The Lewis and Clark Trail

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Lewis and Clark Trail University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 1969 THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark "THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL" (1969). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 166. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/166 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL FINAL REPORT of the Lewis and Clark Trail COIIlInission October 1969 THE EMBLEM The emblem on the cover was the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission's official symbol and became the property of the Department of the Interior after the Commission terminated on October 6, 1969. A modification of this mark has been used to identify highways that have been designated by the States as the Lewis and Clark Trail Highway, and on signs that interpret the Trail. Information regarding use of the symbol, u.S. Patent Office Registration Number 877917, may be obtained from the Secretary, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL FINAL REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND TO THE CONGRESS The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission October 1969 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Congress: It is with great pleasure that the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission submits its third and final report on the accomplishments made in response to the objectives of Public Law 88-630. Interim reports were submitted October 1966 and June 1968. Congress' mandate to the Commission was to stimulate a creative and viable atmosphere for all agencies and individuals to identify, mark, and preserve for public use and enjoyment the routes traveled by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. An assignment of this nature is never completed. Yet, by encouraging dialogue and by promoting cooperation and long-range planning, the Commission achieved a new sense of purpose and unity among the States traversed by the two explorers and their men. This report describes some of the accomplishments of the individuals and organiza­ tions associated with the Lewis and Clark Trail. Eventually, however, the Commission will be accounted successful only if everyone concerned works to further the program outlined by the Congress. The following specific recommendations are made to aid in continuation of the Lewis and Clark Trail program: . 1. Additional groups should organize to further programs developed by the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission. 2. The unfulfilled objectives of the Commission, and the recommendations received during public hearings conducted by the Commission, should be evaluated by succeeding organizations. 3. State Lewis and Clark Trail Committees should be continued and are encouraged to establish County Lewis and Clark Trail Committees. 4. All devices should be used extensively to promote interpretation of the many resources along the Route. 5. Concerned Indian Tribes should develop and produce pageants that present their respective cultures and histories. 6. Youth organizations should be used whenever possible in future projects involving the Lewis and Clark Trail. 7. The Department of the Interior should continue to serve as a reference center and depository for information on Lewis and Clark Trail programs and projects. With this final report, the Commission expresses its appreciation for the privilege during the past five years of serving the Nation, the States, and the communities along the Lewis and Clark Trail. Respectfully yours,' ii ~,f~ Sherry R. Fisher, Chairman PUBLIC LAW 88-630 the purposes of this Act. The Commission ORCANIZATION OF COMMISSION SHth Congress, H. R. 12289 may make recommendations to agencies of Octoher 6, 1964 SEC. 4. (a) The Chairman of the Commis­ the Federal Government, States, and other sion shall be elected for such term as may be Au Art public and private agencies, but the functions determined by the membership thereof. The and responsibilities of the Commission here­ Secretary of the Interior shall convene the first under shall not operate to restrict or inhibit meeting of the Commission within ninety days Tn establish the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, the aforesaid agencies in any operations they following enactment of this Act at such time and for other purposes. may otherwise undertake in carrying out the and place as he may designate; Be it enacted by the Senate and House of general objectives referred to in this Act. The ( b) The Chairman shall designate a Vice Representatives of the United States of Amer­ Commission is authorized also to render ad­ Chairman from members of the Commission; ica in Congress assembled. That there is here­ vice in a manner that will encourage the de­ ( c) Any vacancy in the membership of the by established an advisory and coordinating