ; of the men in the Corps of Discov­ and vice versa? What did the Indi­ maxims, proverbs and aphorisms ery might have been able to repeat ans laugh at- besides, in one in­ also served as fillers and teasers. some of Franklin's maxims at ap­ stance, the sight of these foreigners Following the calendar came a propriate moments. dining on dogmeat- and what did page or two of entertaining anec­ Poor Richard Saunders, the the explorers think when they did, dotes, usually taken from some model for the cracker-barrel Yan­ if they didn't get mad. 21 Regretably, other printed source.18 kee yarn-spinner and his peripa­ we're not privileged to know these The oldes t continuously pub­ tetic cousin, the Yankee peddler, things. We do know, though, that lished periodical in the U.S., with a was soon to become a central, the wellsprings of humor are deep current (I 996) annual ci rculation symbolic character in American and dea thless. As a well-known

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 15 inside yuk goes, if Adam were to 271. See Quaife.journals, p. 167. The map in Louis D. Rubin, Jr., ed., The Comic return to earth today, the only is No. 47 in Moulton's Atlas. "Charbonno" Imagination in American Literature (New thing he would recognize would be is one of at least fifteen different spellings Brunswick, New j ersey: Rutgers University of the interpreter's-name (none correct) Press, 1973). 77-78. See also Margaret S. the jokes. that Clark thought up. Ernst, In A Word (New York, Alfred A. - FOOTNOTES- ' 5 Moulton, 7: 17.; Atlas map 81. Knopf. 1939). 251, for a slightly different '"See James P. Ronda, "St. Louis Welcomes etymology. ' See Edmund Bergler, M.D., Laughter and and Toasts the Lewis and Clark Expedition; 21May 5, I 806. A Choppunish (N ez Perce) the Sense of Humor (New York: A Newly Discovered I 806 Newspaper Intercontinental Medical Book Corporation. Indian derisively threw a live puppy onto Account," WPO, Vol. 13 , No. I . Lewis's plate; Lewis threw it back in the I 956), Chapter I. 17 2 All these toasts are found in Feast, p. 117 offender's face. Timothy Ferris, The Mind's Sky: Human 8 ' Almanacs devoted primarily to humor Intelligence in a Cosmic Context (New York: only began to appear with The American Bantam Bool,s, I 992), I I 9. Comic Almanac of I 83 I, which was 3Gary Moulton, ed., The journals of the followed by many imitators, culminating Lewis and Clark Expedition. 8 vols. (Lincoln: first in Davy Crockett's Almanac of Wild About the author ... University of Nebraska Press, I 986-93). Sports of the West and Life in the Vol. 2:428n. Backwoods, which lasted from 1835 until Joseph A. Mussulman, a profes­ 4 Milo Quaife, ed., The journals of Captain 1856. sor emeritus at the University of Meriwether Lewis and Sergeant john Ordway 19George Lyman Kittredge, The Old Fanner (1916: reprint, Madison: State Historical Montana, is the author of several and His Almanack (Boston: William Ware Society of Wisconsin, 1965). 293. The books on music history, biogra­ incident is recounted in Moulton Vol. and Company. 1904). 251-61. 20 phy and appreciation. He also 6: 181. See also Moulton. Atlas of the Lewis lt is generally accepted that "' Yankee" and Clark Expedition (Lincoln: University of originated as "Jan Kees," or "John Cheese, " has written and directed multi­ Nebraska Press), map no. 84. among New Amsterdam -Dutch settlers as media and audio interpretive 5December 8. I 804. Moulton Vol. 3:255. a ·pejorative nickname for the Anglo­ programs about various national Americans living over in Connecticut. The 6 E.G. Chuinard, Only One Man Died: The parks and historic sites. Dr. Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark British used it as a label of ridicule for all Expedition (Fairfield, Washington: Ye rebellious colonials, and the satirical song Mussulman is planning an inter­ Galleon Press, 1979), I 62 . A recipe for "Yanl,ee Doodle" lampooned the relative active multimedia CD-ROM se­ portable soup will be found in "Portable clumsiness of the American militia. ries on Lewis and Clark. Soup-Lewis's 'portable soupe'?" WPO. Perversely, the rebels cook pride in the Vol. 9, No. 4, II. name. See Cecil D. Eby, "Yanl,ee Humor." 'Except for the beer john Collins brewed from some sour camas mash- a pretty tame libation, one imagines. See Robert R. Hunt, "Gills and Drams of Consolation: Ardent Spirits on the Lewis & Clark Expedition," WPO, Vol. I 7, No. 3, 19-27; Archaeological Projects May Pinpoint Vol. 17, No. 4, 11- 14. 8Moulcon 8: I 72. Locations at Fort Clatsop •see Hennig Cohen and Tristram Potter Coffin. eds., The Folklore of American There are currently three ar­ into the park's Geographic Infor­ Holidays (2nd ed., Cleveland, Ohio: Gale Research, 1991),470. chaeological-related projects that mation System. This map will be a 10Moulton Vol. 3: 157. are being conducted at Fo rt tremendous aid in park manage­ 11 Feast, 6 7. The same joke appeared in Clatsop National Memorial. The ment activities and proposed re­ Funny Stories, verbatim. Hereafter, all first is the preparation of a cultural search projects. quotations from Feast will be cited parenthetically in the text. base map of the principal historic The second related project con­ 2 ' During the winter of I 803-4 at Camp areas within the park. This base sists of historic research into two to DuBois, and en route from there to the map w ill include detailed elevation three homesites that existed within Mandan villages, several of the men were and contour intervals; and loca­ the park in the mid to late 1800s. court-martialed and flogged for drunkeness or various derelictions of duty. tions of the trenches that were The people who occupied these Moses Reed was tried and flogged for excavated by NPS archaeologists in homes were not only important to desertion. and discharged, on August 18, 1948, 1956, 1957 and 1961; cur­ the local and regional history, but I 804. Private John Newman was flogged the placement of these homes and and "discarded from the perminent party" rently exposed historical and ar­ for "mutinous expression" on October 13, chaeological material; present the owner's testimony were instru­ 1804. There were no further punishable structures; historic structures no mental in the Oregon Historical incidents. longer in existence; present and Society fi nding the location of the 13See Robert B. Betts, '"we commenced wrighting &c.' A Salute to the Ingenious historic roadways; areas of previ­ site of the original Fort Clatsop in Spelling and Grammar of William Clark," ous disturbances and fill-dirt; and 1899. This historical information WPO. Vol. 6, No. 4, I 0- I 2. current walkways and park utilities. will be valuable not only to park 14 See Arlen La rge, "All in the Family: The Th is base map and the accompa­ In-House Honorifics of Lewis and Clark," Names, Vol. 42, No. 4 (December 1994), p. nying data will be incorporated (Fort Clatsop continued on page 31)

