THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 10, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 1984

Giant Mural Portrays Lewis and Clark Portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri

Unveiling Ceremony Exciting Event at Foundation's 16th Annual Meeting Immediately preceding the Foundation's 16th Annual Banquet, there was a pertinent activity gra­ ciously planned to coincide with the Foundation's Annual Meeting by the city of Great Falls Centennial Committee. This was the unveiling ceremony in the upper level of the Great Falls International Airport. Nearly one thousand individuals attended the event. The work of Montana artist Robert Orduiio, the mural pictures the struggle of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition as they effected the strenuous ordeal of accomplishing the portage around the natural barrier - the series of falls that restricted their passage on the Missouri River. The mural was made possible by a substantial grant from the Burlington Northern Foundation. A representative of that Foundation, Montana Governor Ted Schwinden, state and civic officials, and art connoissuers, who spoke briefly, were joined by both the president and the president-elect of our Foundation, and their remarks are transcribed here: (See also, the related story on page 7)

1983-1984 Foundation President Arlen J. Large's re· 1984-1985 Foundation President William P. Sherman's marks made at the August 8, 1984 unveiling ceremony remarks made at the August 8, 1984 unveiling cere­ of the mural: mony for the mural: Thanks to our Foundation members in Great Falls, we Last November a competition was held to pick the outsiders have seen the actual geography of the 1805 artist for this great mural. Twenty-nine artists submit­ Lewis and Clark portage with the kind of detailed ted thirty-four proposals. Robert Orduno's submittal thoroughness in these past three days that would not be was selected as best for its depiction of the Lewis and possible for the casual visitor. Our friends in the Por· Clark Expedition's portage of the Great Falls of the tage Route Chapter of the Foundation have done a Missouri, and for its artistic merit. superb job of showing us what we wanted to see, because they know exactly why we wanted to see it. In 1917, Paris Gibson, a founder of the city of Great Now we can better appreciate, as we did not before, the Falls, lighted a Lewis and Clark "torch". It was to be a sheer physical labor required of the Expedition mem­ major bronze depicting Lewis and Clark, produced bers to lift its canoes and baggage onto the plains from from a sketch prepared by America's beloved western the deep gor,ge of the exploring party's "Portage artist, Charles Marion Russell. Creek." Now we have seen, as we could only imagine it before, the long 18 miles that the Expedition had to · International events in 1917 and 1918 extinguished traverse again and again. that "flame" - perhaps it barely "flickered". (continued on page 3) (continued on page 3) President Sherman's THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Message HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. The Portage Route Chapter invited Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption Foundation members to the 16th Certificate No. 501 (C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715 Annual Meeting at Great Falls, Mon­ OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE tana, with the enticement: "A once in a lifetime opportunity to walk on President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President the ground of the Lewis and Clark 0 William P. Sherman L. Edwin Wang John E. Foote Portage Trail."Bob Doerk, Portage 8885 S.W. Canyon Road 6013 St. Johns Ave. 1205 Rimhaven Way Route Chapter President said fur­ Portland, OR 97225 Minneapolis, MN 65424 Billings, MT 69102 ther, in his printed message pub­ Edrie Lee Vinson, Secretary John E. Walker. Treasurer lished in the program, " ...you will P.O. Box 1651 200 Market St.. Suite 1177 be among the first historically ap­ Red Lodge, MT 59068 Portland, OR 97201 preciative observers to view pre­ viously inaccessible segments of the Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary, 6054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201 exploring party's portage route. Join DIRECTORS us as we see and touch some remark­ able history over the next several Todd Berens Roy D. Craft Margaret Norris days." Santa Ana, CA Stevenson, WA Fayetteville, NY Harold Billian Viola Forrest Charles C. Patton With many early registrants on Villanova. PA Walla Walla. WA Springfield, IL hand, Sunday was a busy day! Lewis Robert Bivens H. John Montague James P. Ronda and Clark people were all over Great Great Falls, MT Marietta, GA Youngstown, OH Falls. Some tested the dugout canoes Robert C. Carriker Gary E. Moulton Robert L. Taylor in Broadwater Bay on the Missouri Spokane. WA Lincoln. NE Washington. DC a nd some ranged as far afield as Lewis and Clark Pass via Highway Arlen J. Large, Washington, DC, immediate Past President is a Foundation Director 200 and Lincoln, Montana. It was a PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO good beginning.

Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Gary Leppart, 1974-75 Bob Saindon, 1979-80 The entire meeting period was char­ St. Louis, Missouri Butte. Montana Helena. Montana acterized by early starts and full E.G. Chuinard. M.D .. 1971 Wilbur P. Werner. 1975-76 Irving W. Anderson, 1980-81 days. The first day out, our five Tigard, Oregon Cut Bank, Montana Portland. Oregon buses wound their way down steep John Greenslit, 1972 Clarence H. Decker. 1976-77 V. Strode Hinds. 1981-82 r avines into the "Portage Creek" La nsing, Michigan East Alton. Illinois Sioux City, Iowa area as far as they could go. "Four­ Lynn Burris, 1972-1973 Gail M. Stensland, 1977-78 Hazel Bain. 1982-83 Topeka, Kansas Fort Benton, Montana Longview, Washington wheelers" took over from there and Robert E. Lange, 1973-74 Mitchell Doumit, 1978-79 Arlen J . Large, 1983-84 wound on down to the "Lower Por­ Portland, Oregon Cathlamet. Washington Washington, D.C. tage Camp" site. That ride, alone, was worth the trip. ABOUT THE FOUNDATION I don't think that rugged area is one iota different from what it was in The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc .. is to st;mulate nationally: public interest in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions to American history m ade by the 1805. I could distinctly feel that the expedition members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition which are of spirits of the Expedition members historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs. and suooorts activities which enhance the enjoyment and understandina of the Lewis and Clark storv. The scooe were about me, and the thought of of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse, and include involvement in pursuits which. in the judgment of the Directors are. of historical worth or contemporary social values. and commensurate with tons of canoes, baggage, etc. to be the heritage ot Lewis and Clark . The actiyities of the National Foundation are intended to compliment and dragged up out of the river bottom supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement in the broad field of and almost eighteen miles upstream Lewis and Clark historical research; writing; or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of activities of the Foundation. Membership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis end and above the falls, gave me a sink­ C lark enthusiasts including Federal, State. and local government officials. historians, scholars, and others ing feeling. The task was seemingly of wide ranging Lewis and Clark interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The Annual Meeting of the Foundation is traditionally held during August. the birth m onth of both Meriwether impossible, but they just "Proceed­ Lewis and William Clark. The meeting place is rotated among the States, and tours generally are arranged to visit sites in the area of the Annual M eeting which have historic association with the Lewis end Clark ed On". (See illustrations on pages Expedition. 16-17.) WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E. G. CHU/NARD. M .D .. FOUNDER On the next day we floated the Mis­ souri in areas that are today exactly We Proceeded On is the official publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the as in the Expedition's time. Deer collective journals of the famous Expedition. along the shore were abundant and the current serene. It was a great PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE setting for contemplation and re­ Robert E. Lange, Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland. OR flection. 97201 Later in the day, we finished up at "Canoe Camp", upstream from t he 0 Irving W. Anderson () Donald J ackson Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College 3920 Old Stage Road White Bear Islands. It was a thrill Portland, OR 97219 Colorado Springs, CO 80906 to see those massive cottonwood 0 E.G. Chuinard Gary E. Moulton trees that were also standing there 15537 S.W. Summerfield Lane Love Library - Univ. Nebraska when the explorers selected and cut Tigard, OR 97223 Lincoln. NE 68588 trees for new canoes. That evening, 0 Paul R. Cutright Wilbur P. Warner 312 Summit Avenue P.O. Box 438 our Buffalo Barbeque dinner was Jenkintown. PA 19046 Cut Bank, MT 59427 held in an ultimate setting. Ulm (con't on facing page)

-2- We Proceeded On, November 1984 (President's Message con't) ing a nd conducting the meeting. I Sherman's Remarks must have heard a hundred com­ Con 't from page 1 Piskum (an ancient buffalo jump} ments complimenting the prepara­ sits high on a tableland a few miles tion, the people involved, ch oice of But the citizens of Great Falls, per­ southwest of the city of Great Falls. programs, the logistical support sonified by the Centennial Commit­ It offers a vista of breathtaking and the gracious spirit of hospital­ tee and the Portage Route Chapter beauty - wave after wave of moun­ ity. You were right, Bob Doerk, the of the Lewis and Clark Trail Herit­ tains, far into the dista n ce, and Portage Route Cha pter, the Cen­ age Foundation, and as represented wheat fields near at hand. The crown­ tennial Committee, and the city of by the mural above us now, have ing touch was a guitar-playing duet Great Falls, it was a " ...once in a rekindled that "flame". God willing, singing "The Lord's Prayer" and lifetime experience!" it will never go out again. our own Sacagawea (Lynne Dullum) Bill Sherman, President In behalf of all the members of the portraying the Prayer in Indian Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage sign language against the dramatic Foundation, thank you, Great Falls, background of a golden "Big Sky" from the bottom of our hearts! sunset. A scene to remember! We bussed and trekked to a site high above the confluence of the Marias and the Missouri Rivers, that famed decision point, and to Large' s Remar ks another viewpoint high above the Con't from page 1 site of old Fort McKenzie. Memora­ And we have seen the waterfalls of Our New President ble scenes to hold in your mind and heart when reading of the trials and the Missouri River that, however William P. Sherman adventures that took place at these partly altered by modern structures, locations. There were rewarding so impressed the explorers with visits at other important Lewis and their wild and lonely beauty. Clark locales - The Great Falls, The portage was a complicated Rainbow Falls, Black Eagle Falls, endeavor. It must be explained with the Giant Spring, and (Sacagawea's) care. That's why our Foundation Sulphur Spring. The weather was directors, this morning, endorsed perfect and each site visited was re­ the concept, without specific details, warding to the eye and mind for of an interpretive center here in future reference. your city of Great Falls to explain Evening found us assembled at the the dramatic events that occurred Great Falls International Airport. here in 1805 and1806. We hope that In a succint and appropriate cere­ the concept becomes a reality. mony, we witnessed the unveiling Most visitors to Great Falls won't of the great new mural depicting the be so lucky as to get the intensive "The Portage of the Great Falls of three-day cram course that we have the Missouri River by the Lewis and just received here, and many of Clark Expedition". It is magnifi­ them won't find time to visit and cently done. It will intrigue travel­ walk through an interpretive cen­ ers to and from the city and com­ ter. Many of them will just be pas­ merate the Expedition for ma ny, sengers hurrying through a busy ma ny years to come. (Typically of airport, able only to glance up at the William P. Sherman, Portland, Ore­ the exploring party's problems, the fantastic mural that you are unveil­ gon, our new president, is a student huge canvas proved t o be ex­ ing this evening. It won't give them and enthusiast of the Lewis a nd tremely difficult to hang. Seventeen much in the way of detailed knowl­ Clark Expedition, a champion of members of the portage chapter edge. But it will tell them, at merely his native state of Montana, a sup­ worked all night until 5:30 A.M., to a glance, that something wonderful porter and connoisseur of western get it properly installed. Artist Bob and important happened here. art, and a successful a nd retired Orduno was there himself until 9:30 business man who continues to A.M. on the day of the unveiling. serve on the board of directors of a They didn't despair, They "Proceed­ well-known national manufacturing ed On".) (See illustrations on page entity. one and page 7.) In addition to all of the above, Bill The final banquet was a fitting cli­ counts thirty-two years of federal max for an eventful meeting. Dr. service, beginning in 1940 when he Harry Fritz, University of Montana, joined the Montana National Guard. Missoula, in humorous fashion, con­ He transferred to the Army Air vinced us that the entire Lewis and Corps after Pearl Harbor and his Clark Expedition took place in Mon­ record shows him flying eighty-four tana. Honors were bestowed on var­ combat missions in fighter/ bombers ious recipients (See page 7). It was a in Italy - Salerno to Rome. Follow­ wonderful evening. ing his discharge from active duty in November 1945, he remained in I know that Bob Saindon made many the Air Force Reserve, and retired trips to Great Falls to explore and Speaking for the Lewis and Clark as Lieutenant Colonel in 1972. check on the programs. Marshall Trail Heritage Foundation, I extend Johnson and his people did an ab­ our thanks and congratulations for Bill Sherman was born in Butte, solutely outstanding job in prepar- this achievement. (continued on page 4)

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -3- Montana and grew up in Helena urer and Chairman of the Budget John E. Walker Named where his parents were owners of and Finance Committee. He was Foundation Treasurer the Sherman Music Co. In 1932 he Chairman of the Club's nominating graduated from St. Helens Paro­ committee on two occasions. Despite the loss of our Foundation chial School, and then attended Mt. He was named Oregon Small Busi­ Treasurer, Clarence Decker, Foun­ St. Charles Academy (now Carroll dation business must carry on. John College) in Helena. During 1935 and ness Man of the' Year in 1970, and was Chairman of the Small Busi­ E. Walker, Portland, Oregon, has 1936 he matriculated at St. Thomas accepted the Foundation's Execu­ Military Academy, and in 1937 hf ness Advisory Council for Oregon in 1967. tive Committee's appointment as enrolled at St. Thomas College in Treasurer pro-tem through the bal­ St. Paul, Minnesota. Nineteen thir­ In addition to his interest and activ­ ance of this year and until the ty-eight saw him in Washington, ity and now as president of our annual meeting in August 1985. If D.C. at Georgetown University's Foundation, Bill's interest in the the duties are compatible with School of Foreign Service, and the Lewis and Clark Expedition includes John's busy schedule, we hope he following year he was Head of the memberships in the Oregon Lewis will consider permanent election to Cash Disbursment Section - Fed­ and Clark Heritage Foundation, the the office of Treasurer by the Foun­ eral Crop Insurance, Minneapolis, Oregon (Governor's) Lewis and dation's Board of directors at the Minnesota. Clark Trail Committee, the Mon­ August 1985 meeting. tana (Governor's) Lewis and Clark When his father died in 1940, he Advisory Council. He is a Life Mem­ Foundation members John Walker returned to Helena as manager of ber of the American Defense Pre­ and his associate Harpel Keller are the Sherman Music Co. His military paredness Association, and a Char­ the principals in the firm Assets career, detailed above, occupied the Management, Inc., 1 in Portland, years until 1945. ter Member of the Air Force His­ torical Foundation. Other member­ and are ideally suited to handle the In December 1945, Bill joined the ships include: Reserve Officers' As­ Foundation's investment portfolio, Portland-Willamette Co., Portland, sociation; Military Order of World as well as the minor responsibilities Oregon, as National Sales Man­ Wars; Friends of the Air Force Mu­ of the office of Treasurer. John is an ager, and nine years later became seum; 27th Fighter/ Bomber Group enthusiastic member of our Foun­ president of that company, a nation­ Association; Air Force Association; dation and a native of Astoria, Ore­ ally recognized manufacturer of C.M. Russell Museum; Montana His­ gon and Clatsop County where the fine fireplace screens and fireplace torical Society; and the Oregon His­ exploring party's Fort Clatsop win­ accessories. torical Society. ter establishment was located in 1805-1806. Foundation members are The Portland company was acquired The Shermans, Bill and Marian, grateful to John Walker for accept­ and became a Division of Thomas have been regular attendees at many ing this important responsibility for Industries, Inc. of Louisville, Ken­ Lewis and Clark activities and at our organization on such short no­ tucky in 1972, and Sherman con­ the Foundation's Annual Meetings tice. tinued to serve as president and since 1977. A son, Roger, lives in general manager of the Portland­ Portland, and a daughter, Charis l. Registered I nvestment Advisers. Willamette Division, and as a mem­ Howser and family, including six ber of the parent company's board grandchildren reside in Spokane, of directors. Elected a Vice Presi­ Washington. dent of Thomas Industries, he served William Sherman's success with, in that capacity until his retirement and contributions to, so many or­ in 1980 (35 years of service). He con­ ganizations and enterprises will pro­ tinues to serve on the company's vide our Foundation with another board of directors and attends their year of outstanding leadership. meetings in Louisville, and Chi­ cago. His interest and support of western art finds him at art shows and auc­ tions throughout the west, and pro­ vides him with frequent visits to his beloved state of Montana. In 1975 he was Honorary Chairman of the Charles M. Russell Art Auction in Great Falls. The Western Rendez­ vous of Art, Helena, Montana, named him "Honorary Guest" at their meeting in 1982. He has been active in his home community and with local entities. For 20 years he served as a member of the Board of Directors of Flight­ craft, Inc. (Beech Aircraft Distribu,­ tors for Idaho, Washington, Ore­ gon, and Alaska). He is a Director of Calaroga Terrace (a retirement com­ plex) in Portland. For four years he 1984-1985 Foundation Officers (Executive Committee). (Left to right) Treas­ served Portland's famous Mult­ urer, Clarence H. Decker; Secretary, Edrie Lee Vinson; 1st Vice President, L. nomah Athletic Club as a director Edwin Wang; President, William P. Sherman; and 2nd Vice President, John and in 1964 held the office of Treas- E. Foote.

