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1969 THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL

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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL FINAL REPORT of the Lewis and Clark Trail COIIlInission October 1969 THE EMBLEM The emblem on the cover was the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission's official symbol and became the property of the Department of the Interior after the Commission terminated on October 6, 1969. A modification of this mark has been used to identify highways that have been designated by the States as the Lewis and Clark Trail Highway, and on signs that interpret the Trail. Information regarding use of the symbol, u.S. Patent Office Registration Number 877917, may be obtained from the Secretary, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL FINAL REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND TO THE CONGRESS

The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission October 1969 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Congress: It is with great pleasure that the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission submits its third and final report on the accomplishments made in response to the objectives of Public Law 88-630. Interim reports were submitted October 1966 and June 1968. Congress' mandate to the Commission was to stimulate a creative and viable atmosphere for all agencies and individuals to identify, mark, and preserve for public use and enjoyment the routes traveled by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. An assignment of this nature is never completed. Yet, by encouraging dialogue and by promoting cooperation and long-range planning, the Commission achieved a new sense of purpose and unity among the States traversed by the two explorers and their men. This report describes some of the accomplishments of the individuals and organiza­ tions associated with the Lewis and Clark Trail. Eventually, however, the Commission will be accounted successful only if everyone concerned works to further the program outlined by the Congress. The following specific recommendations are made to aid in continuation of the Lewis and Clark Trail program: . 1. Additional groups should organize to further programs developed by the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission. 2. The unfulfilled objectives of the Commission, and the recommendations received during public hearings conducted by the Commission, should be evaluated by succeeding organizations. 3. State Lewis and Clark Trail Committees should be continued and are encouraged to establish County Lewis and Clark Trail Committees. 4. All devices should be used extensively to promote interpretation of the many resources along the Route. 5. Concerned Indian Tribes should develop and produce pageants that present their respective cultures and histories. 6. Youth organizations should be used whenever possible in future projects involving the Lewis and Clark Trail. 7. The Department of the Interior should continue to serve as a reference center and depository for information on Lewis and Clark Trail programs and projects. With this final report, the Commission expresses its appreciation for the privilege during the past five years of serving the Nation, the States, and the communities along the Lewis and Clark Trail. Respectfully yours,'

ii ~,f~ Sherry R. Fisher, Chairman PUBLIC LAW 88-630 the purposes of this Act. The Commission ORCANIZATION OF COMMISSION SHth Congress, H. R. 12289 may make recommendations to agencies of Octoher 6, 1964 SEC. 4. (a) The Chairman of the Commis­ the Federal Government, States, and other sion shall be elected for such term as may be Au Art public and private agencies, but the functions determined by the membership thereof. The and responsibilities of the Commission here­ Secretary of the Interior shall convene the first under shall not operate to restrict or inhibit meeting of the Commission within ninety days Tn establish the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, the aforesaid agencies in any operations they following enactment of this Act at such time and for other purposes. may otherwise undertake in carrying out the and place as he may designate; Be it enacted by the Senate and House of general objectives referred to in this Act. The ( b) The Chairman shall designate a Vice Representatives of the United States of Amer­ Commission is authorized also to render ad­ Chairman from members of the Commission; ica in Congress assembled. That there is here­ vice in a manner that will encourage the de­ ( c) Any vacancy in the membership of the by established an advisory and coordinating velopment by State or Federal agencies of a Commission shall be filled in the same manner commission to be known as the "Lewis and suitable connecting network of roads following in which the original appointment was made; Clark Trail Commission" (hereinafter referred the general route of the Lewis and Clark Trail ( d) Where any member ceases to serve in to as the "Commission"), which shall be com­ with appropriate markers for such roads. the official position from which originally ap­ posed of twenty-seven members. MEMBERSHIP OF COMMISSION pointed under section 3, his place on the Com­ mission shall be deemed to be vacant; PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMISSION SEC. 3. The Commission shall comprise the ( e) The Commission is authorized to issue following- SEC. 2. In furtherance of the objectives set such rules and regulations as it may consider forth in H. Con. Res. 61, which expressed the (a) Ten members to serve, subject to their desirable in the conduct of its activities pur­ sense of the Congress that the route traversed acceptance of membership, on behalf of the suant to this Act. by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, Clark on their expedition of 1804-1806 from South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, POWERS AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS Saint Louis, Missouri, to the Pacific Northwest Washington, and Oregon; the individual mem­ SEC. 5. (a) The Commission may hold hear­ should be identified, marked, and kept avail­ ber from each State' being the Governor ings at such times and places as it deems ad­ able for the inspiration and enjoyment of the thereof or his designated representatives; visable for purposes of this Act. American people; in order to advance public (b) Four members, who shall be Members (b) Each department, agency, and in­ awareness and knowledge of the far-reaching of the House of Representatives, two from strumentality of the executive branch of the and historic significance of the Lewis and each party, to be appointed by the Speaker Government is authorized to furnish to the Clark Expedition; in on;l.er to supplement of the House of Representatives; Commission, upon request made by the Chair­ such awareness with an appreciation of the ( c) Four members, who shall be Members man or Vice Chairman, such information as great resources of the vast region through of the Senate, two from each party, to be ap­ the Commission deems necessary to carry out which the Lewis and Clark Trail extended, pointed by the President of the Senate; its functions. Any Federal agency is hereby and thereby to encourage desirable long-term ( d) Five members, who shall be the Secre­ authorized to furnish the Commission with conservation objectives in the public interest taries of the following Departments, or their suitable office space to carry out its functions. of the people of that region and the Nation designated representatives: Interior; Agricul­ (c) The head of each Department or agency as well as the public use and outdoor recrea­ ture; Defense; Health, Education, and Wel­ shall cooperate with the Commission in the tion benefits therefrom, the Commission is fare; and Commerce; performance of its functions and shall pro­ authorized to review proposals prepared at ( e) Four members, who shall be appointed vide the Commission with such technical serv­ the request of the Commission, or by other by the J. N. "Ding" Darling Foundation (a ices and assistance as may be necessary and agencies on their own initiative, to carry out nonprofit corporation). available.

iii COMPENSATION OF COMMISSION ~EMBERS DONATIONS, EXPENDITURES, ACCOUNTS PUBLIC LAW 89-475 89th Congress, H. R. 6515 SEC. 6. (a) Members of the Commission SEC. 8. (a) The Commission is authorized to June 29, 1966 shall serve without compensation. accept donations of personal services or prop­ (b) Members of the Commission, upon ap­ erty to assist in carrying out the purposes of 1\n 1\rt proval of the Chairman, shall be entitled to this Act. The Commission may secure sup­ To supplement the Act of Octohcr 6, 1964, estahlishing reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and plies, services, make contracts, and exercise the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, other necessary expenses incurred by them in those powers generally that it deems necessary ,md for other purposes. the performance of their duties as members to enable it to carry out effectively and in the Be it enacted by the Senate and House of . of the Commission. public interest the purposes of this Act . Representatives of the United States of Amer­ (b) Expenditures of the Commission shall REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ica in Congress assembled, That, in further­ be paid by an executive officer designated ance of the purposes of the Act of October 6, SEC. 7. Within two years following the ap­ from among its membership, who shall keep 1964 (78 Stat. 1005), establishing the Lewis proval of this Act, the Commission shall sub­ complete and accurate records of such ex­ and Clark Trail Commission, the Commission mit a report concerning its activities. Such penditures and who shall account for all funds shall give appropriate consideration and rec­ report shall be submitted, together with any received by the Commission. Such accounts ognition to the fact that the Lewis and Clark recommendations it may have to the Presi­ shall be ·subject to audit by the General Ac­ Expedition's headquarters and training camp, dent of the United States, to the President of counting Office of the United States. during the winter of 1803, were located near the Senate, to the Speaker of the House of AUTHORIZATION FOR APPROPRIATIONS Wood River, Illinois. In addition, the State Representatives, and to other Federal and membership of the Commission, as set forth State agencies named in this Act. The Com­ SEC. 9. There is authorized to be appro­ in section 3( a) of the Act, is hereby incri:)ased mission may thereafter from time to· time as priated annually, through the· Department of to eleven members in order to include a mem­ indicated by circumstances, but at least every the Interior and related agencies appropria­ ber from the State of Illinois who shall be the two years, submit such additional reports as tion Acts, not to exceed the sum of $25,000 to Governor or his designated representative. it may deem appropriate. The final report of carry out the provisions of this Act. SEC. 2. The Act of October 6, 1964 (78 Stat. the said Commission shall be submitted no Approved October 6, 1964. 1005), is amended by revising section 9 to later than five years following the approval read: of this Act, at which time the Commission "SEC. 9. There is authorized to be appro­ shall cease to exist. The records and prop­ priated annually, through the Department of erty of the Commission shall be turned over the Interior and related agencies appropria­ to the Secretary of the Interior for such use tion Acts, not to exceed the sum of $35,000 to or disposition as he shall find to be appro­ carry out the provisions of this Act." priate. Approved June 29, 1966. '