16 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 28th Annual Meeting Update SIOUX CITY, IOWA

by V. Strode Hinds, General Chairman Notes on the Geology and Ecology of the Missouri The dates of August 4-7 are slightly m isleading River Valley by W. Raymond Wood since the National Lewis and Clark Bicentennial From Particulars to Generals (and Captains. Too) Council will convene its meeting on Friday, August 2 by Gary E. Mo ulton and something wi ll be going on through the week to the post-meeting trip on Thursday, August 8. The Enough time will be allowed for questions and following schedule lists any changes that have been discussion. Lunch will be served at the Conven­ made up until this time. tion Center in rooms #6-# 1O on the second floor. The evening will be left open for such things as FRIDAY, AUGUST 2, 1996- committee meetings and chapter meetings. The National Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Coun­ cil will meet at the Sioux City Hilton Hotel TUESDAY, AUGUST 6, 1996 SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1996- Begins with a breakfast on your own. We wi ll The Foundation's Board of Directors will meet at board buses shortly after 8:00 a.m. at the Con­ 8:00 a.m. and through the day in Con ference vention Center. The tour includes stops at Black­ Room #3 on the 2nd floor of the Hil ton. bird Overview, Ft. Atkinson State Park, Wilson Island State Park, Desoto Wildlife Refuge and the SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 1996- Steamboat Bertrand Museum, and Lewis and The Board will continue its deliberations at 8:00 Clark State Park. Here we w ill be able to get pho­ a .m. in Conference Room #3. General registra­ tos and get aboard the keelboat. We will also tion at the Hilton in Salons A & B will begin at have a picnic supper fo llowed by the dedication 10:00 a.m. and continue through' the day until of an informational sign at the park, as a part of 6:00 p.m . Beginning at 1 :30 p.m. the a series of signs along the Missouri River. This Kensington Room on the 12th floor of the Hilton wi ll involve the Foundation, the Iowa Depart­ wi ll be open for artists, authors and displays. A.II ' ment of Natural Resources and the National Park registrants are invited to visit these disp·lays. A Service. reception buffet for all registrants as well as ven­ dors will begin at 5:30 p.m. in the Cambridge WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 7, 1996- Room on the 12th floor across the hall from the Begin with a buffet breakfast at the Hilton Hotel, Kensington display area. It will be possible to second floor banquet area and then to the buses attend a No rthern League baseball game at Lewis for visits to the Floyd Monument, the motor ves­ and Clark Park on Sunday evening featuring the sel Sergeant Floyd, and the Lewis and Clark hik­ Sioux City Explorers vs. the Superior Dukes of ing trail, War Eagle monument and the Loess Duluth, Minnesota. ,, Hills Nature Center. We will return to the hotel for lunch followed by a general business meeting Please let me know if you would like a ticket. and by meetings of the board of directors. Those This will also be a great evening to contact old with time available can visit areas of interest in friends and m ake new ones with the first time downtown Sioux City. The day w ill be completed attendees. with the Awards and Recognition Banquet at the MONDAY, AUGUST 5, 1996- second fl oor of the Conventi on Center at 6:00 Will begin with a breakfast on your own. This . -p.m. will be convenient at the first floor eating area of THURSDAY, AUGUST 8, 1996- the hotel. The general business meeting will be A post-meeting tour after breakfast on your own. in Rooms # 1 & #2 on the main floor of the Sioux The tour w ill be to areas on the Missouri up­ City Convention Center which is across the street stream from Sioux City: Spirit Mound, Gavins from the hote l. After a short break, papers will Point Dam and Calumet Bluffs, Niobrara State be presented, one in the morning and two in the Park, Ponca State Park and Cotton Wood Cove afternoon. Titles and presenters are: Park. Box lunch and refreshments will be My Life with William Clark, by James P. Ronda onboard. (Meeting continued on page 18)

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON I 7 by V. Strode Hinds problem was between Floyd's Bluff by Clark's nephew, Benjamin While trying to locate the l 804 and the Sioux City Bend. The daily O'Fallon, or someone under his position of the Missouri River from courses given in Thwaites3 and direction. 5 There is no ev idence on Onawa, Iowa to Ponca, Nebraska, Moulton4 showed an error in this the map that Maximilian at­ 1 the maps in Moulton's Vol. 1 Atlas area that turned the river about 80 tempted to make any corrections. were used as a primary informa­ degrees to the east. The error was The error is not noted in tion source. In order to cover the on the chart 16. Clark-Maximilian Maximilian's j ournals by distance, it was necessary to trace sheet #5. See Fig. 2 for an approxi­ Thwaites. 6 We should recall that several sheets and then match mate correction. The problem the charts were used by them together. Once this had been seems to have been made when Maximilian for information pur­ done, the Missouri River just below the map was copied, from one of poses. Navigation up the Missouri the area of Floyd's Bluff took on a the Clark originals, for Maximilian on the Steamboat Yellowstone in strange direction. This ended with the Floyd River, W illow Creek and the Big Sioux River running toward the east and the Missouri River tracking almost north. See Fig. 12 Several trials indicated that the

MEETING­ Cont.fromp. 17 Regarding registration: The full registration fee includes all of the item s, Sunday through Wednesday, just described except the break.­ fasts on Monday and Tuesday and the August 8th post-meeting tour. The individual fees are for partial registrations only. If you have re­ turned the registration forms and wish to see a ballgame, please con­ tact me, otherwise put a note on the forms when they are returned. The blue registration forms sent to you in WPO regarding the River Boat Inn and the BW City Centre need correction. You should have received this corrected form by this time. It will specify that it is a ... correction. If you have any con­ _..,'11 cerns, please contact me at: v,,v. ti VS. Hinds v,,, 3121 Grandview Blvd. Combined charts # 16, # 1 7 ~~ Sioux City, IA 5 11 04-3933 Clark Maximilian Sheets 5&6 ~~ (712) 252-2364 route August 13-26, 1804 FIG. 1

18 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 1 833 was under the direction of souri River is to be appreciated, Prince of Wied's Travels in the Interior of ·Capt. Bennett. 7 respected and even loved. just North America. 1832-1834, The Anhur H. Other evidence that this correc­ don't try to completely understand Clark Co., Cleveland. 1906, Vol. 1, pages 115. 116. . tion is close to the source can be or correct this very independent 7Donald Jackson, The Voyages of the seen when the new position is mass of moving water. Steamboat Yellow Stone, University of compared to Clark's map used in - FOOTNOTES- Oklahoma Press, Norman and London, the 1814 publication of the j our­ 1987, Chapter 4 , page 84. ' Gary E. Moulton, ed., Atlas of the Lewis 8W. Raymond Wood.Joseph N. Nicollet's nals. The map produced in 1839 and Cla rk Expedition, University of 1839 Manuscript Maps of the Missouri River by Nicollet shows a pattern which Nebraska Press. Lincoln and London, and Upper Mississippi Basin, Illinois State is very similar to this correction.8 1983, Vol. 1 Museum, Springfield, 1993, map 395. 2lbid. Vol. 1• map 15, Clark-Maximilian 9 This map also shows how much George Fitch, Th e Missouri River, sheet #5 American Magazine, April 1 907 the river has wandered, although it 3Reuben Gold Thwaites. ed., Original may have changed from this pat­ journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. tern several times in those inter­ Arno Press, 1 969. Vol. 1 page 115-11 6. About the author ... 4Gary E. Moulton, ed., The journals of the vening years of 1833 to 1839. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. University of V. Strode Hinds is the general ability of the Missouri River to shift Nebraska Press. Lincoln and London. chairman of the foundation's around in the wide river bottom 1986. Vol. 2. pages 494-496. 5 28th Annual Meeting. He is a valley is now limited to an area of Moulton, Atlas Vol. J. Introduction, page 7 "Reuben Gold Thwaites. ed., Early Western past president of the foundation. wild and scenic river above Ponca, Travels 1748-1846, Part I of Maximilian. Nebraska and below Yankton, South Dakota. Farmers plant crops very close to the river in this area and suffer loss of these crops on a regular basis. The results are re­ quests to the Corps of Engineers for more bank control and a less natural stream. The challenges of navigation for ' Lewis and Clark continue today along the Missouri. Sandbars and snags seem to appear out of no­ .. ... !" i where and are gone again about

the time they are recognized and I ' I noted. The soft bed of the Missouri r-, \ \I is still present under the water in \ .. the Iowa-Nebraska stretch to com­ plicate what man thinks he can change...... - - George Fitch wrote in 1907 "Sci­ ' 1 ,..-- .... -,. ,. .. ~' \. entists tell us that the Missouri . ' s ' ' - ,,., peculiarities are due to the loose • i: alluvial soil through which it flows. '-\ A soil so soluble that the least flirt \ of the current will dig a hole into the bank which in time widens into a bay, then a horseshoe curve and finally a loop thirty miles around. Now the loops of the Mis­ souri are about as fixed and immo­ bile as a two year old colt. " 9 So we can see that the Missouri continues upon its way with little attention to Combined charts #16, # 17 man and his structures. The Mis- Clark Maximilian Sheets 5&6 route August 13-26, 1804 (Nicollet map on page 20)