velopment by State or Federal agencies of a Commission shall be filled in the same manner commission to be known as the "Lewis and suitable connecting network of roads following in which the original appointment was made; Clark Trail Commission" (hereinafter referred the general route of the Lewis and Clark Trail ( d) Where any member ceases to serve in to as the "Commission"), which shall be com­ with appropriate markers for such roads. the official position from which originally ap­ posed of twenty-seven members. MEMBERSHIP OF COMMISSION pointed under section 3, his place on the Com­ mission shall be deemed to be vacant; PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMISSION SEC. 3. The Commission shall comprise the ( e) The Commission is authorized to issue following- SEC. 2. In furtherance of the objectives set such rules and regulations as it may consider forth in H. Con. Res. 61, which expressed the (a) Ten members to serve, subject to their desirable in the conduct of its activities pur­ sense of the Congress that the route traversed acceptance of membership, on behalf of the suant to this Act. by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, Clark on their expedition of 1804-1806 from South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, POWERS AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS Saint Louis, Missouri, to the Pacific Northwest Washington, and Oregon; the individual mem­ SEC. 5. (a) The Commission may hold hear­ should be identified, marked, and kept avail­ ber from each State' being the Governor ings at such times and places as it deems ad­ able for the inspiration and enjoyment of the thereof or his designated representatives; visable for purposes of this Act. American people; in order to advance public (b) Four members, who shall be Members (b) Each department, agency, and in­ awareness and knowledge of the far-reaching of the House of Representatives, two from strumentality of the executive branch of the and historic significance of the Lewis and each party, to be appointed by the Speaker Government is authorized to furnish to the Clark Expedition; in on;l.er to supplement of the House of Representatives; Commission, upon request made by the Chair­ such awareness with an appreciation of the ( c) Four members, who shall be Members man or Vice Chairman, such information as great resources of the vast region through of the Senate, two from each party, to be ap­ the Commission deems necessary to carry out which the Lewis and Clark Trail extended, pointed by the President of the Senate; its functions. Any Federal agency is hereby and thereby to encourage desirable long-term ( d) Five members, who shall be the Secre­ authorized to furnish the Commission with conservation objectives in the public interest taries of the following Departments, or their suitable office space to carry out its functions. of the people of that region and the Nation designated representatives: Interior; Agricul­ (c) The head of each Department or agency as well as the public use and outdoor recrea­ ture; Defense; Health, Education, and Wel­ shall cooperate with the Commission in the tion benefits therefrom, the Commission is fare; and Commerce; performance of its functions and shall pro­ authorized to review proposals prepared at ( e) Four members, who shall be appointed vide the Commission with such technical serv­ the request of the Commission, or by other by the J. N. "Ding" Darling Foundation (a ices and assistance as may be necessary and agencies on their own initiative, to carry out nonprofit corporation). available. iii COMPENSATION OF COMMISSION ~EMBERS DONATIONS, EXPENDITURES, ACCOUNTS PUBLIC LAW 89-475 89th Congress, H. R. 6515 SEC. 6. (a) Members of the Commission SEC. 8. (a) The Commission is authorized to June 29, 1966 shall serve without compensation. accept donations of personal services or prop­ (b) Members of the Commission, upon ap­ erty to assist in carrying out the purposes of 1\n 1\rt proval of the Chairman, shall be entitled to this Act. The Commission may secure sup­ To supplement the Act of Octohcr 6, 1964, estahlishing reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and plies, services, make contracts, and exercise the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, other necessary expenses incurred by them in those powers generally that it deems necessary ,md for other purposes. the performance of their duties as members to enable it to carry out effectively and in the Be it enacted by the Senate and House of . of the Commission. public interest the purposes of this Act . Representatives of the United States of Amer­ (b) Expenditures of the Commission shall REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ica in Congress assembled, That, in further­ be paid by an executive officer designated ance of the purposes of the Act of October 6, SEC. 7. Within two years following the ap­ from among its membership, who shall keep 1964 (78 Stat.
