DOCSLIB.ORG

OLD Toby'' Losr? REVISITING the BITTERROOT CROSSING

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The L&C Journal's 10 most-used words --- Prince Maxmilian's journals reissued ...___ Lewis_ and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation I www.lewisandclark.org August2011 Volume 37, No. 3 W As ''OLD ToBY'' Losr? REVISITING THE BITTERROOT CROSSING How Blacksmiths Fed the L&C Expedition Prince Madoc, the Welsh, and the Mandan Indians Contents Letters: 10 most popular words in the L&C Journals 2 President's Message: Proceeding on from a challenging spring 4 Was Toby Lost? s Did the Shoshone guide take "a wrong road" over the Bitterroot Mountains, as Captain William Clark contended, or was Toby following a lesser-known Indian trail? By John Puckett Forging for Food 10 How blacksmiths of the Lewis and Clark Expedition saved the Corps from starvation during the winter of 1804-1805 at Fort Mandan By Shaina Robbins Was Toby Lost? p. 5 Prince Madoc and the Welsh Indians 16 When Lewis and Clark arrived at Fort Mandan President Jefferson suggested they look for a connection between the twelfth-century Welsh prince and the Mandan Indians. Did one exist? By Aaron Cobia Review Round-up ' 21 The first two volumes of newly edited and translated North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wjed; the story of Captain John McClallen, the fi~st _U f..S. officer to follow the expedition west in By Honor arid Right: How One Man Boldly Defined the D estiny of a Natio~ . Endnotes: The Stories Left Behind 24 The difficult task of picking the stories to tell and the stories to leave behind in the Montana's new history textbook Forging for Food, p. 10 By Krys Holmes On the cover •' ~ Lewis and Clark at Travelers' Rest at L@lo Creek, 1805, by Edgar S. Paxson, 1913, oil on linen, (5 1h by 10 inches). Picture commissioned for the Missoula County Courthouse. Courtesy of the Missoula Art Museum. On September 9, 1805, the Corps of Discovery turned west from the Bitterroot River and headed up a stream they named "Travelers' Rest Creek." The western artist, Edgar S. Paxson, depicts this meeting between the Lewis and Clark party and three Nez P erce Indians at a heavily used Indian campsite about a mile or so above the mouth of the creek. George Drouillard was introducing Captain Lewis to the three Nez Perce Indians whom Private John Colter met while hunting · somewhere up the creek. Lewis made the universal open-handed gesture of welcome. Clark's servant, York, at Lewis's right, was dressed in blue as befitted a personal slave at that time. "Old Toby," the Shoshone guide whom the captains had hired to lead them across the Bitterroot Mountains, is seated at Lewis's left hand, displaying a map he had drawn for the captains on deer skin. Behind Lewis are Captain Clark, Sacagawea-who is cradling her seven-month-old son, Jean Baptiste-and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau. Prince Madoc and the Welsh Indians, p. 16 Letters Count Them: The 10 Most Frequently Used August 2011 •Volume 37, N umber 3 We Proceeded On is the official publication Words in the L&C Journals of the Lewis and Clark Tr ail Heritage Foundation, Inc. Its name derives from Your readers may be interested in the the other Indians who guided the captains a phrase that appears repeatedly in the following information I developed while through their lands. Bakeless is especially collective journals of the expedition. © 2011 writing an afterword for the recently tough on Sacagawea's husband, Toussaint E. G. Chuinard, M.D., Founder published Signet Classics reissue of The Charbonneau, whom he dismisses as a ISSN 02275-6706 Journals of Lewis and Clark, originally "worthless .. squaw-man." His judg­ edited by John Bakeless in 1962. Bakeless ments about "treacherous redskins" can Interim Editor and Designer Caroline Patterson, [email protected] was a polymath-an author, historian, re­ grate on modern ears. Eric Hanson, [email protected] searcher, journalist, soldier, spy, and hor­ Of more interest to us now, Bake­ ticulturist. Based on the 1904-05 Thwaites less provided the explorers with what Volu.nteer Proofreaders edition, Bakeless's version reflects his he called the "present" of correcting H. Carl Camp• Jerry Garrett • J. Merritt scholarly erudition, editing skill, and the their erratic spelling and grammar. He Cold War character of his times. Born at eliminated all the fearless misspellings Printed by Advanced Litho Carlisle Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsyl­ Great Falls, Mont. like "musquetors" and "mockersons" vania, Bakeless grew up on the campus that spilled every day from the captains' EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, pens, especially Clark's. James J. Holmberg, Chairman · where his father was dean. Educated at In doing so, Bakeless gives us an Louisville, Ky. Williams College, he earned a doctor­ unexpected present. By standardizing ate at Harvard and wrote a biography the spelling, Bakeless makes it possible Dr. H . Carl Camp Dr. Jay Buckley Omaha, Neb. Provo, Utah of Daniel Boone before he served in the to accurately count the individual words Barb Kubik Robert C. Carriker Vancouver, Wash. Spokane, Wash. Dr. Robert Moore, Jr. Glen Lindeman St. Louis, Mo. Pullman, Wash. David Nicandri Tacoma, Wash. Membership Information Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. is open to the public. Information and applications are available by writing Membership Coordinator, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, P.O. Box 3434, Great Falls, MT 59403. We Proceeded On, the quarterly magazine of the Foundation, is mailed to current members in February, May, August, and November. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. An nual Membership Categories: Student: $30 Military Intelligence Division of the War most frequently used by the captains. (The Individual: $49 Department in WWII on a secret mission enlisted men's journals are not included in Individual 3-Year: $133 Family/International: $65 in Greece behind German lines. Among his edition.) Using a computer-generated Trail Partner: $200 his later books was a biography of George "word cloud," we can gain new insights Heritage Club: $100 Rogers Clark. into the captains' priorities. Consider the Explorer Club: $150 Bakeless's editing of The journals fact that the ten words that appear most Jefferson Club: $250 produces a seamless narrative and reveals often in the captains' journals are, in order Discovery Club: $500 his eclectic interests in military proce­ of frequency: river (by a large margin), Lifetime: $995, $2,500 and $5,000 dure, botany, ornithology, and cultural men, Clark, Lewis, Indians, miles, great, The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foun dation, Inc. ephemera. Curiously, given his rearing captain, party, and horses. is a tax-exempt nonprofit corporation. Individual at the Carlisle School, his narrative treats We might anticipate the self-describ­ membership dues are not tax deductible. The portion of premium dues over $40 is tax deductible. Indians poorly. He includes relatively ing nouns, such as the captains' last little about Sacagawea and even less about names, men and party~ The all-important 2 ~ We Proceeded On August 2011 Advertise your Indians are never far from their thoughts. - And we now see in sharper relief how L&C products intimately they are bound to the face of the land (river, miles), their most and services critical means of transportation (horses), and the unimaginable scale of the West in WPO! (Great Falls, great numbers of buffalo, Great Shute). One is surprised only that AD RATES "mosquito" did not finish higher in the ranking. Inside black & w hite: Every generation looks at Lewis and Clark with different eyes. To John Bake­ Full pg.: (7.25 X 9.25): $400 less, the captains exemplified exceptional 1/6 2/ 3 vert. (4.75 X 9.5 in.): military leadership and manly enterprise. $300 WE PROCEEDED ON To revisionist Western historians, Lewis 1/2 horiz. (7.25 X 4.625 in.): $250 (Back issues, 1974 - current) and Clark were agents of empire, bit play­ 1/ 3 vert. (2.25 X 9.5 in.): $150 ers in a larger drama of imperial conquest 1/ 3 sq. (4.75 X 4.625 in.): $150 All back issues of our quarterly and colonization. To Native Americans, 1/ 6 vert. (2.25 X 4.625 in.): $75 histo1ical journal are available. Some the arrival of white men "with faces as of the older issues are copier reproductions. Orders for a collection pale as ashes" represented the destruc­ Color: of all back issues receive a 30 percent tion of their cultures and the loss of their Full pg., back cover: $600 discount. Order your missing issues homelands. Today we celebrate a multi­ to complete your set. cultural Corps of Discovery, as if it were Full pg., inside cover: $500 Call 1-888-701-34 34 or order a prototypical World War II platoon. Double spread, inside: $800 online at [email protected]. At the inauguration of President John $5 copier reproductions F. Kennedy in 1960, the poet Robert Address inquiries to: $10 originals Frost was unable to read his original [email protected] $4 shipping & handling poem in the glare of that bright January morning. Instead, he recited "The Gift I Outright," a poem more about the old frontier of Lewis and Clark. "This land was ours before we were the land's," Frost wrote of the triumphant young na­ Explorations tion "vaguely realizing westward." Two hundred years after Lewis and Clark, Americans still feel the pull of a people into the vaguely realizing westward. What embodies our ideals as a so­ ciety more than the lessons we draw World of from Lewis and Clark? Their journey has become our defining national epic.
Recommended publications
  • February 2003, Vol. 29 No. 1

