Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Geologic Resources Inventory Report

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Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Geologic Resources Inventory Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/972 ON THIS PAGE An opening in an ice-fringed sea cave reveals ice flows on Lake Superior. Photograph by Neil Howk (National Park Service) taken in winter 2008. ON THE COVER Wind and associated wave activity created a window in Devils Island Sandstone at Devils Island. Photograph by Trista L. Thornberry-Ehrlich (Colorado State University) taken in summer 2010. Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/972 Trista L. Thornberry-Ehrlich Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 May 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/ publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. L. 2015. Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: Geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/972. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 633/128695, May 2015 ii Contents Page Figures . v Tables . v Executive Summary . vii Products and Acknowledgments . .. xi GRI Products . xi Acknowledgments . xi Geologic Setting and Significance . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Park Setting . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Geologic Setting . 1 Geologic Significance and Connections . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Geologic Features and Processes . .. 9 Apostle Islands . 9 Lake Superior Shoreline . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 Sea Caves and Other Shoreline Erosional Features . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Sandscapes . 15 Postglacial (Recent) Surficial Deposits . 19 Fluvial Features . 20 Glacial Features . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Slope Movements . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Sedimentary Rock Features . 25 Devils Island Sandstone Type Locality . 29 Douglas Fault and Other Faults . 29 Aeolian Processes . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Paleontological Resources . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 Geologic Resource Management Issues . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 Shoreline Response to Lake-Level Change . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 Slope Movement Hazards and Risks . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Caves and Associated Landscape Management . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 Fluvial and Other Surface Water Issues . 39 Abandoned Mineral Lands . 39 Disturbed Land Restoration . 40 Renewable Energy Development . 41 External Mineral Development . 41 Wind-Speed Change . 42 Seismic Activity Hazards and Risks . 42 Paleontological Resource Inventory, Monitoring, and Protection . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Geologic History . 45 2.5 Billion to 1.6 Billion Years Ago (Archean Eon and Paleoproterozoic Era)—North American Craton Forms . 45 1.6 Billion to 1.0 Billion Years Ago (Mesoproterozic Era)—Continental Rifting, Volcanism, and Sandstone Deposition . ����������������������������45 541 Million to 66 Million Years Ago (Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras)—Burial and a Missing Rock Record . �������������������������������������������������48 66 Million Years Ago to Present (Cenozoic Era)—Erosion, Ice Age Glaciation, and Rebound . �������������������������������������������������������������������49 Geologic Maps . 53 Source Maps . 53 GRI GIS Data . 53 Geologic Map Data . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 GRI Map Posters . 54 Map Unit Properties Tables . 54 Use Constraints . 54 Glossary . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 iii Contents (continued) Page Literature Cited . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 Additional References . 71 Geology of National Park Service Areas . 71 NPS Resource Management Guidance and Documents . 71 Climate Change Resources . 71 Geological Surveys and Societies . 71 US Geological Survey Reference Tools . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 Appendix A: Scoping Participants . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73 2010 Scoping Meeting Participants . 73 2014 Conference Call Participants . 73 Appendix B: Geologic Resource Laws, Regulations, and Policies . 75 GRI Products CD . attached Bedrock and Surficial Geologic Map Posters . .in pocket Bedrock and Surficial Geologic Map Unit Properties Tables . �����������������������������������������������������������in pocket iv Figures Page Figure 1. Map of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore . in pocket Figure 2. Physiographic provinces of Wisconsin . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Figure 3. Geologic time scale . 3 Figure 4. Map of the Midcontinent rift . 4 Figure 5. Cross section through Apostle Islands and the Bayfield Peninsula . 5 Figure 6. Cross section through Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Apostle Islands area . ���������������������������������������������������������������5 Figure 7. Apostle Islands and paleocurrent flow directions . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 Figure 8. Frozen Lake Superior . 12 Figure 9. Ice caves and ice formations along shorelines . 13 Figure 10. Bedrock erosional features on Devils Island . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Figure 11. Sea caves forming at water level . 15 Figure 12. Sandscape formation . ..
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