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 19 I. !i ;2.h,_;)Y M .· .:Z:f ,0'1a.7'}// tp'~ ,(f-. , _~;J_ C.·· f ~,.f:t- -

.,I

1 I

; I ]. N. Nicollet Map 395 ; ·, : \

20 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 ~fH//SAND C~AHKPH rHf hrPRHAHPN &P&RH/GHm.-~-rr--

by jay Rasmussen Exploring the West: A Perspective in Maps Nearly 200 years after their epic journey, Lewis http://fermi.clas.virginia.edul-msk5dlprojectlch4.html and Clark are still blazing new trails; this time on the Fort Atkinson Scenes http: //esu3 .esu3. k I 2. ne.u s/nebraskalfort_atkinson.html information superhighway, better known as the Fort Clatsop National Memorial Internet. There are a blossoming number of Internet http://www. presys.com/ohwy/f/fortclat.htm sites containing information concerning Lewis and From Here to Obscurity-Lewis & Clark Clark as well as other members of the Corps of Dis­ http:llwww.discovery.com/DCO/docl t 012/worldlobscuril:y/obscuri ry031 896/obscuriry I .html covery that will be of interest to students, history FW95,moulton, journals volume 9 buffs and members of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heri­ http://www.unl.edu/UP/lewjo9.htm tage Foundation. As with any large set of Lewis and Giant Springs Heritage State Park Clark data, one can find valuable, well-presented hrrp://bingen.cs.csbsju.edu/-jdce reckgianrsprings.html information as well as outright misinformation. Great Falls of the Missouri htrp:l/bingen.cs.csbsju.edu-jdcereckwaterfalls.html Much of the information on the Internet is supplied Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A. in textual form, but many sites offer graphics (con­ ht rp:/lbingen.cs.csbsju.edu-jdcereckgreatfalls. html taining facsimiles of maps, paintings and engravings Harpers Ferry NHP Stories as well as photographs of places and objects) and http://www.nps.gov/hafe/hf_stry.htm even sound clips. A number of sites are hosted by History of Great Falls, Montana schools and universities and contain teaching cur­ http://bingen.cs.csbsju.edu/-jdcereck/hiscory. html riculum and student projects. Other sites are hosted How the West was Won by museums, television stations, on-l ~ne magazines http://www.discovery.com/DCO/doc/101 2/worldlhi story/westlwestopener. html and even the United States Post Office (regarding Idaho Online! Users HomePage-L&C Expedition http://www. ida.net/userslstan/ their Sacagawea stamp). You can also find book re-. Indians views and ordering information. Below is a .recent . . .. . ' ?3 ' htt p: l/web.ccsd .k 12. wy us/i ndian s/Shoshoni. html list of sites: · : Interpreters 1800-1830 http://w'ww. csulb.edulgcllibartslam-i ndianlnaelchapter_3IOO I_002_ 3. 46. rxr http://wwwcsul b.edulvc/libarcslam-indianlnae/ 1800-1830.html It's "WESTWARD HO!" as Legends Stamps hit the trail A Roster of the Lewis & Clark Expedition http://www. usps.gov/newslstamps/94/wesr.htm http://www.innerlight. comlgenepoolllewiclar. htm Learn More About "The Lewis and Clark Trail" American Explorers-Lewis & Clark hctp:l/soundprint.brandywine.american.edu/-soun dprtlmore_infollewis_and_clark.html http ://www. islandner.com/-abcsofr/maplewis.gif Lewis & Clark Bibliography: science: Undaunted Courage http: //www.cp.d uluth.mn.us/-tmcsllewsclrk I .hem http://www.mon ti cello.org/M arter s/Bibl iograph ylsc i enc~h cml Lewis & Clark 95 (University of Kentucky College of Arts and Book-Before Lewis and Clark: Docume'nts Illustrating the His- Sciences) http://wwwuky.edu1-eng003flc95/Welcome.html tory of the Missouri, 1785-1804 ' http:aaup. pupress.princeton.edu: 70/CGl/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/99/nebraska/89025080 .ctl Lewis and Clark Curriculum http://wwwtrinity.edu/departmentsleducationlcore/lessonslftrstlc l t lewis.html Book- Clark, Ella Elizabeth: Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Lewis & Clark Expedition: Washington State University Expedition http:/1134.121 .11 2.29/wahistcult/trail.html htcp:llpress-gopher.uch icago.edu:70/CGl/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/99/california/78065466.ctl Lewis & Clark Expedition: Washington State University: Stu­ Book-Cutright, Paul Russell: Lewis and Clark: Pioneering dent Journals Naturalists http://t 34, 121 .1 12.29/wahistcult/journalslindex.html http:llaaup.pupress.princeton.edu:70/CGl/cgi-binlhfs.cgi/99/nebraskal88038522.ctl Lewis .& Clark Memorial- Council Bluffs, IA BookPage Review: Undaunted Courage http://www.novia.net/-cmeyers/lnc.gif http://www. bookpage.coml9602bplnonfictionlundauntedcourage.html Lewis & Clark Roster Information (FTP) City of Lewiston, Idaho ftp:/lftp.cac.psu.edulp ub/genealogylroots-1/geneal oglgenealog.lewclark hrrp:llwwwemsl.pnl.gov:2080ldocslcielneurallworkshop2/TriCitieslcities/Lewisron.html Lewis and Clark Clarkston Washington http:l/www.adventure.com:80/librarylencyclopedialrhkelrfilewis.ht ml http:l/www.clarkscon.com/welco me.hrml Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Proposal Edgar S. Paxson-"Sacajawea" http://www.montana. com/chsllc_prop. hrm hccp:/lwww.umt.edu/partvlfamuslsacajawe.hrm (Superhighway continued on page 30)

