THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 9 NO. 1 MARCH 1983 A Special Cartographic Issue The Maps of the Lewis & Clark Expedition

"The Lewis and Clark Expedition was not only memorable for the distances traveled and the extent of the wilderness explored, but was epoch-making by reason of the influential map1 that resulted." Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540-1861, San Francisco, 1958. Vol. 2, p. 2. "Although the textual materials of the Biddle edition of the Lewis and Clark journals2 did not fulfill expecta­ tions completely, the first official history of the expedition did include an item of superlative craftsmanship and analysis. This was the master map of the American Northwest, drawn in manuscript form by William Clark and copied for engraving and printing by the Philadelphia cartographer Samuel Lewis. :J From the very early stages of the transcontinental trek, Clark had proven himself to be a cartographer of unusual skill, and as he applied his talents to the consolidation of the maps he had drawn during the course of the journey to the Pacific and back, a remarkable cartographic masterpiece began to take form. " John Logan Allen, Passage Through the Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Image of the American North­ west, Illinois Press, Urbana, 1975. p. 375. I. The reference is to Clark's "Manuscript Map'', circa 1809. The original of this map is in the Westem Americana Collection of the Yale University Library. Its cartouche reads: " A Map of Pm·tof the Continen t of North America From Longitude [blank] W. of Washington City to the Pacific O[ceanj and between Lattitude 35 and 52 North ....." 2. Biddle's work was actually a narrative or " History" based on the original manuscript journals. The two volume edition was titled: History of the Expeditio11 Under the Comm.and of Captains Lewis and Clar// ... ., a nd was published by Bradsford and Inskeep, Philadelphia, 1814. There have been many subsequent reprint editions. 3. The reference is to the engraved, folded map that was a part of the 1814 Biddle edition. The cartouche in the lower left hand corner of this map reads: "A Map of Lewis and Clark Track Acrofs the Western Portion of North America from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean by order of the Executive of the United States, in 1804, 5, 6. Copied by Samuel Lewis from the Original drawing of William Clark. Sam. ' H arrison fc.t [engraver]." For a reproduction of this cartouche a nd additional information a bout this map and Sa muel (no relation to Meriwether) Lewis, see We Proceeded On, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 19.

In the latter part of April of this the map making aspects of the ered to be a nine year undertaking. year, the first volume, the Atlas, of exploring enterprise. Further, we Information about the project, its a new ten volume edition of The are able to provide readers (see sponsorship and financing, and Journals of the Lewis and Clark page 17) with a resume of the about editor Moulton has appeared Expedition. will be off the press and contents of this important new con­ in previous issues of We Proceeded available to Lewis a nd Clark schol­ tribution to the literature about the On, and readers are referred to: Vol. ars and enthusiasts. Since this famous Expedition. 5, No. 4, p. 17; Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 9-10; initial volume is the Atlas, We Pro­ and Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dr. Moulton's ceeded On considers it fitting that The project, begun in July 1979, at banquet address at the Founda­ this March 1983 issue be specifical­ the Center for Great Plains Studies tion's Twelfth Annual Meeting, ly related to the cartography of the at the University of Nebraska, is Omaha, Nebraska, August 1980) Expedition with several featured under the editorial supervision of pp. 14-16. articles addressed to the subject of Dr. Gary E. Moulton and is consid- (See pages 7-28)

THE TENTATIVE PROGRAM, A MAP, AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOUNDATION'S 15th ANNUAL MEETING, PASCO, WASHINGTON, AUGUST 7-10, 1983, APPEAR ON PAGES 4-7. President Bain' s Message THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL With our Foundation year half over HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. I am happy to state that most of ou; Inc orporated 1969 under Missouri General N ot-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption committee chairmen have reported Certificate No. 501 (C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715 activity and progress. OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE It is important for our Foundation President 1 st Vice President 2nd Vice President to develop as much public exposure as possible in promoting our pur­ Hazel Bain. Arlen J . Large William P. Sherman in 1950 - 33rd Ave .• Apt. # 1 120 Y2 Rumsey Court. S. E. 3291 S.W. Fairmount Blvd. pose - to stimulate interest Longview, WA 98632 Washington, D .C. 2 0003 ~ortland . OR 97201 memorializing the Lewis and Clark Expedition. To accomplish this, our Edrie Lee Vinson, Secretary Clarence H. Decker. Treasurer Publicity Committee directed by 258 Hope Road P.O. Box. 128 Helena, MT 59601 East Alton. IL 62024 Roy Craft, Stevenson, WA, a nd the Audio-Visual-Education Committee DIRECTORS ch aired by Cliff Imsla nd, Seattle, WA, h ave been appoin ted. Todd Berens Archie M . G raber Charles C. Patton Cliff is accumulating 35mm slides Santa Ana. CA ~eattle . WA Springfield, IL and developing commentaries s uit­ Harold Billian Helen Hetrick Sheila Robinson Villlanova. PA Glasgow. MT able for programs that will be made Coleharbor. ND available (at the Foundation's cost Viola Forrest Gary E. Moulton James P. Ronda Walla Walla. WA Lincoln. NE Youngstown. OH of production) for classroom appli­ Mildred Goosman Margaret N orris Robert L. Taylor cation in schools, and for use by Omaha. NE Fayetteville, N .Y. Washington, D .C. Foundation members wh o are will­ V. Strode Hinds, Sioux City. IA. Immediate Past President. is a Foundation Director. ing to arrange p1·esentations in schools a nd for service club, church, PAS T PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO and h is torical organizations' meet­ ings. Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Robert E. Lange, 1973-1974 Gail M . Stensland. 1977-78 St. Louis, Misso uri Portland. Oregon Fort Benton, Montana It was gratifying to see th at our E.G. Chuinard. M .D., 1971 Gary Leppart, 1 974 -1 975 Mitchell Do um it, 1978-79 membership grew to well over 600 Tigard, Oregon Lewistown, M ontana Cathlamet, W ashington at the end of the 1982 year. Ruth John Greenslit, 1972 Wilbur P. W erner. 1975-1 976 Bob Saindon. 1979- 1980 Lange, Portland, OR, Membership Lansing, Michigan Cut Bank. M o ntana Helena, MT Ly nn Burris, Jr., 1972-1 9 73 Clarence H. Decker. 1976-77 Irving W . A nderson, 1980-81 Chairma n, is doing a commendable Topeka. Kansas East A lton. Illinois Portland, OR job of mailing out new membersh ip cards, acknowledging membership V . St rode Hinds. D .D.S. 1981-1982 Sioux City, Iowa renewals, and welcoming new mem­ bers. I trust that you have lightened " Honorary Past President" - E.E. "Boo " MacGilvra (Deceased) her task by responding to the mem­ bership renewal solicitation mailed ABOUT TH E FOUNDATION to you in November. Second notices h ave been sent to those wh o have The purpose of the l ewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Inc .• is to stimulate nationally: publ ic interest in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark EJ110 pedition: t he contributions to American history made by the n ot responded, and I hope that an expedition members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition w hich are of historical import to our nation . The Foundation recognizes the value o f tourist·oriented programs. and early reply to this will indicate a suooort s activities which enh ance the enjoy m ent and understandina of t he Lewi s and C lark storv. The scope desire to continue to support the of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse. and include involvem ent i n pursuits which. in the judgment of the D irectors are, of historical worth o r contemporary social values. and commensurate· w ith Foundation. the heritage o t Lewis and Clark. The activities of the National Fo undation are intended to compliment and supplement those of stat e and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately Director Hal Billian, Villanova, PA, recognize and hono r individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; ach ievement in the broad f ield of Lewis and Clark historical research; writing; or d eeds which promote t he general purpose and scope of and his New Chapters Committee activities of the Foundation. Membership in t he organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including Federal. State. and local governm ent officials. histor ians, scho lar s, and _others have some fine ideas for promoting of w ide ranging l ewis and Clark interests. Officers of the foundatio n are elected f rom the memberstup. The new memberships through th e es­ Annual Meeting of the Foundation is traditi onally held during Aug ust, the birth month of both M eriwether Lewis and William Cl ark. The meeting place is rotated among t he States. and tours generally are arranged to tablishment of new chapters and visit s ites in the area of the Annual Meeting which have historic associati on with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. affiliations for our Foundation .

WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD. M .D ., FOUNDER An excellent report has been re­ ceived from Vice-President Bill Sher­ We Proceeded On is the official publication of the l ewis and C lark Trail Heritage Foundation. man, Portland, OR, and others on Inc. The publication's name is derived from t he phrase which appears repeatedly in the his Young Adults Activities Com­ collective j ournals of the famous Expedition. mittee. This is a very important un­ PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE dertaking and we are striving to implement this year an annual Robert E. Lange. Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S .W. 26th Place, Port land. OR event that will create among the 97201 youth a greater awareness of the Irving W . A nderson Donald J ackson Lewis and Clark Expedition an d its Box LC- 1 96 Lewis & C lark College 3920 Old Stage Road Portland, OR 97219 Colorado Springs, CO 80906 E.G. Chuinard Gary E. Moulton M embership Committee 1 5537 S.W . Summerfield l ane Love Library - Univ. Nebraska M embership Secretary Tigard, OR 97223 Lincoln. NE 68588 Paul R. C utright Wilbur P. Werner 5054 s.w. 26th Place 3 1 2 Summit Avenue P.O. Box 1 244 J enkintown, PA 19046 Cut Bank. M T 59427 Portland, OR 97201

-2- We Proceeded On, Ma rch 1983 contribution to our nation's west­ National Foundation And Washington State ward expansion and heritage. You Committee To Feel Loss of Dedicated Members will be hearing more about this ac­ tivity as plans of this committee develop. Mitchell Doumit, 1905-1982 Bain, 1950-33rd Ave., Apt. 1, Long' view, WA 98632. Progress is being made under the Friends and Foundation members leadership of the Foundation's 15th were saddened by the news of the Theodore Little, 1906-1982. Annual Meeting Chairman, Dr. Rob­ death of Foundation Past President Theodore H. Little, Clarkston, ert Carriker. Bob Carriker, Spo­ Mitchell Doumit, Cathlamet, Wash­ Washington, attorney and retired kane, WA, and professor of history ington. Doumit passed-away on No­ Asotin County judge passed-away at Gonzaga University, is an active vember 12, 1982, in a Longview on November 19, 1982, at a local and enthusiastic member of the (Washington) hospital following a hospital after a brief illness. Ted Washington (State) Lewis and stroke and heart attack. Except for Little served the Washington Clark Committee. The committee is six years, 1944-1946, wh en he (State) Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ hosting this coming August's an­ served as Deputy Prosecutor for mittee as its Asotin County repre­ nual meeting' .1 Pasco, Washington Washington State's Pierce County, sentative since 1980. (southeastern Washington). Prelimi­ and 1955-1959, while he resided in Ted Little was well known and ac­ nary information will be found else­ Olympia, Washington, and served tive in Washington State politics. where in this and future issues of We as Assistant Attorney General for He served as Assistant State Attor­ Proceeded On. Make your plans Washington State, he lived in his ney General during 1938- 1942, and now to attend and traverse still beloved Cathlamet in Lewis and Clark Country on the lower Colum­ as Chief Assistant Attorney Gen­ more of the Trail of our 1803-1806 eral from 1950 to 1953. In 1953 he bia River. In 1978-1979 he was Presi­ explorers. entered private law practice in Hazel Bain, President dent of the Lewis and Clark Trail Clarkston. He returned to public Heritage Foundation, Inc., and dur­ service in 1973 as Washington State ing the years 1977-1981 he served as Deputy Prosecuting Attorney and Chairman of the (Governor appoint­ Chief Prosecuting Attorney until ed) Washington (State) Lewis and 1975. He returned to his Clarkston Clark Trail Committee. law practice in 1975. At the time of Mitch's retirement In 1954 he was retained as legal from an active law career and dis­ tinguished record of public service counsel for the Nez Perce Indian Visitors to the replica of the Tribe, and this service continued for Expedition's Fort Clatsop at to Cathlamet and Wahkiakum 12 years. His work with the Indians County, We Proceeded On provided the National Park Service led to his interest in the history of readers with a synopsis of his many Fort Clatsop National Memor­ southeastern Washington and west­ ial near Astoria, Oregon, will accomplishments. Readers will find this in the May 1982 (Vol. 8, No. 2) ern Idaho. He was a long-time Direc­ notice two crude writing desks tor of the Nez Perce National His­ located in the corners of the issue of the magazine. A memorial service in Cathlamet on November torical Park Association, and was room of the Captains' quar­ one of several who were instrumen­ 20, 1982, brought over 500 friends ters, on either side of the open tal for the creation of the Nez Perce and admirers of Mitch to Cathlamet fireplace. There is an ac­ National Historical Parh, Spauld­ which boasts a population of about knowledgement concerning ing, Idaho. He was commissioned a these structures in Clark's 600. Lieutenant Junior Grade in the U.S. journal (first draft entry) for In addition to his wife, Elizabeth, Na val Reserve soon after World December 24, 1805, which Mitch is survived in Cathlamet by a War II began, a nd then served in reads: daughter, Mary Thomas, three both the Atlantic and Pacific thea­ "Jo Fields [sic] finished for grandchildren, two brothers, and a ters. Following the war h e was ac­ Capt. Lewis and myself sister. Other sisters reside in Port tive in the Reserve for many years. each a slab hued [hewed Orchard, Washington, St. Helens His contributions were many to out of a log] to write on, I and Seaside, Oregon, and Fresno, both statewide and local associa­ gave a handkerchief &c[.]"1 California. An only son was killed tions, organizations and service while serving with the United clubs. He is survived by his wife, We might assume th