-4- We Proceeded On, November 1984 Foundation Past President, Treasurer, Clarence H. Decker, 1917-1984

Services were held on October 8, and for some years also owned a nd 1984, at Wood River, Illinois, for operated the Lewis and Clark Lodge Clarence H. Decker, 67, prominent (motel) near the restaurant, as well businessman and community lead­ as a large motion picture theatre er, and a past president (1977-1978) complex in the city. At the present of the Lewis and Clark Trail Herit­ time he was a principal in the Lewis age Foundation , Inc. He had also and Clark Realty Company and the served the Foundation, as treasurer owner of the Decker Apartments. since 1974. Decker was killed on October 4th at his East Alton, Illi­ During recent years Decker has nois h ome, apparently during the held positions and participated in course of a robbery. An intensive the activities of: Th e Alton-Wood seaTch and investigation is under­ River Community Chest (Board of way to apprehend his attacker, but Directors, Treasurer); The Wood specific details are not available at River Planning Council (President); the time of this writing. Wood River Lions Club (President); Lions of Illinois (District Governor); The Foundation has suffered a loss Lions Club Blind Activities Com­ of one of its stalwart members, who mittee (member); Lions Interna­ over the years has taken a keen tional (International Director); Wood interest, first, in the 1964-1969 Con­ River Township Hospital (Chair­ gressional Lewis and Clark Trail ma n of the Board); Boy Scouts of Commission, a nd presently, since America, Piasa Council (Executive the inception of the Foundation, Committee); National Committee when it succeeded the Commission THE for Higher Education (Trustee); Val­ in 1970. At the time of his death he LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL paraiso University (Advisory Board); was also a member of the National HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. First Nation al Bank of Wood River Park Service Lewis and Clark Na­ (Board of Directors); and the Illinois tional Historic Trail Advisory Coun­ T.B. and RD. Association (Execu­ cil. tive Committee, Secretary). Decker's untiring efforts to fund He is listed in Who's Who in the and develop the construction of a Midwest a nd the World's Who's fitting memorial at the location of Who in Commerce and Industry. He the Lewis and Clark Expedition's DISTINGUISED SERVICE AWARD PRESENTED TO was the recipient of the Wood River point of departure for the lands to T ownship Chamber of Commerce's the west culminated in the dedica­ CLARENCE H. DECKER FOR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS Outstanding Citizen Award tion of an elaborate memorial s truc­ TOWARD FURTHERING THE PURPOSE AND t ure in Illinois' Lewis and Clark OBJECTIVES OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK At the time of his death, in addition State Park in 1981. 1 Earlier a group TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION. INC. to his activities with the Lewis and of local citizens had been instru­ \ ' lltf'G¥\"t'I'. \\'Nhia.ton Clark Trail Heritage Foundation AY!(UIU lti.. 1918 mental in acquiring land for the and the National Park Service's park. The park is located directly Lewis and Clark National Historic across the Mississippi River from Trail Advisory Council, noted above, the mouth of th e Missouri River, a tribution to the organization's mone­ Clarence was a Past International few miles south of East Alton, Illi­ tary stability. His annual financial Director and Life Member of Lions nois, where Decker owned and op­ reports made to the board of direc­ International. He was a member of erated tbe well-known Lewis a nd tors and the membership at annual St. Paul's Luthern Ch ur ch, Wood Clark Restaurant. In spite of the meetings have shown steady gains River. He also remained active as a changing course of the rivers, over and h ave been presented with Clar­ member of the Wood River Lions some 180 years, the Expedition's ence's usual vitality and humor. Club a nd the local Chamber of Commerce. Camp DuBois-Wood River ("Camp He was born in Chester, on the Mis­ Wood") site is in the same relative sissippi River in southwestern Illi­ He is survived by a son, Robert C. position as was the exploring par­ nois and graduated from Concordia Decker of Germantown, Tennessee; ty's 1803-1804 winter establishment, Teachers College, River Forest, Illi­ two grandsons, and two sisters, and creates the feeling of esthetic n ois. Prior to coming to the East Ella Decker and Lydia Decker integrity for the site.2 Alton-Wood River area in 1941, he Pautler, both of Chester, Illinois. Clarence Decker's service to our or­ taught school in his home town of The editor's personal friendship and ganization in h andling the finan­ Chester . Entering the business field business relationsh ip with Clarence cial administration a nd investment in 1939, he was employed in the was characteristic of the pleasant auditing department by the Interna­ portfolio for the Foundation has associations all officers, directors, tional Shoe Company in St. Louis. been outsta nding and a great con- a nd members enjoyed. His enthusi­ Transferring to the company's tan­ asm for Lewis a nd Clark matters, 1. For more information and illustra tions re­ nery operation at Wood River, he strong conviction to detail, integrity, lated to the Memorial see: We Proceeded On, was employed as an administrative Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1, 3; Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 3; and and valuable council, along with an Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 13 assistant. Later he became vice presi­ infectious feeling of having a good dent of the E.H. Goulding's Sons time were apparent always. In 1977, Co., a jewelry firm in East Alton. He 2. See reproduction of an aerial photog raph of during his presidency, when the the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi purchased the Lewis and Clark Res­ Rivers in We Proceeded On, Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 7. taurant in the same city in 1963, (continued on page 6)

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -5- Decker,1917-1984 Jim Ronda is known to Foundation west. The third, tentatively titled Can't from page 5 members as the busy professor of Dreams and Empires, will focus on Foundation's Ninth Annual Meet­ history at Youngstown State Uni­ the legends and myths which at­ ing was held in St. Charles, Mis­ versity, Youngstown, Ohio, a regu­ tracted Europeans to the New souri, these admirable leadership lar attendee at Foundation Annual World. qualities of his were most manifest. Meetings, and a frequent traveler Pulitzer Prize winners will be an­ studying the history of the Ameri­ The meeting was an outstanding nounced in April 1985 in New York gathering and program for mem­ can West. With his wife Jeanne, in City. Each winner will receive bers and guests. It is certain that he the summer of 1980, in order to $1000, and Ronda admits that the would h ave played a most impor­ gather firstha nd observations for six-month wait for the winners to be tant part in the meeting planned for the book, h e traveled the entire announced will be a long one. Dur­ 1985 in St. Louis. The Foundation Lewis and Clark route, nearly 8000 ing the course of an interview for a will miss his presence in the years miles. This research activity was YSU news release, he remarked: to come - he was a respected and funded by a grant from the Youngs­ "The nomination alone is exciting. I dedicated contributor to the success town University Research Council. feel like a winner just being nomi­ of our Foundation. Since joining the YSU faculty in nated, and I'm very grateful to the Several members have contributed 1969, Dr. Ronda has received sev­ University and the Research Coun­ memorials in Clarence's name to eral research fellowships and three cil for supporting this project. It's the Foundation. Such contributions Distinguished Professor Awards. A exciting for me to be nominated for may be made to the Foundation and native of Chicago, he is a graduate a Pulitzer Prize, but it is also good should be directed to The Clarence of Hope College, Holland, Michigan, for the University because it shows H. Decker Memorial Fund, 5054 S.W. and he h olds an M.A. degree and a the importance of research." 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201. Ph.D. in American Colonial History The book, in addition to being nom­ from the University of Nebraska, inated for a Pulitzer Prize, has been Lincoln. In the past decade he has 2 nominated for the Ray A. Billington published twelve scholarly articles Prize in American Frontier History, and presented some 30 papers on an award presented by the Organi­ Indian-white relations at various zation of American Historians. conferences throughout the United States and Canada. Four of his es­ Professor Ronda employed ethno­ says on native map-makers will be historical techniques in the book, lll-- - included in forthcoming collections. which utilized the disciplines of his­ tory, anthropology, archaeology, His books include: A Teacher's Guide and historical geography together New Book by Dr. Ronda to the American Revolution; I ndian for intensive study of the original Nominated for American Missions: A Critical Biography; and Lewis and Clark journals and maps John Elliot's Indian Dialogues: A as well as artifacts they gathered History Pulitzer Prize Study in Cultural Interaction. Ron­ during the exploring enterprise. Il­ da's fourth book, the Pulitzer nomi­ lustrated by original drawings and Foundation Director James P. Ron­ nee, Lewis and Clark among the da's book Lewis and Clark among maps, the book offers a complete Indians, is the first in a planned appraisal of Lewis and Clark In­ the I ndians has been nominated for trilogy on the exploration of the a Pulitzer Prize in American His­ dian relations and the role of the American West. The second, Asto­ Expedition in the development of tory. His 390 page contribution to ria and Empire: The Making of the the literature about the Expedition western federal Indian policy. It in­ American West, will be a study of cludes a thorough analysis of In­ is the first full-scale study of the John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Com­ official and personal relations of dian political, diplomatic, and eco­ pany, Astoria, and the creation of nomic responses to the Expedition, the exploring party with the native ' an American empire in the North- peoples encountered during the jour­ and analyzes the complex personal ney to the Pacific and return. The relations between explorers and In­ nomination was made by the Uni­ dians, yet is sensitive to cultural versity of Nebraska Press, publish­ differences. ers of the book. Jim Ronda has served the Founda­ The volume is presently "at press" tion as a member of the board of and is scheduled to be released in directors since 1982. He is also a December 1984. The publisher is member of the Organization of making Lewis and Clark among American Historians, the American the Indians its lead book this year, Society of Ethnohistory, and the and reports that more than 500 Western History Association. copies have been sold through pre­ The Foundation needs the publication orders. interest and encouragement Foundation members who attend­ of Lewis and Clark enthusi­ ed the Foundation's 13th Annual asts. If you are not already a Meeting, August 1981, in Helena, member, perhaps you will Montana, will recall Dr. Ronda's consider lending your sup­ excellent Annual Banquet Address port to the Foundation. A The Names of the Nations: Lewis prospectus together with a and Clark as Ethnographers (a sub· membership application will ject akin to the thesis of his forth­ be forwarded promptly . Ad­ coming book). 1 dress your request to the 2. See his monograph "Frazer's Razor: The Secretary or Membership 1. Published verbatim in We Proceeded On, Ethnohistory of a Common Object", in We Secretary. See page 2. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 12-17. Proceeded On, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 12-13.

-6- We Proceeded On, November 1984 THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC.

1803

1806 A WARD OF MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT PRESENTED TO BURLINGTON-NORTHERN FOUNDATION FOR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS IN BRINGING TO THIS NATION A GREATER AWARENESS AND APPRECIATION OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION. August 8. 1984 Roy D. Craft Great falls. Montana

Mr. Don North, President of the Burlington-Northern Foundation attended the Foundation's 16th Annual Banquet and accepted the Foundation's highest award, the "Award of Meritorious Achievement". The Burlington Northern Foundation's funding of $30,000 to implement the creation and installation of the giant JO X 35 foot mural "The Lewis and Clark Portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri", connotates to the citation contained on the award (91h X 91h inch walnut based plaque) which reads: "For Outstanding Contributions in Bringing to this Nation a Greater Awareness and Appreciation of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Foundation President Arlen J. Large made the presentation. Earlier, the same evening, Mr. North attended and spoke briefly at the unveiling ceremony for the mural that adorns the wall opposite the escalators in the Great Falls International Airport (see related story, page 1). Other awards, the Foundation's "Appreciation Award," were presented by Past President Irving W. Anderson, chairman of the Foundation's Awards Committee. Recipients of the framed 9 X 12 inch parchment certificates were: Dr. Harry W. Fritz, Missoula, Montana, who presented the banquet address (see page 26); Sheila Robinson, Coleharbor, North Dakota, for her outstanding "new member" activity; and Vi and Ray Forrest, Walla Walla, Washington, for their.organization of the Blue Mountain Chapter of the Foundation, Walla Walla, which recently disbanded after a tenure of seven years and eighteen meetings (see story, WPO, Vol. 10, No. 2 & 3, page 16).

The Giant Mural and Artist Robert Orduno - Illustration on Page One

Artist Robert Orduno, who created the giant-size 10 X 35 foot mural "The Lewis and Clark Portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri River", was selected, in October 1983, from a statewide contest that drew 34 entries.1 The project was launched by the Great Falls Centennial Committee in cooperation with the Portage Route Chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, the C.M. Russell Museum, and the Great Falls International Airport Authority. It was made possible by a $30,000 grant from the Burlington-North­ ern Foundation. The artist received $20,000 for the mural painting, and required eight months to complete the work. The remaining funds were used for lighting, installation, and an interpretive display. The display will be in the upper level of the airport terminal build­ ing opposite the wall where the mural ha s been installed. Orduno, a California native of Spanish and American After moving to Great Falls in 1976, Weigel's home­ Indian heritage, lives on a wheat farm near Belt, Mon­ town, the couple formed the "Big Sky Art Co." and he is tana, with his partner-wife and artist Pam Weigel. He devoting full time to painting and participation in received his art training in California and worked Western art shows and auctions. commercially in that area as an art director, designer, advertising illustrator and editorial artist. He also had Foundation members and readers of We Proceeded On his own art studio for many years in southern Califor­ interested in acquiring a limited edition 20 X 40 inch nia and the San Francisco bay area. color print of the mural should write for information and an order form to Big Sky Art Co., Highwood Star 1. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 9, No. 3, p . 4; Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 6; and Vol. Route, Great Falls, MT 59405, or to the Portage Route 10, Nos. 2 & 3, p. 5. Chapter, P.O. Box 2424, Great Falls, MT 59403.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -7- Editor's note: Immediate Past President Arlen J. Large, Washington, D.C., continues to be a regular contributor to the pages of We Proceeded On."' Jim is a staff correspondent for the Wall Street Journal a nd most often writes about scientific news and subjects for the Journal. When he learned that the long-lost collection of plant and a nimal drawin gs from the 1787-1803 Spanish Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain (Central America, Mexico, and to the Pacific Coast of North America) had turned up, his interest turned to writing about that nearly forgotten expedition to the south, a nd to the better known Alexa nder Mackenzie 1793 expedition to the north of the route of Lewis a nd Clark. His monograph that follows is a n appraisal of these two explorations on the North American Continent at about the time of the Lewis and Clark enterprise.

North and South of Lewis and Clark

By Arlen J. Large

These men who took America's measure north and south of Lewis and Clark had left the field before Jefferson launched his Captains. But chronology wasn't the main thing. While starting at different times, all of them - British, Spanish and American - went out to make better sense of nature and of the land, and in this they all succeeded.

In April, 1803, Meriwether Lewis ended an equipment­ Lewis and Clark, followed by John Jacob Astor's shopping visit to the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Columbia River traders, who laid the foundation for a Va., and headed for Lancaster, Pa., for instruction in lasting territorial claim by the United States. the use of the sextant for navigating the un.known. As Mackenzie's 1793 journey nevertheless had a direct role spring brightened the la nd, Lewis was taking the first in bringing Lewis and Clark into the competition. Pub­ steps down the road that would eventually lead to the lication in 1801 of Mackenzie's journal came as "a kind beaches of the Pacific. of personal challenge" for J efferson to launch his own That same April, far to the south in sultry Veracruz, reconnaissance of a river-and-land route to the Pacific. 1 Mexico, Don Martin de Sesse led an entourage of rela­ A copy of Voyages from Montreal, as Mackenzie called tives and house servants aboard ship for a voyage his journal, went west in the baggage of the Lewis and home to Spain. Thus, by a little-remarked.. coincidence, Clark expedition. the Lewis and Clark expedition was about to begin just Mackenzie was a self-starter , getting no evident help as the 16-year Royal Botanical Expedition to New from his own government in seeking a way to the west­ Spain was coming to a ragged end. The command of ern ocean from the interior of Canada. A native of Scot­ King Charles III for a methodical survey of "the pro­ land's Hebrides Islands, Mackenzie was still a teen­ ducts of my fertile dominions of New Spain" had been ager when he started working in the fur business in executed by a quarrelsome team of botanists, pharma­ Montreal. The North West Company bestowed a part­ cists, artists and helpers roaming over Mexico and Cen­ nership in 1787, and sent him to run a totally wild trad­ tral America, and reaching northward through Cali­ ing district centered on the west end of Lake Atha­ fornia as far as Alaska. They collected 8,000 samples baska , in what is now northern Alberta. There, the representing more than 2,000 species of plants, while comfort-minded new ma nager built Fort Chipewyan, producing descriptions and drawings of flora and where the novelty of inside painted walls and other fauna encountered on their way. amenities earned it local fame as "the Athens of t he While Sesse and his naturalists always used the word North." "expedicion" to describe their survey, th at was some­ From the outset Mackenzie had his mind on finding a thing of a misnomer for their army-escorted tours trade route to the Pacific. In 1789 he led a small party through countryside that had been explored and settled north to Great Slave La ke to check reports of a big river by Europeans for more than two centuries. A better that flowed west toward the Rockies, perhaps penetrat­ example of a quick exploring thrust through unknown ing all the way to the sea. His th ree-canoe flotilla found lands h ad come ten years before Sesse's departure for the river, which was later named for him, but at the Spain, with the march of a young fur-trading Scot mountains its course swung to the north. Macken zie a cross the Canadian Rockies to a cloudy inlet of the gamely followed the river to the tidal flats bordering Pacific Ocean. There, using a makeshift paint of ver­ the Arctic Ocean, realizing h e had missed his target. milion and hot grease, he triumphantly inscribed on a rock: "Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada, by la nd, Never a true wilderness man, Mackenzie wanted a civ­ the twenty-second of July, one thousand seven hundred ilization break. London in 1791 gave him both a change and ninety-three" of scene a nd a chance to fill a gap in his exploring skills. He knew enough of celestial navigation to find Among the early travelers of western North America it his latitude during the voyage to the Arctic Ocean, but remained for the Lewis and Clark expedition to com­ not his longitude. In London h e acquired instruments bine both aspects of the in-and-out geographic probe of and learned an antique method of longitude calculation Mackenzie in the north, a nd the more methodical scien­ based on the clocklike motions of the four bright moons tific data collection of the Spaniards in the south. Lead­ of the Planet Jupiter. Invented by none other than Gali­ ing a disciplined, well-armed military force, Lewis a nd leo Galilei, who was the first to see the moons in a Clark simultaneously were geographic pathfinders and telescope, the method was useless on a rolling ship at scientific reporters for their distant patron, President sea. But on land, Mackenzie could hold his London­ Jefferson. And their journey had a political dimension bought telescope steady enough to time the Jovian that was entirely absent in the botanical inventory-tak­ moons, and it was to be his staple way of finding longi­ ing of the Spanish n aturalists, and a sore disappoint­ tude. ment for Mackenzie, wh o begged the British govern­ ment to exploit the entire Pacific northwest on the basis Back at Fort Chipewyan in 1792, Mackenzie prepared of his dash to the inlet at Bella Coola. Rather, it was to try again for the Pacific. In October he moved 1. Donald J ackson, Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains. . . , •See: We Proceeded On, Vol. 9, No. 4, page 3. Urbana, University of Illinois Press (1981), 94.