MAY 1996 WE PROCEED ED ON 2 1 A DISCUSSION OF LEWIS'S JOURNAL ENTRY AT THE GREAT FALLS

by Joyce A. McDonough the plain like a ~oll u m of the other painted with words. In 3 There are times when we feel smoke ... " the 1750s a theory of the Sublime inadequate for a particular task, If Lewis' entry is read in its en­ was formulated by the British phi­ and we look with envy to someone tirety, a fa irly accurate description losopher Edmund Burke. He ad­ else's talents. When we experience of what he viewed emerges. He vanced the idea that the Sublime a breath-taking vista, we might wrote of water fl owing "with in­ terrifies and intimidates, while wish that our snapshots and verbal credible swiftness" and breaking Beauty attracts and reassures. In commentary were better able to "into a perfect white foam which Nature the Sub lime would include capture the vivid and majestic assumes a thousand forms in a . terrifying, remote landscapes with scenery we can see so clearly. So moment sometimes flying up in sharp contrasts or sudden varia­ jets of sparkling foam .. . "4 tions, and uncontrolled bound­ we buy a postcard and scrawl, Although he continued to de­ aries. These qualities were aspects "Wish you were here." Why do we scribe the majesty of the falls, he of Rosa and Thomson's works. wish that person were beside us? later reflected that "after wrighting Although Rosa preceded Burke, he For two reasons, it seems. At a this imperfect discription I again nonetheless, helped establish the later date, we may feel inadequate viewed the falls and was so much tenets of the Sublime theory to recapture the initial awe we ex­ disgusted with the imperfect idea through his picturesque art. The perienced, and secondly, we want which it conveyed of the scene picturesque movement in art to share the beauty firsthand with that I determined to draw my pen changed the distaste for uncouth someone we know would appreci­ across it and begin agin ... "5 things in nature into an apprecia­ ate it. While in this state of dissatisfac­ tion of the fearful joy in natural Lewis and Clark were no differ­ tion with his creative ability, Lewis objects. In Italian Landscape in 18th ent in their desire to convey to wished for the pencil of Salvator Century England Elizabeth President Jefferson and others the Rosa or the pen of James Manwaring quotes Frank Jewett magnitude and majesty of the Thomson, "that I might be enabled Mather from his History of Italian newly-acquired Louisiana Territory. to give to the enlightened world Painting, as follows, "The real dis­ They were keenly aware of their some just idea of this truly coverer of the picturesque, the first unique status as the first white magnifficent and sublimely grand enthusiast for the savage aspects men to see the rugged landscape object. "6 Lewis felt pressured to of nature, was Salvator Rosa . beyond the Miss issippi. They had describe a natural wonder that few Salvator Rosa was in fashion for un dertal~en a trip that today's people had ever seen. He regretted one hundred fifty years after his outdoorsman can never duplicate. his own inadequacy to capture the dea.th in 1673."7 Of al l the Euro­ Li terally, they were see ing America wild beauty of the falls on paper, pean landscape pa inters popular first. As they tell us in their jour­ and so all uded to the talents of through the early 1800's, English­ nals, they saw landscapes and ob­ others. By invoking Rosa and men of culture appreciated jects "which [had] from the com­ Thomson, Lewis actually added to Salvator Rosa most. It seemed mencement of time been con­ his description for most of his con­ Rosa could capture both the horror cealed from the view of civilized temporaries. For today's reader of and dignity of Nature. He could man ... " 1 the journals, however, Rosa and sketch the fantastic wildness and One such vista was the Great Thomson have lost their recogni­ romantic beauty so often coupled Falls of the Missouri which filled tion factor. Now it must be asked, in Nature. It is said that Rosa felt Lewis with "pleasure and astonish­ "Who were these men? Would passionately the awe, horror, might ment. "2 On Thursday, June 13, they have been able to do justice and vastness of Nature and the 1805 Meriwether Lewis related in to the raw beauty of the falls as littleness of man; the thrill of the his journal that "my ears were sa­ Lewis seemed to assume?" w ild and untamable. 8 It is highly luted with the agreeable sound of a Rosa and Thomson were Euro­ likely that Thomas Jefferson's sec­ fa ll of water and advancing a little pean creative geniuses. One spoke retary, Meriwether Lewis, would be further I saw the spray arise above through charcoal, line and form; familiar with the style of Salvator

22 W E PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 I

The Broken Bridge-Salvator Rosa-Pitti Gallery-Florence, Italy From the Devonshire Collection Photographed by Alin Ari

Rosa. Is it any wonder then, that glimpses of the pastoral world and manded for language too imagina­ Lewis would have chosen this ex­ they were sufficient because they tive. He was urged to use plain, pressive Italian to paint the Great afforded "an image of the golden intelligible language for a country Falls picture that he could not? .~ age, that mythical time set in an congregation. Changing his mind And what of Thomson? Lewis , eternal spring when man lived in about his calling, he went to Lon­ was not the first or only one to link · harmony within society and with don in 1725, and in 1 726 wrote the names of SaJvator Rosa and the natural environment." 10 Those "Winter," the first in a series of James Thomson. Many texts speak sentiments surely ring of poems called Seasons. Thomson's of the picturesque movements in Jefferson's philosophy and he work met with unanimous ap­ the sister arts of painting and writ­ likely had Thomson's wo.rks in his plause and over the next three ing, and couple the names of Rosa personal library. years he created poetic word pic­ and Thomson. While Rosa James Thomson was born in tures of the other three seasons. sketched with "dashing pencil, " Scotland in I 700, the son of a This excerpt is from the Preface to Thomson captured Nature with his Scottish minister. James intended Seasons and from the specific pen. Thomson was known as a to continue his father's ministry, poem "Winter." We hear Thomson picturesque poet who enabled but left the Divinity School of proclaim Nature as a worthy sub­ readers to visualize a picture after Edinburgh without taking a degree ject and then see his ability to cap­ the manner of Rosa. Alexander when a sermon he wrote was ture the powerful essence of w in­ Pope said of Thomson that he gave strongly criticized. He was repri- ter.

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 23 I know no subject more And the sky saddens with the Eyes all the smiling family askance, elevating. more amusing; more gathered storm. And pecks, and starts. and wonders ready to awake the poetical Through the hushed air the where he is, enthusiasm. the philosophical whitening shower descends. Till, more familiar grown, the table­ reflection. and the moral sentiment, than the works of At first thin wavering, till at last the crumbs nature. Where can we meet flakes Attract his slender feet. The foodless with such variety, such beauty, Fall broad and wide and fast, wilds such magnificence? All that dimming the day Pour forth their brown inhabitants. enlarges and transports the With a continual flow. The cherished The hare, soul! What more inspiring than fields Though timorous of heart and hard a calm. wide survey of them? In Put on their winter robe of purest beset every dress nature is greatly white; By death in various forms-dark charming-whether she puts on the crimson robes of the 'Tis brightness all. save where the snares. and dogs, morning, the strong effulgence new snow melts And more unpitying men.-the of noon, the sober suit of the Along the mazy current; low the garden seeks, evening. or the deep sables of woods Urged on by fearless want. The blackness and tempest! How Bow their hoar head; and ere the bleating kind gay looks the spring! how languid sun Eye the black heaven, and next the glorious the summer! how Faint from the west emits his glistening earth, pleasing the autumn! and how evening ray, With looks of dumb despair; then. venerable the winter!-But sad dispersed, there is no thinking of these Earth's universal face. deep-hid and things without breaking out chill, Dig for the withered herb through into poetry; which is, by-the­ Is one wild dazzling waste, that heaps of snow. by. a plain and undeniable buries wide Now, shepherds, to your helpless argument of their superior The works of man. Drooping, the charge be kind: excellence. laborer-ox Baffle the raging year, andfill their For this reason the best, both Stands covered o'er with snow. and pens ancient, and modern, poets then demands With food at will; lodge them below have been passionately fond of The fruit of all his toil. The jowls of the storm, retirement. and solitude. The heaven, And watch them strict, for from the wild romantic country was Tamed by the cruel season, crowd bellowing east. their delight. And they seem around In this dire season, oft the never to have been more The winnowing store. and claim the whirlwind's wing happy, than when. lost in little boon Sweeps up the burthen of whole unfrequentedfields,jar from the little busy world, they were Which Providence assigns them. wintry plains at leisure, to meditate, and sing One alone. At one wide waft. and o'er the the works of nature. The redbreast, sacred to the hapless flocks, household gods. Hid in the hollow of two neighboring from WINTER Wisely regardful of th· embroiling hills, [Hardships and Benevolence] sky, The billowy tempest whelms. till, The keener tempests come; and, In joyless fields and thorny thickets upward urged, fuming dun leaves The valley to a shining mountain From all the livid east or piercing His shivering mates, and pays to swells, north. trusted man Thick clouds ascend. in whose Tipped with a wreath high-curling in capacious womb His annual visit: half-afraid, he first the sky. Against the window beats; then A vapory deluge lies, to snow As thus the snows arise, andjoul brisk alights congealed. and fierce Heavy they roll their fleecy world On the warm hearth; then. hopping All Winter drives along the darkened o'er the floor, along, air,