iv CONTENTS

Transmittal Letter ii Public Law 88-630 . iii Public Law 89-475 .. iv Contents v 1. The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission 1 II. Lewis and Clark Country 1 III. Trail of Accomplishments ...... 3 Identifying the Route 3 Advancing Public Awareness 5 Publicity ...... 5 Memorials ...... '.' .. . 7 Educational and Interpretive Programs 7 Happenings ...... 9 Improving the Environment ...... 11 Creating Recreation Opportunities 11 Sites and Facilities ...... 11 Inventories ...... 15 Access ...... 15 Fish and Wildlife 15 Lewis and Clark Trail Highway 15 Indian Tribal Efforts 17 The Public Speaks 17 IV. Trail to Tomorrow ...... 17 Perpetuation ...... 17 Public Information 19 Recreation ...... 19 Coordination ...... 22 V. Directions for the Future: Recommendations ...... 23 Selected References ...... 25 Appendices ...... 26 A. Officers and members of the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission at its termination, October 6, 1969 ...... 26 B. Former members of the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission...... 26 C. Chairmen and members of the eleven Lewis and Clark State Committees 27 Map ...... "Inside back cover"

v CHAPTER I contrasts ... dry, desolate countryside ... THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL lush, verdant forests . . . rolling hills and COMMISSION fertile valleys. It is abundant with free-flow­ ing rivers and thundering waters contrasting The idea of a Lewis and Clark Trail was with many placid rivers and lakes. It is a conceived in May 1961 by the late J. N. land of majestic mountains ... a land plenti­ "Ding" Darling, cartoonist-conservationist for ful with fish and wildlife . . . and a land of the Des Moines Iowa, Register. Following his pure, inspiring beauty. death, friends and associates created the J. N. The forests visited long ago by Lewis and "Ding" Darling Foundation to advance his Clark are still valuable as are the mineral ideas on resource conservation. deposits and soils of the area. Streams and In 1962, the Foundation presented Mr. Dar­ rivers are harnessed to produce hydroelectric ling's proposal for "a recreation ribbon" along power. Salmon and steelhead trout contribute the Lewis and Clark route to the Secretary significantly to valuable commercial fisheries of the Interior. Subsequently, the Secretary and provide almost unlimited sport fishing directed the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation opportunity. to work with the States and other govern­ However, the most outstanding resources mental units to study the proposal and to are vast areas to roam; spacious skies; and recommend ways of identifying and conserv­ largely unspoiled, untrammeled countrysides. ing the Expedition route. The results were These resources provide limitless oppor­ published September 1965 in The Lewis and tunities for public enjoyment. Already much Clark Trail-A Proposal for Development. has been done to develop and protect them­ Before completion of that study, the Con­ CHAPTER II but much remains to be done. gress, on October 6, 1964, established the The route traveled by Lewis and Clark is Lewis and Clark Trail Commission to advance LEWIS AND CLARK COUNTRY rapidly becoming the "recreation ribbon" public awareness of the Expedition, to en­ On May 14, 1804, one year after the Loui­ dreamed of by "Ding" Darling. The historic courage appreciation of the region through siana Territory was purchased from France, area of Wood River, Illinois, and St. Louis, which Lewis and Clark passed, and to pro­ Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Missouri, now has a 630-foot-high stainless mote development of outdoor recreation re­ Clark embarked with a small group of men steel Gateway Arch commemorating the west­ sources along the route. to explore half of the vast country that is now ward expansion heralded by the Expedition. The Commission was composed of 28 mem­ the United States of America. (See map inside From here up to Sioux City, Iowa, where bers who represented the Congress, interested of back cover. ) Sergeant Floyd died, commercial barges serv­ Federal agencies, the J. N. "Ding" Darling The Expedition was commissioned by Pres­ ice metropolitan areas. From Sioux City to Foundation, and the States of Illinois, Mis­ ident Thomas Jefferson to explore the Loui­ the Pacific Ocean are huge impoundments, souri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, siana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. the Breaks of the Missouri, mountains, wild North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, The Captains hoped, among other things, to rivers, and the spectacular Columbia River and Oregon. Members of the Commission and acquire for the United States a share in the Gorge. of the 11 State Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ lucrative Columbia River fur trade. Each year Lewis and Clark Country is mittees, as of October 6, 1969, are listed in Lewis and Clark Country continues to be visited by more vacationers requiring addi­ the appendices. rich in resources and beauty. It is a land of tional recreation areas and facilities.

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CHAPTER m accomplished much toward these ends. For dition, identified points of interest along the TRAIL OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS example, tbe Idaho Historical Society's out­ Trail, and outlined a program for develop­ standing publication, "Lewis and Clark in ment. The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission was Idaho," answers a number of questions con­ The Bureau of Land Management identified established in October 1964 as a five-year cerning the Expedition's route over the Con­ 12 miles of the most probable route of tbe temporary body with advisory powers. Dur­ tinental Divide to the Clearwater Hiver. Expedition in the Lemhi Pass area of ~ I on­ ing its short number of years the Commission A significant acbievement of the private talla and Idaho. That Bureau located eight accomplished the following tasks: sector was republication by Arno Press of The of the Expedition's campsites in the area, and 1. Promoted, through the Govcrnors of the Thwaites edition of The Original Journals of it selected nine additional historical sites on 11 States, the establishment of elTective the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806. the Yellowstone Hiver, Montana, for inter­ State Lewis and Clark Trail Commit­ This 1904 edition is acknowledged as the pretive signing. One of these sites is believed teesj most authoritative transcription of the jour­ to be where Clark built dugout canoes. 2. Collected and disseminated information nals. Its eight.volume set includes the diaries The Forest Service of the Department of on Federal, State, and private projects of Captains Lewis and Clark, the journals of Agriculture constructed 60 interpretive signs and plans for and along the Trail; two otber Expedition members, and an atlas along the Expedition route within National 3. Assembled and distributed a collection with reproductions of maps drawn by Captain Forests in Montana and Idaho. of slides with an accompanying narra­ Clark. tive to tell the Lewis and Clark story; All concerned States have identified and 4. Designed and registered an emblem to placed markers along the original route of the mark the Lewis and Clark Trail high­ two Captains. The Missouri State Committee ways and to promote the Lewis and identified the probable locations of the Ex­ Clark Trail concept; pedition's 52 campsites in Missouri. The State 5. Conducted three pubuc hearings, held of Montana erected 26 Lewis and Clark His­ 11 regular meetings, and issued 56 reso· torical Markers at important sites associated lutions-all to expedite conservation and with the Expedition. The Oregon Historical development of the recreational re­ Society constructed a replica of the Expedi­ source along the route; and tion's winter salt factory on the original site 6. Issued two interim reports and this, its in the City of Seaside, and the city itself fina l report. erected directional signs to promote visitor These achievements laid the foundation for interest in the salt cairn. preserving and developing the Lewis and Eigbt National Historic Landmarks asso­ Clark Trail. But success of the Commission ciated with the Expedition are located along is measured best by what was accomplished as or adjacent to the Lewis and Clark Trail. Four a result of its catalytic actions. of these-Weippe Prairie in Idaho, and Camp Identifying the Route Disappointment, Great Falls Portage Houte, In addition to identifying the Lewis and Congress asked the Commission to identify, and Pompeys Pillar in Montana-have been Clark route, key areas along the trail have mark, and keep publicly available the route deSignated by the ational Park Service since been acquired and preserved for public use. traversed bJ( Captains Meriwether Lewis and establishment of the Commission. In Montana, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Urquhart, Wi ll iam Clark on their 1804 to 1806 Expedi­ The Bureau of Outdoor Hecreation report, Sr., conveyed the Great Falls Portage site to tion from the mouth of Wood Hiver, TIlinois, The Lewis and Clark Trail-A Proposal for tbe Boy Scouts of America. The Scouts will to the Pacific. The 11 Lewis and Clark States Development, charted the route of the Expe- maintain the area in its natural condition.