-8- We Proceeded On, November 1984 southwest up the Peace River to a North West Com­ journal is marked "Height of Land" at that portage, pany post, Fort Fork, just beyond the junction with the from which streams flow in opposite directions. Mack­ Smoky River. Here he would wait out the winter. "On enzie's map and journal thus implanted the idea that the first day of January, my people, in conformity to there might be a similarly easy connection between the usual custom, awoke me at the break of day with other rivers heading on either side of the Rockies, a the discharge of firearms, with which they congratu­ "misconception" that fooled the planners of the Lewis lated the appearance of the new year," wrote Macken­ and Clark expedition. 7 2 zie in his journal. A similar New Year's salute would After negotiating some vicious tributary streams, the echo 13 years later to awaken Lewis and Clark at Fort party hit the Fraser River at the point where it makes a Clatsop. hairpin turn from its mountain source and rolls On May 9, 1793, Mackenzie, plus fellow Scot Alexander straight south toward the Strait of Georgia, where the Mackay, six French-Canadian voyagers and two Indi- . city of Vancouver, B.C., would be built. Wrongly, ans piled 3,000 pounds of provisions into a single canoe Mackenzie thought he had discovered the northern and headed westward up the Peace. Empty, the 25-foot reaches of the as yet little-explored Columbia. On June bark canoe was so light, Mackenzie boasted, "that two 20, his leaking, "crazy" canoe floated past a place men could carry her on a good road three or four miles "where the cliffs of white and red clay appeared like the without resting." That was just as well, for there would ruins of ancient castles."8 Three days later, at the pres­ be a lot of carrying. ent site of Alexandria, B.C., Mackenzie became fed up with the fickle Indian guides and the seemingly impas­ They were still in plains country, moving past herds of sable Fraser's stubborn southward course. Retreating elk and buffalo with their frisking spring calves. They 50 miles back up the river, the party on July 4 set out to saw bear tracks, big ones. Wrote Mackenzie: "The Indi­ the w·est, on foot. ans entertain great apprehension of this kind of bear, which is called the grisly bear, and they never venture to attack it but in a party of at least three or four."3 Just The march over upland terrain took 13 days. Descend­ eight days from Fort Fork, near the entrance of Half­ ing from the coast mountains to the Bella Coola River, way River, there was a surprise: "At 2 in the afternoon, Mackenzie encountered a series of Indian villages the rocky mountains appeared in sight, with their where he borrowed a canoe and entered a maze of chan­ summits covered with snow, bearing SW by S: they nels running with saltwater. The party camped atop a formed a very agreeable object to every person in the steep, overhanging rock opposite the north shore of canoe, as we attained a view of them m uch sooner than King Island, where Mackenzie painted his name, we expected."4 (continued on page 10) The mountains quickly became less agreeable. There were bad rapids, requiring a tough portage, and the ~''--··- · -.I... first mutterings in French "that there was no alterna­ TWEEDIMUIR tive but to return," of which Mackenzie was to hear PARK ~. \ •::: much more. On May 31, the party arrived at the Peace ILACICWATD .. ~' River's headwaters, where the Finlay River from the ~=-~, .. Mm \ · - ,,, .. .. H.AZKO OUESNEL north joins the Parsnip River from the south. Just as Lewis and Clark later would be torn with doubt at the junction of the Marias and Missouri, Mackenzie was tempted to turn north up the Finlay; that way looked more promising, and the crew was for it. But he fol­ lowed local Indian instructions and moved south up the Parsnip, which his guides promised would lead to a bigger river and the ultimate saltwater goal, the Stink­ ing Lake, where white people came "in vessels as big as islands." Some 150 miles up the narrowing Parsnip the explorers came to a place that would assume considerable geo­ graphic importance. At the south end of a small lake, said Mackenzie, "we landed and unloaded, where we found a beaten path leading over a low ridge of land 817 paces in length to another small lake."5 At an alti­ tude of just 3,000 feet, that was the continental divide. Because Mackenzie didn't specifically say so in this journal entry, some historians think he didn't suspect he had crossed it, but he knew. 6. Alexander Mackenzie, Exploring the Northwest Territory, edited by In a letter written in Montreal the following year to the T.H. McDonald, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (1966), 119. Governor-General of Canada, Mackenzie was more 7. John Logan Allen, Passage Through the Garden . .. , Urbana, Uni· explicit a bout the drainage system at the source of the versity of Illinois Press (1975), 120. On page 178, Allen says further: "Of Parsnips "[we] carried over the height of La nd. (which all their sources of data, Lewis and Clark probably selected Macken· is only 700 yards broad) that separates those Waters, zie's Voyages from Montreal as the most accurate in depicting the true the one empties into the Northern Ocean, and the other n ature of the necessary portage between the Atlantic and Pacific 6 in slopes. The portage as seen by Lewis and Clark was a short one - so into the Western." The map published 1801 with his short that Clark made no provisions for it in his estimate of time and 2. Alexander Mackenzie's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean in 1793, intro· distance for the transcontinental journey. The way to the Pacific lay duction by Milo Quaife, New York: The Citadel Press (1967), 25. open and easy, and it was this simple fact of imaginary geography that 3. Quaife, 57. gave birth to the Lewis and Clark expedition." The American explorers, of course found the land connection between the Missouri and the 4. Quaife, 62. Columbia to be neither short nor easy. 5. Quaife, 130 8. Quaife, 166.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -9- though the open Pacific was still a good 40 miles away. words of an exasperated editor of his journal, Longinos Moving to a nearby point of land he picked out Jupiter was "a novelesque character, thin-skinned, crotchety, with his telescope and noted the times when the moons irritable and irritating, pedantic and pompous, given to Io and Ganymede disappeared behind the planet. From making pronouncements on all subjects ..." 13 with tables showing the predicted times of the same events Sesse, his would-be leader, Longinos quarreled furious­ as seen from Greenwich, he computed a longitude of ly over everything, including the proper classification 128.2 degrees west. That was 30 miles off, but Macken- · of a collection of snails. zie was delighted to get any reading at all: "I had now In January, 1791, Longinos headed northwestward determined my situation, which is the most fortunate from Mexico City in the company of Don Jayme Sen­ circumstance of my long, painful and perilous journey, seve, an expedition pharmacist. From the small, shal­ as a few cloudy days would have prevented me from 9 low Pacific port of San Blas, the partners caught a ship ascertaining the final longitude of it." for the southern tip of Baja California. There was an The explorers went back across the Rockies the way argument, and Senseve was dismissed as incompetent. they came, arriving at Fort Fork on August 24. With a military escort and a borrowed army tent, Lon­ ginos· forged up the dusty Lower California peninsula, That winter, back at Fort Chipewyan, Mackenzie tried observing coyotes, armadillos, creosote bushes and to work on his journal, but he dropped into a funk. Said twelve kinds of cactus. Pressing beyond the Presidio of Walter Sheppe, in an epilogue to his edition of Macken­ San Diego, Longinos saw "a large lake of pitch" near zie's journal of the Pacific expedition: "His trip of 1793 the Pueblo de Los Angeles and oil floating in the Santa was his second attempt to find a practical route to the Barbara Channel. The mountains looked full of "prof­ Pacific, and it was at least in part a failure. He had itable" minerals. reached the Pacific, but he knew that his route could not be used for trade.''10 In a January 13, 1794, letter to The gentleman from Madrid was disgusted by the a confidant, Mackenzie expressed his old yearning for Indians of California, especially those he called "gen­ civilization's comforts: "I think it unpardonable in any tiles," the unfortunates not yet converted to Christian­ man to remain in this country who can afford to leave ity. Near San Luis Obispo, he described sweat houses it." 11 Leave the Canadian north he did that year, and from which the dripping natives ran to plunge into cold he never went back. In this respect he was something of water. His journal cast harsh judgement: "This rite, a soul-mate of William Clark, who chose to live out his which truly seems repugnant to our way of life, they long post-expedition career as a gentleman-bureaucrat perform daily, even in the severest cold, which on some in St. Louis, Missouri. days is considerable. I atribute to this bad practice of theirs, which they follow from birth, their want of hard­ In both Montreal and London, Mackenzie's exploits iness, unlike the nations that do not do such violence to won fame and respect, including knighthood from King Nature."14 George III in 1802. But the British government and the By September, 1792, Longinos had reached Monterey, North West Company never bought his plan for a big where he embarked for a voyage back to Mexico with trading plunge in the Pacific Northwest. "If the British more than 30 boxes of specimens. After further travels government had acted on his full plan," concluded in central America, he died of tuberculosis in the Yuca­ journal editor Sheppe, "it is possible that the Oregon tan in 1803. country and southeastern Alaska would be British today.''12 While Longinos was in California, an excursion even farther north was being led by Jose Mariano Mocifi.o, a Science, not geopolitical advantage, was on the mind of bright young Mexican-born botanist. In March, 1792, Charles III when he authorized a survey of the "natural Mocifi.o left the same Pacific port of San Blas on a ship productions" of Spain's long-established New World for the storied Spanish base at Nootka, on the west empire, plus the establishment of a royal botanical coast of Vancouver Island. He was accompanied by two garden in Mexico City. A Bourbon with a Jeffersonian other members of the royal expedition, anatomist Jose range of interests, Charles actually was responding to Maldonado and artist Atanasio Echeverria. Three a letter proposing the project received from Mexico years earlier, Spain had established a trading post at City. The letter's author was Don Martin de Sesse, a Nootka, only to abandon it under British pressure in Spanish-born physician and botanist who, after serv­ 1 795. During the summer of 1 792, Mocifi.o and Echever­ ing with the army at a siege of Gibralter, traveled to ria gathered and classified 200 species of plants, ani­ Cuba and Mexico. Sesse was named director of "la mals and birds on Nootka Island, though Mocifi.o Expedicion Botanica," which formally b egan in reported that birds were remarkably scarce. August, 1787, with the arrival from Spain of Vincente Cervantes, a botanist who was to teach at the new He, too, was dismayed at the habits of the local Indians garden. and their filthy wooden houses, and he suspected they were cannibals. But Mocifi.o took the trouble to learn Sesse set up a permanent expedition headquarters in some words of their language, and in some respects he Mexico City, from which various members of the team judged their society favorably: "The vices of these sav­ set forth in a series of "excursions." At any one time the ages are very few compared with ours. One does not see expedition co_nsisted of about a half-dozen people with here greed for another man's wealth, because articles of scientific or artistic skills, with membership defined prime necessity are very few and all are common. simply as being on the royal payroll. Hunger obliges no one to rob on the highways or to Among these rather free spirits was Jose Longinos, a resort to piracy along the coasts." 15 Madrid surgeon and "naturalist," or zoologist. In the (continued on page 12) 13. Lesley Byrd Simpson, editor and translator, Journal of Jose Langi· 9. Quaife, 313. nos Martinez, Notes and Observations of the Naturalist of the Botani­ cal Expedition in Old and New California and the South Coast, 1791- 10. Walter Sheppe, ed., First Man West: Alexander Mackenzie's Jour­ 1792, San Francisco: John Howell Books (1961), vii. nal of His Voyage to the Pacific Coast of Canada in 1793. University of California Press (1962), 281. 14. Simpson, 52. 15. Iris Higbee Wilson, editor a nd translator, Noticias de Nutka, An 11. Sheppe, 281. Account of Nootka Sound in 1792 by Jose Mariano Mociiio, Seattle; 12. Sheppe, 302. University of Washington Press (1970), 42.

-10- We Proceeded On, November 1984 Sesse and Mociiio Expedition Artists Produced Excellent Biological Illustrations

~ ,

The illustrations on this page are reproduced with the permission of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. The original drawings are in the Torner Collection of Sesse and Mocino Biological Illustrations, which is a part of some 2000 speci­ mens and drawings being studied by scientists. (Upper left) Mint Plant, Molucella leonurus. (Up­ per right) Saxifrage plant, Mitella alternifolia. (Lower left) Reptile, Iguana, Ctenosaura hemilo­ pha. (Lower right) Bird, Black Crowned Night A """\K~."'~~ /! Heron, Ardea [mexica na Sp. N.] nycticoraz L., r l:rdea .W~ · ~·~ · J:>~. N ycticorax nycticorax L.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -11- (can't from page 10) away March 23, 1984.2 Ottis Peterson, Boise, Idaho was elected vice-chairman. Special guests who joined com­ That J une a ship left Nootka on a trip north to Prince of mittee members3 for the meeting were: Duane E. Annis Wales Island, and Maldona do, the royal expedition's (Recreation and Lands Specialist Clearwater National anatomist, went along. The Spaniards pok~d around Forest, Orofino); James and Mrs. Bates (Forest Super­ Bucareli Bay on the island's western side, with Maldo­ visor Clearwater National Forest, Orofino); Steve nado compiling a list of local plants and animals. In Evan's (History Professor, Lewis and Clark State qol­ mid-July the explorers left this far-southeastern part of lege, Lewiston); Carl Roenke (Forest Archaeologist, Alaska and returned to Nootka in time for Maldonado Clearwater National Forest); and Robert and Mrs. to rejoin his two expedition companions for the long Saindon (Past President, Lewis and Clark Trail Herit­ voyage back to Mexico. (At th at point, it will be age Foundation, Helena, Montana). recalled Alexander Mackenzie was preparing to leave Lake Athebaska for the Pacific; 18-year-old Meriwether At the Friday evening meeting, the possibility of meet­ Lewis was managing the family plantation in Virginia, ing with members of the Washington and Or~gon and William Clark was a new lieutenant in the U.S. Committees was suggested by Marcus Ware. An illus­ Army.) trated.presentation by Duane Annis and Karr Roenke provided orientation for the Saturday (September 8th) After a southern tour in Guatemala, Mociii.o joined all-day field trip planned for committee members and Sesse in Mexico City in 1799, ending the royal expedi­ their guests, and "Management Guidelines for Man­ tion's fieldwork. They sorted and classified the collec­ agement Area A6 (the Lolo Trail Corridor)" were dis­ tions until leaving for Spain in 1803. cussed. The departed Charles III might have sponsored publi­ The Saturday field trip was conducted along Highway cation of a summing-up botanical treatise from the 12 to Rt. 107, Saddle Camp and the Sinque Hole Area, expedition, illustrated by the hundreds of watercol?r east along the Lewis and Clark Lolo Trail route and and drawings of specimens, but now the court of Spam down to Rt. 566 to Highway 12 at Powell Ranger Sta­ was dominated by puppets of Napoleon. "To the cor­ tion. Following luncheon at the Ranger Station, the rupt and self-seeking politicians kept in office by such a group visited the Lolo Pass Visitor Center, Packer regime " said a historian of the expedition, "nothing Meadow the place where the Lolo Trail crosses High­ could be of less concern than a Flora of Mexico, and way 12. As the minutes of the meeting state: "The all­ nothing more absurd than the diversion of large sums 16 day rain did little to dampen the group's enthusiasm, of money to its publication." and sincere appreciation is expressed to the Forest Ser­ In an observation that could, with little change, be ap­ vice for conducting the tour." plied to the Lewis and Clark records, another modern At the Saturday evening meeting a list of sites related naturalist judged the royal expedition "a success except to the Lewis and Clark Expedition was discussed and for one thing: its findings were not published by those prioritized in the following order: Lolo Trail; Long who took part in it, but trickled out piecemeal into the 17 Camp; Cameahwait's Camp; Weippe Praire; C_anoe botanical world during the next century." Camp (see page 36); Lemhi Pass; Nez Perce National The expedition's treasure of plant and animal draw­ Historic Park; Lolo Pass Visitor Center; Packer Mea­ ings, which had been thought forever lost, unexp~ct­ dow; Lost Trail Pass, and Continental Divide National edly turned up in Spain a few years ago. The colle~tion Scenic Trail. of about 2,000 pieces now resides in the Hunt Institu ~ Foundation Past President Bob Saindon, Helena, Mon­ of Botanical Documentation at Carnegie-Mellon Um­ tana discussed with committee members the ramifica­ versity in Pittsburgh, where they are becoming availa­ tion~ of hosting an annual meeting of the Foundation. ble for examination by the scientists of today. Bob's experiences with annual meetings at Glasgow These men who took America's measure north and (1979), Helena-Dillon-Hamilton-Helena (the 1981 "Tra­ south of Lewis and Clark had left the field before Jef­ veling Meeting"); and this year (1984) at Great Falls, ferson launched his Captains. But chronology wasn't were interesting and helpful. The committee has under the main thing. While starting at different times, all of consideration making a bid to host the Foundation's them - British Spanish and American - went out to Annual Meeting in 1990, Idaho's centennial year. make better sen'se of nature and of the land, and in this they all succeeded. 2. See WPO, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & 3, page 3; 8. 3. Members present: James Fazio, John Barnes (proxy for Todd Graeff), Ottis Peterson, Connie Walker, Marcus Wa re, Merle Wells. 16. Harold W. Rickett, The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain, Chronica Botanica (1947) Vol. 1, No. 1. It's On To St. Louis In 17. Rogers McVaugh, Botanical Results of the _Ses~e and !-fo.ciiio Expedition (1787-1803), Contributions from the Uruvers1ty ofM1ch1gan August 1985 Herbarium (1977), Vol. 11, No. 3.

New Idaho Lewis and Clark Trail Committee Holds Two Day Meeting The Idaho Lewis and Clark Trail Committee held its second meeting at Lowell, Idaho, 1 Septem her 7 and 8, 1984. Idaho Governor John V. Evans created the Committee by Executive Order in 1983. The meeting convened on Friday evening (September 7th) and an The 17th Annual Meeting of the Foundation will be in St. election of officers was held. James R. Fazio, Moscow, Louis, Missouri, August 4-7, 1985. Information will be forth­ coming in the February issue of We Procee~ed_ On. Ou_r hea~­ Idaho, Associate Dean of the College of Forestry, Wild­ quarters will be the Holiday Inn locat_ed within walking_ dis­ life and Range Sciences at the University ofldaho was tance from The National Park Service Jefferson National elected chairman to succeed John Caylor, who passed Expansion Memorial ("The Gateway Arch"). Reserve the 1. On Highway 12 at the confluence of the Selway and Lochsa Rivers. August 1985 dates for another great annual meeting.