24 WE PROCEEDED ON FEBRUARY 1996 The word pictures created by Thomson were reminiscent of the Annual Grants Program Now pastoral works painted by Salvator Rosa. Both men appreciated Na­ Coordinated with National Park Service ture, her beauty and fury. Both As approved last year by the projects, (4) actual sign purchase artists were well-known and ac­ board of directors, the foundation's and installation, (5) youth projects cepted by educated critics and annual grant program will now be and contests, and (6) creative or enlightened audiences. coordinated with the National Park performing arts projects. It is not surprising, therefore, Service's Cost Share Challenge The National Park Service Chal­ that Meriwether Lewis should have Program. This means that requests lenge Cost Share (CCS) program w ished fo r the talents of these two for funding assistance sent to ei­ provides funds to non-federal orga­ artists when he perceived himself ther organization w ill be reviewed nizations to enhance protection incapable of capturing the magnifi­ at the same time and be consid­ and interpretation along the Lewis cence of the Great Falls. His allu­ ered for funding from both and Clark National Historic Trail. sion to these two particular artists, sources. It also means that re­ Unlike the foundation's monetary coupled with his own descriptive quests submitted to the foundation grants, the Park Service program journal entry, enable us to share in will be due later in the year to co­ provides funds on a matching ba­ the thrill he experienced w hen he incide with the federal fiscal year sis. The match may be in dollars, viewed the Great Palls almost two that begins October 1. materials, equipment or volunteer hundred years ago. Not having the The Lewis and Clark Trail Heri­ time. CCS projects generally range sophisticated photography equip­ tage Foundation reviews grant re­ from $2,500 to $15,000 and de­ ment available today, and having quests through its Monetary Grants pend on available funding. Ex­ very little time to linger at the site, Committee chaired by Dr. James R. amples of projects funded in the Lewis, nonetheless, leaves us with Fazio. The amount of awards de­ past include: (1) production/instal­ an indelible image of the w ild Mis­ pends on funds available at the lation of interpretive signs, (2) pro­ souri at the Great Falls. The words 1 time of the annual meeting. In tection of cultural or natural re­ and references he used in his j our­ recent years, grants have ranged sources associated w ith trail sites nal entry on June 13, 1805 are, for from $200 to $5.000. The purpose or segments, (3) maintenance/ us. a picture postcard from Mon­ of the foundation's grant program renovation of trail sites or seg­ tana wistfully inscribed, "Wish you is to "~ t ipi1.,1late and increase public ments, (4) museum exhibits or were here. " knowledge" about the Lewis and other interpretive media at trail Clark Expedition. Proposals are sites, (5) production/distribution of -FOOTNOTES- accepted from individuals or orga­ pertinent printed, computer or 1Gary E. Moulton, ed ., Thejournalsofthe nizations, with preference given in visual materials, (6) research or Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln, the following order when all other archaeology, and (7) development Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, factors are equal: (1) scholarly re­ of recreational trails recognized as 1983) . ..) Vol. IV, p. 150. 2 Ibid search and publication, (2) re­ part of the Lewis and Clark Na­ 3lbid, p. 147 search and text-writing for road tional Historic Trail. 4/bid, p. 148 .~ markers and interpretive signs, (3) To obtain an application for ei­ 5 lbid. p. 149 construction or restoration ther organization's assistance pro­ 6 /bid gram, write to: Barbara Kubik, Ex­ 7 Elizabeth Manwaring, Italian Landscape in 18th Centwy England (London, F Cass, ecutive Director, Lewis & Clark 1965). p. 54 About the author ... Trail Heritage Foundation, 1 712 S. 8Ibid, p. 197 Joyce A McDonough, a public Perry Court, Kennewick, WA 9Artwork by Salvator Rosa, as reproduced school teacher, lives in Brockton, 99337. During this transitional with permission in Elizabeth Manwaring's year of jointly managing the grant Italian Landscape in 18th Centwy England Massachusetts w ith her husband '°Malcolm Andrews, The Search for the John and their three son s. They programs, there is no specific Picturesque: Landscape Anesthetics and encouraged her to participate in deadline for returning com pleted Tourism in Britain. 1760-1800 (Stanford, Professor Robert Carriker's 1991 applications. However, for maxi­ CA, Stanford University Press, 1989), p. 5 mum consideration, it is suggested 11 NEH Summer Seminar on Lewis james Thomson. "Seasons" in Anthology that applications be returned by of Romanticism, ed. by Ernest Bernbaum and Clark. That rewarding expe­ September 1, 1996. Funding deci­ (New York, The Ronald Press Company, rience led directly to her interest 1948) p. 7 in researching the journals. sions will be completed by both organizations by December 1996 .

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 25 U-P-D-A-T-E by Martin Erickson

Some historians claim it was Thomas Sacagawea's Heroic Aura Still Shines Jefferson who brought waffles to this Idaho country, according to L.M. Boyd's Trivia Wyoming author Ken Thomasma says column. Sacagawea's popularity has remained strong be­ cause she's so politically correct. He researched her life while writing a series of stories about Indian "Undaunted Courage" Receiving Major children. Her life represents motherhood, explora­ Attention tion and cooperation. Stephen Ambrose's recently released book on Thomasma says much misinformation has been Meriwether Lewis, "Undaunted Courage", has cap­ printed about Sacagawea. He notes that she served tured the imagination of America accordin.g to those more as an interpreter than a guide. Still she was who sell books in this country. It had become the indispensable. sixth best selling non fiction book in the country by "Lewis and Clark marveled at her ability to find March 23rd. The book, with the "whopping subtitle" food everywhere," Thomasma says. "Sacagawea of "Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the knew every berry, every root and every stem of ev­ Opening of the American West," is "a remarkable ery plant that was good to eat." Thomasma's book "Naya Nuki" is the story of a and even inspiring story that can't be retold too of­ young Indian girl who was captured in southwestern ten," a Parade magazine reviewer wrote. Montana along with Sacagawea. Naya Nuki eventu­ The reviewer for the Washington Post said, "This ally escaped and returned to the Shoshone tribe in is a fine and important book, intelligently conceived Idaho's Lemhi Valley. The friends were reunited and splendidly written. It explains how the continen­ when the Lewis and Clark expedition reached the tal nation was made, flushes out human beings who valley. did the making and reminds us of the magnificent Thomasma was in the Lemhi Valley area to meet things that government can do when it does have a with Lemhi leaders about building the Sacagawea vision." National Historic Museum near Tendoy. Chet Orloff, the executive director of the Oregon - Idaho State journal Historical Society, wrote in the Portland Oregonian, Rigby Recognized by L&CTHF "Although no history can capture perfectly the past, Idaho and only a few seem to bring the reader's imagina­ tion even close to the past, 'Undaunted Courage' j. Wilmer Rigby, a retired Salmon (Idaho) pharma­ nearly puts us inside Lewis' tent. We 're there while cist and Lewis and Clark historian, was recently pre­ he talks over the day's events with his fellow captain sented with the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage and men; of sighting the new plants and wildlife, of Foundation's "Award of Meritorious Achievement." meetings with the Mandans, of canoeing the Colum­ Idaho Chapter President Steve Lee made the presen­ bia, of the heart-pounding escape from the tation. Other Idahoans who are past award w inners Blackfeet." are Marcus Ware of Lewiston and the late Ralph Space of Orofino. The Oregonian review also notes in its "Bottom Rigby has long been interested in Lewis and Clark Line" that, "This newest 'installment' to the im­ and has studied the explorer's journals extensively. mense literature on Lewis and Clark adds in quality, He has personally walked and photographed the trail not just quantity. A leading American historian has in Lemhi County. He has assisted local land manag­ taken on a topic that is his passion with the result an ers in the siting of the actual route and helped with evocatively rich retelling of one of our nation's great the preparation of an interpretive brochure on the stories. A fine book to learn about- or learn more trail for the Lemhi area. He has also generously about- America's greatest explorers." given his time in sharing his knowledge of Lewis,