We Proceeded On, March 1983 -3- r rI

-4- We Proceeded On, March 1983 Washington State Lewis & Clark Committee Reveals Plans For 15th Annual Meeting. Tri-Cities and Vicinity in Southeastern Washington State is to be Site For Gathering By Roy D. Craft• On a panel in the museum at the guests, members of the Lewis and areas have been inundated and sub­ new Yakima (Indian) Nation Cultur­ Clark Trail Heritage Foundation dued by The Dalles Dam, and heavy al Center in Toppenish, Washing­ when they gather in annual session barges now carry the stuff of trade ton, (about 80 miles west and north this coming summer. to new ports as far east as Clark­ ston, Washington and Lewiston, of Pasco - see map on facing page) The 15th Annual Meeting of the on the Yakima Reservation, is a Idaho, on the Snake (see map), both Foundation will be held in Pasco, sketch of two young Indians on a Washington, August 7-10, 1983. As cities named after the explorers. cliff, observing the approach of ca­ a group, members attending this Once regarded principally as an ag­ noes on the river below. Beneath the meeting will visit for the first time ricultural area, the Tri-Cities and drawing is this inscription: the area at the confluence of the their environs have taken a giant "One day downriver from the Snake (the Expedition's "Lewis's") step into the nuclear age and now East came strangers, white men and Columbia Rivers which figured throb with vitality. Components for and a black man in canoes. We importantly in the journals of the the first atom bomb were created at received them as honored guests, Corps of Discovery. The field trip to n earby Hanford, now a major cen­ as tradition would have us do. In Toppenish will be but one feature of ter for research, development and a few days they departed down­ the annual gathering. production of nuclear energy, and Richland is now the site of the Han­ stream to the West. Life for our Pasco is on the Columbia River just ford Science Center. people would never be the same." a bove the point where it is joined by The Yakima Nation (a number of the Snake. It was reached by the Perhaps no single segment of the tribes banded together when the res­ exploring party on October 16, 1805, Lewis and Clark Trail has seen ervation system was established)2 on their westbound journey. Pasco more dramatic changes in the past will also receive at their Toppenish and its two close neighbors, Ken­ 176 years than this now thriving Museum and Center, as honored newick and Richland, are known area. familiarly as the Tri-Cities and to­ In anticipation of the 1983 Annual gether they form a major metropoli­ Meeting, Foundation President l. Roy D. Craft, Stevenson, Washii1gton, is a tan area in southeastern Washing­ retired newspaperman, and is presently chair­ Hazel Bain appointed a committee man of the Washington (State) Lewis and ton. whose mission was to prepare a pro­ Clark Trail Committee. Roy is also active in the Skamania County Historical Society, and The Columbia and Snake Rivers no gram that will be instructive and is the chairman of an ad hoc committee that is longer run wild and free. Their dan­ educational, in keeping with the ma king plans for a Columbia River Gorge gerous shoals and rapids, noted in Foundation's basic objectives, and Interpretive Center, which will include a m a­ the explorer's jour n al, are sub­ at the same time provide recrea­ jor Lewis and Clark Expedition exhibit, on the Lower Cascades of the Columbia River in merged by a series of lakes created tional opportunities which will S kamania County, Washington. See also by numerous dams which form the make the affair memorable for Lew­ WPO, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 6-10. world's largest hydroelectric com­ is and Clark scholars and enthusi­ 2. When the exploring enterprise arrived at the plex. asts of all ages. confluence of the two rivers, some 200 Indians welcomed the party. Included were a few The Columbia, an artery of com­ The Annual Meeting Committee Yakima (referred to in the journals as "So­ merce since earliest times, has at­ was drawn from the Foundation kulks" and "Chim·na-pum") Indians and a tained new importance since the membership in Washington, the great many " Wan-ap-ams" . These various Celilo (the Expedition's " Great host state. Chairman is Dr. Robert tribes are now members of the Yakima Na­ tion, and in 1805 they followed the progress of Falls of the Columbia") Falls and C. Carriker, Professor of History at the Expedition for some distance down river. the "Long" and "Short Narrows" (continued on page 6)

Sunset on the Columbia River at Pasco, Washington. A new The Sun Princess Charter Boat will provide a river trip and suspension bridge parallels an older bridge structure that join will ascend the Snake River to above the U.S. Army Corp of Pasco with the sister city of Kennewick. Photo by Ralph Engineers Ice Harbor Dam, where picnic luncheon will be Smith. served at Charbonneau Park. Photo by Ralph Smith.

We Proceeded On, March 1983 -5- Museum Building (Sacagawea Interpretive Center) and historical marker are located in Sacajawea State Park at the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers near Pasco, Washington. This park is one of several in the Washington State Parks & Recreation Commission's parks system that honor and refer to the Expedition's route through Was hington State. Photos by Ralph Smith. Gonzaga University, Spokane; Bar­ site of an Expedition campsite, Lew­ Park facility at the confluence of bara Kubik, Interpretive Assistant, is and Clark Trail State Park, be­ the Snake and Columbia Rivers. A Washington State Parks and Recre­ tween present-day Waitsburg and tour of the park and museum is ation Commission's Sacajawea In­ Dayton east of Pasco a nd Walla planned at 6:00 P.M., followed by a terpretive Center, Sacajawea State Walla (see ma p). picnic and outdoor program (speak­ Park, a at the two Rivers' confluence er to be announced). This tour will Of prime importance in the success be back at the Red Lion Inn by 9:00 near Pasco; and Clifford Imsland, of any meeting are the accommoda­ P.M. Seattle, a former Foundation direc­ tions offered meeting attendees. tor; and Roy D. Craft, Stevenson, The Committee selected th e Red Li­ TUESDAY, AUGUST 9TH: For Ch airman of the Washington on Inn in Pasco, a modern facility this day's activities, registrants will (State) Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ offering pleasant rooms, comfort­ be divided into two groups for a mittee. able meeting facilities, and an excel­ boat and bus tour adven ture. Activ­ lent cuisine. ities will begin at 8:30 A.M. Group The late Mitchell Doumit, Cathla­ " A" boarding the Sun Princess The August 1983 sessions will pre­ met, a past-president of the Founda­ Charter Boat will ascend the Snake sent a nice balance between schol­ tion, was an original member of the River to Charbonneau Park (a U.S. arly discourse and exciting adven­ committee and had been named Pro­ Corps of Engineers Recreational De­ gram Ch airman. When he passed ture. The list of speakers is yet to be velopment) upstream from Ice Har­ away, December 6, 1982, Bob Car­ announced, but the calendar of bor Dam. Group "B" will board bus­ events is complete. It follows: riker assumed the responsibility for es and visit the Hanford Science the program. SUNDAY, AUGUST ?TH: Founda­ Center (U.S. Atomic Energy Com­ Care was exercised in the selection tion Directors, who will have ar­ mission ) for an introduction to the of the meeting site a nd in ch oosing rived earlier will meet in the morn­ nuclear age, and will then proceed field trip destinations which will ing. From 1 to 5 P.M., members to Charbonneau Park. A picnic enhance an appreciation of the ter­ arriving at the Red Lion Inn will be luncheon will be served at the Park, rain traversed in this semi-desert registered. From 2 to 5 P.M., various and following t his the two groups country by the explorers. A part of committee meetings will be held. will reverse the morning schedule. the program will offer insight into Throughout the afternoon , special Group " A" will travel by bus to the the impact of their visit on the life of continuing programs will be offered Han ford Science Center, and group the Native Americans. on a "drop-in" basis. The early din­ " B" will return to Pasco on the Sun ner hour will be free time (no host). Princess Charter Boat. Supper will Participants will be made aware of At 7:00 P.M. a wine sampling recep­ be at the Red Lion Inn at 6:30 P.M., the tremendous changes that have tion is planned, and this will be fol­ speaker to be announced. taken place since the Lewis and lowed by an informal program at WED NE SD A Y, AUGUST l OTH: Clark Expedition made its way 8:00 P.M. through the Rocky Mountains and Foundation directors will meet at began th eir jour n ey down the MONDAY, AUGUST 8TH: Regis­ 7:30 A.M. At 9:00 A.M. b uses will "Great River of the West". There tration for late arrivals will be open depart for the Yakima Nation Cul­ will be a river trip on the Snake from 8:00 A.M. to noon . The Foun­ tural Center at Toppenish (about 80 River, and a visit to the May 1806 dation business meeting will begin miles west and north of Pasco (see at 9:00 A.M. Luncheon will be at 12 map). This is a new and impressive 3. Readers who are confused and question the Noon, speaker to be a nnounced. At museum and interpretive facility. several s pellings of the Indian woman's name 2:00 P.M. registrants will board Lunch will be at 12 Noon with a in connection with this Interpretive Center are buses for the trip to L ewis and speaker from th e Center wh o will informed in the hand-out literature at the Cen­ Clark Trail State Park, near Waits­ describe the impact of the Lewis ter that the P ark and building now housing the Center elate to 1939 and earlier, when burg (see map). This is the site of and ClaTk Expedition on the lives of "Sacajawea" was the accepted spelling. The the Expedition's May 5, 1806, r eturn the Native Americans wh o resided recent sch olal"ly research which has developed journey encampment. At 5:00 P.M. in this area. At 2:30 P.M. the party the preferred s pelling "Sacagawea", has led to this excursion will proceed to Saca­ will proceed to the Preston Winery the use of this spc llin ~ in the displays, hand­ out literature, and interpretive activities at the jawea State Park, a recreational near Pasco. This winery is an out­ Center. and historical Washington State standing example of Washington

-6- We Proceeded On, March 1983 State's developing wine industry. column. A recent mailing to the edi­ Meeting of the State Historical So­ Following this pleasant interlude, tor contained a copy of the January ciety of Missouri. the tour will return to the Red Lion 1983 issue of the Missouri Historical He identifies his subject as " ...one Inn at 4:45 P.M., so that members Review, the quarterly publication of important segment of the story [the may prepare for the 7:00 P.M. social the State Historical Society of Mis­ 2 story of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ hour which will precede the 15th souri, Columbia. dition] that remains to be told." Annual Banquet (speaker to be an­ Many individuals in the St. Louis nounced). A feature story in the January 1983 issue is titled: "Th e Lewis and Clark area made important contributions Expedition's Silent Partners: The to the success of the Expedition, Updating Lewis & Clark Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis", by prior to, during, and following the In Recent Periodicals William E. Foley. The author is pro­ exploring enterprise. Foley writes: "The valuable con tributions of Members and the editor are grateful fessor of History at Central Mis­ souri State University, Warrens­ Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, to Foundation member Jean Tyree members of the prominent St. Louis 1 burg, a nd this article is adapted Hamilton, Marshall, Missouri, for trading family, have for the most h er interest and diligence in calling from his address of the same title presented at the October Annual part gone unrecognized. The time attention, on several occasions, to has come to remedy that oversight magazine articles for review in this 2. Not to be confused with the Missouri Histor· and take note of the Chouteaus' sig- 1. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 8-9. ical Society, St. Louis. (continued on page 8)

Clark's Sketch Map of the Confluence of the Snake ("Lewis's") and Columbia Rivers This sketch map of Clark's is of interest since it portrays the conflu­ ence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers, the region involved with the Foundation's 15th Annual Meeting this coming August (see story on page 4). The course of the Snake \ River is defined as "Lewis's River", the name given this major water­ way by Clark and members of the exploring party. If Clar/i's rendition of this part of present-day south· eastern Washington State seems dis­ torted, we must note that the infor­ mation laid down on this map came principally from interviews with the many Indians who resided in this area. In his journal entry for October 18, 1805, Clark wrote: "The Great chief of one of the Chim-na­ pum nation drew me a sketch 1 of the Columbia [to the north] and the tribes of his nation, living on the bank[s], and its waters, and the Tapetett river which falls in 18 miles above on the westerly f}ide .. . " Clark's only reconnais­ sance in this area was his ten mile excursion (with 2 men) to the north from the mouth of the Snake ("Lewis's") River, and within eight miles of the mouth of the waterway he identifies as the "Tepetett" (pres­ ent-day Yakima) River. The Cap­ tain's familiar symbols, the little triangles that denote Indian houses or lodges, which appear on this map in great profus ion, would indicate that he learned f ram the Indians that this region was heavily popu­ lated.

l. In the 1814 Biddle narrative (Il:l 7), Biddle states: "They drew it with a piece of coal on a robe ... it exhibited a valuable specimen of Indian delineation." This statement is not a part of Clark's or others' journal documenta· tion, and the in formation related to the meth· od of the Chiefs drawing a map may have .' come to Biddle during his post-expedition con· versations with Clark or George Shannon (see WPO, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 10-15). Reproduced from Thwaites, Journals, III, facing page 130. We Proceeded On, March 1983 -7- nificant roles as advisers, outfitters structed Captain Lewis that, follow­ Historical Review are available for and behind the scene facilitators for ing the transfer of the Louisiana $2.00 each, postpaid. We trust that the historic mission." He cites a let­ Territory to the United States from this is correct information. Specify ter Clark wrote to his brother-in­ France, influential Indian chiefs be Volume LXXVII, No. 2, January law, William Croghan, just prior to selected to visit Washington and 1983, and send your remittance to the exploring party's May 1804 de­ the president. H earing of this, the State Historical Society of Mis­ parture, extolling the courtesies and Pierre Chouteau volunteered to es­ souri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, assistance that he and Captain cort a group of Osage chieftains to Missouri 65201. Lewis received from the Chouteau the nation's capital, thereby neces­ families.3 The Captains also recog­ sitating the outfitting of a second * * * * * * * nized that few individuals knew as traveling enterprise. Readers will be Thanks to former Foundation Direc­ much about the lands the explorers appraised of Pierre's activities and tor Dayton Can aday, Pierre, South were to traverse nor had more expe­ successful undertaking of the east­ Dakota, we can report that "Lewis rience in trade and Indian relations. ern journeys, which resulted in his and Clark's River: A Century and a being appointed Upper Louisiana's Half Later'', by Edward Raventon, Author Foley does point out that the nature of the western Expedition first United States Indian Agent. is the title of a short article in South necessitated the accumulation of Lest this review detail all of the Dakota Conservation Diges t, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1982, a bimonthly publi­ expensive supplies and accouter­ Chouteau influence and connota­ cation of the South Dakota Depart­ ments, and he says: " ... the Chou­ tions to the Lewis and Clark saga, teaus were sufficiently clever to ment of Game, Fish, and Parks. we will recommend that Expedition Raventon is a Resource Staff Spe­ garner for themselves a handsome bibliophiles add William E. Foley's share of the lucrative governmental cialist with the Department, and his well written, well researched trea­ monograph tells of his boyhood ob­ expenditures for outfitting those tise, related to Lewis and Clarki­ servations of the Missouri River ventures." "Ventures" is correct, ana, be added to their collections. since President Jefferson had in- and his dreams about the Lewis and Information received at an earlier Clark Expedition's 1804 ascent of 3. See Donald Jackson (ed.), Letters of the date, when referring to the availa­ the river in present-day South Da­ Lewis and Clark Expedition . ... , pp. 178-179, bility of this publication, indicated kota. He provides a comparison of note bottom of page 178. that single copies of the Missouri today's river to the stream encoun-

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U T A H ..,,. - COLORADO

LEWIS .ANO CLARK EXPEDITION OUTWARD JOURNEY \ ARIZONA NEW MEXICO --- RETURN JOURNEY , SCALI: Ill NILES 0 100 200

Map of the Trans-Mississippi West showing the routes of the Expedition through what are today the eleven Lewis and Clark Trail States: Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. -8- We Proceeded On, March 1983 tered by the exploring party 179 the importance of the Atlas volume years ago. Included is a very brief for the new edition Qf the Journals Foundation Gift resume of the Expedition's under­ of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, taking, a nd h e concludes by point­ edited by Gary E. Moulton (see page Memberships ing out some of the recreational 17, this issue of WPO). He concludes If you h ave someone on your sites along the waterway in South by observing: "It is obvious that the gift list who is interested in Dakota that relate to the Lewis and journals of Lewis and Clark, and American history and the Clark saga. The publisher's plate in their maps, have yet to be exhaust­ contribution of the Lewis and the magazine indicates a subscrip­ ed of their arch aeological potential Clark Expedition to our na­ tion fee of$3.00 a year, and provides ... There is every reason to believe tion's westward expansion, a an address for the Department/ that a renewed interest in Lewis membership in the Founda­ Publisher at the Anderson Build­ and Clark studies will be prompted tion, which includes the quar­ ing, Pierre, SD 57501. by the new edition of their journals terly issues of We Proceeded and maps - resulting in a net im­ On, would be an appreciated * * * * * * * provement in our images of the ear­ gift. Lewis and Clark students and en­ ly historic West and its prehistoric The Foundation has an attrac­ thusiasts will find an interesting antecedents." We can report no indi­ tive gift membership card archaeological and ethnological re­ vidual price for this quarterly mag­ which will list you as the view of the states of North and azine. Annual subscription price is spon sor of a membership. South Dakota a nd L ewis and listed at $8.00. You may write the Send your gift membership fee Quarterly Review of Archaeology, Clark's reporting of the Indians together with the name of th e they encountered in this area, in P.O. Box 634, Williamstown, MA gift recipien t and the occasion " Lewis and Clark and Middle Mis­ 01267, concerning availablity of the (friendship, birthday, gradua­ souri Archaeology", by Foundation issue described above. tion, or h oliday) you wish to member W. Raymond Wood and honor to the Membership sec­ published in the Quarterly Review retary whose address appears of Archaeology, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 3-5. on page two. The author devotes a con siderable part of his treatise to recent carto­ graphic discoveries and indicates

Map showing the principal river systems west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were involved with the 1803 travel from Pittsburgh to the Expedition's winter establishment (1803-1804) at "Camp Dubois" near present Wood River, Illinois. The Missouri and Columbia Rivers and their tributaries, including the Yellowstone River were involved with the outbound traverse from Camp Dubois to the Pacific (1804-1805), and the return journey to St. L ouis (1806).