Recommended publications
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. Oct. 1990) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM 1. Name of Property historic name: Dearborn River High Bridge other name/site number: 24LC130 2. Location street & number: Fifteen Miles Southwest of Augusta on Bean Lake Road not for publication: n/a vicinity: X city/town: Augusta state: Montana code: MT county: Lewis & Clark code: 049 zip code: 59410 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this _X_ nomination _ request for detenj ination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the proc urf I and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X_ meets _ does not meet the National Register Criterfi commend thatthis oroperty be considered significant _ nationally X statewide X locafly. Signa jre of oertifying officialn itle Date Montana State Historic Preservation Office State or Federal agency or bureau (_ See continuation sheet for additional comments. In my opinion, the property _ meets _ does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting or other official Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification , he/eby certify that this property is: 'entered in the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined eligible for the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined not eligible for the National Register_ _ see continuation sheet _ removed from the National Register _see continuation sheet _ other (explain): _________________ Dearborn River High Bridge Lewis & Clark County.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Illustrations of Plants Found by Merriwether Lewis
    On the Trail with Lewis and Clark Botanical Illustrations of plants found by Merriwether Lewis by Ms. Amatucci's Fourth Graders Stony Point May 2004 The Process Fourth grade students in Albemarle County study Virginia History in social studies. This year there has been a special emphasis on Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery. May 2004 marks the bi-centennial of the beginning of the expedition to the northwest. Students also study plant parts and plant reproduction as part of the science curriculum. This project was an integration of social studies and science content with art, mathematics, and technology. Each student selected a plant or flower found along the expedition trail and then researched where the plant was observed and/or collected. As part of his scientific duties, Merriwether Lewis observed plants, illustrated them, and recorded botanical descriptions. Our journey started at the Lewis-Ginter Botanical Gardens in Richmond, Virginia, where we had our first lesson in botanical illustration. We learned that botanical illustration is the merging of scientific and mathematical observation and artistic skill. Using watercolors requires drawing, design and color skills. We brainstormed a list of plants after visiting the website http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/LnC/LnCpublic.htm. We each chose a different plant. We spent time researching and recorded where it was observed or collected; the town, county, state, and date. We also learned the botanical name as well as the common name. After a preliminary sketch, we learned how to transfer our drawing on to watercolor paper. Some of us learned how to manipulate images on the copy machine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lewis and Clark Trail
    THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL FINAL REPORT of the Lewis and Clark Trail COIIlInission October 1969 THE EMBLEM The emblem on the cover was the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission's official symbol and became the property of the Department of the Interior after the Commission terminated on October 6, 1969. A modification of this mark has been used to identify highways that have been designated by the States as the Lewis and Clark Trail Highway, and on signs that interpret the Trail. Information regarding use of the symbol, u.S. Patent Office Registration Number 877917, may be obtained from the Secretary, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL FINAL REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND TO THE CONGRESS The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission October 1969 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Congress: It is with great pleasure that the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission submits its third and final report on the accomplishments made in response to the objectives of Public Law 88-630. Interim reports were submitted October 1966 and June 1968. Congress' mandate to the Commission was to stimulate a creative and viable atmosphere for all agencies and individuals to identify, mark, and preserve for public use and enjoyment the routes traveled by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. An assignment of this nature is never completed. Yet, by encouraging dialogue and by promoting cooperation and long-range planning, the Commission achieved a new sense of purpose and unity among the States traversed by the two explorers and their men.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2021 Don Peterson Supplement
    The LCTHF mourns the passing of longtime member Don Peterson. He was a leader of the Portage Route Chapter (PRC) and an authority on Lewis and Clark in central Montana. Don’s wife Cherie related a brief history of Don’s life to Lee Ebeling, Harry Mitchell, and Bill Bronson at her home on January 8, 2021, which Lee recorded as follows: Don was born on June 17, 1945, in New Rockford, ND, to Norwegian parents. His family moved to Great Falls when Don was about five years old. He was graduated from Great Falls High School in 1963 and attended College of Great Falls. After working briefly for Safeway markets, Don took a position with the Montana Air National Guard (MANG). During his 30- year career there, Don served in munitions, Don Peterson on a hike up to Cape Disappointment at the missiles, base supply, and as LCTHF's 2018 Annual Meeting in Astoria, OR. Photo by Lee communications head. He retired as a major Ebeling from MANG, having been a dual military and civilian employee. Don met his wife Cherie on a blind date in 1963. They were married in October 1965 and have two children, Eric of Lake Bay, WA, and Beth of Great Falls, and several grandchildren. Don also operated a Lewis and Clark tour business in Great Falls for many years. Having begun his Lewis and Clark affiliation in 1991, he wrote two books and many articles on the Lewis and Clark story in Great Falls and filled in as the LCTHF’s interim executive director during a transition period.