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Adva ncing Public Awareness Several Federal agencies have pubucized At the Commission's request, the Depart­ The 11 Lewis and Clark States, the Federal the Trail. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ment of Commerce's seven foreign travel serv­ Government, and the private sector took many in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institu­ ice offices distributed Lewis and Clark Trail steps to advance public awareness of the tion and the National Park Service, printed promotional material to leading travel agents, Expedition. a pamphlet for each of its six major Missouri tour operators, and representatives of air and All 11 States have organized Lewis and River reservoirs. These pamphlets provide in­ sea carriers throughout the world. This ma­ Clark State Committees which will continue formation on the geologic, paleontologic, terial has becn received with grcat enthusiasm the programs initiated by the Lewis and Clark archeologic, and historic aspects of each proj­ because of worldwide interest in the early Trail Commission. The State Legislatures of ect. Numerous sketches and an interesting history of the American West. ~1issouri and Kansas appropriated funds for narrative bave made these booklets popular. The private sector also has used the Lewis use by their respective Committees and the The Corps also has reprinted Elliott Coues' and Clark theme in promoting tourism. The State committees in Missouri and Iowa or­ brief synopsis of the original journals of the journey of the two captains has been recog­ ganized Lewis and Clark County Committees Lewis and Clark Expedition. This reprint nized in many travel brochures and publica­ to support their programs on the local level. was in response to numerous requests by the tions, in restaurants and rest stops along the To emphasize the vast wealth of resources public, government agencies, and schools for Lewis and Clark Trail Highway, as the trade in Lewis and Clark Country, informational copies of the Corps' 1952 edition. name of commercial products, and on bill­ material has been publi.hed, publicity tours The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife boards and advertisements throughout the conduct cd, and promotional groups organized. includes information on the Expedition in West. leaBets issued or revised for national wildufe Public ity- Interest in the Expedition has been stimu­ refuges or national fish hatcheries along the Many States have published materials that lated further by efforts to survey and pub­ Trail. For example, a leaBet on the Charles highlight the Lewis and Clark Trail and Ex­ licize information available on the journey. M. Hussell National Wildlife Range in Mon­ pedition. Travel brochures printed in North Tn Kansas, the Henry Leavenworth Chapter tana explains the Expedition's importance to Dakota, Missouri, Washington, and Oregon of tbe Association of the U.S. Army printed the area in which the range is located. call attention to State portions of the Trail and distributed the "History of the Kansas and the historic adventure. Section of the AI issouri River to 1854." This The Illinois Committee published a bro­ publication, a bibliographical essay of con­ chure describing the Lewis and Clark State temporary and secondary sources, lists refer­ Park, which commemorates the May 14, 1804, ences for information on the Expedition in embarkation of the Expedition from the mouth Kansas. of Wood River. The Soutb Dakota Committee Archeological studies have focused atten­ published a story in the magazine, "Wi-iyohi," tion on the Lewis and Clark journey. The which explains the purpose of the Trail in South Dakota Historical Society and Lewis South Dakota and describes programs set up and Clark Committee worked with the State by the Commission and the State Committee. Archeological Commission and the Smithson­ Montana added the Lewis and Clark em­ ian Institution to locate, salvage, and publish hlem to all State promotional material; the treatises on Indian occupation of the area. State highway map for 1968 used the Expedi­ In Washington, archeologists from the State tion as a promotional theme to increase tour­ University discovered what may be one of the ism and public awareness of the Captains' original JefFerson Presidential Medals given route through Montana. by Lewis and Clark to important Indian

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chiefs. The medal was found during the re­ Trail Committee cooperated with the Na­ Educational and Interpretive Programs- location of an old Indian graveyard on the tional Commemorative Society il, producing Educational programs have done much to banks of the Snake River. This is the same the Lewis and Clark Commemorative Coin. advance public awareness of the Expedition's general area where archeologists later dis­ As suggested by the North Dakota Commit· significance. The Illinois Lewis and Clark covered human bones at Mannes Rockshelter. tee, the Congress passed a bill changing the Committee presented programs to service or­ These bones are believed to be the oldest name of Garrison Heservoir to Lake Sakaka­ ganizations, historical groups, and schools. human remains found in the Western Hemi· wea. Sakakawca, a150 spelled Sacajawea, was Throughout the State of Washington, the sphere. Preliminary dating suggests the age the Indian woman who helped guide the Cap­ Lewis and Clark story occupies an important of the bones to be 13,000 years. tains on part of their historic trek. place in the public school curriculum. Atten­ The National Park Service worked closely The 630-foot high stainless steel Gateway tion is focused on the Expedition's political with the Smithsonian Institution in locating Arch to the West at Jefferson National Ex­ and economic significance as well as on the and salvaging Indian artifacts along the Lewis pansion Memorial in St. Louis was dedicated scientific information collected by the Ex­ and Clark route. A preliminary historical sur­ in May 1968. Administered by the National plorers. vey of the Lower Platte and Elkhorn Rivers Park Service, the Arch will be the dominant Radio and television educational programs in Nebraska was made by the Service as part symbol commemorating the Westward Expan­ have featured the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ of a study for a proposed Platte River reser­ sion, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Lewis tion. States have produced or purchased mms voir. 'In addition, archeological researcb was and Clark Expedition. that tell the story and relate information on initiated in North Dakota at Fort Union Trad­ In the Pacific Northwest, the Corps of En­ recreational opportunities along the Trail. ing Post National Historic Site, Fort Rice, and gineers plans to name recreational develop­ Missouri acquired four films and made them Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park. ments after members of the expeditionary available for showing to school children and In the fall of 1967, operations hegan at the force. adults. Montana assisted the Union Oil Com­ DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge in Towa and As an aid to the Commission, the J. N. pany in producing the motion picture, "In Nebraska to salvage the Missouri Hiver steam­ "Ding" Darling Foundation financed the cast­ Lewis and Clark's Footsteps Across Montana," hoat, Bertrand, which sank in 1865 with a full ing of a plaque which calls attention to Cap­ In addition, the State produced a film, "Camp cargo. The National Park Service and the tain Clark's fairness in dealing with the In­ Montana-Along the Lewis and Clark Trail." Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife are diaos. On June 28, 1968, the Commission Lewis and Clark Trail Committees in South cooperating in this salvage project, and will formally presented this plaque to the Three Dakota and Washington prepared slides of preserve the steamboat and its items of an­ Affiliated Tribes of the Ft. Berthold Heser­ scenes along the Trail for public showings. tiquity for those who travel the Lewis and vation in North Dakota. These tribes will All Lewis and Clark States have used on­ Clark Trail. display and care for the plaque. site jnterpretation to advance pubHc aware­ ness of the Expedition's Significance. In Ne­ M emorials- braska, interpretive signs were prepared for Many memorials have been dedicated along State parks and recreation areas along the the Trail to commemorate the journey of the Missouri River to acquaint visitors with areas "Corps of Discovery," a term often applied to related to the Expedition. The South Dakota the Expedition. Local organizations, such as State Historical Society has erected historical the Camas-Washougal Chamber of Commerce markers and has had public dedication at 11 in Washington, have paid tribute to Lewis locations associated with Lewis and Clark. and Clark. Sioux City, Iowa, is improving the The :Montana Fish and Game Department already impressive Sergeant Floyd Monument will use the official Lewis and Clark Trail -a memorial to the only casualty on the Ex­ symbol on interpretive signs at appropriate pedition. The South Dakota Lewis and Clark historic and recreational sitcs,

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tional Forest, Idaho; and at Multnomah Falls rafts, set up relay teams of runners, piloted on the Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon. motor schooners, or bicycled to cover their In addition, the Forest Service has established aSSigned segments of the route. Boy Scout interpretive trails at the Montana Lake Como councils along the route had a chance to Recreation Area in the Bitterroot National highlight thc Explorer program; establish per­ Forest; the Lea Creek Adventure Trail in rnanent historic trail segments for public usej Montana at Lolo Pass in the Lolo National and promote local and national publicity for Forest; and the Colgate Licks in the Clear­ the Lewis and Clark Trail. water National Forest. In \Vashington, as in several States in the In South Dakota the Corps of Engineers Pacific Northwest, Boy Scout troops regularly installed permanent displays at Big Bend Dam earn historic trail awards by hiking and study­ to acquaint the public with the project and ing portions of the Trail. with the history and geology of the region. River boat excursions in Montana com­ The boundary of old Fort Randall parade memorate the 1805-1806 exploration by the The National Park Service has installed ex­ ground has been defined, and trees planted two Captains. The Missouri River Cruises hibits in the visitor center at Ft. Clatsop on its perimeter as part of a restoration­ from Fort Benton to Fort Peck, ~1ontana ) are National Memorial, Oregon, which tell the reconstruction program recommended by the sponsored by local Chambers of Comerce; story of the "Corps of Discovery." The Bu­ National Park Service. the YelIowstone Hiver Boat Floats from Liv­ reau of Indian Affairs in North Dakota has ingston to BilIings, Montana, are sponsored by Happenings- made extensive use of informational signs to Junior Chambers of Commerce. In 1969, the mark historical points of interest associated Pageants, fairs, commemorative trips, and YelIowstone River Boat Float attracted about with the Captains' journey. similar events have received the attention of 250 hoats and apprOximately 1,000 people. At Valley City and Garrison National Fish several States involved in the Lewis and Clark Students from Oregon's Lewis and Clark Hatcheri es in North Dakota, the Bureau of Trail program. The Nehraska Game and Parks ColIege commemorated the l00th anniversary Sport Fisheries and Wildlife conducts lecture Commission designated an area in Fort At­ of the school's founding by hiking and canoe­ tours from visitor centers which interpret the kinson State Park for a Lewis and Clark ing the route taken hy the "Corps of Dis­ Expedition. That Bureau constructed at Au­ Pageant presented by the Boy Scouts. covery" in 1805 from the Montana-Tdaho dubon National Wildlife Refuge in North The North Dakota State Outdoor Recrea­ border to the Pacific Ocean. Dakota a natural history exhibit which com­ tion Agency coordinated the 1968 Boy Scouts One of the most active local organizations pares the present-day Bora and fauna with of America Canoe Derhy from Washburn to supporting the aims of the Commission is the that of 1805. Bismarck, North Dakota. This derby was Lewis and Clark Association, a group of Clark Canyon Reservoir, administered by only one phase of the Trail-long 1968 Lewis citizens and business leaders of Clatsop the Bureau of Reclamation, inundates the and Clark Expedition Project sponsored by County, Oregon. A major activity of the As­ site in Montana identified by Lewis and Clark the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission and sociation is presentation of historical dramas as "Camp Fortunate." Consequently. the Bu­ the Boy Scouts of America. The project based on the Lewis and Clark journals. From reau relocated the original marker identifying opened with a ceremony before 600,000 peo­ March 1961 through May 1969, readings of th e site to an overlook near the reservoir, ple at the Gateway Arch on July 4, 1968. It the Lewis and Clark story were performed The Forest Service, Department of Agricul­ involved traveling the famous Lewis and for numerous organizations, service groups, ture, provides information about the Expedi­ Clark route hy many different means. Twenty­ and conventions. The Association is seeking tion in stations at Lost Trail Pass on the four hundred scouts, explorers, and their a suitable site for a permanent outdoor theater Billerroot and Salmon National Forests, leaders used boats and canoes, backpacks, in the vicinity of Fort Clatsop, the 1805-1806 Idaho; at Lolo Pass on the Clearwater Na- pack-trains, rode horses, Boated on rubber winter campsite of the Expedition.