-12- We Proceeded On, November 1984 Sixteenth Annual Meeting Attendees

Roy D. Craft *Indicates that individual attended only certain events during the four day meeting.

CALIFORNIA (22) MICHIGAN (1) (Montana - con 't) Douglas Leybourne, Muskegon Donald Alderman, Pasadena *Robert Parker, Great Falls Katherine Alderman, Pasadena MINNESOTA (4) Ron Paulick, Great Falls Betty Berens, Santa Ana Gerald Holcomb, Rochester Ben Rangel, Great Falls Todd Berens, Santa Ana Susan Holcomb, Rochester Rhonda Rangel, Great Falls Duffy Douglas, Whittier Astrid Wang, Minneapolis *Irene Russell, Great Falls Sam Douglas, Whittier Edwin Wang, Minneapolis Bob Saindon, Helena Charles Gass, San Francisco Bob Singer, Fort Benton Georgette Goslovich, Santa Rosa MISSOURI (6) Idella Singer, Fort Benton Pauline Goslovich, Santa Rosa Mary L. Anzalone, St. Louis *Dwight Smith, Great Falls Virginia Hammerness, San Jose Winifred George, St. Louis Irene Smith, Glasgow Will Hoffman, Yuba City Jean Hamilton, Marshall *Stormy Smith, Great Falls Jim Kelsey, Hawthorne Leone Hamilton, Marshall Marcia Staigmiller, Great Falls Jo Kelsey, Hawthorne Rosa Fischer, St. Louis Ray Steele, Great Falls Baldwin Lamson, Encino Ella Tappmeyer, St. Louis Ellie Stensland, Fort Benton Ormie Lamson, Encino Gail Stensland, Fort Benton Janet Schwartz May, Beverly Hills MONTANA (49) (*14) Margaret Adams, Great Falls *Don Sutherland, Great Falls Julius May, Beverly Hills *Madge Sutherland, Great Falls Barbara Paxton, Monte Sere110 E ula Gass Allen, Great Falls Norma Ashby, Great Falls Edrie Vinson, Helena David Paxton, Monte Sereno Margaret Warden, Great Falls Jeanette Taranik, La Habra Clara Austin, Hamilton John Austin, Hamilton Marge Webb, Great Falls Kathleen Wade, Redwood City Martha Werner, Cut Bank Norman Wade, Redwood City Jim Beaulaurier, Great Falls Robert Bergantino, Butte Wilbur Werner, Cut Bank CONNECTICUT (3) Bob Bivens, Great Falls Anne Allen, Storrs Diane Bivens, Great Falls NEBRASKA (7) John Allen, Storrs Barbara Bowlen, Great Falls Tom Gilbert, Papillion Elizabeth Thompson, Colebrook Bernard Bowlen, Great Falls Mildred Goosman, Omaha Iola Breneman, Coram Pat Knerl, Ponca COLORADO (2) Rex Breneman, Coram Phil Knerl, Ponca Ann Johnston, Evergreen Lorene Burks, Great Falls Faye Moulton, Lincoln Ted Johnston, Evergreen Robert Burns, Great Falls Gary Moulton, Lincoln A.T. Samuelson, Omaha GEORGIA(4) Ruth Burns, Great Falls Glenda Maxwell, Peachtree Marilyn Clark, Helena NEW JERSEY (1) Jay Maxwell, Peachtree Bob Doerk, Great Falls Ruth Backer, Cranford Diana Montague, Marietta Dorothy Ege, Great Falls John Montague, Marietta *Marge Eldring, Great Falls NEWYORK(7) Darlene Fassler, Great Falls Emmie Betts, New York IDAHO (6) John Foote, Billings Robert Betts, New York Patricia Barrett, Boise Pat Foote, Billings Margaret Norris, Fayetteville Richard Barrett, Boise Rose Forder, Great Falls William Norris, Fayetteville James L. Kennedy, Jr., Ketchum Natalie Hendrickson, Helena George Richards, Chadwicks Ottis Peterson, Boise Eleanor Johnson, Great Falls Gene Swanzey, Warwick Helen Ware, Lewiston Marshall Johnson, Great Falls Mary Ann Swanzey, Warwick Marcus Ware, Lewiston Helen Hetrick, Glasgow Gracia Hilde, Great Falls NORTH DAKOTA (4) ILLINOIS (5) Elaine Howard, Butte Eldred P. Codling, Bismarck Joseph Barkley, Paris Carol Sue Lukes, Great Falls Ida Prokop Lee, Bismarck David Brown, Willamette *Marie MacDonald, Highwood Dave Robinson, Coleharbor Marge Brown, Willamette *Brooks Madison, Great Falls Sheila Robinson, Coleharbor Clarence Decker, East Alton Delores Meyers, Great Falls Charles Patton, Springfield OHIO (3) Barbara Nell, Bozeman J. Park Biehl, Cincinnati INDIANA(l) Don Nell, Boseman Jean Cambridge, Strongsville Frank McDonald, New Castle *Robert Orduno, Great Falls James P. Ronda, Youngstown *Pam Weigel Orduno, Great Falls IOWA (2) *Jack Paladin OREGON (28) Bev Hinds, Sioux City *Vivian Paladin Irving W. Anderson, Portland Strode Hinds, Sioux City *Ann Parker, Great Falls Dee Buffum, Portland

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -13- (Oregon can't) (Pennsylvania can't) (Washington can't)

Malcolm Buffum, Portland Doreen Faust, Huntington Valley Edward Flick, Seattle E.G. Chuinard, Tigard Pownell Jones, Toughkenamon Irene Flick, Seattle Harold Cronk, Grants Pass Viola Forrest, Walla Walla Dwight Garrison, Portland SOUTH DAKOTA (4) Cheryll Halsey, Richland Myrth Garrison, Portland Bob Karolevitz, Mission Hill Claudia Hofdahl, Bremerton J a mes Goggin, King City Phyllis Karolevitz, Mission Hill Vic Hofdahl, Bremerton Howard Hopkins, Milwaukie Da lene Trende, Rosholt Charis Howser, Spokane Margaret Hopkins, Milwaukie Fred Trende, Rosholt Madge Knapp, Spokane J ean James, Corvallis TEXAS (1) Betty Korff, Vancouver Kelly Janes, Portland Fred Shelton, Sherman Ralph Korff, Vancouver Robert E. Lange, Portland Richard Krieg, Skama nia Ruth E. Lange, Portland UTAH (1) (*l) James Meredith, Roche Harbor Richard Lillig, Portland *Devirl N. Stewart, Bountiful *Jacky Rudeen, Olympia Carl Peterson, Madras Sharyn Wyatt, Moab Ralph Rudeen, Olympia Ellen Peterson, Madras Donna Stevens, Seattle Ch a rles Peterson, Ashland VIRGINIA (1) Ray Stevens, Seattle Marian Sherma n, Portland Eric Wolf, Falls Church George Tweney, Seattle William Sherma n, Portland Maxine Tweney, Seattle Dona ld Shores, Beaverton Elaine Shores, Beaverton WASHINGTON (26) (*3) WISCONSIN (1) David Strother, Ashland Hazel Bain, Longview Patti Thomsen, Waukesha Judie Bartness, Spokane Kay Strother, Ashland WYOMING (2) Shirley Tanzer, Portland Robert Beale, Pomeroy Louise Bowen, Tacoma Doris Clymer , Teton Village Helen Townes, Milwaukie John Clymer, Teton Village Will Townes, Milwaukie *Eleanor Carriker, Spokane Pa ul Youngman , King City *Robert Carriker, Spokane DISTRICT OF Gracie Craft, Stevenson COLUMBIA (2) PENNSYLVANIA (5) Roy Craft, Stevenson Arlen J. Large Margaret Bayn es, Reading JohnDiffenbacher,Spokane Robert Taylor Richard Baynes, Reading Sandra Diffenbacher, Spoka ne Harold Billia n, Villanova Vic Eklund, Issaquah

The editor trusts that the above listing is accurate. The listing is based on information provided by the Portage Route Cha pter's Registration Committee. Cameras Record 16th Annual Meeting Field Trips and Special Events

Illus trations on this page and on the pages that follow portray varied activities afforded members and gue sts who a ttended the Foundation's 16th Annual Meeting, August 5-8, 1984, Great Falls, Montana. P hotographic contributors are: Roy D . Craft; Bev and Strode Hinds; Ruth and Bob Lange; and Donald Shor es.

. -

A special attraction on Sunday (Registration Day) were the canoe trips on the Missouri River. Foundation members and their g uests were invited by members of the Portage Reenactment group (see related story on page 31) for dugout canoe rides in one of the canoes that the group constructed for the reenactment event. Built of cottonwood logs, (see WPO, Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 5) the canoe construction project for the two canoes occupied many months. The other canoe was on display together with one of the wagons constructed for the reenactment at the Charles M. Russell Museum as a part of the Museum 's special Lewis and Clark exhibit.

-14- We Proceeded On, November 1984 16th Annual Meeting Attendees Enjoy Field Trips and a Variety of Special Events

Donald Shores The finale, following a delicious buffalo steah dinner, and silhouetted against a spectacular sunset on the western horizon of Montana's "Big Shy Country", was the presentation of Malotte's musical setting of the Lord's Prayer in Indian sign language by Lynne Dullum accompanied by the voices and guitars of Carol Sue Lukes and Darlene Fassler. Dick Martin, second from left, held the music for Carol and Darlene. The locale was the high tableland (plateau) and the Ulm Pishkun (the site of an ancient buffalo jump) about fourteen miles southwest of the city of Great Falls.

The Pishkun or buffalo jump was located at a pronounced Following the buffalo steak dinner and prior to the sunset faulfon the west face of the high tableland or plateau. S everal ceremony {see above). Cynthia Hamlett, United States Forest individuals took the trail down the steep slope to get a better Service addressed the gathering concerning the American understanding of what happened here in years past. Bison (Buffalo) and the Indian's method of driving them over cliffs, where they were disabled or killed and butchered for food and hides.

Fort Benton was the rendezvous point for the several elective tours - the two float tours on the Missouri River and the bus tour from Great Falls to Fort Benton. A fine picnic luncheon was served in the park on the river bank and near the Grand Union Hotel, one of Montana's oldest hotels dating to 1882. The famous Bob Scriver heroic size statue of the Captains and Sacagawea in the waterfront park several blocks from the picnic area was an important attraction.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -15- 16th Annual Meeting Attendees Enjoy Field Trips and a Variety of Special Events

Just beyond the bridge at Belt (the Expedition's "Portage") Members and guests visited the mouth of the Expedition's Creek were the line of four-wheel drive vehicles for transport­ "Portage Creek" {present-day Belt Creek). Members of the Por­ ing attendees to the Expedition's "Lower Portage Camp". Due tage Reenactment group provided interpretive talks and dem­ to the remoteness of the camp site, few Lewis and Clark onstrations related to the exploring party's activities in this enthusiasts have been to this locale. Thanks to excellent area. planning by members and friends of the Foundation's Por­ tage Route Chapter the visit to this place became a reality.

Buses transported attendees to an overlook where the site of Five air conditioned buses carried Annual Meeting attendees the short-lived Fort McKenzie (established by Kenneth Mc­ to the field trip sites and other special events programmed for Kenzie of the American Fur Co.) was located in the Missouri the four day meeting. River bottomland. Located a few miles above the confluence of the Marias and Missouri Rivers, Fort McKenzie was the turn­ around point, after a stay of five weeks, for the Maximilian­ Bodmer Expedition.

It was a warm afternoon and the grade was steep as the bus riders climbed the hill for the view (right) of the confluence of the Marias and Missouri Rivers.

-16- We Proceeded On, November 1984 16th Annual Meeting Attendees Enjoy Field Trips and a Variety of Special Events

(Left) The Missouri River, the Expedition's waterway and (right) a typical scene along the river. Donald Shores ,..,

Members and guests on board what Marshall Johnson described as the " . .. more sedate and relaxing river tour". Foundation Past-President Gail Stensland (1977-1978) in the right hand picture with his hand raised was the tour's interpretive guide.

Marshall Johnson described this river float trip as". . .a mod­ erate white water adventure", and when the tour passengers arrived in Fort Benton they were moderately wet, a by-product of their adventure!

Excellent entertainment by the "Missouri Breaks" quartet was an enjoyable feature during and following the evening's unique "pitchfork fondue" at Ryan Park just below Meri­ wether Lewis's and the Expedition's "Great Falls of the Mis­ souri" and the Montana Power Company's R yan Dam and hydroelectric facility . (Left to right) Bob Doll, baritone; Milt Foundation Past President Bob Saindon provided the inter­ Gray, lead singer; Bob Bivens, bass; and Clint Kegel, Tenor. pretive talk at Ryan Park, Montana Power Company's facility Bob Bivens served as the first president of the Foundation's just below Ryan Dam and Meriwether Lewis's "Great Falls of Portage Route Chapter, and at this year's meeting was elected the Missouri". to the Board of Directors of the Fondation.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -1 7- I \

Emmie Betts An impromptu conference at the Annual Meeting's evening at Ryan Park involved (left to right) !ruing Anderson, Bob Lange, President Jim Large, and Bob Betts.

Editor's note: Foundation members and readers of We Proceeded On having an inter­ est in Lewis and Clark Ornithology will recall that, at the suggestion of Virinia C. Holmgren (who contributed so much to our recent "Special Ornithological Issue", May Wilbur Werner, Chairman of the Foun­ dation's Bronze Committee took time to 1984), an attempt was made by the Foundation and Paul Cutright to restore Meri­ seek-out potential purchasers for the wether Lewis's nomenclature "wh istling swan". Cutright represented the Foundation Scriver bronze "Meriwether Lewis and at the 1983 meeting of The American Ornithologists Union in New York city. What Our Dog Scannon"_ He reported that follows is a brief monograph on this subject contributed to We Proceeded On by only 17 of the limited edition of 150 Virginia Holmgren. remain to be sold. Whistling Down the Tundra

By Virginia C. Holmgren1

"It begins with a kind of a whistleing sound and terminates in a round full note which is rather louder than the whistleing, or former part. . .from the peculiar whistleing of the note of this bird I have called it the whistleing swan." Meriwether Lewis's journal, March 9, 1806, Thwaites: IV:148.

Will the new name of "tundra swan" established as official by the 1983 6th edition of The American Ornithologists' Union Check-list soon remove all trace of the name "whistling swan" bestowed by Meriwether Lewis in 1806? That, as yet, is a question for conjecture, not definite answer. Certainly most editors and professional ornithologists are already following this change, and all other changes decreed by this standard authority on avian nomenclature. Even those whose only birdlore comes from the daily newspaper have been forced to face the issue. Recently the New York Times published an article on the damage to New England cranberry bogs by wintering flocks of hungry swans hunting for tender roots beneath the tangled berry vines. "Tundra swans" the raiders were identified with careful accuracy. Some readers, living by the principle that a swan is a swan is a swan, would scarcely have blinked. A few might have dug out an old bird book, and when the label could not be found therein either shrugged or headed for the library or perhaps called the Audubon Society. Those in the know on A.O.U. changes would have nodded in recognition or even muttered a rebellious "whistling swan!" by way of protest. Not even all professional ornithologists are happy with the re-naming. Robert Arbib, for some years editor of American Birds, recently announced his coming retirement as his "swan song" but added: "Whistling swan, not tundra!" For that matter, the Check-list itself keeps a reminder of the old . along with the new, as the latest entry proves: --~ ~-;::?' ---" l • TUNDRA SWAN. 'Ni Cygnus columbianus (Ord). [180,l .... ~..:...~. _..,~ ,"---1 Anas Columbianus Ord, 181 S, in Guthrie, Geogr., ed. 2 (Am.), 2, p. 319. Roy Craft's camera caught Foundation Based on the "Whistling Swan" Lewis and Clark, Hist. Exped. Rocky members seated and anticipating the Mount. Pac., 2, p. 192. (below the great narrows of the Columbia River= 16th Annual Banquet. (Above) Faye and Foundation Director Gary Moulton, The Dalles, Oregon.) Lincoln, Nebraska. (Below, left to right) Habitat.- Open tundra ponds, lakes and sluggish streams, occasionally swampy John and Anne Allen, Storrs, Connecti­ cut, and Foundation Director James 1. For more about Virginia Holmgren's ornithological interests and literary contributions see We Ronda, Youngstown, Ohio. Proceeded On, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & 3, p, 16.