We Proceeded On, March 1983 -9- Editor's note: Foundation member W. Raymond Wood, the a uthor of the article prepared especially for this issue of We Proceeded On, is Professor of Anthropology, University of Missouri-Columbia. Born in Gordon, Nebraska, he received a B.A. and M.A. degree in anth ropology from the University of Nebraska (1949-1956). His Ph.D. in the same science was earned at the University of Oregon (1958-1961). Ray Wood's vita reveals an exceptionally active career in his chosen field. Listed are: important field studies for the Smithsonian Institution; service as Staff Archeologist for the State Historical Society of North Dakota; an assignment as Curator of Anthropology, University Museum, University of Arkansas; and disting uished teaching careers at the University of Nebraska, University of Colorado, University of Wyoming, and the University of Missouri-Columbia. During 1980-1981, taking leave from his teaching at the University of Missouri, he was Visiting Professor of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and Archeolo­ gist, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln. In addition to serving as editor for several archeological and anthropology periodicals, Ray is the author of nearly 20 publications, monographs which include his M.A. thesis and Ph.D. dissertation, written during the period 1960-1982. Beginning in 1952 and continuing to the present time, some 40 articles by Wood .... have appeared in archeological and anthropological newsletters, journals, and proceedings. During the past 18 years at the University of Missouri-Columbia, archeological research studies h ave involved 55 grants and contracts from government agencies, foundations, universities, a nd research institutions. These grants a nd contracts have tota led more t han $1,168,000, and have provided a significant part of the training and support of graduate and undergraduate anthropology students, and toward a part of basic research in the North Plains and Ozar k Highland of Missouri. Foundation members, who attended the organization's 14th Annual Meeting, Omaha-Sioux City, in 1980, will recall that Ray Wood presented an interesting paper titled: "Lewis and Clark Manuscript Maps by Benjamin O'Fallon" at one of the afternoon sessions at the J oslyn Museum Lecture Hall. Readers of We Proceeded On and the editor are indepted to Dr. Wood for this contribution to our quarterly magazine.

John Thomas Evans and William Clark: Two Early Western Explorers' Maps Re-Examined1

By W. Raymond Wood

John Evans' m ap of his explorations of the Missouri River in what is now North and South Dakota is therefore the earliest known surviving eyewitness map of the area, but it carries notations in addition to those based on Evans' original travels - notations whose extraneous 01igin has only recently been detected. By deleting these later additions to the map by James Mackay (reflecting information obtained about 1787) a nd by William Clark (based on his observation s in 1804-1806), we obtain a more precise notation of the origin al 1796-97 map. This is important for the historical cartogr aphy of the Missouri River for two reasons: first, it was a basic source for Clark's own maps of the area, and second, it served as the base map for parts of no less than ten secondary English, French, and Spanish maps until the publication of Clark's own map, which appeared in 1814 in the Biddle edition or the History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark ....

The Missouri River was one of the Transmississippi West. 2 It is clearly John Thomas Evans. Evans h ad most important arteries of trans­ time to re-examine the subject. come to the United States from portation in the Great Plains from Wales to seek evidence for the non­ Accurate maps of the lower Mis­ the era of the fur trade until well existan t " Welsh Indians," and h is souri River were available by the after the arrival of the railroads . travels carried him to St. Louis by time of Lewis and Clark, but those One might therefore suppose that late 1794. Most of the next three the mapping of that great strnam for the area that has come to be years were to be spent exploring the known as the " Middle Missouri" would be of as much interest to Missouri River as an associate of modern historian s as it was to those (th at is, that part of the river which James Mackay, a Scotsman in the flows through present day North formerly intent on exploiting it in employ of the "Missouri Company," and South Dakota) were essentially the early years of the West. In fact, a Spanish mercantile comp any however, only two men have really impressionistic, even for those parts based in St. Louis, the full name of studied the topic in any depth: Aub­ of the river's course that were based which was the "Commercial Com­ rey Diller, a professor of classical on eyewitness accounts. It was not pany for the Discovery of the Na­ until the last few years of the eight­ studies, and Carl Irving Wheat, a tions of the Upper Missouri." Evans eenth century, in fact, that useful geographer. It h as now been more eventua lly explored th e Missouri than thirty-five years since the ap­ maps were to appear for the Middle River as far upstream as the vil­ pearance ofDiller's brief but classic Missouri area. After 1797, informa­ lages of the Mandan and Hidatsa paper, "Maps of the Missouri River tion began to accumulate very rap­ Indians, in present west central idly. before Lewis and Clark," and it has North Dakota, and he returned to been nearly two decades since the One of the most important ma ps St. Louis in 1797. Unfortunately, publication of Wheat's monumental available to Meriwether Lewis and Evans died less than two years five volume s tudy, Mapping the William Clark in planning and exe­ later, and only fragments of h is cutin g their famous expedition up Missouri River j ournal have sur­ l. Portions of this article have appeared in the th e Missouri River a nd to the P acif­ vived - portion s which were copied Great Plains Quarterly in 1981, copyr ight by ic Ocean in 1804 was one made by in the belief that they would be use­ the University of Nebraska Center for Great ful to Lewis and Clark. Plains Studies; in the Missouri Historical Re­ view in 1982, copyright by the State Historical 2. Aubrey Diller, "Maps of the Missouri River Society of Missouri; and in the Western His· before Lewis and Clark," in Ashley Montagu, One of th e few remaining docu­ torirnl Review in 1981, copyright by the West­ ed., Studies and .Essays in the History of ments relating to his explorations is ern History Association ; a nd are used by per­ Science and Leaming (New York: Henry Schu­ a map illustrating his expedition mission. This paper is a revised version of one man, 1916), 505-519; a nd Carl Irving Wheat, presented a t the Western History Association Mapping the 1'ran.smississippi West. from Fort Charles, in present n orth meetings in San Antonio, Texas, in October 1540-1861, 5 vols. (San Francisco: The Insti­ eastern Nebraska, to the Mandan 1981. tute of Historical Cartography, 1957·1963). and Hidatsa villages. Although the

-10- We Proceeded On, March 1983 The John Evans 1796-97 map, sheet "No. 6", showing the Mandan and Hidatsa Indian villages at the mouth of the Knife River, in present-day North Dakota (see also the aerial photograph reproduced on page 12). The legend at the top left is in the handwriting of James Mackay, and the words "Village Chiss.chect" at the bottom center are in the hand of William Clark. (Reproduced from the original in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.) original ma p has been lost, a copy identity of the Evans map for forty souri, or the following year during of it is now in the Beinecke Rare years. It was n ot correctly identified h is descen t of the river to St . Louis. Book and Manuscript Library at until 1946, wh en Aubrey Diller first H andwriting a n alysis, h owever, Yale University. This copy first ap­ r ecogn ized t he map for wh at it shows that this is not the case. peared in 1903, when it was discov­ was: 1 I a m not aware th at Diller 's Lewis and Clark had obtained the ered b y Reuben Gold Thwaites identification h as ever been serious­ a mon g the Clark-Voorhis Collec­ ly questioned. map while they were still at Camp tion of Lewis a nd Clark documents Dubois, on the Mississippi River in New York City.3 The map illus trates over seven just above St. Louis, and one legend hundred miles of the Missouri River on the map is clearly in the hand of Thwaites publish ed t his six-part valley, and does so with great preci­ J ames Mackay. Mackay had been map in his edition of the original sion. The names of a ll of the Mis­ Evans' superior on their joint expe­ journals of Lewis and Clark, believ­ souri's major tributaries are given, dition of 1795 to 1797, and he is also ing th at th e map was a Clar k origi­ sometimes in English and some­ kn own to have visited Lewis and nal of th e Missouri River beginning times in French, as well as other Clark at their camp on Wood River. at St. Charles, Missouri - although poin ts of interest or , as Clark During one of those visits he must in fact the m ap begins a t Fort termed them, "th ose rema rkable h ave w1itten a note on Sheet 6 of the Charles, which Mackay and Evans places" men tioned by "Evins." 5 Evans map - a notation which h ad built at a site near modern Un til recently, it was believed that describes the route from th e Man­ South Sioux City, Nebraska. This the ma p illustrated only those ob­ dan an d Hidatsa villages on the error, fostered in part because Wil­ servations m a de in 1 796, wh ile Missouri River to the Canadian liam Clark's own route ma ps from Evans was on h is way up t he Mis- tr aders' establishments on th e St. Louis to the Mandan Indian vil­ Assiniboine River. T his informa­ lages h ave been lost, concealed the 4. Diller, "Maps of the Missouri River," 516. tion dates to about 1787, the date of 3. The discussion of this map closely follows 5. Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Original Jour­ Mackay's visit to the Manda n vil­ that of W. Raymond Wood, "The John Evans nals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804- lages on the Missouri River while he l 796-97 Map of the Missouri River," Great 1806 (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1904- Plains Quarterly, l (Winter 1981): 39-53. 1905), I, 198, 200. (continued on page 12)

We Proceeded On, March 1983 -11- ,. ..-. - -~)Fort Mandan (near present-day Wa shburn, North Dakota), present-day North Dahota. The well defined circular depres­ the 1804-1805 wintering post of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ sions evidence the remains of Hidatsa earth lodges. The Man­ tion. This view is from one of the Square Buttes in this area. dan and Hidatsa villages were eagerly sought out by fur trad­ (Photograph by W.R. Wood, all rights reserved.) ers from Canada and from St. Louis. (North Dakota State Highway Dept. photograph.) ...