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Improving the Environment resources along the trail in Nortb Dakota and The State of Missouri, usually in coopera­ Although Lewis and Clark Country has recommends scenic easements to preserve tion with other agencies. has improved not been experiencing the environmental crisis to them. only facilities along the 1issouri River but a lesser degree than most of the United States, The Federal Government has employed also access to it. poll ution and resource depletion have oc­ several land-use measures to preserve the The ebraska Game and Parks Commission curred. original route of Captains Lewis and Clark. cooperated with the Boy Scouts of America Growing interest to restore environmental Twenty-two of their campsites on National in designating a ~1issouri River overlook in quality of tbe region has resulted in many Forest lands have been withdrawn from min­ Indian Cave Park as Lewis and Clark Point. conservation e£forts. Montana classified major eraI entry. The Soil Conservation Service of In addition, the Commission provided a camp­ segments of the Missouri and Yellowstone the Department of Agriculture assisted local ing area in Fort Atkinson State Park near Rivers as Recreational Waterways to en­ sponsors in the design and construction of Council Bluffs. A wayside park with a view courage their preservation and proper de­ grade stabilization structures at several sites of the Missouri River was developed near velopment. along the Trail to reduce erosion. Blackbird Hill. Federal anti-poll ution programs will con­ The lawn State Conservation Commission tinue to assist the States and localities in provided a string of recreation areas along or improving the environment of Lewis and near the Lewis and Clark Trail. Several of Clark Country. these areas have been enlarged and facilities Private efforts also have resulted in an im­ expanded. Facilities were improved at the proved environment along the Trail. The J. Iowa Lewis and Clark State Park; river access "Ding" Darling Foundation sponsors a tree and boat launching facilities were provided planting program along the route in Iowa. at three other State parks. In addition, Iowa's The Foundation also provides financial assist­ County Conservation Boards have established ance to participating landowners. seven recreation areas; and Sioux City has developed a parkway and marina along the Creating Recreation Opportunities Missouri Hi vcr. Eight instructors and students from the States, cities, counties, Federal agencies, The South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks Charles County Community College in La and the private sector have accelerated devel­ Department has established 30 new recrea­ Plata, Maryland, retraced the water route of opment of recreation resources along the Trail. tion sites and parks along the Missouri River. Lewis and Clark from the Mississippi River Sites and Facilitics- The North Dakota State Highway Depart­ to the Pacific Ocean. The Lewis and Clark The 11 States and many of their subdivi­ ment worked with other State agenCies to Trail Commission assisted this group in its sions have contributed to the development of develop a 22-mile section of the Lewis and coll ection of data on pollution and other en­ the Lewis and Clark Trail by creating new Clark Trail as a special recreation area. This vironmental problems. Their findings, es­ parks and recreation areas. Many of these project includes highway rcst areas, camp­ pecially noting changes in water quality, have facilities emphasize the significance of the ing sites, boat docks, historic interpretation, been published in scientific reports and popu­ Expedition. Illinois developed a Lewis and hiking trails, overlooks, and scenic easements. lar articles, Clark State Park at the confluence of the The Montana Department of Fish and The orth Dakota State Highway Depart­ Missouri and Mississippi Rivers after the Illi­ Game established 26 river fishing accesses and ment report on the Missouri River Valley, nois State Committee negotiated with indus­ recreation sites and acquired 19 State park .. Lewis and Clark Trail in North Dakota; trial interests to set aside a tract of land for units along the Lewis and Clark Trail. These exemplifies the manner in which States have the park. This Park commemorates the Ex­ developments facilitate camping, picnicking, encouraged conservation along the route. The pedition's embarkation from the Illinois side fishing, boating, swimming, Sightseeing, and report, complete with photographs, describes of the Mississippi River. other outdoor recreation activities.

11

most of the land and has negotiated most of Montana. The islands will increase interest the cooperative agreements to complete the in nearby Pompeys Pillar. Nez Perce National Historical Park in Idaho. In National Forests along the Lewis and The park will commemorate the history and Clark Trail, 22 campgrounds with a capacity culture of the Nez Perce Indian country. of 2,500 and four picnic areas with a capacity Little land will be acquired; but preservation of 600 are open to the public. Many of these and interpretation of many sites, including campgrounds are being improvcd. In addi­ three associated with Lewis and Clark, will tion, trails were developed by the Forest be achieved through cooperative agreements Service, and camping facilities were upgraded with the Indians, the State, and the Forest by corpsmen from its Job Corps Civilian Service. Conservation Centers. Through local sponsors, The Aberdeen Area Office of the Bureau of the Soil Conservation Service of the Depart­ Indian Affairs in South Dakota developed ment of Agriculture aided in providing recrea­ several new recreation facilities along the tion opportunities at lakes in Shelby, ~ ' rontana , Lewis and Clark Trail. That Bureau has con­ and the Shopanon Watershed Project in Ore­ struted picnic grounds, camping areas, rodeo gon. In Washington, Horscthief Lake State Park, arenas, and pow-wow areas. At Lakc Sakakawea in orth Dakota, the constructed by the Corps of Engineers. is in The Bureau of Land Management obtained Corps of Engineers installed recreation fa­ the immediate vicinity of one of the Expedi­ a parcel of land that will provide camping cilities; at Lake Francis Case in South Da­ tion campsiles. Beacon Rock, named by Lewis and access to the Lemhi River in an area kota, 10 areas were improved; and at Lake and Clark, is the main attraction of the Bea­ where Lewis and Clark visited Indian tribes Oahe in South Dakota, recreation areas were con Rock State Park, which has been de­ at Sacajawea's birthplace. developed for camping and picnicking. Camp­ veloped and administered by the Washington The Ravalli National Wildlife Refuge in ing units have been expanded at Lewis and State Parks and Recreation Commission. Montana provides self-guided tours, picnic Clark Lake in South Dakota and Nebraska, Since 196.J , 4,100 acres have been added to facilities, blinds for studying wildlife, and and a new 54-unit campsite has been devel­ Oregon State recreation areas and 310 over­ hunting and fishing opportunities for persons oped in South Dakota and designated the night camping units have been installed. Much following the route of Lewis and Clark. At "Chief White Crane Unit." The campsite is of this development is along the Lewis and the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife named for one of the Sioux Chiefs who met Clark Trail. Range in Montana, campgrounds are located with Lewis and Clark at Calumet Bluff August The Land and Water Conservation Fund, near the original Lewis and Clark campsites. 31, 1804. admini,tered by the Bureau of Outdoor Rec­ Gavins Point National Fish Hatchery and Private enterprises have developed many n~ation, has been used by Federal agencies Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge in recreation areas along the Lewis and Clark and States to acquire recreation areas along South Dakota offer recreation facilities pro­ Trail. Private campgrounds and picnic sites the Expedition route. By April 1969, tbe vided by the Bureau of 'Sport Fisheries and are becoming increasingly popular with the Forest Servi~e , thc Bureau of Sport Fisheries Wildlife. Two National Wildlife Refuges in touring public. An outstanding recreation and Wildlife, and the National Park Service Missouri, Squaw Creek and Swan Lake, have area has been developed on Inte"tate 70 at had acquired almost 2,000 acres of recreation refuge leaflets, bird lists, and limited recrca­ the Missouri River in mid-Missouri. Included lands that cither cross the Lewis and Clark tional facilities. in the facilities arc a modern campground, an Trail or are adjacent to it. States and locali­ The Bureau of Reclamation is cooperating authentic Lewis and Clark keelboat for ex­ tic!:; also have received assistance from the with Montana in the administration of recrea­ cursion rides, a museum, restaurant, and other Fund for recreation development. tion and fish and wildlife development and attractions that emphasize the Lewis and The National Park Service has acquired use of two islands in the Yellowstone River, Clark Expedition.