-18- We Proceeded On, November 1984 bogs, breeding mainly on islets, less frequently in raised areas along shores, win­ Book Review tering primarily in sheltered fresh-water situations, less frequently on bays and 1 estuaries, in migration often in flooded fields. By Malcolm S. Buffum Distribution.-Breeds [columbianus group] from northwestern Alaska (Point From Sea to Shining Sea, by James Barrow and Cape Prince of Wales) south to St. Lawrence Island and the Alaska Alexander Thom, cloth, Village Peninsula, and east near the Arctic coast to Baffin Island, thence south around Press, N.Y., $19.95; paper, Ballan­ Hudson Bay to Churchill and the Belcher Islands; and [bewickii group] from tine Books, N.Y., $7.95, July 1984. northern Russia east along the Arctic coast (including Novaya Zemlya and other 931 pages, portrait illustration of islands) to northern Siberia. author, map, geneology chart. Winters fco/umbianus group] on the Pacific coast of North America from south­ ern British Columbia south to Oregon, and in the interior through the valleys of This book is an historical novel; it is California to northern Baja California (casually), western Nevada, northern Utah, an unusual and more difficult form southern Arizona and southern New Mexico, also on the Gulf coast of southern of historical novel. Rather than the Texas, and along the Atlantic coast from Maryland to North Carolina, casually usual form of developing fictional north to Maine, south to Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to Louisiana, and characters and placing them in his­ in the interior of North America in the Great Lakes region; and [bewickii group] torical events with actual persons of in Eurasia south to the British Isles, northern Europe, the Caspian Sea, Japan, history, author Thom has attempt­ Korea and the coast of China. ed to trace the John Clark/ Ann In migration occurs widely [columbianus group] through the interior of North Rogers Clark family with ten child­ America on large bodies of water, primarily in the Great Basin, upper Mississippi ren from pre-Revolutionary War Valley and Great Lakes, also across the Appalachians in southern Pennsylvania Virginia to the conclusion of the and northern West Virginia. (Meriwether) Lewis and (William) Casual or accidental [columbianus group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway), Clark Expedition's travels. Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Bermuda, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Newfoundland, England, The first two-thirds of the book Japan and the Commander Islands; and [bewickii group] in the Aleutians (Adak), deals mainly with George Rogers Oregon, California, Saskatchewan and Maryland (some of these reports are prob­ Clark, from his pre-War experiences ably based on escaped individuals, although the bird from Adak and one from on the Kentucky and Ohio River California were recoveries of birds banded in Siberia), and in the Old World in Valley frontier as surveyor and ex­ Iceland, and south to the Mediterranean region. plorer, through his war experiences Notes.-The two groups are sometimes considered full species, C. columbianus on the same frontier, ending with [WHISTLING SWAN, 180] and C. bewickii Yarrell, 1830 [BEWICK's SWAN, 180.l], his taking the British fort at Vin­ although free interbreeding occurs when the two are in contact. See also comments cennes and the capture of General under C. cygnus. Hamilton who led the Indians The Check-list title page bears this reminder: "Zoological nomenclature is a against the American frontier set­ means, not an end, to Zoological Science." If the name "Whistling swan" tlements. It is brought out here how were restored, it would also be a means to preserving a memorable incident Clark, with inadequate support in our country's history. from the Virginia government, had pledged his entire private fortune, mostly land holdings, to support his notes of credit to obtain men and supplies for these campaigns. Since ~-HSTORlC GROUND neither the United States nor Vir­ Lewis and Clark met ginia governments would honor Chief Big Horn of the these pledges, George Clark was Nez Perce Tribe at or near ruined financially, his reputation this point MAY 3. suffered and he turned to alcohol. 1806. Other members of the Clark family, mostly the other five brothers, are quickly traced in their important contributions in the war. At the same time we are shown George Rogers Clark becoming involved with the French Republic, accepting an Army Commission from that government, in a project to lead an army against the Span­ ish Governor of Louisiana. This project ended, of course, when Pres­ At the April 1984 quarterly meeting of the State of Washington Lewis and ident George Washington became Clark Trail Committee members gathered at the site east of Pomeroy (in aware of it. southeastern Washington) where plans are underway for the installation of William Clark appears now in a new historical marker and readerboard. The sign that had been at the site Thom's story as an Ensign under for many years has been removed for a road construction project and was (continued on page 25) only temporarily put in place for the photograph reproduced above. Roy Craft, chairman of the Washington committee took this photograph at the l. Malcolm Buffum is a past-president of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Heritage Founda· site. (Left to right) Viola Forrest, Bob Beale, Marjorie Sutch, Dr. and Mrs. tion, and a serious student of the Lewis and E.G. Chuinard (guests from Oregon - Dr. Chuinard is chairman of the Clark Expedition, and has a particular inter· Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee), Jacky Rudeen (guest), Marcus est in the firearms related to the early western Ware (guest from Idaho and a member of the Idaho Lewis and Clark Trail frontier and the explorers and mountain men who used them. Recently retired, Malcolm is a Committee). Hazel Bain, Barb Kubik, Ralph Rudeen, Rennie Kubik (guest), graduate electrical engineer and was em­ Mary Oberst (guest), Cheryl Halsey (guest), Helen Ware (guest from Idaho), ployed as a Systems Engineer by the Pacific and Gracie Craft (guest). Power and Light Company, Portland, Oregon.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -19- Montana Lewis & Clark Trail Advisory Council Holds First Meeting in Helena (See Related Story on Pages 22-23) Montana Governor Ted Schwinden's recently formed Lewis and Clark Trail Advisory Council met for the first time at the Montana Historical Society, Helena, September 19, 1984. Chaired by Margaret Warden of Great Falls, the Council discussed ways of identifying significant Lewis and Clark sites along the nearly 2000 mile Lewis and Clark Trail in Mon­ tana. It also discussed possible ways of developing sites and promoting Montana's Lewis and Clark heri­ tage. It was reported that a Na­ tional Park Service study found that of the 163 possible Expedition sites in Montana, only 18 are on private land and 100 are on state­ owned land. Chairman Warden ap­ pointed three committees for the pur­ pose of organizing the work set forth by the Governor's Executive Order (see page 23). *Since the initial news release from (Left to right - front row) Margaret Warden, Chairman, Great Falls; John the Governor's office, which devel­ Austin, Hamilton; Gladys Silk, Glasgow; (2nd row) Don Hyppa, Ex-Officio, oped the story on page 22, Don Helena,* Marshall Johnson, Great Falls; Robert Archibald, Ex-Officio, Hel­ Hyppa, Administrator of the Parks ena; (3 rd row) John Willard, Billings; Wilbur Werner, Cut Bank; Harold Division of the Montana Fish, Wild­ Stearns, Helena; William Sherman, Portland, Oregon; Doug Allard, St. life, and Parks, has been named an Ignatius; (rear) Harry Fritz, Missoula; and Bob Saindon, vice-chairman, Ex-Officio member of the Advisory Helena. Council member John Wilson, Ex-Officio, Helena, attended the Council. meeting, but had departed prior to the picture taking.

NPS Holds Meeting With jestic "Gates of the Rocky Moun­ tion, and which qualify for certifi­ L. & C. Advisory tains". Council member John Wil­ cation as being managed in ac­ lard, Billings, Montana, provided cordance with the Trail plan. Council interpretive information during this historical outing. Mr. Odegaard reported on an agree­ The Lewis and Clark National His­ ment with the State of Oregon which toric Trail Advisory Council was The all day, August 5, meeting was presided over by Advisory Council spells out joint commitments to de­ formed to advise the Regional Di­ veloping and administering the rector, Midwest Region, National Chairman Irving W. Anderson, Port­ Trail in that state. (See story on Park Service on matters related to land, Oregon (a Foundation past· page 22.) It is hoped that the Oregon the management of the Lewis and president) and was devoted princi­ agreement will become a prototype Clark National Historic Trail. Mem­ pally to progress reporting and fu. ture Trail project proposals by both for similar agreements with other bership of the Advisory Council com­ Trail States. prises 33 representatives from each NPS staff and Council members. cif the eleven Trail States, and the Charles H. Odegaard, Midwest Re­ Omaha, Nebraska office of the Na­ gional Director, NPS, reviewed the Regional Director Odegaard then tional Park Service. Because many status of Trail programs, including: addressed two matters that became members (16) of the Council are also 1) Completion of a comprehensive issues of key concern by both the members of the Lewis and Clark plan for management and use of the Council and the national Founda­ Trail Heritage Foundation, the two Trail that proposes the establish­ tion Board of Directors. The first of groups were able to coordinate favor­ ment of 3,250 miles of water trails; these resulted from information re­ ably key issues of mutual concern 350 miles of land trails; and 900 ceived from Foundation member during their respective business ses­ miles of marked motor routes, all to Thomas 0. Brown, Glendale, Cali­ sions of each at Great Falls, Mon· provide Trail retracement opportun­ fornia, pointing up the minimal tana. ities for the public: 2) Identification memorial facilities and interpretive and recommendations for needed d& measures attendant with the Meri­ Saturday afternoon, August 4, was velopments for more than 500 his­ wether Lewis gravesite, located along devoted by the Council to a field trip toric and recreation sites along the the Natchez Trace, Tennessee. Upon retracing the Lewis and Clark Trail Expedition's route: 3) Specification the urgings for the upgrading of the by charter bus, from Great Falls to procedures for "Certifying" and Lewis gravesite from the Founda­ Helena. The group was then treated marking such locations as official tion Planning and Development Com­ to a marvellous Lewis and Clark sites and segments of the Trail: and mittee, Odegaard was pleased to an­ "living history" experience by way 4) Providing official Trail markers nounce that the NPS h as allocated of a boat trip on the Missouri River, for distribution to sites which inter­ $20,000 for installation of compre­ traversing Meriwether Lewis's ma- pret the Lewis and Clark Expedi- hensive interpretive displays at the

-20- We Proceeded On, November 1984 site, covering the purposeful life, W. Hamilton, " Ham", as he was but tragic and premature death of known by his many friends, passed this remarkable American. The new E away on June 16th of this year. The displays should be in place in time Hamiltons, from Marshall, Missouri, 1 for the 1985 Tourist season. have been "regulars" at Foundation Annual Meetings since 1973. Henry The second matter of mutual con­ suffered a stroke in March and was cern to the Council and the Founda­ showing some signs of recovery prior tion involves the creation and print­ to a second a nd massive stroke in ing of a Lewis and Clark National June. Historic Trail brochure. In concept, the brochure would consist of a map Charles Odegaard, Regional Director, For many years he served as Saline showing the outbound and return Midwest Region, NPS, Omaha, NE, County (Missouri) Agricultural Agent routes of the exploring party, desig­ spoke briefly at a Foundation General and he was active in civic affairs. n ating Expedition sites, geographic Membership Meeting about the activi­ He was especially devoted to his features, and locations wh ere sig­ ties of the NPS Lewis and Clark Na­ strong interests in history and ar­ nificant events occurred. These tional Historic Trail Advisory Council. chaeology. For 16 years he repre­ would be keyed to interpretive leg­ sented t h e American Council of ends explaining in condensed form pretive markers, which could then Learned Societies. He served as a the features noted. Layout and de­ be provided with appropriate word­ member and secretary of the Nation­ sign would conform with NPS bro­ ing to reflect the history of the spe­ al Committee for Archaeological Re­ chure standards. The brochure would cific site. The Council generally mains, a four man committee that be a joint project of the Foundation agreed that no standardization be­ serves in an advisory capacity to and NPS, with NPS providing car­ yond the use of the existing Trail the National Parks Service and the tographic design , a draft of text logo need be developed, since most Smithsonian Institute. In 1976, he material, and overall supervision of states would like to h ave the pre­ received the Alumni Achievement layout and style. The Foun dation rogative of developing their own Award from Westminister College, Publications Committee would as­ designs. Missouri. He was the first recipient sume responsibility for actual crea­ of the highest honor accorded ama­ tion of "camera ready" material on South Dakota, North Dakota, Mon­ tana and Washington will cele­ tuer archaeologists in the United a cost sharing basis with NPS. Print­ States in 1952. He and Mrs . (Jean) ing of 500,000 copies of the brochure brat~ centennials of statehood in 1989 and Idaho in 1990. The Coun­ Hamilton were named Preservation would be by competitive bidding. Couple of the Year in 1983 by the Funds for printing would be raised cil s~ggested that these states in­ clude in their celebrations the Lewis Missouri Heritage Trust. by a Foundation ad hoc fund-rais­ and Clark Expedition enterprise, ing committee. A schematic work­ which, in effect, opened the door for In 1982, Hamilton's experiences fol­ ing draft, conveying t he foldout settlement of these states. Joint lowing World War I as a "Quaker style and conceptual format of the Council and Foundation centennial Relief Officer on the Polish-Russian proposed brochure was available committees are to be formed to Border, 1923-1924" were revealed in for viewing and commen t during coordinate efforts with those states a book, The Aftermath of War, writ­ both groups' meetings, and was ap­ that may wish to develop Lewis and ten by Henry.2 Other writing achieve­ proved by both. Clark themes. ments h ave cen tered on arch aeolog­ Trail State representatives' reports ical subjects as well as history, and concerning Lewis and Clark activi­ Chairman Anderson adjourned the shortly before his death he had com­ ties in their respective states, both Advisory Council meeting at 4:00 pleted mapping the Santa Fe Trail on-going and prospective, revealed P.M., with the unanimous concen­ through Saline County, Missouri. a diversity of projects. These took sus that this had been the most pro­ This was a project of the Saline many forms, from on-site interpre­ ductive meeting since the formation County Historical Society, an organi­ tation, highway markings, pag­ of the group. zation that he served as a long-time eants, school essay contests, and a member. variety of others. It appeared that the promotion of Lewis and Clark Henry W. Hamilton Besides his wife, Jea n, he is sur­ Expedition history was very much 1898-1984 vived by a son, James Tyree Hamil­ alive along much of the explorers' ton, St. Louis; a daughter Anne route. Hamilton Lobdell, Kansas City; and a brother, T.M. Hamilton of Miami, Tom Gilbert, NPS staff, Omah a, re­ Missouri. Jean and his brother's ported on the process for certifying wife Leone Hamilton attended the sites as components of t h e recent Foundation meeting in Great L&CNHT. He announced that this Falls, where the Hamiltons' many action has occured for the Fort friends were able to extend condo­ Ma ndan site, near Washburn, lences. In a letter to th e editor, Jean North Dakota, and encouraged commented: "Ham would h ave been other states to begin th e application the most unhappy invalid in the process for selected sites. At the world. He crowded a lot of living Foundation's General Membership into his 86 years and five days a nd Meeting, Director Odegaard present­ touched the lives of so many peo­ ed the certification paperwork to ple." North Dakota's Sheila Robinson.

Advisory Council member Chuin­ Regular attendees at Foundation 1. See: "Foundation Personalities - Jean ard, Portland, Oregon, recommend­ Annual Meetings noted the absence Tyree Hamilton and Henry W. Hamilton," in ed that NPS produce a standardized this year of a familiar face and were We Proceeded On, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 8-9. design for Lewis and Clark inter- saddened with the news that Henry 2. See: We Proceeded 011, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 3.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -21- Montana Governor Creates the Montana Lewis & Clark Trail Advisory Council From a News Release, State of Montana, Office of the Governor Montana Governor Ted Schwinden Allard is the owner and operator of has been employed for the past 20 announced the creation of a thir­ the Flathead Indian Museum and years. She is a member of the Lewis teen-member Montana Lewis and Trading Post in St. Ignatius. He is and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation Clark Trail Advisory Council on member of the Confederated Salish and the Foundation's affiliate the July 3, 1984 and Kootenai Tribes, a former execu­ Valley County Lewis and Clark Trail tive secretary, a nd is nationally rec­ Society. The Advisory Council will represent ognized as an expert on Indian arti­ Montana in promoting public aware­ facts. Stearns, a graduate of the University of Montana, is a former President of ness of the historical significance of Archibald is currently the Director of the Montana Historical Society. He is the Lewis a nd Cla rk Trail. It will the Montana Historical Society and a retired newspaper publisher for the en courage the identification , devel­ will serve as a non-voting ex-officio Times Clarion, which serves Wheat­ opment, a nd protection of historic member of the council. land and Golden Valley Counties in sites and outdoor recreation resour­ central Montana. A member of the Austin is a retired employee of the ces a long the Trail. The new council Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foun­ Northern Pacific Railway, where he dation, Stearns has written several will coordina te activities with other worked from 1920 to 1966. He is a local, state, a nd national groups in­ articles about the Lewis and Clark member of the Lewis and Clark Trail Expedition. terested in the Lewis and Clark Trail. Heritage Foundation and the Mon­ "Today [July 3, 1984] is a particu­ tana Historical Society. Warden, a former state senator, is a member of the National Commission larly a ppropriate day to announce Dr. Fritz is currently a history pro­ on Libraries and Information Science, the formation of this coun cil," fessor at the University of Montana, the State Preservation Review Board, Schwinden said. "The Great Falls Missoula, where he has taught for and the Lewis and Clark Trail Herit­ Centennial celebration has steeped the past 17 years. He has recently age Foundation. us in Montana history. Lewis and begun work on a book about the Lewis and Clark Expedition in Montana.1 Clark were the early chroniclers of Werner is an attorney and a partner in the law firm of Werner, Nelson and the Monta na Territory, and they Johnson is Manager of the Cascade Epstein of Cut Bank, Montana. He camped at White Bear Island [near ·· County Chapter of the American Red has been active in the identification Great Falls, Montana] on the Fourth Cross and Administrator of the Mon­ and preservation of the Expedition's of July 179 years ago. Their obser­ tana Regional Blood Service. He is a "Camp Disappointment" and the vations a nd contributions had a last­ member of the Lewis and Clark Trail "Two Medicine River Fight Site" in Heritage Foundaton and the Foun­ ing impact on the growth of our Glacier and Pondera Counties, near dation's (Great Falls, Montana) Por­ Cut Bank. He served as President of n ation. This council will elevate tage Route Chapter awareness of the importance of the the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Lewis and Clark Expedition to Mon­ Saindon is the editor of Westmont Foundation in 1975-1976, and is a Past President and has continued as tana a nd the rest of the nation." Word, the Catholic newspaper for the Diocese of western Montana. He is a a member of the Board of Trustees of Appointed to the Council are: Doug member and past president of the the Montana Historical Society. Allard, St. Ignatius; Bob Archibald, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foun­ Willard, a native of Augusta, is a Helena; John Austin, Hamilton; Dr. dation and is a published author on retired cattle rancher. Presently re­ H arry Fritz, Missoula; Marshall the Lewis and Clark Expedition. siding in Billings, Montana, he is Johnson, Great Falls; Bob Saindon, Sherma n was born in Butte, raised in active in the Yellowstone Corral of Helena; William Sherman, P ort­ Helena, and attended Mount St. the Westerners and is editor of that la nd, Oregon; Gladys Silk, Glas­ Charles Academy in Helena. He is organization's publication Hoofprints. gow; Harold Stearns, H elena; Mar­ incoming President (1984-1985) of the He is a member of the Lewis and garet Warden, Great Falls; Wilbur Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Werner, Cut Bank; John Willard, Foundation. Sherman also serves as Wilson is currently administrator of Billings; and John Wilson, Helena. a member of the Oregon Governor's the Montana Travel Promotion Div­ Lewis and Clark Trail Committee. He Margaret Warden will serve as chair­ ision and will serve the Council as a has been active and instrumental in non-voting ex-officio member. m an of the Advisory Council. promoting· the significance of the The news release from Governor Lewis and Clark Trail and the na­ 1. The news release from the Montana tion's westward expansion. Governor's office transcribed here fails to Schwinden's office provides the fol­ mention that Dr. Fritz is a member of the lowing inform ation concerning the Silk is currently Editor of the Glas­ Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ thirteen appointees. gow (Mo ntana) Courier, where she tion. (Governor Schwinden's Executive Order is Reproduced on page 23.) NPS Director and of Oregon a nd the Nationa l P ark appropriate that Oregon is the first Service relat ed to the "National State to formalize its commitm ent Oregon Governor Tra ils System Act" and the devel­ to the Lewis and Clark National Sign "Memorandum opment a nd implementation specif­ Historic Trail. For many years, Ore­ of Understanding" ically of the Lewis and Clark Na­ gon's efforts to interpret the Lewis tional Historic Trail. The communi­ an d Clark Expedition and its sig nif­ Russell E . Dickenson, Director, Na­ cation a lso names the "Oregon icance to its citizen s and visitors tional Park Service, U.S. Depart­ Lewis and Clark Trail Committee" h ave been outstanding." ment of the Interior and Oregon as the " lead agency" in Oregon Governor Victor Atiyeh h ave co­ " .. .to act as liaison with the NPS signed the "Memorandum of Under­ and coordinate the activities ofnon­ standing Between the National Park Federal entities to establish the Service a nd the State of Oregon". Trail within Oregon." In Director T he document provides the details Dicken son's cover letter to Gover­ of the agreement between the State nor Atiyeh, Dickenson states: "It is