A portion of the "Grand Detour", or the "Big Bend" of the The Missouri River in north-central Mon tana, about 100 river Missouri River in Central South Dalwta. This great meander miles below the mouth of the Sun (the Expedition's "Medi­ loop, twenty-three miles in length, but only two miles across cine") River at Great Falls. This part of the river, known as the its neck, is a conspicuous feature on all maps of the Missouri "Stone Walls of the Upper Missouri", inspired Lewis and River. Early steamboat passengers often walked over its nech Clark, Prince Maximilian and later travelers with its scenic to await the steamboat's completion of its upriver passage of grandeur. With few exceptions it appears the same today. this great meander. (Photograph from the National Anthropo­ (Photograph by W.R. Wood, all rights reserved.) logical Archives.) \ was a trader in Canada, for his own discovery that some of the terms or perhaps in 1806 on the expedi­ explorations of the Missouri from had been coined by men of the Lew­ tion's return. St. Louis - that is, from the south is and Clark expedition. For exam­ - never carried him north of the ple, the journals are explicit that the J ohn Evan s' map of his explora­ mouth of the Niobrara River, near expedition's members had named tions of the Missouri River in what the present Nebraska-South Dakota Stone Idol Creek and Piaheto (or is now North and South Dakota is boundary.6 Eagle Feather)' Cr eek , clearly therefore the earliest known surviv­ marked as s u ch on Sheet 4 of ing eyewitness map of the area, but Several other legends on the map Evans' map, and in Clark's hand. it carries notations in addition to are in the hand of William Clark, Oth er terms, such as the n ame for those based on E van s' original and were probably added during the the Mandan village at the mouth of travels - notations whose extrane­ expedition's trek through the coun­ the Heart River ("Chiss.ch ect") ous origin has only recently been try shown on the map, for Clark were only variant spellings of those detected. By deleting these later ad­ repeatedly referred to Evans' map in the journals.7 No less then twelve ditions to the map by James Mac­ in his journals. My first suspicion streams, or Indian village or camp kay (reflecting information ob­ that Clark was responsible for some sites, were a dded to the map by tained about 1787) and by William legends on the map followed the Clark on the basis of observations Clark (based on his observations in 1804 or 1806), we obtain a more pre­ 6. Aubrey Diller, "James Mackay's Journey by the Corps of Discovery in 1804, in Nebraska in 1796," Nebraska History, 36 7. Thwaites, Original Journals, I, 190, 193, cise notation of th e original 1796-97 (June 1955: 123-128. 200. map. This is important fo r the his- -12- We Proceeded On, March 1983 rr torical cartography of the Missouri River for two reasons: first, it was a basic source for Clark's own maps of the area, and second, it served as the base map for parts of no less than ten seconda,ry English, French, and Spanish maps until the publication of Clark's own map, which appeared in 1814 in the Bid­ dle edition or the History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark. s We turn now to somewhat later maps, that is, to charts produced by the Lewis and Clark expedition it­ self. It is not generally appreciated that William Clark, in addition to the substantial mapping he did of the Missouri River in the Great Plains, and of the Columbia River basin in the Pacific Northwest, also produced ma ps of the lower reaches [Little Osage of the Mississippi and Missouri riv­ ers. Although the finished products Woman- ed. J of most of that mapping have been lost, three charts exist of short seg­ ments of the Mississippi River, and five other sketch maps have been preserved that illustrate the expedi­ tion's trek along the Missouri River within the present boundaries of the State of Missouri.9 There was no systematic effort on the part of Lewis and Clark to pro­ duce maps of their route prior to their departure from Camp Dubois in May of 1804. Clark, in fact, made only three small sketches illustrat­ ing segments of the Mississippi River. One of these, reproduced in Osgood's transcriptions of William Clark's field notes, is of the junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi riv­ \ ers.10 A second map shows about ~ two miles of the Mississippi at a 0- point near the modern town of Cape \.> Girardeau, Missouri. The map illus­ trates the vicinity of Grand Tower, This s l~etch map, overwritten by a journal text, by William Clark, and redrawn below, a dangerous navigational hazard - is of a segment of the lower Missouri River just west of the modern city of St. Charles, Missouri. It illustrates the Expedition's route for May 22 to 24, 1804, and shows a huge limestone outcrop - in the campsite locations not always readily identifiable from study of journal entries. (Re­ river channel near its west bank. produced from the original in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale When Reuben Gold Thwaites pub­ University, and the Missouri Historical Review.) lished this map, he erroneously identified it as "The Neighborhood ciety in St. Louis, Missouri, which lower Missouri River are five rough of Camp River Dubois." The map differs only in minor detail from the field sketches, all of which were was correctly identified a few years one published by Thwaites. published in facsimile form by Os­ ago by John Francis McDermott: good in 1964. One map depicts the the locale is· in reality more than After the departure of the Lewis and vicinity of St. Louis and the lower one hundred river miles south of the Clark expedition from Camp Du­ reaches of the Missouri River, and a former location of Camp Dubois.11 bois in 1804, Clark appears to have second map shows about fifteen A second copy of this map was re­ made a continuous map of the Mis­ miles of the Missouri just west of cently discoverd by Gary E. Moul­ souri River from its mouth to the the modern town of St. Charles. ton in the Missouri Historical So- point where the expedition left one Careful study of this sketch reveals 8. Wood, "The John Evans 1796·97 Map of the of its tributaries, the Jefferson Riv­ two labeled expeditionary camp­ Missouri River'', 51, note 1. er, in present-day southwestern sites, as well as two unlabeled ones. 9. These maps are discussed in detail in W. Montana. Today, however, all that The locations of the latter two Raymond Wood, "Willia m Clark's Mapping in remains of Clark's mapping of the Missouri, 1803·1804", Missouri Historical Re· camps were not all clear from the uiew, 76 (April 1982): 241·252, and the author's 11. John Francis McDermott, "William most careful study of the expedi­ subsequent text closely follows that article. Clark's Struggle with Place Names in Upper tion's journals. Two other sketch 10. Ernest Sta ples Osgood, ed., The Field Louisiana," Missouri Historical Society B,,1. maps of the lower Missouri River in Notes of Captain William Clark, New Haven, letin, 34 (April 1978), 141-143. The map is in Yale University Press, 1964), 195. Thwaites, Original Journals, VIII, map 4. (continued on page 14) We Proceeded On, March 1983 -13- Osgood's book name the tributaries of the master stream, but they add little to our understanding of the Lewis and Clark expedition.12 The last of the Clark maps which show any part of the expedition's route through the present State of Missouri h as, to my knowledge, n ever been detected before - in spite of the fact that it and the •I Clark field notes written over its l face was published in facsimile form in Osgood's The Field Notes of Captain William Clark. In the pub­ lished version, as well as on the original document, the map is all but invisible, for it is drawn lightly in pencil, and some notations are too faint to read. Furthermore, like other maps in Osgood's book, Clark h ad written field notes over the chart - those for March 26 to April 7, 1804. In the book the size of the doc­ ument was reduced by one-half to fit the volume's format, further dimin­ ishing the ma p's clarity. Fin ally, in his own text, Osgood said nothing of the map.13 Little wonder, then, that it h as been overlooked, for this "new" map is much more sketch­ like in character than the others in Osgood's book. Since it is likely that the sketch was drawn prior to Clark's using the paper for his field notes, the map in all probability was made before the initial entry on the sheet - that is, before March 26, 1804, while the expedition was still at Camp Du­ bois. Unlike the other maps in Os­ good, then, this one is probably a preliminary draft for some pre-ex­ peditionary chart, perhaps the one identified by Donald Jackson as "almost certainly the first cai·to­ graphic product of the Lewis and Clark expedition." This general map was made in 1804, and was Page "2" of Prince Maximilian's A tlas containing copies of William Clark's field sent to Washington by Lewis in maps. It begins at a point near the present-day South Omaha Bridge, just north of 14 Bellevue, Nebraska. The fact that the map is labeled "No. 13" intimates that twelve May of the same year. The course additional maps once existed that depicted the lower Missouri River below today's of the Kansas River and certain city of Omaha, Nebrasha. (Reproduced from the original in the collection of the lnter­ other aspects of the sketch are con­ north Art Foundation, Center for Western Studies, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, sistent with that map, lending sup­ Nebraska.) I port to the speculation that the sketch was prepared by Clark from Alexander Philip Maximilian, Western historians are fortunate information provided him at Camp Prince of Weid-Neuweid, and his that the archives of Maximilian's · Dubois by someone familiar with party left St. Louis in April, 1833, on journey were returned to the United '· this part of the West. the steamboat Yellowstone, bound States in 1962, when the Maximili­ for the upper Missouri River, he car­ an-Bodmer Collection was p ur­ We now move forward in time to ried with him a priceless set of thir­ ch ased by Northern Natural Gas 1833 - nearly three decades after ty-four maps. These maps signifi­ Company (now InterNorth) and the return of the Lewis and Clark cantly augment our knowledge of placed in the custody of the Joslyn expedition to St. Louis. A German the Lewis a nd Clark expedition, for Art Museum, in Omaha, Nebraska. prince, one of the leading E uropean th ey are copies of originals made This h as allowed researchers to scien tists of his day, arrived in th e during the expedition by William study Maximilian's diary and re­ United States in 1832 to explore Clark. Since more than half of the lated original documents for the western North America. When original maps from which these first time. 12. Osgood, Field Notes, HIS, 220, 224, 226. copies were made are now lost, 15. The discussion of this set of maps is based 13. 1bid. , 209. Maximilian's copies illustrate over on W. Ray mond Wood and Gary E. Moulton, nine hundred miles of the expedi­ "Prince Maximilian and New Maps of the 14. Donald Jackson, "A New Lewis and Clark Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers by William Map," Mis~our i Historical Society Bulletin, 17 tion's route, now known only from Clark," Western Historical Quarterly," (Octo­ (J anuary 1961), 131. journal en tries. 1~ ber 1981), 373-386. -14- We Proceeded On, March 1983 When Maximilian passed through doing so in the journals. The origi­ count for the late start of the map St. Louis on his way West, he spent nal maps for these seven charts coverage along the Captains' route. some time with William Clark, for it were published by Thwaites in his Why do they n ot begin at Camp was necessary to obtain Clark's atlas as maps 14 to 25. 11 Dubois, the expedition's point of permission - as Superintendent of departure near St. Louis? Now, al­ Indian Affairs - for the prince to The final ten sheets, which begin at though the maps begin on page two enter Indian country. Clark enter­ Three Forks, show Clark's traverse of Maximilian's atlas, the sheet also tained Maximilian in St. Louis, ad­ to the Yellowstone River; they then carries the designation, "No. 13." vised him regarding his travels depict the course of the Yellowstone From this we infer that there were a nd, most important to us here, he to a point about twenty miles above originally twelve additional maps authorized his nephew, Major Ben­ its mouth, where its coverage ad­ in the series which charted the Mis­ jamin O'Fallon, to make copies of joins that of the Missouri River, souri River from Camp Dubois to part of Clark's original maps illus­ shown on a nother sheet. This set the vicinity of modern Omah a. This trating the route of the Lewis and shows parts of the course of the Ye l­ inference is supported by state­ Clark expedition. Maximilian later owstone which are n ot shown on ments in the Lewis and Clark jour­ visited O'Fallon at his home in St. Thwaites ' published maps 49 to 53. nals by Clark, and by statements by Although Thwaites believed there President J efferson relating to Lew­ L ouis, and O'Fallon at that time 1 turned over to him a "map of the was only one gap in his series, 8 is and Clark's s urvey of the Mis­ course of the Missouri ... on a large there are actually two of them - souri River.211 If this is the case, both of which are covered by these scale."16 Upon completing his trav­ however, why did Maximilian not els in 1834, Maximilian returned to copies. One gap is an area of about obtain these maps in addition to his his home on the Rhine River in fifteen miles of the river just east of other copies? One explanation may what is now West Germany, and Billings, Montana, and the other be that the lower Missouri River as had the maps bound into a small covers about one hundred and five far as the mouth of the Platte River atlas. miles between the towns of Forsyth was, by Maximilian's time, a well­ a nd Glendive, Montana. The miss­ known stretch of river, and that the Today, the maps remain bound in ing segment of Clark's map show­ prince was given only those maps that atlas. It contains a title page ing t he river near Billings was re­ beginning with " wilderness coun­ and thirty-nine sheets, thirty-four of cently discovered by Gary E. Moul­ try." Whatever the case, there is which consist of the charts that ton in the Missouri Historical So­ every reason to believe that Clark O'Fallon gave to Max;imilian. The ciety in St. Louis.ID had made detailed maps from handwriting on the maps show that Camp Dubois to the vicini ty of at least two people were responsible Clark's original maps for the first seventeen sheets, and for the miss­ modern Omaha, but that for rea­ for producing them. The first two sons which remain speculative they sheets were copied by O'Fallon ing section in Thwaites' coverage of the Yellowstone River between For­ were not copied for Maximilian's himself. Another unknown person use. Wh at has happened to the lost completed the rest of the maps, al­ syth and Glendive have been lost. Since the remaining maps in Max­ originals is a matter for specula­ though O'Fallon's hand is identifi­ tion. a ble as th e source for legends on imilian's atlas (about half of the total) are copies of existing origi­ three of them. The maps show These observations and others re­ Lewis and Clark's route up the Mis­ nals, however, we h ave a good quire that we use Prince Maximili­ souri River from a point within the means for assessing th e accuracy of a n's copies of Clark's maps with city li mits of south Omah a , Ne­ these missing charts. caution. Most of the errors on the braska, to the mouth of the Sun Riv­ Just how accurate are these copies? maps can, fortunately, be detected er, which flows into the Missouri at Although the copyist sometimes through a careful reading of the Great F alls, Montana. In addition, corrected errors made by Clark, h e journals, or by a comparison with there is a traverse overland from introduced some errors of his own. the original maps when they exist. Three Forks, Montana, followed by For example, he la beled the camp­ For example, the n ames for the nine maps charting the valley of the site for September 1, 1804, as the Slaughter River, Big Horn River, Yell ow stone River almost to its one for September 11th. It is a lso and J udith River are all incorrectly mouth. apparent that he took some liberties labeled on the Missouri River in the central Montana area. The first seventeen sheets show in his work. The course of the Mis­ souri River is shown with care, but In s hort, Maximilian's maps are Lewis and Clark's route along the careful copies of Clark's originals, Missouri River from modern Oma­ those of its tributaries were treated casually: their len gth , direction, but they have been occasionally ha to the Mandan and Hidatsa In­ modified to correct errors on the dian villages at the mouth of the and configuration were often modi­ fied well beyond what could legiti­ originals; they contain errors of Knife River, in present North Da­ their own; and they reveal other kota. The Niginals for all of these mately have been inferred from the original maps. Other items, gener­ problems which demand that they maps have been lost. The next sev­ be used with caution. They are nev­ en sheets trace the Captains' route ally of a minor nature, were also omitted on Maximilian's copies. It ertheless important, and it is ob­ on up the Missouri River as far as viously not necessary to dwell at the mouth of the Sun River. These nevertheless seems obvious that, for the most part, these copies were length on their significance. They ma ps are drawn to a much smaller augment the written jour nals in scale than those of the lower river. simply tracings from Clark's origi­ n als. many different ways, beginning Clark may h ave changed the scale with the location s of campsites - of these maps to make his drafting In addition to judgin g the accuracy locations which could not always be less time consuming, or perh aps to of these copies, we must also ac- determined even from the most conserve a precious supply of paper: (continued on page 16) there is no clue as to his motives for 17. Thwaites, Original J ournals, VIII. 20. Th waites, Origin.al Journals, I, 89-90; Don­ 18. Ibid., ix. ald J ack son, ed., Letters of the Lewis and 16. Reuben Gold Thwaites, Early Western 19. Gary E . Moulton , Journals of the Lewis Clarh Expedition with Related Documents, Trauels, 1784·1 846 (Cleveland: Arthur P. and Clarh Expedition, atlas. (Lincoln: Uni· 1783-1854 (Urbana: University of Illinois Clark, 1904-1906), XXII, 236. versity of Nebraska Press, in press). Press, 1962), 252. We Proceeded On, March 1983 -15- careful reading of the journals. The maps are also important for the University of Nebraska Press Announces light they shed on the voyage up the Volume 1 of the Journals of the Lewis Missouri by Maximilian himself, And Clark Expedition for the prince penciled in numerous notations relating to his own expe­ Gary E. Moulton, ed., Atlas of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Uni­ riences on the river - notations versity of Nebraska Press, available April 1983; 202 pages, 134 which are, fortunately, easily iden­ maps, preface, introduction, folio - 13% x 191/2 inches; sponsored by tifiable. the Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Western historians will be delighted and the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Library of to learn that InterNorth (formerly Congress Card No. 82-675167. Tentative selling price $100.00 Northern Natural Gas Company) and the Joslyn Art Museum are al­ Of the 134 maps in the volume, 118 are reproduced at full original lowing all of Maximilian's copies of size. In order to provide reproductions as closely as possible to the Clark's maps to appear in the atlas originals, 115 of the historic maps were photographed directly by the of the new, definitive edition of the printer. journals of the Lewis and Clark ex­ Meant as a companion to future volumes in this new edition of the pedition now in preparation by Gary E. Moulton at the Center for J ournals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Atlas (Volume 1) is Great Plains Studies at the Univer­ an essential reference for anyone with an interest in the Lewis and sity of Nebraska-Lincoln. Publica­ Clark Expedition or in the exploration and development of the Amer­ tion of the atlas by the University of ican West. Nebraska Press is a nticipated in 21 On the facing page, Dr. Moulton has provided We Proceeded On with 1983. a detailed resume of the contents of the Atlas volume. Even this brief review of only two The Atlas may be ordered through your favorite bookseller. early Western cartographers re­ veals that a great deal remains to be gleaned from their maps. Histori­ Publication of Atlas to Coincide With a ns and ethnohistorians have, per­ Symposium and Cartographic Exhibit haps, sometimes been too enam­ At University of Nebraska - Lincoln oured of narrative documents and have regarded maps as "illustra­ The Center for the Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln tions" rather than as primary doc­ will sponsor its Seventh Annual Symposium, April 28-29, 1983. The theme uments in their own right. Carl for this year's event is titled: " Mapping the North American Plains" and Wheat, Aubrey Diller, and other will coincide with the opening of a new exhibit of cartographic materials in historical cartographers have given the Center's Love Memorial Library Art Gallery. us a firm base from which to pursue our studies of Western explorers The conference will be held in conjunction with the publication of the Atlas and their maps. Maps remain in volume of the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, edited by Dr. archives yet to be discovered, and Gary E. Moulton. The Atlas is the first volume of a ten volume project we have seen that many known sponsored by the Center for Great Plains Studies and published by the Uni­ maps deserve yet another look for versity of Nebraska Press. what they may tell us of Western Sixteen scholars in anthropology, geography, and history from the United history. States, Canada, and England will present papers. Among the speakers will be: John Logan Allen (University of Connecticut); Silvio Bedini (Smithson­ 21. Moulton, Original Journals. ian Institution); Ralph E hrenberg (Library of Congress); G. Malcolm Lewis (University of Sheffield, England); Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebras­ ka-Lincoln); James P. Ronda (Youngstown [Ohio] State University); Rich­ ard Ruggles (Queen's University, Ontario); Helen Hornbeck Tanner (New­ berry Library, Chicago); and W. Raymond Wood (University of Missouri­ Columbia). Subjects discussed will include Indian cartography, maps of early western explorers and fur trappers, the Hudson Bay Company, the U.S. General Land Office, commercial cartograph y, and other important aspects of ma pping the plains. "When we consider the condi­ tions under which these Doctors Allen, Moulton, Ronda, and Wood, listed above are members (Moul­ charts were drawn, - in the ton and Ronda are Directors) of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ field, with crude astronomical tion, Inc. Monograph s by Dr. Moulton and Dr. Wood are included in this instruments, and information issue of We Proceeded On. df ri vable chiefly from daily For additional information regarding the Symposium and Exhibit, contact observations and Indian re­ the Program Committee, Center for th e Great Plains Studies, 1213 Oldfather ports, - their relative accur­ Hall, UNL, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588. acy and topographical compre­ hension are worthy of our ( - ./" ;::!)- hiJ?hest prai~e; they. are elo­ .• \ ..,, ..... , ~,--· quent witnesses of Clark's un­ / v ' - ""'...... doubted engineering skill." Reuben Gold Thwaites, Or­ igin a l Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ tion, 1804-1806, Vol. 8, p. v.