13 -

\ In ventories- Engineers constructed river access roads at The inventory of natural and recreation re­ the ~ I ontana Fort Peck Darn in cooperation sources is an important prelude to proper de­ with the Bureau of Land Management, the velopment along the Lewis and Clark Trail. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Mon­ All States have general resource inventories; tana, and several counties. A 1.7-mile section some arc more detailed than others. The of the Lewis and Clark Perimeter Road in Nebraska State Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ South Dakota was constructed by the Corps mittee prepared a list of all areas of interest at Lake Oahe. At Lake Sharpe, also in South on or near the marked Lewis and Clark Trail Dakota, the corps built an access road to an IIighway. The State of Montana has photo­ observation area near the narrows of the Big graphed, from the air, many historical and Bend of the Missouri River; this is in the recreational sites along the Trail. vicinity of a campsite described in the Ex­ The National Park Service conducted a pedition diaries. feasibility study, in cooperation with North Fish and Wildlife- Dakota, for a national archeological park at The abundance of fish and wildlife along • the Three Knife River villages. Bureau of the Lewis and Clark Trail has drawn atten­ Outdoor Recreation studies on the Lewis and tion from many public agencies. The Iowa North Dakota is using "180-1" and "1806" Clark Trail and on the Middle Missouri River State Conservation Commission developed a signs to mark its newly constructed perimeter inventoried resources and recommended ex­ fishery station and improved the water level roads as segments of the Highway. The tensive recreation development. The Soil at several lakes; the South Dakota Depart­ Washington Department of Highways erected Conservation Service cooperated with other ment of Game, Fish, and Parks established a wood marker relating the Lewis and Clark Federal and State agencies in developing ap­ wildlife refuges; land was acquired and Expedition to the Trail Highway. The Idaho praisals of potential recreation areas along the developed by Montana for fishing access sites Highway Department has installed new his­ Trail. along the shores of the Missouri River Recrea­ toric site markers interpreting Lewis and Access- tional Waterway. Clark activities. The Department also coop­ New and improved access roads and trails The Land and Water Conservation Fund erated with Federal agencies in installing have made recreation areas and facilities along provided $6,630 for acquisition of land by the «historic site warning markers" near ap­ the Lewis and Clark Trail more readily avail­ Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. The proaches to all historic sites. able to the public. Bureau manages numerous wildlife refuges The U.S. Department of Transportation has The Kansas Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ along the Lewis and Clark Trail that provide sought to foster Highway Trail development, mittee worked with that State's Park and Re­ information on the joumey of tbe two Cap­ particularly in terms of improving sections sources Authority and I1ighway Department tains. over which the Expedition traveled on land. to plan a secondary scenic road along the Lewis and Clark Trail Highway States have been urged to use Federal aid Missouri River. A perimeter road system has The ten States through which the Expedi­ programs to salvage archeological artifacts and been marked and improved along both sides tion passed have designated a Lewis and paleontological items that might be uncovered of the river in North and South Dakota. North Clark Trail Highway and marked it with the in connection with Federally-aided portions of Dakota has completed most of its system. official sign selected by the Commission. The the Lewis and Clark Trail Highway. The At Fort Clatsop National Memorial in Ore­ Trail Highway system consists of existing States also have been authorized to use high­ gon, the National Park Service improved and roads and follows as nearly as possible the way planning and research funds for Trail marked the trail used by the Lewis and route traveled by the two Captains. Most highways, and for improvement of the high­ Clark party from the Fort to the Salt-Making official State Highway maps mark the High­ ways that are part of the Federal-aid highway Camp on the Pacific shore. The Corps of way by using special symbols. system.

15 • Indian Tribal Efforts 5. Publish a bulletin of the route tbat CHAPTER IV Accomplishments of the Indian Tribes along would include detailed maps of the the Lewis and Clark Trail merit individual important sites. TRAIL TO TOMORROW recognition. The Three Affiliated Tribes and 6. Assist the Lewis and Clark Festival Many important steps have been taken to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe in North Da­ Association to establish a permanent inform the public of the Lewis and Clark kota have adopted zoning regulations on their outdoor theater in Clatsop County, Expedition and to gain support for permanent reservations that will help preserve environ­ Oregon, to commemorate the Expedi­ recognition of the famous journey. Still, much mental quality along the Trail. tion. can be done to further the program outlined The Three Affiliated Tribes received a 7. Establish a shrine on Lemhi Pass by Congress in Public Law 88-630. grant of $896,000 and a loan of $226,420 from (Lewis and Clark Pass ), at the Mon­ One of the last requests of the Lewis and the Economic Development Administration to tana-Idaho border, consisting of life­ Clark Trail Commission was that a\l con­ construct a 40-acre tourist and recreation com­ size granite figures of all members of cerned agencies prepare plans that will per­ plex in their Four Bears Park on the Fort the Expedition and the Shoshone In­ petuate a heightened interest in developing Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. dians who met the Expedition. and preserving the Trail. These plans are Much of the Lewis and Clark Trail in South S. Re-create Fort Orleans, constructed by summarized below. Dakota passes through or is adjacent to reser­ • the French in 1723. presumably at the PERPETUATION vation lands. Consequently, the State of mouth of the Grand River near Bruns­ Future plans to identify and mark the orig­ South Dakota worked with the various Indian wick, M issQuri. inal route of the "Corps of Discovery" pri­ tribal councils in promoting tourism . The 9. Use interpretive devices at rest areas marily involve preservation. The State of Standing Rock Tribe is developing facilities to explain the region's characteristics. Oregon already has laid groundwork for more for the accommodation of tourists on the 10. Designate certain museums and similar detailed marking of Lewis and Clark camp­ Trail near Mobridge, South Dakota. facilities as official segments of the sites and for landmarks described in the jour­ The Public Speaks Lewis and Clark Trail program. nals of the Expedition. Eight new Lewis and During three public hearings conducted by 11. Name areas along the route in honor Clark Trail markers have been proposed. of the lesser-known members of the the Commission, many citizens recommended The Kansas Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ Expedition. ways to improve and carryon the Lewis and mittee will proceed with marking the Cap­ Clark program. tains' campsites and other landmarks. A via# The Commission believes that the follow­ duct between Kansas City, Missouri, and in g recommendations merit special considera­ Kansas City, Kansas, across th e Kaw River at tion by public and private agencies: ~lWf.&"• .. ... its converge nce with the Ivfissouri River (the 1. Preserve bottomlands between Oahe location of an important campsite of the Ex­ Reservoir and Garrison Dam, North pedition ), will be dedicated by the States as Dakota, in as primitive a condition as the Lewis and Clark viaduct. possible. The North Dakota Water Commission has 2. Establish a Lewis and Clark Educat­ initiated a study for bank stabilization along tional Foundation. the Missouri River from Garrison Dam to 3. Preserve a series of natural areas along Oahe Reservoir. This Commission has urged the Lewis and Clark Trail. the Corps of Engineers to construct and main­ 4. Issue annually a calendar of events tain bank stabilization works on the ~1issouri associated with the Trail. River adjacent to the Trail in North Dakota.

17

To prcserve and protect the land through PUBLIC INFORMATION Hefuge in Washington State; Lewis and Clark which Lcwis and Clark traveled, several land­ The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission has records indicate that in 1805 Umatilla was a use and river preservation controls have been urged States to provide the U.S. Travel Serv­ village 01 25 lodges. Similarly, tbe Bureau initiated, ice with photographs and information for will interpret the Lewis and Clark story in a The North Dakota State Highway Depart­ promotional material. The Service plans to visitor center to be constructed on the Audu­ ment plans to use the Lewis and Clark Trail continue its efforts in advancing foreign as bon National Wildlife Refuge in orth Da­ program as a medium for promoting zoning well as local awareness of the region explored kota. and projects of mutual interest among various by the Captains. The Forest Service plans a visitor center agcncies along the Trail. The Four Winds Travel Agency, New York and Lewis and Clark Trail overlook at the The Bonneville Power Administration, City, will provide package tours, starting in top of Lemhi Pass and an improved road which operates many facilities for power dis­ 1970, that will begin in SI. Louis, Missouri, over the Pass. Another visitor center will be tribution in the Pacific Northwest, will avoid, and end at the Pacific Ocean. The tours will built near Packers Meadow at the top of Lolo if possible, all points of unusual interest or follow the Lewis and Clark route as closely Pass. Both of these centers will be on or near beauty whenever power facilities are con­ as possible. the Montana-Idaho border. structed near the Trail. In any event, adverse The Illinois Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ The Corps of Engincers is seeking a replica impact on the environment will be minimized mittee and its representatives will continue to of the Expedition's keelboat' for display at the by careful location of power lines and sub­ press for recognition of Wood River as the visitor center on the Oahe Dam in South stations, and by designing structures and con­ embarkation point of the Expedition. In addi­ Dakota. The Corps will construct a Lewis ductors more nearly compatible with natural tion, memorials that suitably recognize the and Clark Visitor Center at the purportcd surroundings. Expedition arc planned by private interests. Calumet Bluff Campsite at Lewis and Clark [n addition to the 22 Lewis and Clark camp­ The Kansas Trail Committee, with assist­ Lake in South Dakota. sites that have heen withdrawn from mineral ance from other organizations, will continue ~1uch research and investigation to advance enlry (i.e. no new mining claims can be re­ efforts to locate the original site of the French appreciation of the resources of the Lewis and corded), the Forest Service plans to withdraw Fort Cavagnial. The Committee would like Clark region remain to be done. The Corps the original Trail connecting these sites. to reconstruct the Fort and provide inter­ of Engineers has requested the National Park pretive facilities. Service to finish a Lcwis and Clark Historical Many Lewis and Clark States will increase Prospectus that will provide information to on-site interpretation of the journey. For ex­ interpret the Expedition at the Corps' Missouri ample, Fort Canby State Park in Washington River projects. Sites along the Columbia and will have a major interpretive display recog­ Snake Rivers will be interpreted also. nizing that here Lewis and Clark reached their RECREATION goal, the Pacific Ocean. The remodeled in­ As expected, the States are preparing exten­ terpretive center at Washington Sakajawea sive programs for the protection and develop­ State Park will have displays of the Expedi­ ment of recreational resourccs along the Lewis tion. and Clark Trail. In order to qualify for as­ Federal agencies also plan to increase their sistance from the Land and Water Conserva­ Lewis and Clark interpretive programs. Ac­ tion Fund in the development and acquisition cordingly, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and of recreation lands, States must submit to the Wildlife will construct several interpretive Bureau of Outdoor Recrcation comprehensive exhibits at National Fish Hatcheries and Na­ statewide outdoor recreation plans. All eleven tional Wildlife Refuges. A visitor center is Lewis and Clark States have emphasiz(!d de­ planned on the Umatilla National Wildlife velopment of the Trail and associated facili-