-22- We Proceeded On, November 1984 (Relates to Montana Advisory Committee Story on Page 22) News Note STATE OF MONTANA A friendly letter from Elfreda Wood­ OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR side, Dillon, Montana, to "Frenchy" EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 7-84 Chuinard, speaks of her desire to join Foundation friends at the re­ EXECUTIVE ORDER CREATING THE cent August annual meeting in MONTANA LEWIS AND CLARK Great Falls. Elfreda says: "I know TRAIL ADVISORY COUNCIL you will have a wonderful time in WHEREAS, The Lewis and Clark Trail has great historical significance to Great Falls. They have planned so the State of Montana; and much. I would love to be with you, oh, so much. The spirit and mind is WHEREAS, it is important that Montana consults with other states and organizations concerned with the promotion and preservation of the Lewis & so willing, but the body cannot co­ Clark Trail. operate." She tells of two bad falls during the past winter that, despite NOW, THEREFORE, I, TED SCHWINDEN, Governor of the State of Mon­ no broken bones, did not help her tana, by virtue of the authority vested in me pursuant to the Constitution and arthritic condition. Elfreda Wood­ laws of the State of Montana, specifically section 2-15-122, MCA, do hereby side, along with the late E.E. "Boo" create the Lewis & Clark Trail Advisory Council. MacGilvra attended and represent­ I. PURPOSE ed Montana at the organizational meeting of the Foundation, in St. The advisory Council shall recommend to the Governor: Louis, Missouri, June 27, 1970. In 1. Ways to promote public awareness of the historical significance of the 1981, during the Foundation's 13th Lewis and Clark Expedition and encourage the identification, develop­ Annual Meeting (the "Traveling ment, and protection of historical sites and outdoor recreational resources Meeting"), Elfreda was given a cer­ along the Lewis and Clark Trail. tificate which extended to her the 2. Ways the Council can coordinate with other Montana Commissions, Foundation's "Honorary Lifetime bureaus, agencies and boards regarding their activities that relate to the Member" status. Foundation friends history of the Lewis and Clark Trail in order to foster state recognition of may write her at: Parkview Acres the Lewis and Clark Expedition; and Convalescent Home, 200 Oregon 3. Communications and activities with other Lewis and Clark Trail states; Avenue, Dillon, MT 98304. the national Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc.; and federal departments, bureaus and committees concerned with the Lewis and Clark Trail, in order to coordinate and plan activities to foster state and national recognition of the significance of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, includ­ ing promotion of the aims and recommendations of the Federal Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, which existed from 1964 to 1969. II. COMPOSITION Updating Lewis & Clark The Council shall consist of 11 voting members and two ex-officio non-vot­ In Recent Periodicals ing members who shall serve at the pleasure of the Governor. "The Air Gun of Lewis & Clark" is The names and addresses of the members are: the title of an article by Ashley Hal­ sey, Jr. in the August 1984 (Vol. 132, [See listing included in related story on page 22] No. 8) issue of American Rifleman. III. DUTIES OF STATE AGENCIES Halsey provides little new material on the subject and sometimes con­ The Montana Historical Society shall provide staff support to the Advisory fuses information that has been the Council. subject of earlier articles about the IV. COMPENSATION airgun that have been related in several periodicals and in We Pro­ The office of the Governor and the Department of Commerce shall jointly ceeded On. He makes reference to be responsible for compensating council mem hers pursuant to section 2-15- Henry Stewart, Jr., (Chester 122(5), MCA. Springs, PA) who has made specific V. DURATION studies of airguns and the Lewis and Clark airgun. Stewart ad­ This Council shall exist for two years from the effective date of this Execu­ dressed members on the subject at tive Order. the Foundation's 14th Annual This order is effective immediately. Meeting, August 1982, at Philadel­ phia. Dr. Roy M. Chatters' (Pull­ GIVEN under my hand and the GREAT SEAL of the State man, WA) monograph "The Not So of Montana, this 17th Day of Enigmatic Lewis and Clark Air­ July in the year of our Lord, gun" appeared in WPO, Vol. 3, No. One Thousand Nine Hundred 2, pages 4-6. Foundation members and Eighty-Four. Stewart a nd Chatters have written extensively in several periodicals (Signed) about airguns and especially about TED SCHWINDEN, Governor the Lewis and Clark airgun. Copies A'ITEST: of the August 1984 issue of Ameri­ can Rifleman may still be available (Signed) from the publisher at 1600 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, DC JIM WALTERMIRE, Secretary of State 20036. Remit $2.25 to cover cost and postage.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -23- Montana Power Co. Provides $70,000 Funding for Construction of Great Falls Overlooks Visitors to the Great Falls area will enjoy the fine new overlook facility when they visit Rainbow Falls, one of the many cataracts along the 18 mile stretch of the Missouri River observed and portaged around, in 1805 and 1806, by members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The Montana Power Company, who own five dams and hydroelectric generating plants in this region, has committed $75,000 for the con­ struction of this and other similar projects to create scenic parks and overlooks along the river. Several civic organizations, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and various crafts have joined with Montana Power to form the Riverfront Task Force for these cooperative undertakings. This facility is located six miles north on River Drive and is just two miles downriver from Giant Springs State Park. When completed there will be both an upper and lower observation deck, 40 feet above Rainbow Dam and 120 feet above the river. In the left hand illustration, Mr. Joe McElwain, Chairman of the Board of Montana Power, aided by a giant pair of scissors, assisted with the August 8, 1984, ribbon-cutting ceremonies.

Roy D. Craft Ruth Lange

Bev or Strode Hinds

-24- We Proceeded On, November 1984 (Relates to Story on Facing Page) Book Review (can't from page 19) General Hamar in the disastrous battles against the Indians on the Maumee River (incited by the Brit­ is h who still held Fort Miami at Detroit). He fortunately missed the slaughter on the Wabash River, but was at the Battle of Fallen Timbers under Major General Mad Anthony Wayne and with Brigadier General James Wilkinson. This successful campaign resulted in the eventual withdrawal of the British from De­ troit and their removal to Canada. The remainde1· of the book mostly concerns William Clark and the Lewis and Clark Expediton. It was after the Battle of Fallen Timbers that William Clark, now a Captain , Rainbow Falls, Captain William Clark's "Beatifull Cascade" is described on met Meriwether Lewis, an Ensign, this attractive interpretive sign which is located on the deck of the new at Fort Green ville. Thom's intro­ overlook facility - one of several structures funded by the Montana Power duction of Lewis is not complimen­ Company and to be constructed on the Missouri riverfront in the Great tary, and he presen ts him as hard, Falls, Montana area. proud, a nd moody. Thom is also careless with facts, h aving Lewis, rather than another, accidentally wound the woman with the air-rifle. Throughout the book he displays a lack of knowledge about muzzle­ loading firearms' nomenclature and usage. The a uthor h olds that Charbon­ neau was hired only to secure the services of his common-law wife, "Sacajawea" (always spelled with the "j") and that he was of n o merit. He furthers the fiction of romance between Clark and Sacagawea, to the point of Charbonneau twice being ready to murderously attack Clark. Sacagawea is depicted as an important guide from the conflu­ ence of the Marias a nd Missouri Rivers - an area that she had never frequented - and there are imaginary details embellishing short quotations from the journals. As fiction, the book is well done, powerful, and believable, but since the book is about real people and real events, it must be judged as his­ tory. In this reviewer's opinion, it is flawed enough not to be a worth­ while addition to Lewis a nd Clark (Left to Right) Doug Eiken, North Dakota State Parks and Recreation Direc­ libraries. tor; North Dakota Governor A llen Olson; and Sheila Robinson, past-presi­ dent of the McLean County Historical Society. Governor Olson and Founda­ tion member Sheila Robinson are holding the National Park Service logo that will be used to designate NPS Certified Sites along the Lewis and Clark Trail. The replica of the Expedition's 1804-1805 Fort Mandan winter estab­ lishment near Washburn, McLean County, North Dakota is the first site to receive such certification. Charles Odegaard, Regional Director, Midwest Region, NPS, presented the certification paperwork and the National His­ Christmas presents? How about an toric Trail logo to Sheila at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Foundation, annual membership in the Founda­ August 1984, Great Falls, Montana. Commenting on the designation for the tion which includes a subscription Fort Mandan site, Governor Olson said: "Thousands of travelers re-trace to the four quarterly issues of We portions of the historic Lewis and Clark Trail each year. The designation as Proceeded On. Membership appli­ a Certified Site, the firs t of its kind in the eleven Lewis and Clark Trail cations should be dfrected to the states, will help us attract visitors to local sites increasing local tourism Membership Secretary. revenues. We welcome this development."

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -25- Editor's note: Foundation member Dr. Harry W. Fritz, Professor of History, University of Montana since 1975, and the 16th Annual Banquet speaker, is a champion of Montana. In 1972, following assignments as instructor and associate professorships at Washington University, Montana University, University of Southern California (Santa Barbara), and the University of Texas, Phi Kappa Phi-University of Montana Alumni Association honored him with their "Teacher of the Year Award". He holds an A.B. degree in chemistry from Dartmouth College (1960), a M.A. degree (1962) in history from Montana State University (presently, University of Montana), and a PhD. (1971) in history from Washington University (St. Louis, Missouri). He has been a n active contributor to historical periodicals and publications, and a sp!laker at numerous history conferences. (See also, WPO, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & 3, page 16.) Dr. Fritz' ba nquet address was well received and was delivered in his familiar vibrant style, often laced with humor, an d dedicated t o his title: " Meriwether Lewis and William Cla rk. a nd the Discovery of Montana''. When the editor approached him a nd pointed out that it has been the practice to publish the banquet speaker's address in the issue of We Proceeded On following the annual meeting, he responded with the suggestion , th at because of the length of his address, we transcribe only the last third of his lectern manuscript - the part th at most closely connotates to the title of his paper. The preceding two-thirds of his address essentially reviewed for the audience the backgrounds of the two leaders, the preparation for the journey, the personnel, that comprised the exploring party, and several incidents, familiar to the audien ce, that took place in present-day Montana. We have followed this suggestion, for th e material published in this issue of We Proceeded On, except that we have included his introductory paragraphs. The unabridged text of his address, however, h as been transcribed a nd is available as WPO Supplementary Publication No. 8. A copy will be forwarded promptly upon your request and the receipt of $3.00 to cover cost of reproduction and postage. Address your request to WPO Publications, 5054 S. W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201. It is certain that you will be impressed by Dr. Fritz' fine writing style and extensive knowledge, and if you are a collector of literature written about the Expedition, you will want to acquire his entire treatise related to the exploring party's discovery of, and experiences in, the great state of Montana - where they traveled the most miles, spent the most "traveling" days, overcame their greatest obstacle to their favorite river travel, and established their most numerous number of night encampments. His story about Lewis and Clark a nd their party in Montana is a great one! Order a copy today.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, and the Discovery of Montana By Harry W. Fritz.

Montana shares Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and their troupe with the nine other western states they traversed. But if the Captains had a vote on the most significant territory they explored, they would surely choose Montana. Here, at the Marias River, Lewis and Clark solved the greatest geographical puzzle of the entire treck. Here, at the White Cliffs and the Great Falls, they encountered spectacular beauty. Here, on the Jefferson and Beaverhead Rivers, and in the Rockies they learned the harsh facts about the great continental midriff of America. Here they found wildlife beyond imagination, Indians helpful and hostile, and constant danger to life and limb. They entered a land unlmown in any particular to the rest of the civilized world; they explored it and they explained it. They put Montana on the map.

On April 28, 1805, the U.S. Army The spirit behind the discovery of The transfer of the territory to the Corps of Discovery, under the joint Montana was the President of the United States in May 1803 meant command of Meriwether Lewis and United States, Thomas Jefferson. only that the Lewis and Clark Ex­ William Clark, crossed the 104th For twenty years J efferson had pedition would not leave American degree of longitude a nd entered the searched for ways to explore the soil until it crossed the Rocky Moun­ territory we now call Montana1 • American West. An expedition up tains in Montana. One hundred thirty-nine days later, the Missouri River seemed the sur­ on September 13, 1805, the Lewis est a nd quickest way to find a water * * * * * * * * * and Clark Expedition left the state route to the Pacific Ocean, and to The Lewis an d Clark Expedition at Lolo Pass,2 returning via the establish an American presence be­ was conceived in the spirit of the same route on June 29, 1806. Clark yond the Mississippi. That the West 18th-cen tury Enlightenment. The departed Montana by the Yellow­ was foreign country did not bother Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, stone River on August 2, 1806, and Jefferson; his initial efforts - with was an Atlantic intellectual move­ Lewis followed on the Missouri five the Virginia hero of the American ment which stressed order, rational­ days later. All told, the Expedition Revolution, George Rogers Clark,3 ity, scientific exactitude, and the spent more traveling time and camp­ with the idealistic John Ledyard,4 regularity and harmony of nature. ed more often in Montana than in and with the French botanist Andre Its American exemplars were Ben­ an y other modern state, made its Michauxs - occurred while Louisi­ jamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, most significant discoveries here, ana belonged to Spain. Indeed, Jef­ and the Philadelphia scientific cir­ and encountered its greatest dan­ ferson named Meriwether Lewis com­ cle of Benjamin Rush, Benjamin gers. Montana was the geographic mander, and set about preparing Smith Barton and Charles Willson and scien tific center of the Expedi­ him for his duties, long before he Peale, wh o helped Meriwether tion of Discovery, a nd the written purchased Louisiana from France. Clark's travels to the Pacific coast, Ledyard history of the state begins with the 3. William Clark's older brother by 18 years, attempted to reach the Pacific Northwest by Journals of Lewis and Clark. (1752-1818). transiting Europe and Siberia and crossing the Bering Straits to North America. He was 4. World traveler and explorer, born 1751, Gro­ 1. Throughout this essay, I use the term "Mon­ thwarted in the attempt. He died in 1789 while ton, Connecticut. In the early l 770's, he joined tana" to describe the area enclosed by the arranging a trip into the interior of Africa. the British navy and in 1776-1779 accompan ­ state's current boundaries, although, of course, ied Captain James Cook on his last voyage t.o 5. French botanist and traveler. Monies were no political unit called Montana existed in the Pacific. In 1778, he first realized the possi­ solicited in 1793 by the American Philosophi­ 1805-1806. bilities of the Northwest fw· trade. His reports, cal Society for west ward exploration by 2. Elevation 5233 feet above sea level on the published in 1783, as A Journal of Captain Michaux (see, Thwaites, L. & C. Journals, Montana-Idaho stateline on Highway 12, a­ Coo/i's Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, was VII:202-205). Suspected to be a spy, his travels bout 28 miles southwes t of Missoula, Mon· an influencing factor in Jefferson's interest to and intention to reach the Pacific ended in the tan a. the far west. Twenty years prior to Lewis and State of Kentucky.