-16- We Proceeded On, March 1983 What's "new" about the new edition of the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition THE ATLAS VOLUME

I. A comprehensive essay surveying the cartog­ Three maps on backs of maps published by raphy of the expedition Thwaites which he probably considered repetitious of printed ones II. Maps that were unavailable or unknown to Reu­ ben Gold Thwaites when he published Original 1. Draft of Big White's map of 1805 (back Journals of the Lewis and Clark Epedition in of Thwaites's map #12) 1904-05 2. Draft of Columbia River, perhaps area Indian Office map of 1797 at the Library of of route about October 30-November 1, Congress, Washington, D.C. 1805 (back of Thwaites's map #40)

King's map of 1803 at the Library of Con­ 3. Draft of mouth of Columbia River and gress fragmented view of coast (back of Thwaites's map #38/39) Lewis and Cl ark's map of 1804 at the National Archives, Washington, D.C. Clark's map of 1805 at the Library of Con­ gress, National Archives, and a copy that is Lewis and Clark's map of 1806 at Boston lost today but was printed in 1887 in Science Athenaeum magazine. The map at the National Ar­ chives was printed in Elliott Coues, History Clark-Maximilian maps of 1833. Thirty-four of the Expedition. maps at Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, that were copied for Prince Maximilian from Frazer's map of 1807 at the Library of Con­ originals in Clark's possession in 1833. The gress originals for many of these items are now lost. Clark's map of 1810 at Yale University. This map was among the Voorhis Collection and III. Ma ps that were available or known to Thwaites it is unclear why Thwaites failed to publish but not printed by him it.

Five maps in the Voorhis Collection at Mis­ Lewis and Clark's map of 1814. This map souri Historical Society, St. Louis, that was printed in Nicholas Biddle, History of Thwaites either overlooked or decided not to the Expedition and also in Coues's work. publish IV. Maps printed by Thwaites that will not be in­ 1. Clark's map of Grand Tower on the Mississippi River. Thwaites may have cluded in the present atlas thought this map repetitious of his map # 4 which he believed showed the Thwaites's map #1 which probably was not region of Camp Dubois in present Illi­ used by the Captains and was certainly nois. inferior to other maps they carried. It now appears to be lost. 2. Clark's map of the Yellowstone River for the route of about July 24, 1806. Thwaites's map #3 which is a post-expedi­ Thwaites probably overlooked this tionary piece and not appropriate to the map; it fits a gap between his maps expedition. #50 and 51 - a gap he did not notice. Thwaites's map #37 which is a pre-expedi­ 3. Clark's map of the "To-tar-na-hi-ooks" tionary map made by Lewis and covers ter­ River (present Deschutes). Thwaites rain never explored by the men. may have thought this repetitious of his map #40. V. Maps that were misidentified by Thwaites that will be correctly labeled and included in the pres­ 4. Clark's map of the area of "Clark's ent atlas River" (the Bitterroot-Clark Fork-Pend Oreille combination of rivers) and area John T. Evans's maps of the Missouri River of Sn ake River. Thwaites may have of 1796-97. These were mistakenly labeled as thought this repetitious of his map Clark's maps by Thwaites and published in #40. his work as maps #5-11 and 13. They were used extensively by Clark and bear much of 5. Clark's map of the area of "Clark's his handwriting. River" (the Bitterroot-Clark Fork-Pend Oreille combination of rivers) and area In all, fifty-two " new" ma ps will a ppear in the of Snake River. Thwaites may have atlas of the Journals of the Lewis a nd Clark considered this map repetitious of his Expedition, many to be published for the first maps #43 and 44. time.

We Proceeded On, March 1983 -17- •'!,I

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-18- We Proceeded 0 n , March 1983 Editor's note: Foundation Director Gary E. Moulton is known to many Lewis and Clark students and enthusiasts, a nd particularly to readers of We Proceeded On. 1 It was Dr. Moulton who was chosen in 1979 to undertake the editorial supervision of a new edition of the Journals of the Lewis and Clarli Expedition. · The selection process for an editor for the new edition was begun in 1977. Ten years earlier, in an address to the Centennial Conference of the Missouri Historical Society in March 1967, historian Donald Jackson pointed out the many difficulties involved with using the multiple published editions of the Expedition's journals, and indicated " ... that some kind of a standard edition seems called for."' It was fitting, once funding and sponsorship became available for such a publication project, that Dr. Jackson was appointed to be a consultant in the search for an editor to the Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The National Endowment for the Humanities provided the initial funding for the project, and the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia," soon joined with the Center as a co-sponsor. The University of Nebraska Press is to be the publisher for the projected ten volume, nine year undertaking. Moulton began work in 1979, and the University of Nebraska indicated its further commitment to the endeavor by providing the position of Associate Professor of History a nd facilities at the University's Love Library, Lincoln, for him. The important Atlas Volume is to be the first volume to be published, and this issue of We Proceeded On, elaborating in part on the cartography of the Expedition, is published in recognition of the completed publication of the Atlas, to be available in April 1980. Gary Moul ton's vita reveals his excellent qualifications and background for this important assignment. He is a native of Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he received his elementary education. Following military duty in Vietnam and Thailand (1961-1964) he received a B.A. degree from Northwestern Oklahoma State University, Tahlequah (May 1968); a M.A. from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater (May 1970); and a Ph.D. from the same institution (July 1973). He was a graduate Teaching Assistant at OSU from 1969 to 1973, and an instructor of History OSU Extension (1970-1973). At Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, he was Assistant Professor of History (1974-1979). During the same years, he edited "The Papers of Chief John Ross", to be published by The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. An earlier book, John Ross, Cherokee Chief, was published by the University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1978. Since 1974 he has contributed neai-ly 20 articles or monographs that have appeared in various journals and historical society publications, and he has been the a uthor of numerous book or periodical reviews (see We Proceeded On, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 5). The article by Dr. Moulton that a ppears below relates to the diligent research undertaken for the preparation of the new Atlas volume (the initial volume, see page 17, this issue of WPO) in the ongoing new edition of the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This is a transcript of a paper Dr. Moulton presented at the 22nd Annual Conference of the Western History Associa­ tion, San Antonio, October 1982, and portions of this text appear in the "Introduction" to the new Atlas volume.

1. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 17; Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 9-10; and Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 14-16. 2. In a printed transcript of Dr. Jackson's address published in the Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, Vol. XX IV, No. l , October 1967, Dr. Jackson made these statements: "The Thwaites edition of the journals is sixty years old ... The edited version of the Biddle narrative is even older, having come from Coues's h and in 1893. But the field notes of Clark, the collected letters, and a few other such items are relatively recent. Anyone who has had to seek information on Lewis and Clark in all these works, scattered throughout time a nd not always readily available, will agree tha t some kind of standard edition seems cal.led for." 3. The original manuscript joumals of Captains Lewis and Clark, the journal of the exploring pai·ty's Sergeant John Ordway, together with other Lewis and Clark documents have been preserved in the archives of the Philadelphia society.

Another Look at William Clark's Map of 1805

By Gary E. Moulton

Excerpt from President Jefferson's Message to the Senate and House of Representatives, 19 February 1806: " A letter ... Apr. 7 [1805] from Capt. Lewis is herewith communicated. During his stay among the Mandans, he LLewis in Jefferson's mind, but actually Clark] had been a ble to lay down the Missouri according to courses & distances taken on his passage up it, corrected by frequent observations of longitude & latitude; and to add to the actual survey of this portion of the river, a general map [the map of 1805] of the country between the Mississippi and Pacific, from the 34th to the 54th degrees of Latitude. These a dditions are from information collected from Indians with whom he had opportunities of communicating during his journey & residence with them. Copies of this map are now presented to both houses of Congress ..." '

The expedition led by Meriwether was well known to Lewis, and the and natives about adjacent regions. Lewis and William Clark was pre­ attention given to securing the most This discussion concerns the latter eminently a geographic endeavor, accurate maps of the West before category of maps and centers on the and mapping the unknown lands the explorers' departure fixes carto­ first composite map of the West was a principal objective. That Pres­ graphy as a principal purpose of the from the expedition - Clark's map ident Jefferson's instructions to expedition.2 of 1805. Lewis did not mention the making The maps associated with the expe­ During the initial phase of the expe­ of maps does not mean that" such dition can be classed into three cate­ dition, from Camp Dubois near St. activity was not to be performed. In gories: (1) pre-expeditionary or sup­ Louis in present-day Illinois to Fort fact, his lengthy instructions about port maps which were copies of or Mandan at the Knife River above taking observation s of longitude based on the best maps of the day; present Bismarck, North Dakota, a and latitude presuppose a mapping (2) route or traverse maps which number of route maps were execut­ strategy. Moreover, Jefferson's were made in the field and based on ed by Clark. It is now widely known great interest in maps of the West actual land sightings; and (3) com­ that Clark was the principal map­ l. Donald Jackson, eel . . , Letters of the Lewis posite maps which were based on a maker for the expedition. Indeed, he and Clar}/ Expedition with Related Ducu· combination of the first two and was the author, direct or indirect, of men.ts, 1783·1854, (2nd ed., 2 Vols., Urbana: upon conversation s with traders all but a few of the maps associated University of Illinois Press, 1978). I, 299. with the expedition. His charting of Emendations in brackets by the author of this 2. J efferson 's instructions to Lewis, [June 20, article. 1803], Jackson, ed., Letters, I, 61. (continued on page 20)

We Proceeded On, March 1983 -19- the lower portion of the trip princi­ this composite picture. On Decem­ [the twenty-nine sheets]; & to add pally involved laying down the ber 19, 1804, Clark recorded that he to the actual survey of this por­ course of the Missouri River while was engaged in "Connecting the tion of the river, a general map of showing prominent geographic fea­ Countrey from information," and the country between the Missis­ tures and the entrances of major similar references over the next sev­ sippi and Pacific .. . These addi­ affluents. Unfortunately, the origi­ eral weeks note ,that he was basing tions are from information col­ nal route maps to Fort Mandan a map on information of traders lected from Indians [the map of have been lost, and there is some and Indian s.5 Of course, on the Fort 1805] ..." 8 speculation involved in declaring Mandan map, the Missouri River, An observer at Fort Mandan made that Clark even made maps for the and its tributaries to a limited ex­ a similar distinction. When the trad­ first part of that trip. What has tent, were based on personal recon­ er Francois-Antoine Laroque visit­ come to light in recent years is a se­ naissance and upon the testimony ed the American camp in late J anu­ ries of route maps made for Prince of experienced inhabitants along ary, he noticed that the "Captains Maximilian as he prepared to as­ the route. It was the area to the west are busy making charts of the coun­ cend the Missouri River in 1833. of Fort Mandan that was conjectur­ try through which they had passed These maps plot the river from al. The Fort Mandan map was sent [the twenty-nine sheets], and deli­ about present Omaha to Fort Man­ downriver to J efferson as the per­ n eating the Head of the Missouri dan and are clearly copies of manent party departed the fort according to the information they Clark's original traverse maps that on April 7, 1805, along with many had from the Indians [the map of no longer exist. These seventeen plant and animal specimens that 1805)."9 sh eets help explain a statement by had been collected along the way. I Jefferson in July 1805, when he Lewis a nd Clark transmitted two Existing versions of Clark's map of wrote that he had received "29. half maps in this baggage which the 1805 are all copies of an original sheets" from the Captains at Fort President received in July: the Fort item that no longer exists. Nicholas Mandan showing the course of the Mandan m ap a nd Jefferson's King, who drafted them at Washing­ river to that point. Jefferson's twenty-nine sheets. ton, apparently ma de four copies. twenty-nine sheets must have been Today only two copies exist in man­ the equivalent of the seventeen The distinction between these two uscript, while an oth er appears only sheets copied by Maximilian plus items is not always clear in Clark's in print. The best known copy is It twelve maps depicting the lower journals. seems, however, that often called the "War Department" when he refers to a "connected" Missouri River which are lost today. copy because an ornamental border map based on information of trad­ Clark would use these sheets in pre­ surrounding the cartouche spells paring his composite map of the ers and Indians he means the Fort out the words "War Department of West at Fort Mandan.a Mandan map, a nd when he writes the United States." This piece has of a map of the Missouri River he been variously labeled over the On the trip upriver, the Captains probably means the twenty-nine years and some confusion has re­ met and interviewed at least six sheets. 6 Lewis and Clark made this sulted from the wording of the car­ persons who had long experience distinction, and so did Jefferson, touche. The words read in part: with the river and its inhabitants. but it has often gone unnoticed by "Compiled from the Authorities of These men could provide informa­ later writers. For instance, when the best informed travellers by M. tion about regions unseen by the Lewis wrote Jefferson about the ma­ Lewis" and "Copies by Nicholas Corps a nd importantly, about the terial being forwarded to him, he King, 1806." Such wordin g has re­ area beyond Fort Mandan. At Fort listed a "Chart of the Missouri ... sulted in such titles for the piece as Mandan other traders provided geo­ on which the encampmen t of each " King's map of 1806," or "Lewis's has been carefully marked [i.e. the graphic information and at least map of 1806," but it is n ow clear one man gave the Captains a sketch twenty-nine sheets]," and "the map th at the item is Clark's Fort Man­ of the West. Interviews with Man­ ... will give the idea we entertain of dan map of 1805. 10 The map is n ow the connection of ... rivers, which dan a nd Hidatsa Indians about the on deposit in the Center for Carto­ unknown regions to the West were has been formed from the corres­ graphic a nd Architectural Ar­ also importa nt to the Captains. At ponding testimony of a number of chives, National Archives. least one Indian, Big White (or She­ India ns who h ave visited the coun­ 7 h eke) gave Clark a drawing of the try [i.e. the map of 1805]." Jeffer­ 8. J efferson to Congress, [February 19, 1806], western country and of the Yellow­ son's description of what he re­ Jackson, ed., Letters, I, 299. Furtherreferences stone River. Out of such drawings ceived is even more convincing evi­ by Jefferson to the two maps are: Jefferson to and conversations with natives and dence that two maps were forward­ David Robinson , August 26, 1805, and Jeffer· son to C.F.C .. Volney, February 11, 1806 (the traders Clark was developing his ed: twenty-nine sheets), and Jefferson to William composite map of the West.4 "During his stay among the Man­ Dunbar, January 12, 1806 (the map of 1805), ibid., pp. 258, 291, and 290. Clark's map of 1805, also called the da n s, he [Lewis in J .efferson's Fort Mandan map, is the result of mind, but actually Clark] h ad 9. L.R. Masson, ed., Les Bourgeois de la Com­ pagnie du Nord·Quest (Reprint ed., 2 vols., 3. W. Raymond Wood and Gary E. Moulton, been able to lay down the Mis­ New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960), I, pt. 2, " Prince Maximilian and New Maps of the souri according to courses and 310. Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers by William distances taken on his passage 10. Certification of money due King, January Clark," Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. up it, corrected by frequent obser­ 25, 1806, Report Book E, p. 25, Record Group XII, No. 4 (October 1981), pp. 372-86. vation s of longitude & latitude 217, National Archives; Herman R. Friis 4. John Logan Allen, Passage Through the "Cartographic and Geographic Activities on Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Image of the 5. References by Clark which seem to signify the Lewis and Clark Expedition," Journal of American Northwest (Urbana: University of the Fort Mandan map are entries, December the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. Illinois Press, 1975), pp. 184-87 and 202-05; 18 and 19, 1805, and January 5 and 7, 1806, XLIV, No. 11 (November 1954), pp. 348-49 and Clark's entries, December 16 and 17, 1804, and ibid., pp. 238-39 and 244-46. 348-49 n. 44; Ralph E. Ehrenberg, "Nicholas King: First Surveyor of the City of Washing­ February 28, 1805, in Reuben Gold Thwaites, 6. References to the twenty-nine sheets would ton, 1803·1812," Records of the Columbia His­ Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark be Clark's entries, February 27 and March l, Expedition, 1804-1806 . . . (8 vols., New York: torical Society, 1969-1970, ed. by Francis Cole­ 1805, ibid., pp. 266 and 268. Dodd, Mead 8)1d Company, 1904-1905), 1,237- man Rosenberger (Washington, D.C.: Colum· 38; and Clark's entry, January 7, 1805, ibid., 7. Lewis to Jefferson, April 7, 1805, Jackson, bia His torical Society, 1971), pp. 62-63 and pp. 245-46. ed., Letters, I, 231 and 233. 62-63 n. 90. The "War Department" copy has