19

ties in their State plans. For example, Cloud, to the Nebraska border. The city of The Forest Service will develop eight addi­ -ebraska's plan urges development of inter­ Atchison, Kansas, and the Corps of Engineers tional campgrounds and six picnic grounds in pretive facilities along the Trail; Oregon's will develop a waterfront park and boat ramp Lewis and Clark Country; the new areas will plan recognizes the need to study and develop near the site of the Expedition's celebration of have a capacity to h,mdle 2,300 people at one the Columbia River Gorge in order to make the Brst fourth of July in Louisiana Territory. time. The Corps of Engineers plans to de­ the full recreational beneBts of the Lewis and North Dakota is promoting the declaration velop additional ~Hssouri River access sites Clark Trail available to the public. by Congress of a Fort Union ational Park as local sponsors are found and funds become The Illinois Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellow­ available. mittee is urging State officials to expand Lewis stone Rivers. Citizen groups in North Dakota, Thc Bureau of Outdoor Hecreation report, and Clark State Park at Wood River from a under leadership of the Soil Conservation "The Middle M issouri-A Rediscovery," rec­ 5-acre tract to 500 or 600 acres. For this pur­ Service and the County Commissioners, are ommends designation of a Missouri Breaks pose, the Corps of Engineers has agreed to initiating and coordinating plans for recrea­ National River in iontana between Coal lease 168 acres of Federal land to the State. tional development along the Trail. Banks Landing and the west boundary of the The Montana State Dcpartment of Fish Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Range; and Game plans extensive development of 12 and establishment of a National Recreation newly acquired State park units. Idaho ex­ Area including portions of the river between pects to provide a new State park a short Yankton, South Dakota. and Fort Union, distance below the top of Lemhi Pass. North Dakota. Such conservation action would The Washington Park and Recreation Com­ greatly advance the idea of a "recreation mission plans further development of facilities ribbon" in Lewis and Clark Country. As part at its Lewis and Clark Trail State Park. In­ of an overall scenic rivers proposal, the Bureau terpretive displays will emphasize the park's of Land Management prepared plans to in­ location on the Trail used by the Captains on terpret Lewis and Clark campsites along the their return from the Pacific Ocean. The State Trail. has proposed an ambitious program for en­ From information obtained in the Lewis largement and improvement of Sacajawea and Clark journals, the Bureau of Land Man­ State Park which will be one of the major agement also will identify lands that are suit­ recreation arcas along the Trail. able for development and interpretation Iowa is planning to construct a hiking trail The Burcau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife throughout Lewis and Clark Country. and saddle trail through its loess area near the has extensive plans to develop recreation op­ Indian tribes along the Lewis and Clark Missouri Hiver in western Iowa. In addition, portunities on national wildlife refugcs and Trail plan further development of outdoor the Iowa State Conservation Commission will at fish hatcheries. The master plans for Uma­ recreation facilities. The Standing Rock Sioux develop and expand Preparation Canyon State tilla and HidgeBeld National Wildlife Refuges Tribe is seeking funds from the Economic Park, a wooded area in the loess hills; improve in Washington call for recreation facilities. Development Administration to develop a recreation facilities at Lake M'anawa; and Carson, Little White Salmon, Spring Creek major tourist complex on the ~1jssouri Hiver provide access to the Missouri River just south and Willard National Fish Hatcheries, also in at Grand Peninsula, South Dakota. of Council Bluffs. Washington, will be provided with limited The Nebraska State Department of Roads The Kansas Trail Committee plans to con­ recreational facilities. The Dworshak and is coll aborating with the State Historical So­ struct a hiking trail and a saddle trail along Kooskia National Fish Hatcheries, presently ciety, National Park Service, the Corps of the Missouri River, and to promote a scenic under construction in Idaho, and the Bozeman Engineers and the Nebraska Game and Parks road from Kansas City, Kansas, through and Miles City National Fish Hatcheries in Commission in an evaluation of sites of his· Leavenworth, Atchison, Wathena, and White Montana, will have recreation facilities. torical interest. The State plans to establish

21 overlooks or rest areas near these sites. The National Park Service studied the recreation potential of the North Cheyenne Indian Res­ ervation in Montana. The provision of access roads and trails to the Lewis and Clark Trail continues to receive the attention of States and Federal agencies. • For example, South Dakota increased its tax on gasoline by one cent per gallon to ac­ celerate the construction of its perimeter road system. The Kansas Trail Committee will pro­ mote access Toads to campsites occupied by the Expedition, and construct boat ramps where practical.

COORDINATION As developments along the Lewis and Clark Trail progress, it will be desirable to maintain some degree of uniformity similar to that ex­ perienced under leadership of the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission. The fullest coopera­ tion must be maintained among all concerned with planning: the Federal Government, eleven Lewis and Clark States, localities, private groups, individuals, and the Indian tribes. Promotional programs for the future of the Lewis and Clark Trail should be executed according to an overall theme of development. Such an approach will help unify efforts. The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission provided the impetus; it is now the responsibility of others to insure that this incentive is per­ petuated. An intensity of effort in coordinating and establishing interstate and regional planning will result in more comprehensive planning for the Lewis and Clark Trail. Once such planning is achieved, Lewis and Clark Coun­ try will become a cohesive unit-drawn to­ gether by the legacy of Lewis and Clark and their hardy band. and Clark Expedition and of the resources of Recommendation No.5-The concerned In­ the region through which it passed. The dian Tribes should develop and produce Commission felt that the promotion of travel pageants that present their respective cultures through the area would aid in achieving that and histories. objective. Comments-President Jefferson instructed Recommendation No.2-Unachieved objec­ Captain Lewis to learn everything possible tives of the Lewis and Clark Trail Commis­ about the Indians encountered during the Ex­ sion, and recommendations it received during pedition. Among other things, the Captain public hearings, should be evaluated by the was to make notations concerning their tra­ succeeding organizations and steps taken to ditions, arts, and customs. altain those objectives that are pertinent and Recommendation No.6-The energies and worthy. resources of youth organizations should be Comments-Two of the unfulfilled objec­ utilized whenever possible in future projects tives of the Commission are: (1) the establish­ involving the Lewis and Clark Trail. ment of the Missouri Breaks National River; Comments-The Boy Scouts of America and (2) the erection of a suitable memorial for greatly advanced public awareness of the Captain Clark on the Fort Berthold Indian Lewis and Clark Expedition during their 1968 Reservation. Lewis and Clark Expedition Project. During and since that project, the Scouts developed Recommendation No.3-Existing State trail camp sites, and other facilities along Lewis and Clark committees should be contin­ the Trail. Other youth groups (and other or­ ued; these Committees are encouraged to es­ ganizations) should be encouraged to do tablish County Lewis and Clark Trail Commit­ likewise. tees. Recommendation No.7-The Department of Comments-The State Committees for Mis­ the Interior should continue to serve as a souri and Iowa have established County Com­ CHAPTER V reference center and depository for informa­ mittees that haye accomplished major projects tion on Lewis and Clark programs and proj­ DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE: with relative ease. ects. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation No. 4-Signs, publications, Comments-The 11 States and many of the The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission pageants, films and similar devices should be Federal agencies are continuing to collect in­ made six recommendations which, if adopted, used extensively to promote the interpretation formation and promote projects furthering will insure development of the Trail. of resources along the Route. programs initiated by the Lewis and Clark Recommendation No.1-One or more Comments-More interpretive devices of all Trail Commission. The Department of the In­ groups should be organized to further the kinds are needed. Creater emphasis should terior should continue as a depository for this broad program developed by the Commission. be given to promotional material and in for­ information until a suitable State agency or Comments-Congress asked the Commission rnation for persons who never see Lewis and citizens' organization is prepared to perform "to increase public awareness" of the Lewis Clark Country. the function.