-26- We Proceeded On, November 1984 Lewis prepare for the Expedition. 6 wether Lewis, the Expedition's pre­ fied by Montana's first ichthyolo­ Scientifically, the Enlightenment mier naturalist, collected plants gists. Two kinds of turtles and three emphasized the collection and clas­ throughout the length and breadth different snakes, including the prai­ sification of the earth's plants and of Montana, but especially during rie rattler, the western hog-nosed animals, and an explanation of its the party's rest stops at the Marias, snake, and the ubiquitous western natural a nd physical wonders. Evi­ at the Great Falls, and at Travel­ garter snake were also properly dence and proof were its cardinal ler's Rest.9 Twenty-one of the thirty­ labeled. tenets; discovery a nd documenta­ one Montana specimens grew near tion its highest priorities. these locations. Montana's most dis­ Ornithology was the great avoca­ tinctive flora were first spotted by tion of early American science. Prom­ Lewis and Clark were the Enlight­ these pioneering botanizers. Four inent bird-collectors like Charles enment's advance agents in Mon­ specimens new to science still bear Willson Peale, Alexander Wilson, tana. Their duties, as assigned by the name of their discoverer, includ­ and Thomas Jefferson himself were Jefferson, were preeminently scien­ ing Lewis's wild flax (Linum Lewi­ associated with the Expedition of tific - to explore, to discover, to sii), Lewis's monkey flower (Mimu­ Lewis and Clark and anxiously a­ "take careful observations," "to in­ lus lewisii), and Lewis's syringa waited its feathered finds. The ex­ form yourself, by inquiry, of the (Philadelphus lewisii). Others, like plorers did not disappoint their character & extent of the country," the wetern paper birch, the leafy friends. They counted fifty-one birds to acquire knowledge. Specifically, thistle, and the narrowleaf cotton­ (including some subspecies) new to they were instructed in geography, wood, still decorate the state. And science, including thirty-one in Mon­ astronomy, ethnology, climatology, on the morning of July 1, 1806, at tana. The sage grouse, the Pacific mineralogy, meteorology, botany, the mouth ofLolo Creek, Meriwether nighthawk, the piii.on jay, and the ornithology, and zoology. Neither Lewis first uncovered what is now long-billed curlew, among others, Lewis nor Clark was a trained scien­ the Montana state flower, a brand­ still dot Montana's fields and skies. tist. But most scientists in Jeffer­ new species, Lewisia rediuiua, the Most distinctive was Lewis's wood­ sonian America were not "trained" rock rose, or bitterroot. pecker, Asyndesmus lewis, first en­ in the modern sense. Rather, they countered on July 20, 1805 north of absorbed a nd exemplified the spirit The Corps of Discovery lived off the Helena. (Unfortunately Clark's nut­ of the age - the spirit of inquiry, of land in Montana, but also off the cracker, or Clark's crow, was first observation, of disciplined curiosity. water. Private Silas Goodrich was seen in Idaho, and the Montana Two incidents on the Expedition il­ the Expedition's fisherman, and on horned owl appeared initially in lustrate the Enlightenment's mania June 13, 1805, the day Lewis discov­ North Dakota!) But on June 22, for information. When Lewis killed ered the Great Falls, he hooked the 1805, near Great Falls, the explorers a rattlesnake on the Missouri, he Enlightenment's first cutthroat spotted what is now the state bird of dutifully reported that "It had 176 trout, with its deep black specks, Montana, t he western m eadow­ scutae on the abdomen and 25 on "long sharp teeth," and "a small lark.10 the tail." And when the men landed dash of red on each side behind the Larger mammals also greeted Lewis a mess of steelhead trout with a front ventral fins." Once called Sal­ and Clark. Skunks, packrats, ground bush drag, Lewis counted all 528 of mo clarkii, the cutthroat is now squirrels and porcupines were amus­ known as Safar lewisii. Three other them. ing varieties new to science, as were fishes - the goldeye, the mountain the swift fox, the mountain lion , the The Lewis and Clark Expedition sucker, and the sauger -were identi- was therefore a natural science ex­ bighorn or mountain sheep, and the 7 moose. One large animal, however, pedition. The explorers discovered 9. The name the Captains gave to their camp­ and described some 155 new plants, site near the community of Lolo, eleven miles quickly captured the explorers' at­ flowers, shrubs a nd trees between south of today's Missoula, Montana. The camp· tention. The grizzly bear, ursus hor­ St. Louis and the Pacific. Most of site was used on both the outbound and return ribilis, introduced itself to Meri­ these new additions to scientific journeys. wether Lewis on his first full day in knowledge were found west of the Montana, and came to occupy more Divide, during the Expedition's space in his journals than any other lengthy sojourns at Fort Clastsop creature. Far down the Missouri he and Camp Chopunnish.8 But thirty­ had listened incredulously to re­ one indigenous Monta na flora were ports of the great white bear. In­ decribed in the journals, from the creasingly h e had spotted tracks brittle opuntia, a prickly pear, found and other signs along the river. on May 20, 1805, near the mouth of Now he was "anxious to meet with the Musselshell to the white-mar­ some of these bear," since "the In­ gined spurge, unearthed on July 28, dians give a very formidable ac­ 1806, on the Marias River. Meri- count of the ferocity of this animal." 6. See Paul R. Cutright, "Contributions of Phil­ But the first grizzlies spotted by the adelphia to Lewis and Clark History", We Expedition quickly scurried off. Proceeded On - Supplementary Publication No. 6, Portland, Oregon , 1982. North Dakota grizzly bears ran 7. See Paul R. Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pio· away, but Montana grizzlies charged. neering Naturalists, University of Illinois On April 29, 1805, Lewis shot one Press, 1969. xiii, 506 pages, il1ustrations, ap­ which "pursued me seventy or eighty pendices, bibliography. yards." Though he was astonished 8. Fort Clatsop was the expedition's winter by "the wounds they will bear be­ establishmen t, 1805-1806, fou1· and one-half fore they can be put to death," he miles southwest of present-day Astoria, Ore­ Dr. Harry Fritz, History Department, was not yet impressed: "in the hands gon. Camp Chopunnish , was the expedition's University of Montana, Missoula, re­ campsite, in June 1806, near present-day Kam­ of skillful riflemen they are by no iah and Kooskia, in northern Idaho. The n ame ceives congratulations for his annual (continued on page 28) "Chopunnish" was not a name applied by the banquet address and the Foundation's exploring party, but wa11 given the location by "Appreciation Award" from Award Com­ 10. See: We Proceeded On, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & 3, historian Elliott Coues in 1893. mittee Chairman Irving Anderson. May 1984, a "Special Ornithological Issue''.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -27- means as formidable or dangerous sened. She complained all night ke"13 as "the most formidable part as they have been represented." Six and became "excessively bad"; her of the tract ... of this distance 200 · days later, however, he marvelled at case was "somewhat dangerous:" miles is a long a good ro·ad, and 140 a grizzly bear which took ten shots, Lewis believed "her disorder origi­ over tremendious mountains which five through the lungs, to kill, and nated principally from an obstruc· for 60 miles are covered with eternal he found "that the curiosity of our tion of the mensis in consequence of snows." Not the most sanguine navi­ party is pretty well satisfyed with taking could"; Clark applied a poul­ gator could longer cling to the dream rispect to this anamal." And when a tice "exteranely to her region." She of a "direct & practicable water single bear scattered six hunters, might have had gonorrhea. Finally communication across this contin­ driving two of them off a twenty­ Lewis resorted to the sulphuric ent." foot cliff into the river and diving in waters of a local spring,I2 supple­ after them, Lewis was convinced. mented by oil of vitriol, saltpeter These immense if disheartening geo­ Thereafter he wrote admiringly of and laudanum. Amazingly, Saca- graphical discoveries took place in "the farocity of those tremendious gawea recovered. · western Montana. Here the explor­ ers confronted not the rolling ranges anamals"; he sent hunters out only Lewis himself, hiking to the Great in pairs; and when a grizzly chased of Vir.ginia's Blue Ridge mountains Falls, was seized with "violent pain him into the Missouri near Great but the awesome escarpments of the in the intestens" and high fever. He Rockies. Here n avigable rivers like Falls he could only wonder why fate boiled chokecherry twigs in water h ad spared him. the Potomac and the Ohio did not "untill a strong black decoction of head within fifty miles and flow to Medical prowess in Jefferson's Amer­ an astringent bitter taste was pro­ opposite watersheds. No single ica is epitomized by Benjamin Frank­ duced." Two pints at hour intervals "height-of-land" defined the river lin's gibe that whenever he saw two brought a miraculous recovery; the systems of the West. Instead, range physicians together, he looked up to next day he hiked twenty-se.ven after range of stony mountains­ watch the buzzards congregate. Doc­ miles. At Three Forks Clark, fa­ fifty-three of them in Montana tors were a last resort; a patient at tigued, feverish and bilious, reveal­ alone - posed a n insuperable bar­ death's door called upon one to pull ed to Lewis that he "had not had a rier to water transport. By reaching him through. It is hardly surpris­ passage for several days." Lewis the Pacific, the Expedition was a ing, therefore, that the Lewis and p:rescribed five of Dr. Rush's "Bil­ smashing success. By the lights of Clark Expedition did not burden it­ ious Pills," a particularly powerful its patron and the dreams of its per­ self with the services of a physi­ diarrhetic known as "Rush's Thun­ petrators, it was a failure. Lewis cian. I I The "heroic" remedies of the derbolts," and Clark was up and and Clark ran aground in Montana. day - purges, bleedings, emetics, about the next day. In all cases, re­ cathartics - could be administered covery was a tribute not to the med­ Nor did they discover the shortest and fastest route to the Pacific. A by anyon e, and if one cure failed icine but to the patient's constitu­ any oth er might suffice. Lewis's tion. succeeding generation headed up knowledge of medicine, acquired the P l atte River and across from his mother, a reputable herbal­ Thomas Jefferson's instructions to South P ass on the wagon trail to ist, a nd from the phlebotomist Ben­ Meriwether Lewis were explicitly Oregon. Only a succession of trap­ jamin Rush, together with his ma­ geographical. Lewis was to "explore pers a nd traders came up the Mis­ teria medica purchased in Philadel­ the Missouri river," especially the souri in the wake of Lewis and phia, constituted the Expedition's "interesting points of portage be­ Clark, and contrary to their expec­ only defense against illness and in­ tween the heads of the Missouri & tations the mountain men rarely jury. Systematically administered the water offering the best commun­ crossed the Rockies. Instead they throughout Montana, Dr. Lewis's ication with the Pacific Ocean." went back down the river to St. patients survived despite his pre­ Herein lies the heart and soul of the Louis and the east. Not until fifty scriptions. voyage of discovery - the search years later did Isaac Stevens and for a waterway across the North John Mullan seek to popularize the Routine ailments plagued the Corps. American continent. From the time route of the Expedition, and not Icy rivers, diet deficiencies, sharp of Christoph er Columbus the quest until the arrival of the railroads did stones and prickly pear, and the for a "Northwest Passage" had in­ Montana become a crossroads of steady strain of daily work caused spired gen erations of explorers. trade. "Those tremendious moun­ accidents, rheumatism, dysentery, Lewis and Clark laid the issue, once tains" still define the ch aracter of boils, "turners" and fevers. Glauber for all, to rest. There was no north­ the state. salts, a laxative; laudanum, a solu­ west passage. The Expedition was Lewis a nd Clark were probably not tion of opium in alcohol; and fre­ "negatively successful" - it reach­ quent bleedings somehow brought even the first white men in Mon­ ed the Pacific Ocean, but only after tana. Though hard evidence is lack­ relief. Benjamin Rush recommend­ an arduous, overland crossing of ed that up to three-quarters of a ing, individual Spanish, British and the Rocky Mountains. Lewis put the French traders h ad doubtless set patient's blood supply be removed; best light on it. "We have discov­ relaxation, h e noted surprisingly, foot on the land. Stones and carv­ ered the most practicable rout which ings discovered in Montana bear was immediate. Lewis once bled dose exist across the continent by Joseph Whitehouse "plentifully" dates as early as 1713. Duncan means of the navigable branches of McGillivray14 may have arrived in with his penknife; "it answered the Missouri and Columbia Rivers," very well." But three major medical he told Jefferson. He then described 13. This is the present.day Clearwater River problems marked the passage a "passage by land of 340 miles in northern Idaho. through Montana. Sacagawea be­ from the Missouri to the Kooskoos- 14. A nephew of Simon McTavish, a fur tra­ came deathly ill at the Marias. der-entrepreneur and a partner in the (old) Clark ''blead" her at least twice, and 12. A mineral spring located on a bench of land Northwest Co., and a founder of the New gave her a " doste of salts"; she wor- directly across the Missouri River from the Northwest Company, McTavish placed Mc­ mouth. of Belt (the Expedition's "Portage") Gillivray in charge of an (1800-1801) attempt 11. See: Eldon G. Chuinard, M.D., Only One Creek. Labeled "Sulphur Spring" on the Cap­ to establish a suitable fur trading route across Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis tains' and modern maps, the name "Sacaga­ the Rocky Mountains. With David Thompson and Clark Expedition, Arthur H. Clark Co., wea Spring" is a name applied by many Lewis accompanyin g him, they failed to find a pass Glendale, CA 1979. and Clark enthusiasts. through the mountains.

-28· We Proceeded On, November 1984 1800. Bl ackfeet Indians on the the state of Montana should insist 1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition. Marias in 1806 told Meriwether on restoring the honors originally Although the descriptive text does Lewis there was a white man in accorded to the lesser members of not state so, it is assumed that their main camp. But these possible the Expedition, and should bestow coloring may be accomplished with precursors may be justly ignored. the n ames of Lewis and Clark on crayons or watercolors. Page size is Records, not rumors, make history. the mountain passes they sepa­ 81/2 X 11 inch and color illustrations Lewis and Clark recorded Montana. rately crossed. appear on all outside and inside covers. Readers familiar with the The Expedition left its stamp upon Strangely, it appears that the Cap­ drawings contained in the National th e state for all time to come. Ex­ tains named no mountains in Mon­ Geographic Society volume In the plorers in unknown territory seek to tana, but Mounts Fields, Drewyer, Footsteps of Lewis and Clark, by familiarize their surroundings by ty­ Patrick Gass, and Frazier, named Gerald S. Snyder, will note that ing them, however tenuously, to after five members of the party Dover's artist Copeland has bor­ home. Thus Lewis and Clark tagged (there were two Field brothers), rowed heavily from much of the the rivers of Montana with the stand today just south of Glacier drawings done for the earlier Geo­ names of their friends, family mem­ Park and east of the Continental graphic Society's book by artist bers, and political superiors. Clark Divide. About 13 miles due north of Richard Schlect. Connoisseurs of named the Judith River after Julia Bozeman, Sacagawea Peak rises to the art work of Charles M. Russell, Hancock of Virginia, the girl he an elevation of 9665 feet. Modern Karl Bodmer, and George Catlin later married. Lewis honored Miss Montanans have also honored the will readily agree that several of Maria Wood with Maria's River. "It Expeditions Captains with a rail­ artist Copeland's line drawings are is true," he apologized, "that the road service point named Meri­ near tracings of those artists' work. h ue of the waters of this turbulent wether, just west of Cut Bank, and Copies of the Dover publication and troubled stream but illy comport the Clark Fork River, flowing west may be obtained or ordered through with the pure celestial virtues and from Missoula, bears the co-cap­ your local bookseller. Publisher's amiable qualifications of that lovely tain's name. There is a Lewis and recommended sales price is $2.50. fair one; but on the other hand it is a Clark County and a Lewis and Clark noble river." With the Smith and National Forest, and a literary mis­ Dearborn rivers, the Captains mem­ cellanea of streets, shopping cen­ * * * * * * orialized Jefferson's incompetent ters, caverns, monuments, and in­ Fire Arms of the American West, Secretary of the Navy, Robert terpretive signs along the high­ 1803-1865, by Louis A. Garavaglia Smith, and despite his denial of ways. Montana owes much of its and Charles G. Worman, Univer­ Clark's commission, the Secretary modern identity to the Expedition sity of New Mexico Press, Albuquer­ of War, Henry Dearborn. They filled of Lewis and Clark. que 1984. 402 pages plus xiii, illus­ out the Cabinet at Three Forks by trations, bibliography, and index. Montana shares Meriwether Lewis, $35.00 naming rivers for the Secretary of William Clark and their troupe with the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, and the nine other western states they This volume has received favorable the Secretary of State, Jamea Madi­ traversed. But if the Captains had a reviews. Charles Hanson in the The son, reserving the main branch for vote on the most significant terri­ Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly "the author of our enterprize," "that tory they explored, they would sure­ states: "Something on the order of illustrious personage Thomas Jeffer­ ly choose Montana. Here the pivotal 40 percent of the book is devoted to son." experiences of the Expedition oc­ military guns. However, the text Several place-names stemmed from curred. Here, at the Marias River, does far more than to recount de­ physical characteristics. "The water Lewis and Clark solved the greatest scriptions of the various models of this river possesses a peculiar geographical puzzle of the entire used by cavalrymen, infantrymen, whiteness, being about the colour of trek. Here, at the White Cliffs and rangers and dragoons. There is a a cup of tea with the admixture of a the Great Falls, they encountered wealth of information on the guns table-spoonful of milk": thus the spectacular beauty. Here, on the actually on hand at various frontier Milk River. Geography also dictated Jefferson and Beaverhead rivers, forts and those actually used in fron­ the Great Falls, the Three Forks, and in the Rockies, they learned the tier service by various military and the Gates of the Rocky Moun­ harsh facts about the great contin­ units. tains. The White Bear Islands were ental midriff of America. Here they "Of special interest are the authors' inhabited by grizzlies. Names like found wildlife beyond imagination, comments concerning the Harper's "Musselshell" and "Beaverhead" Indians helpful and hostile, and con­ Ferry rifles used by the Lewis and were translations from Indian lan­ stant danger to life and limb. They Clark Expedition. The exact nature guages. Nearly every member of the entered a land unknown in a ny par­ of these rifles is becoming a subject Expedition found his name attach­ ticular to the rest of the civilized of discussion by collectors and stu­ ed to a creek or stream; Shield's world; they explored it and they dents generally." River, Pryor's Creek, the Clark's explained it. They put Montana on Fork of the Yellowstone, and the the map. * * * * * * Sacagawea River, as well as Pom­ American Science in the Age of Jef­ pey's Pillar; have stuck. Not all of Book Reviews f erson, by John C. Greene, The the apellations bestowed by the Cap­ Iowa State University Press, Ames, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, ~ains deserve immortality; "Blow­ 1984. 484 pages plus xiv, illustra­ mg Fly Creek" and "Thy Snagged have added a new coloring book to tions, notes, and index. Cloth Creek" have properly gone by the their "Dov.er Coloring Books" se­ $39.95, Paper $24.95. wayside. Fortunately, Clark's finest ries. This "The Lewis and Clark Expedition Coloring Book" featur­ "Book News" a publication of the appellation, "Fanny's Bottom,"15 Iowa State University Press pro­ was not located in Montana. But ing line drawings by artist Peter F. Copeland. The book consists of 45 vides the following information con­ 15. A bottomland and an island (now Oa k picture subjects with related cap­ cerning this volume: Written by Point, Washington State and Grims Island John C. Greene, professor of history Oregon) in the lower Columbia River. Named tions on fine paper stock that por­ after Clark's youngest sister Francis. tray incidents relevant to the 1803- (continued on page 30)