-20- We Proceeded On, March 1983 The second piece, less well known sion altogether, with several dis­ because of the accuracy of the west­ and not so frequently printed, has tinguishing features. It has no orna­ ern terrain explored by the Corps of been called the "State Department" mental border around the car­ Discovery. The original for that copy, because for some years it was touche, no markings around "North map is now lost, but a number of deposited in that agency. It is easily Pacific Ocean," a nd the wording in closely related circumstances indi­ distinguished from the "War Depart­ the cartouche reads: "Copied by cate that a map at the Boston Athe­ ment" map because it lacks the or­ Nicholas King 1806" and "Scale naeum is a copy of it and that the namental border around the car­ 1:7,000,000." The War and State de­ origi n ~l was executed at Fort Clat­ touche. Moreover, the wording in partment copies scale rea ds: "50 sop during the winter of 1805-1806. the cartouche reads: "Copied by miles to an inch." A close inspection In order to remove any misconcep­ Nicholas King 1805." Another var­ of the map's contents also reveals a tions that the Boston map and the iant is the curved markings around number of discrepancies between it Fort Mandan piece are two versions the words "North Pacific Ocean" to and the other two. It does not ap- of the same item a brief discussion the extreme left of the map.11 The is necessary. The map has been giv­ State Department copy has not en the title, Lewis and Clark's map been printed in full. It was mis­ "Clark's talents in this direc­ tion [cartography] did not re­ of 1806. placed for some years, but was relo­ When Lewis and Clark returned to cated in the State Department in veal themselves until he sat recent decades and is now in the down in mid-winter at Camp St. Louis in September 1806, they Geography and Map Division, Li­ Dubois and with paper and carried with them "one general map brary of Congress. pen made a map of the coun­ of the country" which they were try of open sky stretching to unwilling to risk by the mail. Since From the dating on the maps we the west. From then on he pro­ Lewis was not willing to mail the may assume that King made the duced many more ... Collec­ document, he must have carried it "State Department" piece first and tively they pay a high tribute to Washington, D.C., with h im at then drafted the "War Department" to his perseverence, skill, and th e end of 1806. Before Lewis copy from it or from the original, execution of detail. His carto­ reached the city on December 28, sometime after the first of the year, graphic talent, it would ap­ Jefferson had a lready decided to 1806. In most respects the maps are pear, had thus far been dozing h ave t he new map en graved, and he nearly identical, a lthough a close behind an unopened door of doubtless turned to Lewis's erst­ comparison reveals some differ­ his subconcious, marking while cartographer, Nicholas King, ences - probably errors or stylistic time until the proper stimulus for the task. At the end of 1806 King alteration s by the artist. In any brought it wide awake. Its was completing a map of the Mis­ case, they were both based on one emergence and subsequent de­ sissippi River based on the expedi­ original map that Clark executed at velopment provide one of the tion of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. 14 Fort Mandan. many significant and unex­ King must have started on a map Another copy of Clark's map of pected highlights of the Expe­ for Lewis soon after finishing Pike's chart, and he could have completed 1805 was printed in 1887; the origi­ dition. " it during January 1807. Since Lewis nal is now lost. In some Lewis and Paul R. Cutright, Clark literature this map has been Lewis and Clark: and Clark had only "one general map of the country" before leaving grouped with the " War Depart­ Pioneering Naturalists, p. 38. ment" copy. The mistake may have St. Louis, it is doubtful that time arisen because Arnold Hague, in pear that the map is a new drawing would have permitted their making another; therefore, the map with publishing it, called it a copy in the for the publication, since the a uthor which King worked must have been "Archives of the War Department." calls it a photograph, a nd the writ­ But this version is neither a nother ing and style of the ma p are cer­ the one ma de at Fort Clatsop which copy of the "War Department" map, tainly King's. It is, then, a third Lewis carried to Wa shington. nor is it a printing of the "State version of Clark's map of 1805 that To tie the map at Boston to the Fort Department" item; it is another ver- is unavailable in ma nuscript to­ Clatsop piece presents at least two (fn. 10 continued) day.12 problems. First, the map at Boston been publish ed a nd discussed in a number of Another map h as also been consid­ uses terms for rivers not settled essays with vai·ying degrees of accuracy. upon by the Captains until after ered by some writers to be another J esse S. Douglas, "Lewis' Map of 1806," Mil· March 1806, that is, post-dating the itary Affairs, Vol. V, No. 1 (Spring 1941), pp. version of the Fort Mandan m ap.is completion of the Fort Clatsop map. 68-72; Carl I. Whea t, Mapping the Transmis· This map is in fact a post-expedi­ The term Towahnahiooks (present sissippi West, 1540-1861 (5 vols., San Fran­ tionary item which is readily ap­ cisco: Institute of Historical Geogra phy, 1957- 10 parent by the many post-Fort Man­ Deschutes River) is applied to the 63), 11, 37 n. 12, a nd 208 (ma p 283); Sara Jones stream which the Captains did not Tucker, comp., Indian Villages of the Illinois dan place-names on the sheet and Country (2 vols., Spr ingfield: Illinois State so name until April or May, 1806, Museum, 1942), 11, 10, and plate 31; Jackson , 12. Arnold Hague, "An Ea rly Map of the Fa r and the names of the affluents of ed., Letters, I, 237-38 n. 8; [Samuel Latham West," Science, Vol. X, No. 248 (November 4, the Yellowstone River are shown - Mitchell], "Lewis's Ma p of the Part of North 1887), pp. 217·18, a nd accompanying map. streams which Clark did not label America which lie Between t he 35th a nd 51st Compare Jackson, ed. , Letters, 237 n . 8: Friis, Degrees of North Latitude from the Missis· "Cartographic and Geographic Activities of until July 1806. Such circumstances sippi and Upper Lakes to the Pacific Ocea n," the Lewis a nd Cla r k Expedition," p. 348 n . 43; can be explained by supposing that Medical Repository, Hex. 2, No. 3 (November· and Douglas, "Lewis' Ma p of 1806," p. 68 n. 2. Lewis or Clark struck out the old December 1805, J a nuary 1806), pp. 315-18; Allen , Passage, pp. 231-51, a nd fig. 31. 13. Perhaps because the " War Department" (continued on page 22) copy of Clark's ma p of 1805 carries a date of 14. Lewis to Jefferson, Septembe1· 23, 1806, 11. Most of the discussion by writers listed in 1806 some writers ha ve mista kenly identified Jackson, ed., Letters, I , 322-23. Jackson gives the previous note ca n a lso a pply to the "State the post-expeditionary ma p of 1806 as a nother Lewis's an ival da te. ibid., II, 694. Jefferson to Depa rtment" copy. It was noted specifically version of the Fort Manda n work. Wheat Caspa r Wistar, [December 8, 1806), ibid., I, in: Wheat, Mapping, II, 32-33, 32 n. 5, and 204 makes the distinction . Wheat, Mapping, II, 43· 353; and Don aid Jackson, eel., The Journals of (ma p 270, but only the western h alf is printed); 44. See also: Ehrenberg, "Nicholas King," pp. Zebulon Montgomery Pike with Letters and Ehrenbe1·g, " Nicholas King," p. 62 n . 90; Friis , 62-63 n . 90; a nd Adr ian Johnson, America Related Documents (2 vols., Nor ma n: Univer· "Cartogra phic and Geographic Activities of E xplored: A Cartographica.l History of the sity of Oklahoma Press, 1966), I, 131-33. the Lewis a nd Clark Expedition," pp. 348-49 Exploration of North America (New York: The a nd 348-49 n. 44. Viking Press, 1974), p. 224. 15. In present-day nor th-central Oregon. We Proceeded On, March 1983 -21- names on the original piece and With its execution Clark sharpened (papers) read, art and photography added names for the new terrain, or his cartographic skills and learned judged, and appropriate awards pre­ simply informed King of the name to translate Indian geogi-aphic con­ sented. Late in 1982, the Founda­ changes and additions. Since Clark cepts onto paper, lessons well-used tion's " Young Adults Activity Com­ did not arrive in Washington until in his final mapping efforts. mittee" ma de contact with Ann January 21, 1807, it may be sup­ Bevins, Kentucky Heritage editor, posed that Lewis was conferring and inquired as to whether or not a with King about the map, hence the Lewis a nd Clark essay contest title Lewis and Clark's map of 1806, would be a~propriate a nd feasible. rather than attributing the piece m In support of this suggestion, the solely to Clark. Kentucky Junior Historical point was made that Kentucky cer­ Society's Ambitious Program A second· and more serious difficul­ tainly has a claim for recognition Worthy of Study & Emulation and further study as it relates to the ty is that the map at Boston does During a recent visit to Kentucky, saga of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ not make use of Pike's study of the dition. The Captains often wrote in Mississippi which King had just Foundation Vice-President William their journals of "the nine young completed. The Mississippi River on Sherman, P ortland, Oregon, dis­ 1 covered an outstanding historical men from Kentucky" who proved the new ma p conforms instead to to be stalwart and valuable mem­ the pattern on the Fort Mandan program for young people in that bers of the exploring enterprise, and piece. It seems likely that in the state. Bill Sherman's interest in the Kentucky youth activity stems from it was at Louisville, on the Ohio in rush to see the n ew and accurate 1803, that the two leaders met and portrayal of the West, King used the his ch all-manship of the Founda­ joined their efforts toward the or­ Fort Mandan map as a basis for tion's "Young Adults Activity Com­ mittee". Further, our entire mem­ ganization a nd implementation of everything east and south of that what proved to be a successful un­ post, and based everything to its bership must remain dedicated to the fact that the history and heri­ der ta king. Lewis was enroute, des­ west on the original sheet made at cending the Ohio from Pittsburgh. Fort Clatsop. This is apparent from tage of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ Clark was residing at his brother comparisons with other post-expe­ tion will be kept alive for future George Rogers Clark's estate at ditionary maps. In comparing the generations only if we are able to Fort Manda n map with the final stimulate and interest our young Clarksville, Indiana, on the north side of the Ohio opposite Louisville. post-expeditionary map published people in the story of our nation's greatest exploration. Earlier Clark had responded favor­ in 1814, one scholar found that the ably to Lewis's invitation to join Missouri River system below Fort The Kentucky Junior Historical So­ him in undertaking the expedition Mandan deviated in two major in­ ciety is an organization sponsored to the Pacific. stances between the maps. In both by, a nd a part of, the Kentucky His­ cases Lewis and Clark's map of torical Society, for the purpose of Bevins was delighted with the idea 1806 follows the Fort Mandan piece. encouraging students in grades four and the whole organization respond­ The ma p under discussion also in­ through twelve to learn more about ed with enthusiasm. As this is writ­ cludes James Mackay's route on the ten, the Lewis and Clark Expedition their heritage. More than 3000 stu­ 2 Niobrara River in 1796 as shown on dents across the state are involved Essay Contest is underway, with the Fort Manda n m ap but missing in various projects designed to in­ the winners to be announced at the from other post-expeditionary crease their knowledge of Kentucky 1983 Kentucky Junior Historical Society Convention, April 8 and 9, pieces. In spite of the lack of direct history. evidence linking the map at Boston at Georgetown College, George­ to the original from Fort Clatsop, Supported and directed by members town, Kentucky. There will be three circumstances indicate such a close of the (Senior) Kentucky Historical winners judged from elementary, rela tionship that a conclusion of as­ Society, the Kentucky Junior His­ junior high, a nd senior high sociation seems justified. 1H torical Society is organized into schools, plus an overall Grand Prize thirteen districts in the state. These winner. Augmenting the society's Both Clark's Fort Mandan map of district organizations, or clubs, fol­ awards, the Lewis and Clark Trail 1805 and the pos~exp e ditionary low g uidelines set forth in a com­ piece of 1806 were preliminary pro­ Heritage Founda tion at the recom­ prehensive h a ndbook that outlines mendation of the " Monetary Grants jections. Clark's final, grand map of procedures for operation and sug­ Committee" and the approval of the the West was completed in 1810 and gests numerous worthwhile projects "Executive Committee" is provid­ its printed version appeared in the that would provide activities and ing a $100.00 prize and an appro­ narrative edition of the journey pub­ 17 promote interests in the historical priate certificate for the Grand lished in 1814. This was the map aspects of each district. Prize winner. which had such influence on Amer­ ican conceptions of the West, yet it "Cementing" all these statewide The results of this stimulating con­ does not diminish the importance of activities together is a fine 81h X 11 test will appear in a future issue of the Fort Mandan map. From it Jef­ inch, 20 to 36 page quarterly maga­ We Proceeded On. Members sh ould ferson and federal officials gained zine, Kentucky Heritage, that pub­ promote and investigate the possi­ their first look at an accurate depic­ lishes young historia ns' essays, bilities of promoting a similar tion of the Missouri River to the poems, art work, photo documenta­ Lewis and Clark activity in their Manda ns . The Louisiana Territory, tion, etc. Advisors Ann Bolton Bev­ community or state. recently acquired, beca me more ins, Susan Lyon Johnson, and Wil­ I. Their names: Charles Floyd, Nathaniel than words on paper, it now had liam R. Buster, act as Editor, As­ Pryor, William Bratton, John Colter, J oseph definite sh a pe and dimensions. sistant Editor/ Coordinator, and Di­ Field, Reuben Field, George Gibson, George rector, respectively for the junior Shannon, and J ohn Shields. 16. Stephen A. Chomko, "A Reevaluation of a society and the publication. In addi­ 2. ln announcing the competition, it was William Clark Map," unpublished manu· recommended that subjects be limited to: the script. Allen, Passage, pp. 391-92. tion, the junior organization spon­ sors an annual convention for its Expedition in general; planning for the Expe­ 17. The map furnished with the 1814 Bid­ ditiun; people involved in the Expedition; dle/ Allen edition. See We Proceeded On, Vol. members, and at this conclave spe­ adventures on the Expedition; a nd findings 5, No. 4, p. 19. cia l projects ar e recognized, essays a nd aftermath of the Expedition. -22- We Proceeded On, March 1983 Clark's Sketch Maps Provide For Additional Interpretation of Daily Journals Clark's sketch map of the Expedi­ - -·-·-· ~- tion's "Great Falls of the Colum­ bia", 1 is an incomparable example of his ability as a cartographer. Not only does he detail the name of the Indians, the "Eneesher Nation" who resided on the left hand or north (present Washington State) shore of the Columbia River, he de­ fines in the fine dotted line the 1200 {:""~ ..· . ...,,:\ yard portage route (including a tra­ ~;A verse of a "Sand bank") for the ~~. transfer of their baggage along the ~;~ same shore to the sandy beach (marl~ed "Sands"), a short distance from their "Camp of the 22 & 23 Oct. 1805". Of particular interest are his arrows in the river proper .~ that delineate the direction of flow .~· - especially those arrows that indi­ cate a reverse flow or eddy current. He specifically labels the rock for­ mations comprising the geologic faults that caused the falls, and he describes the right hand or south (present Oregon) shore of the river as "purpendicular clifts of Black Rocks". He further indicates that the terrain along the right hand border of his map are "High Hills". Near the bottom border he describes the falls as having a total fall of "37 feet, 8 In. c." Study of the journals will reveal that after carrying their supplies (Oct. 22nd) over the 1200 foot portage on the north shore, they crossed the river (Oct. 23rd) with their empty canoes to the south shore, where he shows a "Ca­ noe Portage of 457 yds." around the principal fault or falls, which he details a be " .. . 20 feet perpendicu­ lar". At a considerable distance downstream, he describes a second fa ult as "This raped is about a 8 foot falls". Although the figure on his map appears to read 18, not 8, his journal confirms that 8 feet was the fall of the second fault or rapid.2 He further states that at this place [the 8 foot rapids] they were". .. obliged to let the Canoes down by strong ropes of Elk Skin. .. " Landing their canoes on the sandy north beach, they were able to load them with the Reproduced from Thwaites, Journals. III, Frontispiece. portaged baggage, and on the fol­ lowing day (Oct. 24th) descend the Editor's Note: river for the transit of, and portage around, the "Short Narrows-" and We would like to include in each issue "Long Narrows" farther down on of WPO. news items detailing current the course of the river. or forthcoming activities related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition in each of the eleven trail states, or for l. In later years known as Celilo Falls and that matter, a ny activity anywhere now inundated by the water impounded by that would be of interest to members The Dalles Dam, The Dalles, Oregon. and readers. To accomplish this, we 2. It must be assumed in order to confirm his must rely on our Directors, their des­ estimate of a total fall of 37 feet, 8 inches, that ignated reporters, and other Lewis the river must have fallen an additional 9 feet in what Clark describes as"... it[s) course of a and Clark enthusiasts, to provide us mile ..." between the upper 20 foot cataract to with this information. We would be the lower 8 foot rapids. pleased to hear from you. We Proceeded On, March 1983 -23- Clark's Sketch Maps Provide For Additional Interpretation of Daily Journals