2.3

Selected References Quaife, ~filo M. , The 10UT/wls of Caplain Meriteelh er Lewis and Sergeant John Ord­ Bakeless, John K, Lewis and Clark, Partners way, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, in Discovery, Peter Smith, Gloucester, 1916. Mass., 1963. Salisbury, Albert P. and Jane, Two Captains Biddle, Nicholas, Editor, The Journals of West, Superior Publishing Company, Seat­ Lewis and Clark, Vols. I and II, The Heri­ tle, Wash., 1950. tage Press, New York, N.Y., 1962. Sorensen, Conner, J/istory of the Kansas Sec­ Burroughs, Raymond Darwin, Editor, The tion of th e AI issouri River to 1854, A Bio­ Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Ex­ graphical Essay, Ilenry Leavenworth Chap­ pedition, The Michigan State University ter A.U.s.A., April 1967. Press, East Lansing, 196!. Thwaites, Bellben Gold. Original Journals of COlles, Elliott, History of the Lewis and Clark the LetCis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, Expedition, 3 Volumes, Dover Publishing Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, Co., New York, N.Y., 1893. N.Y., 1004. De Voto, Bernard, Editor, The Journals of U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Lewis and Clark, Houghton 1iffiin Co., Outdoor Recreation, The Lewis and Clark Boston, Mass., 1953. Trail-A Proposal for Development, 1965. Dillon, Richard H., Meriwether Lewis: A Biography, Coward-McCann, New York, N.Y., 1965. Hosmer, James Kendall, Editor, Gass's Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, A. C. McClurg and Company, Chicago, III., 1904. Howard, Bonnie C. and Higgins R., On the Trail tcith Lewis and Clark, Silver Burdett Co., New York, N.Y., 1939. Jackson, Donald Dean, Editor, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, With Related Doct.ments, 1783-1854, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1962. Osgood, Ernest Staples, Editor, The Field Notes of Captain William Clark, 1803-1805, Yale University Press, New Haven. Conn., 1964. Peebles, John J., Lewis and Clark In IdallO, Historical Series, Number 16, The Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho, December 1966. APPENDIX A A/ontana Department of IIealth , Education, Miss Josephine Brooker and W elfare OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE Assistant Advertising Director Dr. Glen Wegner, M.D. LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Montana Highway Commission Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health COMMISSION Idaho Legislation AT ITS TERMINATION, Mr. David Ainsworth OCTOBER 6, 1969 J.N. "DING" DARLING FOU DATION Washington Chaimum-Sherry R. Fisher, Vice President, Mr. Charles H. Odegaard, Director Mr. Sherry R. Fisher Central National Bank and Trust Company, Washington State Parks and Recreation Mr. Christopher D. Koss Des Moines, Iowa 50304 Commission Sunnyvale, California Vice-Chllirmau-David Ainsworth, Salmon, Oregon Hon. John Kyl Idaho 83467 lion. Thomas McCall House of Representatives Executive Officer-A. Heaton Underhill, Governor of Oregon Mr. E. Ries Tuttle, Outdoor Editor Assistant Director, Bureau of Outdoor Register· Tribune, Des Moines, Iowa Recreation, D epartment of the Interior, UNITED STATES SENATE Washington, D.C. 20240 Hon. Quentin N. Burdick

STATES Hon. Frank Church APPENDIX B Hon. Clifford P. Hansen Illinois FORMER MEMBERS I-Ion. Len 13. Jordan Mr. William Rutherford, Director (Titles and addresses were those used at time of Department of Conservation membership on the Commission.) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AI iSSDuri Mr. William E. Towell Mr. Joseph Jaeger, Jr., Director of Parks Hon. E. Y. Berry Director, Conservation Commission Missouri State Park Board Hon. Glenn Cunningham State of Missouri Kansas Hon. William L. Hungate Mr. Lloyd R. Bell Mr. John A. Adair, President Hon. Henry S. Reuss Washington State Parks and Recreation The Exchange National Bank Commission Atchison, Kansas EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Hon. John Anderson, Jr. Nebraska Governor of Kansas Mr. Melvin O. Steen, Director Department of Agriculture Mr. Neil ~1ecaskey Game, Forestation and Parks Commission Dr. Alfred L. Edwards Lawrence, Kansas Iowa Deputy Assistant Secretary Mr. Sherry R. Fisher Department of Commerce Mr. Marshall N. Dana Portland, Oregon South Dakota Mr. Edward R. Killam Mr. Dayton Canaday, Secretary Director, Office of Business Programs Hon. Thomas G. Morris State Historical Society Department of the Interior House of Representatives State Department of History Dr. A. Heaton Underhill Hon. Milward L. Simpson, U.S. Senate North Dakota Department of Defense Hon. ~Iark O. Hat6eld Mr. John Greenslit, Coordinator Brigadier General Craig Cannon Governor of Oregon State Outdoor Recreation Agency Division Engineer U.S. Army Engineer Division, ~1issouri River

26 lion. Ralph J. Rivers APPENDIX C 11. Ralph Stauder, Region Eight Tourism HOll.Sf' or Representatives Commission, Our Lady of the Snows MEMBERS OF THE STATE Shrine, 15 South 59th Street, Belleville, \fr. ~rarcus J. Ware, Attorney LEWIS AND CLARK COMMITTEES Lewiston, Idaho Illinois 62223 AS OF OCTOBER 6, 1969 ~rr . Orvin B. Fjare 12. Lamont lT eidinger, Southwestern Illinois Statc Advertising Director (The first named for each State is the chairman.) Planning Commission, 612 Franklin, Edwardsville, Illinois 62025 lIelena, ~rontana ILLINOIS 13. Carl Ranft, Tri-City Regional Port ~rr. Lowell K. Bridwell 1. Clarence H. Decker, Lewis and Clark District, State Loan Building, Granite Deputy Under Secretary Restaurant, Wood River, Illinois 62095 Department of Commerce City, Illinois 62().jl 2. WiUiam L. Rutherford, Director, MISSOURI ~Ir . Paul A. Ewald Department of Conservation, 102 State Bismarck, North Dakota Office Building, Springfield, Illinois 62704 1. Lt. Governor William S. Morris, State Mr. Curtis B. Mateer, President 3. Ray C. Dickerson, Director, Department Capitol Building, Room 327, Jefferson Pierre National Bank of Business and Economic Development, City, Missouri 65101 Pierre, South Dakota 222 South College Street, Springfield, 2. William Clark Adreon, Honorary lion. IIarold E. Hughes Illinois 62706 Chairman, 4&16 Pershing Place, St. Louis, Governor of Iowa 4. William F. Cellini, Director, Department Missouri 63108 lion. John A. Baker of Public Works and Buildings, 300 3. Robert A. Brown, Sr., Brown, Douglas & Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Administration Building, 2300 S. 31st Brown, Pioneer Building, St. Joseph, Mr. Stephen S. Jackson Street, Spring6eld, Illinois 62706 ~ lissouri 6450 1 Special Assistant to Assistant 5. Franklin D. Yoder, Director, Department 4. Senator John E. Downs, Corby Building, Secretary-M anpower of Public Health, 503 State Office St. Joseph, Missouri &1501 Department of Defense Building, Springfield, Illinois 62706 5. Robert L. Dunkeson. Executive Secretary, lIon. Joe Skubitz 6. S. Charles Kendeigh, Illinois Nature Inter-Agency Council for Outdoor 1I0use of Representatives Preserves Commission, Vivarium Building) Recreation, 1203 Jefferson Building, \lr. Gene Graves Wright and Healey Street, Champaign, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 Director, Department of Business and Illinois 61820 6. Joseph Jaeger, Jr., Missouri State Park Economic Development 7. William K. Alderfer, State Historian, 2nd Board, 120·1 Jefferson Building, P.O. Box Springfield, Illinois Floor, Centennial Building, Springfield, 176, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 Mr. Edward C. Crafts, Director Illinois 62706 7. Roger Linsin, Member, Missouri State Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 8. Mrs. Peter Klunick, Secretary, Lewis & Highway Commission, 5841 Hamilton, "r. Joseph T. Ventura Clark Society of America, 781 Purvis, St. Louis, ~Iissouri 63136 Assistant to the Secretary Wood River, Illinois 62095 8. Edwynne P. Murphy, 5105 Lindell Blvd., Department of Health, Education, 9. Elmer Hart, Hartford I1istorical Society, St. Louis, Missouri 63108 and Welfare 219 N. Delmar, Hartford, Illinois 62048 9. Carl R. Noren, Director, ~Iissouri Ir. Rodney L. Borum 10. Carl Mathias, Tri-City Chamber of Department of Conservation, P.O. Box Administrator, Business and Defense Commerce, Illinois Power Company, 180, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 Services Administration Granite City, Illinois 62041 Department of Commerce