26 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 Clark and the expedition with many students in cousin of Lewis through his mother's descendants, the area. says, "I don't see any sense in digging him up. I see The award was first given in 1972. no reason at all to solve this question." Staigmiller, a -Recorder Herald (Salmon) past president of the Portage Route Chapter com­ ments that, "these questions were unanswered in Make the celebration befitting Lewis and the time that Lewis died because that society didn't Clark's journey have our same dogged curiosity. Now, I think, we Oregon tear down some of our heroes unnecessarily ... it won't make any difference to the success or failure Saying the Lewis and Clark Expedition was an of the expedition if we answer every nagging detail unprecedented adventure, j.W. Forrester, retired edi­ of Lewis's death." tor of The Daily Astorian, voiced a call to action for Dr. James Starrs. forensic pathologist at George Oregonians to help salute the bicentennial of the Washington University, leads the group that wants to expedition. He says Fort Clatsop, where the mem­ exhume the body to find "the truth." He is sup­ bers of the expedition encamped in the winter of ported by Lewis's niece, Jane Lewis Henley. who says 1805-06, will attract international attention. a dig may solve the mystery that has diverted atten­ Forrester noted that the Lewis and Clark Exposi­ tion from Lewis's achievements. tion celeb rated in Portland in l 905-06 to mark the Reimert Ravenholt, a Seattle epidemiologist, sup­ 1O Oth anniversary of the expedition was a historical ports a theory that syphilis, not depress ion over fi­ turning point in the growth of the city. "Historians nances, drove Lewis to suicide and wants to check conclude that the exposition marked the coming of the body to verify this theory. He is supported by Dr. age of Portland" as a major city. James Adovasio, director of Pennsylvania's The historical significance of Astoria as the oldest Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, who says syphi­ settlement in the western United States is widely lis can be detected long after a corpse is interred. recognized. "We were reminded during the recent The National Park Service will have the final say bicentennial observance of Capt. Robert Gray's ar­ on whether or not the grave will be opened. rival in the Columbia River that, but fl>r that event, "We see no purpose in resurrecting his body to the Lower Columbia area would have been Great prove how he died." says Sara Amy Leach, chief of Britain's possession." interpretation and visitor services at the park in Ten­ "Planning at Fort Clatsop is in the hands of its nessee where Lewis is buried. "We would not alter superintendent, Cynthia Orlando. She is fully ca­ our appreciation of Lewis's contribution to American pable of administering all the fort's facilities it will be hist

MAY 1996 WE PROCE EDED ON 27 ----Book Reviews----

UNDAUNTED COURAGE: Meriwether Lewis, Tho­ This is not a book about Thomas Jefferson or Will­ mas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American iam Clark but rather about Meriwether Lewis. To tell West by Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon & Schuster, NY, his story, the backdrop is necessary, hence the sub­ 1996, 511 pages title. Any histo rical figure needs to stand within the A Review By Robert K. Doerk context of his times and Ambrose does this in such a way that he earns the right to provide interesting There have been many reviews of this latest offer­ detail about Lewis, to surmise what he m ight be ing in the growing Lewis and Clark literature ... and thinking, to make it believable. You feel you know deservedly so. The reviews l have seen have been Lewis in a way never approached before. And all of positive and it was selected as the History Book Club this is based on sound historical research and by Editor's choice for January 1996. .. interpretation of the facts by an experienced histo­ lf you have not read this book to date, do so! It rian and biographer. not only adds "flesh" to that most elusive of expedi­ This book is successful because it is borne of ex­ tion members. but provides a backdrop fo r a part of perience on the author's part, not just his extensive our heritage that Lewis and Clark buffs take very study and field work connected with the expedition seriously and devote a considerable amount of time but his study of leadership and human nature in studying. This book will become a classic within our relation to a life time study of World War II, its lead­ literature and I will spend the rest of this review ex­ ers and soldiers. There is no perfection in this world plaining why I think so. and if there was, it would not make for interes ting Thomas Macaulay ( l 800-1 859) remains one of history or biography. We must have heroes but they my favorite historians. He was biased, opinionated, need to be portrayed in the human dimension with sometimes his "photographic" memory got the facts their flaws and foibles as well as their virtues. When wrong but he was read, is worth reading, and once all is said and done, Ambrose can say with you start reading him , it is difficult to put the book down. It has been said he never wrote a boring sen­ Shakespeare "There was a Man." This is certainly my tence. The con nection with Steve Ambrose's book is assessment of Lewis after reading this book. that it, too, is very readable, gripping in the narrative Lewis's life plays out in three distinct parts: his life sense, the product of a good writer. Why? Because up to his selection to lead the expedition, the plan­ Steve Ambrose is a wordsmith who knows how to ning for and execution of the expedition itself, and write. This is his 28th book indicating experience the aftermath. Hindsight is 20/20 and we w ish, with and durability. But it is more than that; this book Ambrose, that Jefferson would have promoted Lewis, flows because Steve mastered the English language provided him with a desk and several scribes, and and took the advice of one of his college professors told him to get those journals published. But would to heart! The professor encouraged him to re-read all he thrive behind one desk and not another? We will of Shakespeare, not for content, but to see how the never know, in fact can't know, but the speculation is bard used his verbs. In his own words, Steve thought provoking. Ambrose said this was the best advice he ever re­ I am grateful that Meriwether Lewis did what he ceived. It shows ... read this book for its excellent did, instilling in future generations the concept of expression of the English language, let alone what it seizing the moment, doing what is important, and relates. that length of life is not the true mark. That Jefferson But there are other reasons to read this volume. recognized the positive abilities of Lewis and gave Steve Ambrose is passionate about Meriwether him a chance; that through the written record Lewis Lewis. He cares about him, has reflected about him did leave, his descriptive language, power of obser­ for over 20 years, and you sense that he wants to get vation, and thought processes came through for the to know Meriwether as intimately as he can, to get benefit of all of us. And I am grateful that Steve to the essence of the man. He is the main character. Ambrose wrote this book, giving us Lewis with warts