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -29- at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, the book traces the develop­ m en t of science in the United States from 1780 to the 1820s, and presents the first comprehensive systematic account of the development of Ameri­ can Science in the early national period. He traces the contributions of Thomas Jefferson in his enthusi­ astic support of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the study of Indian mounds a nd Indian languages, the exhuming of the first mastodon skel­ eton, and m any other facets of the gathering impetus in American scien­ tific development.... . Green exam­ ines the long term benefits resulting from the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ tion in describing the flora, fauna, climate, geography, and paleontol­ ogy of the new world west of the Mississippi River .... . Au th or Greene comments: " There was Thomas J efferson , no great scien­ tist h imself, but a tower of strength C.M. Russell Museum - Ray Steele and encouragement to those who Many of the individuals who took part in the nine day reenactment of the Expedi­ were. Author of the Notes on the tion's portage gathered to help host the reception for annual meeting attendees at the State of Virginia, president of the Charles M. Russell Museum. Museum Director Ray Steele assembled an outstanding America n Philosophical Society, dis­ ··exhibit of Lewis and Clark art work and memorabilia from collections and museums coverer of the megalonyx, instiga­ throughout the nation. The opening of the exhibition and the reception was a special tor of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ event for the 16th Annual Meeting. The display remained in place at the museum tion, friend of Humboldt, Volney, through September 1984 Peale, Wilson, Ellicott, Mansfield, Pictured above in front of the museum and the Bob Scriver statue of Charles M. and m any others, he became a sym­ Russell, in their reenactment costumes, are members of The Lewis and Clark Portage bol of American respect for science Reenactment group. Their names and the Expedition member they portrayed are and faith in its power to promote listed on this page. human progress. It was indeed the Age of Jefferson." Captain Lewis - Dick Martin Young engage - Phillip N ardinger Captain Clark - Ron Paulick Sacagawea - Lynne Dullum Newfoundland Dog Toussaint Charbonneau - Brad Cobb George Drouillard - Pat Dains Scannon - Capt. Benjamin's Portage York - Ozell Johnson Sargeant Ordway - Dr. Ron Peterson Supporting individuals for ma king the Sergean t Gass - Bob Burns Portage Reenactment the great success Sergeant Pryor -J ames Beaulaurier it was are the following: Equipment, Privates Transportation, Misc. Support - Dr. George Eusterman; Canoe Builder - William Bratton - Kristi DuBois Ga1·y Olds; Historian, Ella Mae Howard; John Collins - Scott Fadness Logistics, Bob Doerk. John Colter - Dr. David Johnson Peter Cruzatte - Mary Eusterman Members of th e reenactment group spe­ J oseph Field - Eddie Inman cifically acknowledge the inspiration, The Editor a nd the Founda­ Reuben Field - Bob Bartman encouragement and funding received from t ion's Publications Commi ttee Robert Frazier - Bert Lindler the Great Falls Centenn ial Committee. welcome manuscripts dealing George Gibson - Del Henry with the man.v aspects of the Silas Goodrich - Doug Smith Lewis and Clark Expedition for Jordan Benson publication in We Proceeded Hugh Hall - Rebecca Rogers On. Thomas Howard - Bob Erickson Carl Clark Manuscripts (typewritten-dou­ Hugh McNeal - George Moore ble spaced) may be forwarded to J ohn Potts - Mike Taylor the Editor or to any member of George Shannon - Kathleen Mahoney the Publications Committee John Shields - J ack Nottingham J ohn Thompson - Len Kopec (addresses are listed in the Pub­ William Werner - Steve Taylor lisher 's Plate on page 2). As a Joseph Whiteh ouse - Joanne Bender non-profit entity, neither the Alexander Willard - Dwight Smith Foundation nor We Proceeded Ben Rangel On, is in a position to offer hon­ Richard Windsor - Doug Haraozymcnk orariums for published manu­ Peter Wiser - Dale Yonk in scripts. Con tributors will re­ Engages/Boatmen ceive ten copies of the issue in which their article is published. Francis Labich - John Kung Ozell Johnson portrayed York for the Baptiste Lepage - Roger Maddox Portage Reenactment.

-30- We Proceeded On, November 1984 Reenactment of the Expedition's 18 Mile Portage - Great Falls Centennial Event

By William P. Sherman 1

It was a bold concept to recreate the Lewis and Clark Expedition's por­ tage around the Great Falls of the Missouri River as it happened in June and July 1805, and on the· exact same dates in June and July 1984. The reenactment was a spe­ cial activity and event related to the 1884-1984 Centennial Celebration of the city of Great Falls, Montana. To duplicate the Corps of Discovery, person by person (even to including the big Newfoundland dog Scan­ non); to duplicate the dress, includ­ ing leather clothing and moccasins; to have the same food, including buffalo meat and other native foods as well as rations of grog ("Tafia" or "Taffee");2 to use the same primi­ tive tools in the construction of dug­ out canoes3 and serviceable wa­ gons; and to follow, as nearly as possible, the same 17% mile portage route used by the exploring party, cal route! What a tiny, tiny group it leadership and direction of Cap­ was a tremendous undertaking. Be­ was in that vast, vast land! How tains Meriwether Lewis (Dick Mar­ lieve it or not, it got done! terribly vulnerable they were to tin) and William Clark (Ron Paul­ accident, weather, difficult terrain, ick) to make The Lewis and Clark It would take a full issue of We Pro­ disease, and perhaps h ostile Indi­ Portage Reenactment happen. And ceeded On to do justice to the total ans (though they encountered when it happened it was an out­ effort. The illustrations on this ahGreat Falls Tribune reported the daily progress of the nine day 1. Bill Sherman journeyed to Great Falls in event, including full color illustra­ {Left to right) Captain Clark (Ron Paul­ late June 1984 to represent the Foundation at ick) and Captain Lewis (Dick Martin) the reenactment. tions on the newspaper's front page. It took nine months of hard and present replicas of the Jefferson Peace 2. Webster's Dictionary says: " .. . a West Medals, carried by the E xpedition, to Indian rum made especially from distilled dedicated work by an enthusiastic property owners who granted passage sugarcane juice." and devoted group under the able for the Portage Reenactment - the 3. See illustration, We Proceeded On, Vol. 10, 4. Lynne Dullum, Great Falls, Montana, Na­ actual land traversed by the exploring No. 1, p. 5. tive American of 14 Chippawa-Cree descent. party's portage in 1805.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -31- (Standing, left to right) Charbonneau (Brad Cobb), Captain Clark (Ron Paulick), York (Ozell Johnson), Sacagawea (Lynn Dullum), and Captain Lewis (Dick Martin). ··

Ruth and Bob Burns' Newfoundland dog, Captain Benjamin's Portage, portrayed the Expedition's "Scannon ". See also, WPO, Vol. 7, No. 2, page 16.

-32- We Proceeded On, November 1984 Reenactment of the Expedition's 18 Mile Portage - Great Falls Centennial Event

Illustrations were taken during the Portage Reenactment by Bill Sherman.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -33- Foundation Funded and Supported Essay Contests Worthwhile Educational Activity. One of the Founda tion's activities has been the funding and support of Lewis and Clark essay contests. The Founda­ tion's Young Adults Activity Committee strongly feels that a n interest in the his­ tory and heritage of the famous explor­ ing enterprise should be encouraged. The study of the Expedition proper a nd the individuals wh o made it a successful a ccomplishment provides ample subject material for essay composition. In 1979, Bob Saindon, Glasgow, Montana, 1 broke ground with a successful essay and art contest for children in th e Valley County (Montana) sch ools. The contests spon· sored by the Kentucky Junior Historical Society in 1983 and 1984, and the 1984 contests in the schools in the Great Falls, Montana area, also accomplished the purpose of the acti vi~. The Foundation will work in two ways with organizations and school systems who wish to develop contests. The Foun­ dation will provide modest funding for contest prizes, and the winners will be awarded the Foundation's " Youth Achievement Award" framed certifi­ cate. The handsome certificate names the winner, the Founda tion, and the co­ operating sponsor of the contest.2 Organizations or school systems wish­ ing to sponsor a Lewis and Clark essay or art contest sh ould develop th eir own contest rules and guidelines along with a request for the funding of prize Laura Sprague, Rowan County High School, Kentucky, was this year's monies. This information a nd request grand prize winner of the Lewis and Clark Essay Contest, a cooperative sh ould be submitted for approval to the activity of the Kentucky Junior Historical Society and the Foundation. At Foundation's Secretary (address on page the organization's annual convention held at Owensboro, Kentucky, April two of We Proceeded On). The Secretary will forward this to the Chairman of the 28, 1984, Foundaton Director James P. Ronda, journeyed from his busy Young Adults Activity Committee and teaching schedule at Youngstown State University, Ohio, to make the the Monetary Grants Committee. The award presentation. Prior to making the presentation to Miss Sprague Dr. committees' consideration and response Ronda addressed the assembled gathering of some 750 Junior Society will be forthcoming promptly. Members. His subject related to the "nine young men" from Kentucky and 1. Saindon now resides in Helena, Montan a. their contributions to the successful exploring enterprise. This is the second In 1978-1979 he was President of the Founda­ year that the Foundation has joined with the Kentucky Junior Historical tion. Society for the sponsorship of a Lewis and Clark essay contest. The Founda­ 2. See WPO, Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 9, and the tion has provided both funding for the $100 Grand Prize and an attractive Member's Handbook 1983-1984 Edition, pages framed award certificate. 14, 15, 20, and 23. **** *****

President Bob Doerh, Portage Route Chapter of the Foundation, made the presentations of the prize money and framed certificates to the winners of the Lewis and Clarh Essay Contests. The contests were jointly sponsored by the local Montana schools, the Portage Route Chapter, and the Foundation. (Left) Brian Kaufman, C.M. Russell High School, Great Falls was the recipient of the award for senior high school students, and (right) Kevin Kenter, Conrad, Montana, received the junior high school award.

-34- We Proceeded On, November 1984 WPO SUPPLEMENTARY PUBLICATIONS Back-issues of We Proceeded These publications bring to members of the Foundation and others, special On are available for purchase. items of interest, and on occasion, reprints of out-of-print publications that Some early issues are paper are not otherwise available. plate, photo-offset reproduc­ tions of the original publica­ WPO Publication No. 1, October 1976 $2.00 tions and the quality of the il- 1us tr at ion s a r e s lig htly "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting, August 15-18. 1976, Great depreciated. Present day print­ Falls, Montana" ing and mailing costs require Contents: "President's Message", by Wilbur P. Werner; "Status of Missouri Ri ver that back-issues be supplied at Breaks Wild and Scenic River Legislation", by Edwin Zaidlicz; "Sacagawea and $2 .00 each to Foundation Sacagawea Spring", by E.G. Chuinard, M.D. ; "The Expedition's Journals - Captain members, and at $2.50 each to Lewis's Discovery and Description of the Great Falls of the Missouri River", by non-members. You may request Robert E. Lange; "The White Pirogue of the Lewis and Clark Expedition", by Bob a copy of a "WPO Feature Story Saindon. Prospectus", which lists the titles, etc., of feature stories WPO Publication No. 2, July 1977 .75¢ that have appeared in We Pro­ :"Our Dog Scannon - Partner in Discovery" ceeded On and in WPO Supple­ Ernest S. Osgood's monograph about the Expedition's Newfoundland dog. A delight­ mentary Publications. A reca­ ful perspective of the canine member of the exploring party. Reprint from Montana pitulation of book reviews that the Magazine of Western History. Vol. XXVI, No. 3, Summer 1977. have been published in We Pro­ WPO Publication No. 3, July 1978 $1.50 ceeded On is also included in this prospectus. "Beacon Rock on the Columbia: Legends and Traditions of a Famous Landmark", by Henry J. Biddle. Address requests for specific back-issues, or for the "WPO A reprint of Biddle's 1925 monograph concerning the acquisition a nd preservation of Feature Story Prospectus" to: the 800 foot high landmark on the Columbia River. Lewis and Clark described the 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, geologic formation in 1805·1806. Annotations by Robert E. Lange. OR 97201. Remittances should WPO Publication No. 4, December 1980 $2.50 be made payable to the Founda­ tion. "Three Papers Presented at the Foundation's 12th Annual Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska, and Sioux City, Iowa, August 20-22, 1980" Contents: "Sergeant Floyd a nd the Floyd Memorial at Sioux City, Iowa", by Edward Ruisch; "Some Thoughts on the Death of Sergeant Charles Floyd'', by Ji;.G. Chuinard, M.O.; "Expansion of the Fur Trade Following Lewis and Clark", by Charles E. Han­ .· ' ' . '1 son, Jr. . # •.... WPO Publication No. 5, August 1981 .75¢ "Thirteenth Annual Meeting - Visit to the Missoula County Courthouse - The Edgar Samuel Paxson Murals", compiled by Robert E. Lange The visit to the Missoula, Montana, courthouse was an event during the Foundation's ·~\ Annual Meeting. This publication provides biographical information about Montana artist Edgar Paxson, and descriptions of two of the eight Paxson murals in the court­ house that depict incidents related to the Expedition in the Missoula area. ' Foundation Gift WPO Publication No. 6, July 1982 $4.00 Memberships "Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History", by Paul Rus­ If you h ave someone on your sell Cutright. 52 pages, illustrations. gift list who is interested in Dr. Cutright provides a n in-depth study of activities related to t he Expedition in American history and the Philadelphia, both before (1803) and after (1807-1814) the explorers' return. Littera­ contribution of the Lewis and teur Nicholas Biddle's contribution toward seeing to the publication of a narrative Clark Expedition to our na­ based on the Captains' journals is included in Dr. Cutright's fine monograph. tion's westward expansion, a WPO Publication No. 7, May 1984 $4.00 membership in the Founda­ tion, which includes the quar­ Lewis's Woodpecker - Clark's Nutcracker terly issues of We Proceeded Color portraits of birds whose names memorialize the surnames of Captains Lewis On, would be a n appreciated and Clark. Reproduced from color paintings by Marie Nonnast Bohlen through the gi.ft. courtesy of Fawcett Publications and publisher Prentice-Hall, Inc. The Foundation has an attrac­ Two 8 X 10 inch portraits with de.scriptive captions on fine paper stock in a uthentic tive gift membership card color, a nd suitable for framing. which will list you as the sponsor of a membership. For more information concerning the ornithology of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Send your gift membership fee see We Proceeded On, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & 3, May 1984. together with the name. of the gift recipient and the occasion Prices for the above publications include postage and cost of production (friendship, birthday, gradua­ only. tion, or holiday) you wish to Order from: WPO Publications, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201. honor to the Membership sec­ Make checks payable to the Foundation. Postage stamps are acceptable in retary whose address appears lieu of checks. on page two.

We Proceeded On, November 1984 -35- News Notes: for $2.50 (which includes postage). which reads: Contact Sheila for ·quantity (10 or As a personal service to Foundation more) price. Entities, following organization, members who may be interested, may apply for a "New Entity Finan­ Sheila Robinson, Coleharbor, North * * * * * * * cia l Grant" for the purpose of assist­ Dakota, has 13/ 16 x 1 inch metal ing with organizational expenses At the Foundation's Board of Direc­ (s tationery, postage, etc.). The Foun­ Lewis and Clark logo pins finished tors meeting, August 4, 1984, a By­ in gold, rich burgundy and white. dation will fund such a request pro­ law change was adopted a nd later vided the new entity meets certain This is a reproduction of the famil­ approved by the membership. Wil­ requirements with regard to establish­ iar Lewis and Clark logo developed bur Werner, chairman of the By­ ing its geographical area, and its con­ by the Congressional Lewis and laws Committee presented the revi­ tinuing activity and vitality. Infor­ Clark Trail Commission (1964- sion to the members at a general mation about, and an application for, 1969). this grant may be secured from the meeting. The change discontinued Foundation's Membership Secretary. Pins may be ordered from Sheila Article III, Section 3.3, sub (h). (See Robinson, Rural Route, Coleharbor, Member's Handbook, page 10). In The By-law revision greatly simpli­ ND 58531. Please specify: tack back, place of this discontinued verbiage, fies the Foundation's participation or pin with safety catch. Enclose an additional paragraph has been and desire to offer financial assist­ your check, made payable to Sheila, added to Article II, Section 2.3, ance to a newly organized entity.

The Foundation's 5 X 7 inch MEMBER'S HANDBOOK 1983-1984 EDITION was dis­ tributed to members of rec­ ord with the November 1983 issue of WE PROCEEDED ON. New members affiliating with the Foundation since that date have received a copy of the handbook in their "New Member Packet". At the August 1984, 16th Annual Meeting of the Foundation there was one change or amendment to the Founda­ tion's By-laws. This change and other updated informa­ tion regarding: a recapitula­ tion of the recent 16th Annual Meeting; a listing of current officers; and a record of Foun­ dation awards made during the 16th Annual Banquet and during the past year are avail­ able to members who wish to keep their handbook up to date. Upon your request seven revised pages will be forward­ ed promptly for paste-over on Good News! When Ruth and Bob Lange, and Irving Anderson, homeward bound from pertinent pages in your hand­ the Great Falls annual meeting, stopped at the Expedition's site of their September­ book. Address your request October 1805 Canoe Camp near Orofino, Idaho, they were pleased to see that a new to the Membership Secretary, historical marker had been installed. For several years the original marker had been 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Port­ depreciating, and had finally been taken down. Idaho's marking of the trail of the land, OR 97201. explorers are numerous and are excellently done in the attractive format shown here. THE FOUNDATION NEEDS THE CONTINUED INTEREST AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEWIS AND CLARK ENTHUSIASTS ON A NATION-WIDE BASIS. WE HOPE, IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY A MEMBER, THAT YOU WILL CONSIDER LENDING YOUR SUPPORT TO THE FOUNDATION. IF YOU REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, A PROSPECTUS DESCRIBING THE FOUNDATION, TOGETHER WITH A MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION, WILL BE FORWARDED PROMPTLY. ADDRESS YOUR REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY.

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals .of the Expedition: - "thi$ morning we set out early and proceeded on ... " Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805. "... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on .. . until 6 oClock ... " Capt. William Clark, May 14, I8o.5. ". . . tlU! fog rose thick from the hollars we proceeded on ... " Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1800. 'We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes ... " Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. 'We set out early proceeded on past a Island on the S. Side. .. " Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, l~. "... clouded up ... We proceeded on under a fine breeze ..." Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, lB

-36- We Proceeded On, November 1984