27

10. The Han. William Fickle, State 13. Mr. Angelus Lingenfelser, O.S.B., St. 8. C. E. Hitchman, President, Blencoe State Representative, 84th District, State Benedict's College, Atchison, Kansas Bank, Blencoe, Iowa 51523 Capitol Building, Room 302C, Jefferson 66002 9. Joseph Larkin, 27 Crestwood Drive, City, Missouri 65101 NEBRASKA Council Bluffs, Iowa 51501 11. Col. E. P. Streck, U.S.A. (Retired). 10. J. H. Pullman, Jr., Sidney, Iowa 51652 Hermann, Missouri 65041 1. M. O. Steen, Game and Parks Commission, State Capitol, Lincoln, 11. E. H. Schill, Chamber of Commerce, 12. Fred Bellemere, Jr., 635 Greenway Ter., Nebraska 68509 Sioux City, Iowa 51100 Kansas City, Missouri 64113 2. Cecil Eloe, State Department of Roads, 12. John F. Schmidt, 4917 Morningside, 13. G. Edward Budde, 3745 Yeager Road, 14th & Burnham, Lincoln Nebraska 68502 Sioux City, Iowa 51100 SI. Louis, Missouri 63129 3. John Kawamoto, National Park Service, 13. Ed Spetman, Jr., President, Council muffs KANSAS 1709 Jackson, Omaha, Nebraska 68102 Savings Bank, Council Bluffs, Iowa 51501 1. Harry A. Hixon, c/ a Exchange National 4. John Champe, 1917 South 27th Street, SOUTH DAKOTA Bank, Atchison, Kansas 66002 Lincoln, Nebraska 68502 1. Kenneth B. Jones, 1701 Pine Street, 5. Marvin Kivett, State Historical Society, 2. John A. Adair, c/ a Exchange National Yankton, South Dakota 57078 Bank, Atchison, Kansas 66002 1500 H Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508 2. Dayton W. Canaday, Director, South 6. Logan H. Wooley, Corps of Engineers, 3. Paul Allingham, Editor and Publisher, Dakota State Historical Society, Pierre, Post Office Building, Omaha, Nebraska c/ a Atchison Daily Globe, Atchison, South Dakota 57501 Kansas 66002 68102 3. Harold Dufelmeier, 315 East Beebe, 7. Adolph Wensein, Brownville, Nebraska 4. Daniel R. Anthony, III, Editor and Chamberlain, South Dakota 57325 Publisher, c/o Leavenworth Times, 68321 Monte Herting, 309 South Harrison, Leavenworth, Kansas 66048 R. Robert Killen, Game and Parks 4. J. Aberdeen, Soutb Dakota 57401 5. Kenith R. Howard, Jr., Keach, Howard & Commission, State Capitol, Lincoln, • Jones, 5920 Nail, Mission, Kansas 66202 Nebraska 68509 5. Robert A. Hodgins, 221 West 4th Street, Pierre, South Dakota 57501 6. Nyle H. Miller, Kansas State Historical IOWA Society, 120 West Tenth Street, Topeka, 6. James H. Hunt, 515 North Central Street, Kansas 66612 1. Edward B,uisch , 3025 McDonald, Sioux Pierre, South Dakota 57501 City, Iowa 51104 7. Col. A. E. Schanze, 221 Arch Street, 7. Robert H. Martin; 607 North Highland, Leavenworth, Kansas 66048 2. James Bixler, 357 Elmwood Drive, Pierre, South Dakota 57501 Council Bluffs, Iowa 50501 8. John Stauffer, Publisher, Kansas City B. John E. Olson, 110 North Harrison, Kansan, Kansas City, Kansas 66101 3. William E. Darrington, Persia, Iowa Pierre, South Dakota 57501 51563 9. Mr. Thomas Lyons, Wathena, Kansas 9. Will G. Robinson, 107 East Wynoka, 66090 4. Leo Dick, Oakland, Iowa 51560 Pierre, South Dakota 57501 10. Mr. Ralph E. Kiene, Jr., 6535 BeHnder, 5. Alden J. Erskine, 2315 South Patterson, 10. Robert Roper, Engineer, U.S. Army Corps Kansas City, Kansas 66106 Sioux City, Iowa 51106 of Engineers, Cavins Point Dam, Yankton, South Dakota 57078 11. Mr. Charles E. Hoffhaus, 4204 West 93rd, 6. Sherry R. Fisher, Central National Bank, Shawnee Mission, Kansas 66207 6th & Locust, Des Moines, Iowa 50304 NORTH DAKOTA 7. Eugene Gilson, 303 North Locust, 12. Mr. Victor F. Shalkoski, P.O. Box 75, 1. Russell Stuart, State Game & Fish Glenwood, Iowa 51534 Leavenworth, Kansas 66048 Department, 103 1/2 South 3rd Street, Bismarck, North Dakota 58501

29 2. Joe Satrom, Director, State Travel 3. Merle Wells, Director, State Historical OREGON Division, State Highway Department, Society, 610 North Julia Davis Drive, State Highway Building, Bismarck, North Boise, Idaho 83706 1. Glenn Jackson, Chairman, Oregon Dakota 58501 Highway Commission, 117 Greenway 4. Al Minton, Director, Commerce & Circle, Medford, Oregon 97501 3. Walter R. Hjelle, Highway Commissioner, Development, Statehouse, Boise, Idaho State Highway Department, State 83707 2. Kess Cannon, Executive Secretary, State Highway Building, Bismarck, North Committee on Natural Resources, 208 5. Ellis Mathes, State Highway Engineer, Capitol Building, Salem Oregon 97310 Dakota 58501 Highway Department, P.O. Box 7129, 4. John Greenslit, National Representative, Boise, Idaho 83707 3. Roy Beadle, Editor, The Oregon Journal, State Liaison Officer, State Outdoor Portland, Oregon 97207 WASHINGTON Recreation Agency, State Office Building, 4. E. G. Chuinard, 1922 N. W. Johnson, Bismarck, North Dakota 58501 1. Charles H. Odegaard, Director, Portland, Oregon 97209 5. David O'Brien, Director, State Parks Washington State Parks and Recreation 5. Dennis Clarke, Director, Travel Service, State Office Building, Bismarck, Commission, P.O. Box 1128, Olympia, Information Division, Oregon State North Dakota 58501 Washington 98501 Highway'Department, Highway Building, 6. Jim Sperry, Superintendent, State 2. Roy M. Chatters, Associate Nuclear Salem, Oregon 97310 Historical Society, Liberty Memorial Engineer, College of Engineering, 6. Jean Hallaux, Manager, Astoria Chamber Building, Bismarck, North Dakota 58501 Washington State University, Pullman, of Commerce, 270 Fourteenth Street, Washington 99163 7. Paul Ewald, .312 North 3rd Street, Astoria, Oregon 97103 Bismarck,' North Dakota 58501 3. Dorothy Elliott, 314 East Poplar Street, 7. E. W. Harvey, Lewis & Clark Trail Walla Walla, Washington 99362 Festival Association, 1236 West Marine MONTANA 4. Clifford Imsland, 519 North 79th Street, Drive, Astoria, Oregon 97103 1. Josephine Brooker, Assistant Director, Seattle, Washington 98103 8. LeWis A. Nichols, Portland Chamber of State Advertising Department, Helena, 5. D. R. Laird, 2501 N. E. Everett, Camas, Commerce, 824 S. W. Fifth A venue, Montana 59601 Washington 98607 Portland, Oregon 97232 2. Hal Stearns, Harlowtown, Montana 59036 6. Bruce Le Roy, Director, Washington 9. Max Pope, Seaside City Manager, City 3. Mrs. Helen West, Cut Bank, Montana State Historical Society, 315 North Hall, 851 Broadway, Seaside, Oregon 59427 Stadium Way, Tacoma, Washington 97138 4. E. E. MacGilvra, 531 West Broadway, 98403 10. P. W. Schneider, Director, Oregon State Butte, Montana 59701 7. J. M. McClelland, Jr., Editor and Game Commission, P.O. Box 3503, Portland, Oregon 97208 5. Don Foote, 1207 Hillhaven Way, Publisher, Longview Daily News, Billings, Montana 59102 Longview, Washington 98632 11. Robert W. Schoning, Director, Fish 8. Albert P. Salisbury, President, Superior Commission of Oregon, State Office IDAHO Publishing Company, P.O. Box 1710, Building, Portland, Oregon 97201 1. Dave Ainsworth, Salmon, Idaho 83467 Seattle, Washington 98111 12. David G. Talbot, State Parks 2. Wilhelm Beckert, Director, State Parks 9. Mrs. Marjorie C. Sutch, 62 Newcomer Superintendent, Highway Building, Department, Statehouse, Boise, Idaho A venue, Richland, Washington 99352 Salem, Oregon 97310 83707 13. Thomas Vaughan, Director, Oregon Historical Society, 1230 S. W. Park A venue, Portland, Oregon 97205

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