    [Show full text]
  • TEWIS and CLARJ^ Tribes of the Region
    In 1800, the Rocky Mountains of northwestern Jefferson chose his private secretary, Captain Meriwether cached a good deal of the baggage they could do without until they re­ obtained sap and the soft part of the wood and bark for food. THE THREE FORKS United States was a land known only by the Indian Lewis, to lead the party. In turn, Lewis chose William Clark turned from the ocean. Meanwhile Lewis and the main party were using tow lines and poles to Clark's advance party had reached the Three Forks of the On June 13, Lewis and a small party, which had gone ahead of the boats, ascend the evermore challenging Missouri. On July 19 they reached the TEWIS AND CLARJ^ tribes of the region. The portion of the Rockies east of Louisville, Kentucky, one of his former commanding offi­ Missouri (13) on July 25. They saw the prairie had recently been cers, to be his co-commander. Lewis spent several weeks in reached the Great Falls of the Missouri (2). Rather than one waterfall, as "most remarkable cliffs" they had yet seen. It looked as though the river burned, and there were horse tracks which appeared to be only a few they had anticipated, there was a series of five cascades around which they had worn a passage just the width of its channel through these 1200-foot- •^^'IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS--*- ^" of the Continental Divide became U.S. territory in Philadelphia studying science, medicine, surveying, and in days old. Clark left a note for Lewis telling him he was going to con­ would have to portage boats and baggage.
    [Show full text]
  • Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 10/01/2017 to 12/31/2017 Helena National Forest This Report Contains the Best Available Information at the Time of Publication
    Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 10/01/2017 to 12/31/2017 Helena National Forest This report contains the best available information at the time of publication. Questions may be directed to the Project Contact. Expected Project Name Project Purpose Planning Status Decision Implementation Project Contact R1 - Northern Region, Occurring in more than one Forest (excluding Regionwide) Bob Marshall Wilderness - Recreation management In Progress: Expected:04/2015 04/2015 Debbie Mucklow Outfitter and Guide Permit - Special use management Scoping Start 03/29/2014 406-758-6464 Reissuance [email protected] CE Description: Reissuance of existing outfitter and guide permits in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex. Web Link: http://www.fs.usda.gov/project/?project=44827 Location: UNIT - Swan Lake Ranger District, Hungry Horse Ranger District, Lincoln Ranger District, Rocky Mountain Ranger District, Seeley Lake Ranger District, Spotted Bear Ranger District. STATE - Montana. COUNTY - Flathead, Glacier, Lewis and Clark, Missoula, Pondera, Powell, Teton. LEGAL - Not Applicable. Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex. FNF Plan Revision & NCDE - Land management planning In Progress: Expected:12/2017 12/2017 Joseph Krueger GBCS Amendment to the Lolo, DEIS NOA in Federal Register 406-758-5243 Helena, Lewis & Clark,and 06/03/2016 [email protected] Kootenai NFs Est. FEIS NOA in Federal EIS Register 04/2017 Description: The Flathead NF is revising their forest plan and preparing an amendment providing relevant direction from the NCDE Grizzly Bear Conservation Strategy into the forest plans for the Lolo, Helena, Kootenai, and Lewis & Clark National Forests. Web Link: http://www.fs.usda.gov/goto/flathead/fpr Location: UNIT - Kootenai National Forest All Units, Lewis And Clark National Forest All Units, Flathead National Forest All Units, Helena National Forest All Units, Lolo National Forest All Units.