28 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 and all but with the conviction that if you were Pri­ found was done in so much of the juvenile literature vate Windsor in early June 1805, amongst the cliffs on Lewis and Clark). Both sides of the most contro­ of the Marias, you too would say, "God, God, Cap­ versial matters, i.e., Captain Lewis' death and the tain, what shall I do?" (page 232) with confidence subsequent life and death of Sacagawea, are pre­ that Meriwether Lewis would have the answer and sented, but emphasis is placed on evidence that can the courage and ability to carry it off. be documented." "The Lewis and Clark Expedition" is an excellent Bob Doerk is a past president of the foundation introduction to the most famous expedition in our and chairman of the National Lewis and Clark country's history and a fun read fo r even the most Trail Coordination Committee. jaded L&C buff. FLOATING MONTANA'S HISTORIC THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION by Eleanor J. MISSOURI RIVER Hall, Lucent Books, San Diego, CA, 1996, 11 2 pp. The Heritage Institute is offering a week long five A Review by Martin Erickson credit class July 7-13 titled " Floating Montana's His­ Freelance writer Eleanor J. Hall found a wonderful toric Missouri River." Montana's Missouri River ha s played an important way to fill her spare time while she and her husband role in the exploration and settling of the West. This served as campground hosts at Headwaters State class will examine several periods of the history of Park near Three Forks, Montana during the summer the Missouri River: its significance to American Indi­ of 1994. She wrote a book on the Lewis and Clark ans, the exploration by Lewis and Clark, the fur Expedition. Spending the summer at a Lewis and trade era, the steamboat era, the Montana gold rush Clark commemorative site was surely an inspiration and the homesteading of Montana. Today, largely for her as she wrote. Five years as a front line ranger, unchanged by man, the river has been designated historian and writer for the National Park Service at by Congress as the Upper Missouri National Wild the Gateway Arch in St. Louis got her interested in and Scenic River, a national treasure. Many of the researching and writing about the extiedition. She river's historic sites are still intact, including Lewis did her research at the University of Montana and and Clark campsites, old homesteads, steamboat Montana State University. landings, and native American habitation sites; these Hall's book is written for middle school students, will provide an experiential basis for the class's but it is an excellent primer fo r all who are inter­ study of the river's history. The only way to access ested in Lewis and Clark. It is the kind of book you mo;;t of the historic sites is by boat; thus participants might want to give to your children or grandchildren w ill use canoes (or sea kayaks) to float 149 miles of to pique their interest in the expedition. rive r, over a six day period, visiting scores of signifi­ The book is divided into an introduction and eight cant historic sites along the way. The assembly point easy to read chapters ranging from "An Idea Be­ will be Fort Benton, Montana, known as the "birth­ com es Real ity" to "Outcomes" which details what place of Montana," where the class will begin by happened to key members of the expedition after visiting the Museum of the Upper Missouri, and im­ they cam e back. It includes a chart on important portant historic sites. On day two the class will leave dates on the expedition at the beginning and notes, Fort Benton in canoes beginning a six day wilder­ a listing of further recommended reading, a bibliog­ ness float. Each night will be spent camping along raphy ("Additional Works Consulted") with short the river. The class format will include a daily lecture summaries of the books and articles and an index. and visiting historic sites while traveling downriver. Sidebars in the text add to the knowledge gained In addition to its historical resources, the Missouri and enjoym ent in reading the book. The sidebars are provides exceptional opportunities to study the geol­ quotes from books written by Thwaites, Jackson, ogy and ecology of the river corridor. The geology Moulton, Chuinard and other authorities about inci­ will be exposed as the class floats through the rug­ dents (Those Ferocious Grizzly Bears) and people ged .Missouri River Breaks, the spectacular White (York) who made the journey. Cliffs, and the highly eroded badlands. Diverse and In a cover letter to the reviewer, Eleanor Hall numerous populations of both mammals and birds noted that, "In their world history series, the publish­ provide continuous w ildlife viewing opportunities ers of Lucent Books stress the use of quotations from along the entire floating route. primary sources and secondary sources of recog­ For more information, contact The Heritage Insti­ nized scholars. Therefore, flights of fancy or imag­ tute at 1-800-445-1305 or call the instructor at (206) ined conversations are not used in this book (as I 932-9020 (evenings).

MAY 1996 WE PROCEEDED ON 29 (SUPERHIGHWAY Cont. from page 21) UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 2.3: Phase 3: 06/08/05 - 08/20-05 http://www.uky.edu/-engoo3/MSCLewClark/Seccion2/Phase3/Phase.html Lewis and Clark in the Pacific Northwest http://1 s2.1 s1.2s.3newdarnewclar.html UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 2.4: Phase 4a: 08/21/05 - 11107105 hnp:l/www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section2/Phase4a/Phase.html Lewis and Clark Trail htcp:llwww.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/docs/cie/neural/workshop2ffriCiries/parks/LewisClark.html UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 2.5: Phase X: 11108105 - 03/22/06 ht1p://www.uky.edul -eng003/MSCLewClark/Section2/PhaseX/Phase.html Lewis and Clark Trail State Park hc1p:l/www.presys. com/ohwy/wa/J/lewi1wsp.htm UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 2.6: Phase 4b: 03/23/06 - 04/24/06 hnp:l/www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section2/Phase4b/Phase.html Lewis and Clark: First Frontier Physicians of the Pacific North­ UKY: Lewis &.. Clark: Section 2. 7: Phase 5: 04/25/06 - 09/26/06 west http://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section2/Phase5/Phase.html http://hermes.hslib.washington.edu/hsllgrandrds/94·9518jun95.hcm UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 3.1: Phase 1: 08/30/03 - 09/24/04 Lewis and Clark's Portage http://www.uky.edu/-eng003MSCLewClark/Section3/Phase I /Phase.html h1tp:llbingen.cs.csbsju.edul·jdcereck/lewisclark.html UKY: Lewis&.. Clark: Section 3.2: Phase 2: 09/25/04 - 06/07/05 Lewis-Clark Valley http://www.uky.edul·eng003MSCLewClark/Seccion31Phase2/Phase.hcml http://www.lcsc.edul·mcoulcerlregion.html UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 3.3: Phase 3: 06/08/05 - 08/20/05 Mandan Literature http://www.uky.edul·eng003 /MSCLewClark/Section3/Phase3/Phase.html http://www.lndians.org/welker/mandan.hcm Map Exhibit Announcement UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 3.4: Phase 4a: 08/21 /05 - 11107105 http://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section3/Phase4a/Phase.html hnp:l/pen. k 12.va .us/Amhology/Pav/SocScudieslannounce.html Meriwether Lewis UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 3.5: Phase X: 11108/05 - 03/22/06 htcp:l/www.cp.duluch.mn.us/·tmcs/lewis.htm hnp://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion3/PhaseX/Phase.h1ml Missouri Historical Society UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 3.6: Phase 4b: 03/23/06 - 04/24/06 h1tp:l/www.vstl.com/mhs_home.h1ml http://www.uky.edu/-e ng003/MSCLewClark/Sectlon4/Phase4b/Phase.html Nez Perce/Nee-me-poo Home Page UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 3.7: Phase 5: 04/25/06 - 09/26/06 http://www.uidaho.edu1·pond93 13/nemepoo.html http://www.uky.edu/-engo03/MSCLewClark/Seccion3/Phase5/Phase.html Sacagawea UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 4. 1: Phase 1: 08/30/03 - 09/24/04 htcp:l/www.csulb.edu/gcllibartslam·indianlnae/chapter_21001 _002_2.05.1xt http:l/www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion4/Phasel /Phase.html Sacagawea Speaker: Sara Edlin-Marlowe UKY: Lewis&.. Clark: Section 4.2: Phase 2: 09/25/04 - 06107105 h11p://www.sea11le. walus/I M·Catalog/Speakers/Sara-Edlin·Marlowe.hrml http://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section4/Phase2/Phase.html Sacagawea: Guide To The Guides UKY: LLewis &.. Clark: Section 4.3: Phase 3: 06/08/05 - 08/20/05 hup:l/www.advencure.comnibrarylencyclopedia/americalsacagawe.h1ml hrrp:l/www.uky.edu1-eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion4/Phase3/Phase.html Sakajawea UKY: Lewis&.. Clark: Section 4.4: Phase 4a: 08/21/05 - 11107105 hccp:l/www.necsrq.com/-dboislsakajawe.hcml http://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion4/Phase4a/Phase.html Sergeant Floyd Monument UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 4.5: Phase X: 11/08/05 - 03/22/06 http://www.siouxlan.com/ccac/tourismlfioydml http://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section4/PhaseX/Phase.html St. Charles, the Oldest City on the Missouri River UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 4.6: Phase 4b: 03/23/06 - 04/24/06 htrp:l/www.a-zuc.com/scchas 1.hem hnp:l/www.uky.edu/·eng0031MSCLewClark/Seccion4/Phase4b/Phase.html St. Louis Museums UKY: Lewis&.. Clark: Section 4.7: Phase 5: 04/25/06 - 09/26/06 hctp://aix.cait.wusd.edulsc-lo uislmuseums.html http://www.uky.edul-e ngo031MSCLewClark/Section4/Phase5/Phase.html The Coulter Gang Genealogy Connection Undaunted Courage; Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, And htcp://www.europa.coml·krcufpcl The Opening Of The American West Thomas Jefferson-Autobiography http: l/www. ingrambook com/TITLEWAVEIPROD UCT_IN FOfTITLEANN /31 8645. html http://hypermall.com/LibenyOniine/j efferson/Aumbiography hcml US History Standards: Chapter 3 - Era 4 UKY: Lewis &.. Clark: Section 1.1 Phase 1: 08/30/03 - 09/24/04 http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/nchs/us3era4.hrm hnp:l/www.uky.edul·eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion I /Phase I /Phase.html Virginia Discovery Museum- Lewis and Clark UKY: Lewis&.. Clark: Section 1.2 Phase 2: 09/25/04 - 06107105 http://www.comet.net/vdmlHTMIJlewisclk.htm hccp:l/www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section 1/Phase2/Phase .html Welcome to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 1.3: Phase 3: 06/08/05 - 08/20/05 hnp:l/aix.cait. wuscl.edu/sc-louis/archl hccp://www. uky edul-eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion 1/ Phase3/Phase.hcml William Clark UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 1.4: Phase 4a: 08/21/05 - 11107105 http://fermi.clas.vi rginia.edu/-msk5dlproject4· 32.hcml hnp://www.uky.edu/·eng003/MSCLewClark/Seccion I Phase4a/Phase.hcml William Clark Map: Library of Congress Special Collection # 143 UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 1.5: Phase X: 11108/05 - 03/22/06 http:/ncweb.loc.gov/spcolll l 43.html htcp:l/www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section 1/PhaseX/Phase .hcmi UKY: Lewis &.. Clark: Section 1.6: Phase 4b: 03/23/06 - 04/24/06 Wolves: Lewis and Clark http://www.uky.edu1·eng0031MSCLewClark/Section I /Phase4b/Phase.hcmi http://www.int ermarkec.com/Yellowsconenewclrk.htm UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 1. 7: Phase 5: 04/25/06 - 09/26/06 Woman Spirit- Sacajawea- Shoshoni hup://www.uky.edu/-eng003/MSCLewClark/Section 1/Phase5/Phase.htm l http://www.powersource.com/powersourcelgallerylwomansplshoshoni.html UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 2.1: Phase 1: 08/30/03 - 09/24/04 htcp://www.uky.edu/-e ng003/MSCLewClark/Section2/Pha se I /Phase.html UKY: Lewis & Clark: Section 2.2: Phase 2: 09/25/04 - 06107105 Foundation member jay Rasmussen can be r eached at 11 90 hnp:l/www.uky.edul-eng003MSCLewClark/Seccion21Phase2/Phase.hcml N.E. Birchaire Lane, Hillsboro, OR 97124, (503) 640-9493.