Clark labeled his sketch map, re­ produced on this page, "Mouth of the Columbia River", and his detail on the north or present-day Wash­ ington State shoreline (the right hand side of this map) is of the area encountered by the explorers in the vicinity of Cape Disappointment. At the center of the left hand mar­ gin he barely portrays the landfall, Point A dams, on the south or pres­ ent Oregon side of the estuary. 1 He indicates the Expedition's "En­ campment from 16th to 25th Nov. 1805", and while his familiar tri­ angle symbols for Indian lodges number only nine, his journal states that there was " .. . a village of 36 houses uninhabited by anything but fleas . .. " (There was not room enough, because of the scale of this map to delineate 36 triangles.) The -~ '... Chinook Indians resided in this area and today the community of Chinook, Washington is located not a great distance west of their camp­ site. The dotted line along the north shoreline details the r:o ute members of the Expedition took from their Chinook Point campsite to Cape Dis­ appointment and the Pacific Ocean. Captain Lewis with four men2 (Nov. 14-17) preceded Clark's visit to the ocean. On November 18, Clark and eleven men3 arrived at Cape Disap­ pointment and Clark wrote that the ". . . men appear much Satisfied with their trip beholding with eston­ ishment the high waves dashing against the rocks & this emence Ocian." His Little symbol of a ship's anchor on the bay side near the end of the cape is indicated to be near to a small island. His journal reads: "this rock Island is small and at the south of a deep bend in which the nativs inform us the Ships anchor, and from whence they receive their [trade] goods in return for their pel­ tries and Elk skins &c. this appears