    [Show full text]
  • GOLD WEST COUNTRY 2012 TRAVEL PLANNER Mount Ascension, Helena (Tom Robertson) the Montana You Have in Mind Is the One We Have in Store
    goldwest.visitmt.com | 800.879.1159 VISITOR’S GUIDE TO THE BEST OF MONTANA GOLD WEST COUNTRY 2012 TRAVEL PLANNER Mount Ascension, Helena (Tom Robertson) THE MONTANA YOU HAVE IN MIND IS THE ONE WE have IN store. When you think of Montana, what do you picture? Skyscraping ranges of snowcapped rock? Historic, cultural centers that tell of a proud, self-determined West? A cowboy tipping his hat to you as he passes by on a boardwalk? Herds of elk grazing in waist-deep bunch grass? A sky so wide it seems to swallow you up? Then you’re picturing Gold West Country, a stretch of Southwest Montana we humbly claim holds the best of what Montana is about. Its spirit, wildness, culture and charm. Its stunning beauty. Gold West Country is one of six tourism regions in the state. We are situated on the route from Yellowstone National Park to Glacier National Park. At our northern end sits the cowboy town of Augusta with its famed rodeo. At our center are Helena and Butte, cornerstones of Montana’s history. Our south is the famed Trout Triangle, a who’s who and what’s what of trout fishing and outdoor pursuits. (Donnie Sexton) Antelope (John Belobraidic) WWW.GOLDWEST.VISITMT.COM 1 AMID IT ALL, you’ll meet a diverse mix of friendly people — hoteliers, restaurateurs, shopkeepers, historians, ranchers, miners, fly anglers, cowboys (and girls) and more. You’ll have opportunities to glimpse the same wildlife Lewis and Clark marveled at more than two centuries ago — elk, black bears, mule deer, moose, golden eagles and perhaps even a gray wolf.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendices (PDF)
    Appendices Appendix A: Background Information for the Lewis and Clark Expedition ............................................................. 3 The Expedition: Making Ready ................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Supplies .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Timeline for the Lewis and Clark Expedition ............................................................................................................. 9 Map of the Westward Route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition ............................................................................ 19 Map of the Eastbound Route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition ............................................................................ 20 The Expedition: Putting Away ................................................................................................................................ 21 Appendix B: People of the Lewis and Clark Expedition ....................................................................................... 23 President Thomas Jefferson ................................................................................................................................... 23 Captain Meriwether Lewis (Co-Leader) .................................................................................................................. 24 Seaman (Dog and Expedition
    [Show full text]
  • Montana and Idaho Day & Overnight Hikes Guide
    CONTINENTAL DIVIDE NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL DAY & OVERNIGHT HIKES: IDAHO & MONTANA Photo by Steven Shattuck CONTINENTAL DIVIDE TRAIL COALITION VISIT IDAHO & MONTANA! Day & Overnight Hikes on the CDT THE GEM STATE AND THE TREASURE STATE Montana, known as “The Treasure State” and “Big Sky Country,” and Idaho, “The Gem State,” offer many wonderful Continental Divide Trail (CDT) experiences! The trail meanders along the southern border of Montana and eastern border of Idaho and extends for 1,012 miles through the two states, running through the present-day and ancestral lands of numerous Native American tribes including the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot), Ktunaxa, Eastern Shoshone, Lemhi Shoshone, Shoshone-Bannock, Salish Kootenai, and Tsuu T’ina tribes. In these states you’ll find mountain goats, grizzly bears, wolves, and bald eagles, as well as douglas fir, lodgepole pine, aspen, lady-slipper, buttercups, beargrass, and glacier lilies. We’ve put together this list of the best day and overnight hikes on the CDT in Montana and Idaho for you to explore some of our favorite parts of the trail! Hikes in this guide are listed from south to north. WILDLIFE: Idaho and Montana have both black bears and grizzly bears, each with distinct characteristics and behaviors. We recommend learning more about best practices while hiking in bear country. If you plan on hiking, make sure you are prepared with bear spray. MOUNTAIN WEATHER: Snow can stay in the high mountains long into the summer. Remember that you likely won’t be able to get to the higher trails during the winter and spring. Additionally, mountain weather can change drastically and unpredictably.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Mural Portrays Lewis and Clark Portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri
    THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 10, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 1984 Giant Mural Portrays Lewis and Clark Portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri Unveiling Ceremony Exciting Event at Foundation's 16th Annual Meeting Immediately preceding the Foundation's 16th Annual Banquet, there was a pertinent activity gra­ ciously planned to coincide with the Foundation's Annual Meeting by the city of Great Falls Centennial Committee. This was the unveiling ceremony in the upper level of the Great Falls International Airport. Nearly one thousand individuals attended the event. The work of Montana artist Robert Orduiio, the mural pictures the struggle of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition as they effected the strenuous ordeal of accomplishing the portage around the natural barrier - the series of falls that restricted their passage on the Missouri River. The mural was made possible by a substantial grant from the Burlington Northern Foundation. A representative of that Foundation, Montana Governor Ted Schwinden, state and civic officials, and art connoissuers, who spoke briefly, were joined by both the president and the president-elect of our Foundation, and their remarks are transcribed here: (See also, the related story on page 7) 1983-1984 Foundation President Arlen J. Large's re· 1984-1985 Foundation President William P. Sherman's marks made at the August 8, 1984 unveiling ceremony remarks made at the August 8, 1984 unveiling cere­ of the mural: mony for the mural: Thanks to our Foundation members in Great Falls, we Last November a competition was held to pick the outsiders have seen the actual geography of the 1805 artist for this great mural.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dearborn River Confluence: Montana’S Northwest Passage
    91 The Dearborn River Confluence: Montana’s Northwest Passage John B. Wright river route to the Pacific was the dream of Thomas Jefferson1— manifest transit for “Louisiana” furs and Canton silks. This opti- Amism was crushed when Meriwether Lewis reported to the Presi- dent that a 340-mile portage was needed from the Missouri to the Co- lumbia rivers, including 140 arduous miles of “the most formidable part of the tract...(over) tremendous mountains which for 60 mls. are covered with eternal snows.”2 Stephen Ambrose put it succinctly, “With those words, Lewis put an end to the search for the Northwest Passage.”3 But should it have been? For large ships, certainly, but for the pirogues, canoes, and shallow- draft keel boats that would dominate river travel in the region for the next fifty years? Absolutely not. While any crossing of the Continental Divide required some overland portage, the expedition never comprehended how short such a transfer could have been. The journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the landscape of Montana reveal an overlooked confluence with the Missouri—the Dearborn River—that, if appreciated, might have changed the historical geography of the Louisiana Territory and beyond. In fact, a kind of Northwest Passage did exist. At the time of the Louisiana Purchase, America was almost entirely dependent on rivers and coastal waters for travel and trade. Fall-line cities from New Haven to Macon grew at the heads of navigation. Coastal cities grew at good harbors. Canal building would become a national craze. Waterways were transportation and prior to the coming of the railroads; no viable commercial alternatives existed.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation
    Chapter 12: Effects of Climate Change on Cultural Resources in the Northern Rockies Region Carl M. Davis Background and Cultural and cultural values of archaeological and historic sites and structures of public lands for present and future Context in the Northern generations (NPS 2015a), and gives the President of the United States authority to designate national monuments Rockies Region as a means to protect landmarks, structures, and objects of historical or scientific significance. The importance of People have inhabited the Northern Rocky Mountains cultural resources has been reaffirmed through the Historic of the United States since the close of the last Pleistocene Sites Act of 1935, the National Historic Preservation Act glacial period, some 14,000 years B.P. (Fagan 1990; of 1966, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of Meltzer 2009). Evidence of this ancient and more recent 1979, and the Native American Graves Protection and human occupation is found throughout the Forest Service, Repatriation Act of 1990. Although the focus of these laws U.S. Department of Agriculture (USFS) Northern Region differs, together they mandate the protection and manage- and the Greater Yellowstone Area, hereafter called the ment of cultural resources in Federal lands. The National Northern Rockies region. Each of the five subregions, and Park Service has a particularly strong emphasis on protec- the public and private lands they now encompass, contains tion of cultural resources (box 12.1). thousands of years of human history. Beyond physical sites, structures, and artifacts associ- The Northern Rockies region is the ancestral home- ated with past human use or events, protection of cultural land or aboriginal territory of the Arikara, Assiniboine, resources involves the ongoing use of resources and as- Bannock, Blackfeet, Chippewa-Cree, Coeur d’Alene, sociated activities relevant to the continuation of specified Crow, Hidatsa, Kiowa, Kootenai, Mandan, Nez Perce, extant cultures.
    [Show full text]