30 WE PROCEEDED ON MAY 1996 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE­ FORT CLATSOP EDITOR'S DESK cont. from p. 3 Cont. from p. 16 Cont. from p. 3 planned interpretive center in resource management activities history of our country, but the Great Falls. The plans for the cen­ and interpretive programs, but also story is a day to day story of doing ter include space fo r the to archaeologists in any future ex­ sometimes extraordinary things to foundation's office and archives cavations of these homesites. reach a goal. First, we've got to gee and the board will officially vote on The third project is a proposal to there and then we've got to get the matter this year. The past excavate the foundations of two of back. Every day was an adventure. presidents' council is also consider­ the three previously discussed his­ Heroic and death defying acts of ing the steps necessary to change toric homesites. By excavating courage became commonplace. the position of executive director these foundations, it is believed a Surviving whatever obstacles na­ from part time to full time. fairly precise location of the origi­ ture and their fellow human beings The National Lewis and Clark nal Fort Clatsop site can be made. placed in their way took every bit Bicentennial Council, a separate Current technologies available to of their wit and wisdom. Doing it non-profit corporation established archaeologists today may enable day by day was what made it an as a spin-off of the foundation to them to detect the presence of the epic journey. plan the Bicentennial of the Expe­ original Fort Clatsop structure. Our writers make it come alive dition, met for three days in early These technologies were not avail­ April at the Skamania Lodge in able to the archaeologists in 1948 forf;r~t:~ Stevenson, Washington. The pur­ through 196 1. This small-scale pose of the meeting was to con­ excavation may be able to pinpoint duct a planning workshop for the the location and prove the exist­ WPO DISPLAY ADS bicentennial for representatives of ence of the 1805/06 winter en­ Display advertising must pertain to Lewis state and local governments, tour­ campment of one of the most im­ and Clark and/or North American history ist bureaus, historical societies, and portant and successful expeditions such as books, art or related items for sale, and conferences, workshops or other meet­ Native American nations along the in U.S. history. ings. expedition's route as well as repre­ Archaeologist Ken Karzmiscki is Black and white camera ready advertis­ sentatives of federal agencies with serving as a consultant for this ing only. Rates are: full page-$500: half page-$250; responsibility for the trail. This project. one third page-$167; one quarter page­ meeting was the first such national $125; one column inch-$16.67. gathering to plan and coordinate Deadline for ads is six weeks before the events during the bicentennial publication month of the scheduled quar­ terly issue, e.g. , March 15 for the May issue. years. We have been exceedingly The Partnership for the National WPO reserves the right to reject any fortunate to have the fine leader­ Trails System met in Washington, advertising deemed unsuitable. ship of Harry Hubbard as president D.C. in March to promote matters Advertising or inquiries should be sent to: Editor, We Proceeded On, 1203 28th Street of the council; his untiring efforts of interest to all long-distance sce­ South #82, Great Falls, MT 59405. Tele­ have brought us very far in the last nic and historic trails. Second Vice phone: 406-761 -4706. few years. President Sid Huggins represented I am pleased to announce that the foundation at the meeting. WPO CLASSIFIED ADS the National Park Service has been I urge you to respond without able to extend its funding fo r the delay to the invitation of the folks Classified rates in WPO are 50 cents per word for foundation mem­ work of the foundation, especially in Sioux City to attend the 1996 bers; 75 cents per word for non-mem­ that of the executive director, for annual meeting of the foundation. bers; $10.00 minimum. The address, another year under the existing Strode Hinds and his committee city, state and zip count as one word. cooperative agreement. Dick Will­ have planned a marvelous meet­ Payment must accompany all ads. iams, manager of the Lewis and Deadline for ads is six weeks be­ ing; it represents the first time fore the publication month of the Clark National Historic Trail, has since 1980 that the foundation will scheduled quarterly issue, e.g. March been instrumental in making this have met in that area. If you need 15 fo r the May issue. possible. Furthermore, the founda­ registration material, contact Please send ads to: Editor, We Pro­ tion will continue to work with the Strode Hinds at 28th Annual Meet­ ceeded On, 1203 28th Street South, #82, Great Falls, MT 59405. NPS in administering the Chal­ ing, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Ads will be limited to offering sales lenge Cost Share grants provided Foundation, P.O. Box 1804, Sioux of services or material related to the by the NPS to various groups for City, IA 51102- 1804. I hope to see Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lewis and Clark projects. you in Sioux City!

FEBRUARY I 996 W E PROCEEDED ON 31 Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse Thursday 20th Sept [1804]

... at 2' oC we proceeded on passed a long range of bluffs on N.S. of a dark coulour. out of those and others of the same kind is where the ·Mtssourie Gets its muddy colour for this Earth melts like Sugar ...