1. It was British sea Captain John Meares, who gave the name Cape Disappointment to the headland on the north side of the estuary, when he missed seeing the entrance to the river. In 1788, he was on a fur trading voyage to be a very good harber for large ". . . to the mouth of the Chinook and a search for a suspected great western river. When the American sea Captain Robert Ships." To the north along the actu­ River crossed in a canoe we had left Gray discovered and named the Columbia al seacoast (near the top border) he there and encamped [Nov. 19th] on River in 1792, he gave the name "Cape Han­ denotes what may have been the the upper side [of the river]." His cock" to the north promontory, but this na me place where his party camped. He journal indicates that his party re­ did not persist. His nomenclature, "Cape Ad­ ams" for the landfall on the south shore of the indicates: "Clark, 19th [sic. 18th ] turned to the Chinook Point camp­ estuary has persisted in the fo rm, Point Nov. 1805". 4 His journal documents site during the day on November 20. Adams. Lewis and Clark either had with that he continued to the north (on them, or had seen , maps which, in 1805, de­ Nov. 19th) along the coastline for tailed the names that Clark applied to his sketch map and referred to in his journal. some distance before crossing to the headwaters of his "Chinook (to­ 2. Drouillard (Drewyer), Frazer, Joseph Field, and Reuben Field. day's Wallacut) River", he says: 3. Clark listed the men in this order: Ordway, 4. It would appear that he should have written Pryor, J. Field, R. Field, Shannon, Bratton, the 18th instead of the 19th. His journal for Colter, Wiser, Labiche, Charbonneau, and November 19th describes the location of his York. campsite for this date. -24- We Proceeded On, March 1983 15th Annual Meeting Near To Expedition's "Hat Rock" Landmark If you are to be a n a ttendee at the Foundation's 15th Annual Meeting, at Pasco, Washington in August, and have your own automobile or can arrange for transportation, you will enjoy the scenic drive to Oreg­ I on 's Ha t Rock State Park, a signifi­ °1' . • . --- - . cant geologic formation mentioned _ ,:_._.·· -~ . ~~~ ~/ ~) in the Expedition's journals. The site is so remote from future possi­ t]t..~ ~ ~ I ble a nnual meeting places that the \I, opportunity to see this picturesque ~ course of the Columbia River may not occur so conveniently again. 1 In th e Firs t Draft of Captain Clark's journal for Saturday, Octo­ ber 19, 1805, under the heading "Courses", we find this documenta­ tion: "S.W. - a4 miles to a rock in [on the] Lar. [larboard] resembling a hat just below a ra pid at the lower Point of a n Island in the middl e of th e River . (Thwaites, III: 132) See a lso Clark's sketch map (Thwaites III: facing 134) repro­ duced on this page. Clark defails " Hat Rock" in the upper left hand corner of his map and wrote that it was from the summit of this promi­ nence that he sighted th e snow capped mountain " ... suppo:ied to be the one Vancouver's Luitn. [Lieu­ tenant] calls Mount Hood." The rocky formation is in the shape of a stovepipe hat, and on a clear day, Oregon's (11,235') Mount Hood, 128 miles to the south west, is visible from this locale...... L.­ The 36 mile drive from Pasco fol­ Reproduced from Thwaites, Journals. III, facing page 134. lows the Columbia River (High­ ways 3951730) south for 18 miles to Typical sketch map from Captain Clark's Field-book. Detail is of the the community of Wallula where "Course and Camping place, October 19, 1805." (Thwaites III: facing 134). the Walla Walla River joins the Note Clark's reference to "Hat Rock" and to Mount Hood, which he observed Columbia. From Wallula the direc­ from this vicinity (see related story on this page). On many segments of the tion of travel is west a nd slightly journey it is apparent that maps of this kind were produced by Clark almost south a long the rocky shore so well on a daily basis. described in the journals (Thwaites, III: 130-137; Coues, II:642-652). Just October 18, 1805. From this place it basin , picnic areas, a nd a n excel­ before crossing the stateline into is ten miles to Hat Rock State Park. lent view of the Columbia River a nd Oregon tra velers may view the un­ The la ndmark documented b y the scenic sh orelines on both the us ua l rocky prominences officially Clark in his journal and on his Washin gton and Oregon sides of called " Two Sisters Rock" (but often sketch map is within the bounda­ the river, will make your visit inter­ referred to as "Two Captains Rock" ries of the park. Irrigated green esting and enjoyable, a n d you can - see text and illustra tion, WPO, lawns (literally an oasis in a natu­ say t hat you have visited another Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 12-13). Just four ral rocky, barren, semi-desert land­ Lewis and Clark landmark noted in miles across the stateline into Ore­ scape), a boat landing and mooring the Expedition's journals. gon the highway passes a little ravine and an abandoned commun­ ~ ity (railroad siding) still indicated ~ on some maps as Juniper, Oregon. From the journals we can assume .s. !~~~-~ that this was the location for the party's campsite for the night of ~~;~~:~-(~·-· ·~ We Proceeded On, March 1983 -25- Important Books and Monographs About Early Western and Lewis and Clark Cartography Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Trans­ working on a major publication pages 380-381. Skarsten's volume is about Lewis and Clark, and that it mississippi West - 1540-1861, Vol­ would be issued by a publishing out of print, but used copies are fre­ ume Two, " From Lewis and Clark house that has done so much for quently available from booksellers. to Fremont, 1804-1845", Institute of scholars in this field, the University Historical Cartography, San Fran­ of Illinois Press: ******* cisco, CA, 1958. The Wheat work Editor's note: The following periodical comprises five volumes, bound in About a year has passed since the publication of Professor Allen's book, publications are not of recent date and six (Vol. 5 is in two parts). In the 25 Passage Through the Garden: Lewis therefore will probably not be available years since its publication, consid­ and Clark and the Image of the Amer­ from the publishers. Most reference erable additional investigation of ican Northu•est. Those who first saw libraries catalog periodicals containing the cartography of the western part it recognized it at once as a major historical content. On occasion used of the North American continent contribution. The reviews now ap­ copies may be found in bookseller's in­ has produced important new mate­ pearing across the country support ventories. rial, and some of this has been relat­ this conclusion. Annie Heloise Abel, "A New Lewis ed to the maps that were a result of The book is a work that com bin es and Clark Map", Geographical Re­ the Lewis and Clark enterprise. Of history and geography in the finest view,1 (May 1916) pp. 329-345. In particular interest to students and way, for it goes beyond a mere re­ 1916 Miss Abel published a manu­ enthusiasts of the Expedition are counting of what the early explorers, script map of the Missouri that was Wheat's Chapter XIII, "First Car­ including Lewis and Clark, saw in from a package of maps discovered tographic Fruits of the Lewis and the American west. It deals with in the Office of Indian Affairs in Clark Expedition", and Chapter what the author calls "Geographical Washington, which had association XIV: "The Lewis and Clark Maps". images", those visions that precede with Willia m Clark's many years as actual discovery, and are shaped in The physically large volumes (folio, men's minds not only by what they superintendent of Indian matters in 11 " x 141/i'') are ideally sized for the know about an unexplored land, but St. Louis. She identified the item as fine reproduction of pertinent maps also what they want to believe. a map made by Evans and trans­ which the author has selected to mitted to Lewis by Jefferson in illustrate his text. Many of the ··Professor Allen is a westerner by 1804, and the receipt of this map is maps are fold-out which measure birth, claiming Wyoming as his cited in the Expedition's journals. home state. He received bachelor's 25" x 14". Both the text and map and master's degrees at the Univer­ Other students of western North reproductions in this Volume Two sity of Wyoming, and was awarded American cartography seemingly will be a delight to any individual the Ph.D. by Clark University, in agreed with Abel's identification. In interested in or studying Lewis and Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1969. 1961, however, Donald Jackson in Clark cartography. It should be He joined the faculty of the Univer­ the Bulletin of the Missouri Histori­ noted that the Wheat work was lim­ sity of Connecticut in 1967. cal Society (see post.), points out ited to only 1000 five volume edi­ University of Illinois Press advises that: "Miss Abel believed that the tions and for this reason will most We Proceeded On that Dr. Allen's map had been produced by John likely be found in reference librru·ies book is still in print. Copies are fre­ Evans, but Diller (see post.) later and in private Western Americana quently available from booksellers' demonstrated that it was one of libra ries. inventories. several maps produced by James Mackay." Further in the same arti­ * * * * * * * ******* cle, Jackson notes that: " By failing to recognize handwriting in a nota­ John Logan A llen, Passage M.O. Skarsten, George Drouillard tion on the back of the Indian Office Through the Garden: Lewis and Hunter and Interpreter for Lewis map, Miss Abel and later writers Clark and the Image of the Ameri­ and Clark and Fur Trader, 1807- have missed the manner in which can Northwest, University of Illi­ 1810, Arthur H. Clark Co., Glen­ the map passed to Lewis and nois Press, Urbana, 1975, (404 dale, CA, 1964, (345 pages, Index, Clark." Abel wrote that the map pages, Index, 47 maps, fine annota­ folded maps). Skartsten provides a was forwarded to the Captains from tions, extensive bibliography). His­ description of the often referred to President Jefferson. Dr. Jackson torian Donald Jackson provided We " Drouillard-Clark Map ·of 1808- states that the words (in the nota­ Proceeded On with the following 1809". Following the return of the tion on the back of the map) remarks, concerning Allen's vol­ Expedition, George Drouillard, an " ...are in the h a nd of William ume, for a n introductory note (Vol. important member of the Lewis and Henry Harrison, governor of the 2, No. 3, pp. 8-11) prefacing the pub­ Clark enterprise (usually referred to Indiana Territory. Harrison wrote lication of a transcript of Allen's Clark on Nov. 13, 1803, that he was 1 by the journalists as "Drewyer") en­ Annual Banquet address prepared gaged in the fur trade a nd in fact sending a map - he did not say for the Eighth Annual Meeting of lost his life in 1810 in a skirmish whose - by a post rider. The word­ the Foundation, August 1976, Great with Indians while on a trading ing of the address on the outside of Falls, Montana: adventure near the Three Forks of the letter is strikingly like that on John Logan Allen first came to the the Missouri River. Th e Drouillard­ the map .. . " These discrepancies attention of Lewis and Clark stu­ Cla rk Map a ppears to h ave been only indicate the problems of identi­ dents when he began to publish arti­ drawn by Clark with Drouillard's fication en countered by students of cles, a few years ago, in scholarly collaboration, when the form er re­ this period of western map-making, journals. We read him in the Western turned to St. Louis from Yellow­ and should not lessen this or any of Historical Quarterly, the Geographic stone-Big Horn fur trading frontier. the other many contributions m ade Review, and in Montana's own repos­ itory of historical lore, Montana, the For a description of the map see by Annie Abel to cartographic Magazine of Western History. It did Skarsten's text on pages 260-266. A study as early as 1916 and into the not take us long to learn that he was folded reproduction of the m ap 1920's. 1. The subject of Dr. Allen's banquet address faces page 338. A reproduction of was: "The Summer of Decision: Lewis and this m a p is contained in Wheat, * * * * * * Clark in Montana, 1805". Vol. 2, facing page 56, and in Allen , (continued on page 27) -26- We Proceeded On, March 1983 Important Books .. ... will find an in-depth treatment of (continued) curacy." Dr. Moulton (pp. 18-22) in a Diller's discovery in Foundation letter to the editor remarks that 1 Aubrey Diller , "Maps of the Mis­ member W. Raymond Wood's: "The probably the most important obser­ souri River before Lewis and John Evans 1796-97 Map of the vation in Friis's article was that Clark", Studies and Essays in the Missouri River", in the Great Plains cartographer Nicholas King made History of Science and Learning . .., Quarterly, Center for the Great at least four copies of Clark's map edited by M.F. Ashley Montagu, Plains Studies, University of Ne­ of 1805. New York: Henry Schuman 1946 braska-Lincoln, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1981; ****** pp. 505-519. ' ' and in his "J ohn Thomas Evans and William Clark: Two Early Donald Jackson ,I "A New Lewis Author Diller's treatise i s a Maps Re-Examined", published in and Clark Map", Bulletin, of the thorough investigation into the car­ this issue of We Proceeded On, pp. Missouri Historical Society, XVII, tograph y of North America and 10-16. No. 2 (January 1961), pp. 117-132. especially of the Missouri River (It is coincidental that the title of prior to the Lewis and Clark Expe'. ****** Dr. Jackson's article is the same as dition. In spite of the fact that his Herman R. Friis, "Car tographic Annie Abel's title for her piece that study dates to 1946, and recent and Geographic Activities of the appeared in the 1916 Geographical investigations have produced addi­ Lewis and Clark Expedition", Jour­ Review - similar titles, but differ­ tional significant material, his nal of the Washington Academy of en t maps.) Dr. Jackson reports that work should be of great interest to Sciences, 44, No. 11 (November the map discussed in his article was anyone making a study of the early 1954), pp. 338-351. This scholarly a War Department copy of a map mapping of the west. When perus­ treatise ·on the subject by Herman produced by Lewis with the help of ing Diller's text, the reader is soon Friis, a chief archivist, Cartograph­ Clark in 1803-1804, shortly after the convinced that in 1946 few maps or ic Branch, the National Archives exploring party arrived at their exploratory discourses involved despite the 1954 date of publication' Camp Wood (Camp Dubois) a few with travel in the west and along will be of interest to students and miles north of St. Louis at the con­ the course of the Missouri River enthusiasts of the exploring enter­ fluence of the Missouri a nd Missis­ went unnoted. It was Diller who prise. The a uthor provides informa­ sippi Rivers. This map was trans­ first recognized that Thwaites 2 in tion with respect to the training mitted to President Jefferson in the error, had included and credit~d to Lewis underwent in Philadelphia in spring of 1804, and travelled to Clark, maps that were the product 1803 with navigation and survey­ Washington with trader Pierre of John Thomas Evans, who with ing instruments, and the a cquisi­ Chouteau, who was engaged to con­ James Mackaya had been on an tion of earlier ma ps of the western duct a delegation of Osage Indians expedition on the Missouri River as region that were instrumental in to the capital city. J ackson states far as the Mandan country (present the development of maps made dur­ that .this map " . . . is most certainly North Dakota) during the years ing the journey to the Pacific and the fust cartographic product of the 1796-1797. Copies of Evan's maps return. Readers will find Friis's pro­ Lewis and Clark Expedition." The had been found with other Clark fuse annotations of interest and per­ map is in the National Archives papers and maps, and had origi­ haps worthy of further study. In Washington, D.C. In providing ~ nally been sent to Lewis by J effer­ summarizing his article, the author description of the map, Jackson son in 1804, before the exploring states: "The records of the Lewis wrote: "Meriwether Lewis and Wil­ party departed for the west. Since and Clark expedition, as has been liam Clark produced this map in the Clark had made notes and addi­ the habit of most Government expe­ spring of 1804 while preparing for tions in his handwriting on these ditions, unfortunately were scat­ the expedition that would take them maps, and because Clark's own tered and, lacking a precise inven­ to the Pacific. Working from infor­ route maps from Camp Dubois to tory, except s uch as may be gleaned mation which they gathered in St. the Mandan country have been lost from the journals, correspondence, Louis, they were able to present a Thwaites made an incorrect deduc'. and certain manuscript and pub­ portion of the Mississippi River; a tion in thinking that the Evan's lished maps, the picture of carto­ sketchy ch art of the lower Missouri maps had been produced by Clark. graphic and geographic accomplish­ R~ver; a detailed chart of the Osage Aubrey Diller's discovery of this ments must remain somewhat indis­ River; and a crude portrayal of cer­ was an important one, and h e wrote tinct. However, a number of gen­ tain salines and watercourses be­ that: " . ..errors seem to h ave con­ eralizations may be made and con­ yond the settled areas. The map cealed an important historical map clusions drawn concerning their ac­ also shows the districts into which for forty years." (p. 516.) Readers complishments ..." Friis lists ten Lewis proposed that the settled "generalizations" and "con clu­ areas should be divided, now that I. Professor of Classicial Studies with a spe­ sions", and study of these by the the L ouisian a Pur chase had cial interest in cartography. reader will indicate that it is his brought the whole region under 2. Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., Original J ournals opinion that the written documen­ American control." of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, tation which " ... recognized a nd Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904-1905. VIII, 1. Dr. Donald Jackson has contributed a Maps 1-5, Map 13. described for the first time and in a w.ealth of literature about history, western 3. James Mackay was a Scotsman, who in surprising amount of detail. .. " the ~ 1story, and the Lewis and Clark Expedition l 793 changed his allegiance and his residence physiographic regions traversed by in books and pel'iodicals. Students of the Lew­ to the Spanish colony in the Missouri-Illinois the explorers, far outweighed the is and Clark Expedition know him best fol' his region. In 1795, he was chosen to manage the accuracy and quality of their maps, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: affairs of the Missouri Company and to lead With Related Documents - 1783-1854. Other expeditions to the upper Missouri in order to although he states: "Th e carto­ books by Dr. J ackson are: Black Hawli: An carry out the interests of the Spanish Gov­ graphic products include a wealth Autobiography; The Journals of Zebulon Pike: ernment in Spanish Louisiana. John Evans, of detail, especially hydrography With Letters and Related Documents; Custer's who came to America in 1792, was a Welsh­ and relief, which for the period rep­ Gold: The U.. s. Cavalry Expeditio1i of 1874; man, was employed by the Spanish, accom­ Th e Exped1twns of John. Charles Fremont panied Mackay, and apparently served as his resent a major contribution and es­ two volumes, with Mary Lee Spence; Georg~ chief aid, surveyor, a nd cartographer. There tablish Lewis and especially Clark Wa. s/w~gton and the War of Independence; were several expeditions led by Mackay and as perhaps better than average car­ The Dta.ries of George Washington, six vol· Evans to the upper Missouri country. umes, with Dorothy Twohig; and Thomas Jef­ tographers with a high sense of ac- ferson & the Sto11y Mountains. We Proceeded On, March 1983 ·27- In The Next Issue WPO SUPPLEMENTARY PUBLICATIONS May-June 1983 These publications bring to members of the Foundation and others, special items of interest, and on occasion, reprints of out-of-print publications that Additional information about the are not otherwise available. August 7-10, 1983, 15th Annual Meeting program and speakers will be detailed in the May-June issue of WPO Publication No. 1, October 1976 $2.00 We Proceeded On. "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting, August 15-18, 1976, Great Falls, Montana" P aul Russell Cutright, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, has provided We Contents: "President's Message", by Wilbur P. Werner; "Status of Missouri River Proceeded On with an interesting Breaks Wild a nd Scenic River Legislation" , by Edwin Zaidlicz; "Sa cagawea and monograph about Lewis's Herbari­ Sacagawea Spring", by E.G. Chuinard, M.D.; "The Expedition's J ourna ls - Captain um (plant collection) at the Acad­ Lewis's Discovery and Description of the Great Falls of the Missouri River", by emy of Natural Sciences of Phila­ Robert E. Lange; "The White Pirogue of the Lewis and Clark Expedition", by Bob delphia. Dr. Cutright has written Saindon. about this "treasure" from the 1803- WPO Publication No. 2, July 1977 .75¢ 1806 expedition before, but his pres­ ent discourse relates to one of the "Our Dog Scannon - Partner in Discovery" mounted specimen sheets in the col­ Ernest S. Osgood's monograph about the Expedition's Newfoundland dog. A delight­ lection, Cleome integrifolia (com­ ful perspective of the canine member of the exploring party. Reprint from Montana monly called pink cleome), and es­ the Magazine of Western History, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, Summer 1977. pecially to a folded piece of paper WPO Publication No. 3, July 1978 $1.50 attached to the specimen sheet that, upon inspection, turned out to be a "Beacon Rock on the Columbia: Legends and Traditions of a Famous receipt in handwriting that differed Landmark", by Henry J. Biddle. from that on the specimen sheet. All A reprint of Biddle's 1925 monograph concerning the acquisition and preservation of this came to light when some 100 the 800 foot high landmark on the Columbia River. Lewis and Clark described the participants at the Foundation's geologic formation in 1805-1806. Annotations by Robert E. Lange. 14th Annual Meeting in August WPO Publication No. 4, December 1980 $2.50 1982 visited the Philadelphia Acad­ emy to view selected specimens " Three Papers Presented at the Foundation's 12th Annual Meeting, Omaha, from the Lewis Herbarium. Readers Nebraska, and Sioux City, Iowa, August 20-22, 1980" will be intrigued by Dr. Cutright's Contents: "Sergeant F loyd and the F loyd Memorial at Sioux City, Iowa'', by Edward investigation and report, prepared Ruisch; "Some Thoughts on the Death of Sergeant Charles Floyd", by E.G. Chuinard, especially for publication in the M.D.; "Expansion of the Fur Trade Following Lewis and Clark", by Ch arles E. Han­ forthcoming issue of We Proceeded son, Jr. On, about Cleome integrifolia and the handwritten receipt. WPO Publication No. 5, August 1981 .75¢ Foundation member Barbara Ku­ "Thirteenth Annual Meeting - Visit to the Missoula County Courthouse - bik, Kennewick, Washington, has The Edgar Samuel Paxson Murals", compiled by Robert E. Lange written a biographical monograph The visit to the Missoula, Montana, courthouse was an event during the Foundation's about Expedition member John Annual Meeting. This publication provides biographical informa tion about Montana Colter, one of the " nine young men artist Edgar Paxson, and descriptions of two of the eight Paxson murals in the court­ from Kentucky". Barbara is an In­ house that depict incidents related to the Expedition in the Missoula area. terpretive Assistant at the Wash­ WPO Publication No. 6, July 1982 $4.00 ington State Parks and Recreation Commission's Sacajawea/ Sacaga­ "Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History", by Paul Rus­ wea (see footnote 3, page 6) State sell Cutright. 52 pages, illustrations. Park near Pasco, Washington (see Dr. Cutright provides an in-depth study of activities related to the Expedition in also, WPO, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 16). She Philadelphia, both before (1803) and after (1807-1814) the explorers' return. Littera­ is a member of the 15th Annual teur Nicholas Biddle's contribution toward seeing to the publication of a narrative Meeting Committee, and will greet based on the Captains' journals is included in Dr. Cutright's fine monograph. meeting attendees wh en they visit the state park during the annua l Prices for the above publications include postage and cost of production only. meeting. Her monograph about John Colter will be a feature in the Order from: WPO Publications, 5054 S.W. 26th P lace, Portland, OR 97201. May-June issue of We Proceeded Make checks payable to the Foundation. Postage stamps are acceptable in On. lieu of checks.

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appeara repeatedly in the collective journals .of the Expedition: - "this 11Wrn.inc we set out early and proceeded on ... " Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805. " ... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on ... until 6 oC/Qck .. . " Capt. William Clark, May 14, 1805. " . . . the fog rose thick from the hollars we proceeded on ..." Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1806. "We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes . .." Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. ''We set out early proceeded on past a Island on the S. Side . .." Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, 1804. ·~ .. ckJuded up . . . We proceeded on under a fine breeze ..." Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 18.

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