    February 2003, Vol. 29 No. 1

    Contents Letters: York’s medicine; short-haired strangers; Missouri’s source 2 From the Directors: New endowment program 5 From the Bicentennial Council: Honoring Nez Perce envoys 6 Trail Notes: Trail managers cope with crowds 8 Reliving the Adventures of Meriwether Lewis 11 The explorer’s biographer explains his special attachment to “the man with whom I’d most like to sit around the campfire” By Stephen E. Ambrose The “Odyssey” of Lewis and Clark 14 A look at the Corps of Discovery through the eyes of Homer Rabbit Skin Leggings, p. 6 By Robert R. Hunt The Big 10 22 What were the essential events of the Lewis & Clark Expedition? By Arlen J. Large Hunt on Corvus Creek 26 A primer on the care and operation of flintlock rifles as practiced by the Corps of Discovery By Gary Peterson Reviews 32 Jefferson’s maps; Eclipse; paperback Moulton In Brief: Before Lewis and Clark; L&C in Illinois Clark meets the Shoshones, p. 24 Passages 37 Stephen E. Ambrose; Edward C. Carter L&C Roundup 38 River Dubois center; Clark’s Mountain; Jefferson in space Soundings 44 From Julia’s Kitchen By James J. Holmberg On the cover Michael Haynes’s portrait of Meriwether Lewis shows the captain holding his trusty espontoon, a symbol of rank that also appears in Charles Fritz’s painting on pages 22-23 of Lewis at the Great Falls. We also used Haynes’s portrait to help illustrate Robert R. Hunt’s article, beginning on page 14, about parallels between the L&C Expedition and Homer’s Odyssey.
  • George Drouillard and John Colter: Heroes of the American West Mitchell Edward Pike Claremont Mckenna College

    George Drouillard and John Colter: Heroes of the American West Mitchell Edward Pike Claremont Mckenna College

    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2012 George Drouillard and John Colter: Heroes of the American West Mitchell Edward Pike Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Pike, Mitchell Edward, "George Drouillard and John Colter: Heroes of the American West" (2012). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 444. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/444 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE GEORGE DROUILLARD AND JOHN COLTER: HEROES OF THE AMERICAN WEST SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR LILY GEISMER AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY MITCHELL EDWARD PIKE FOR SENIOR THESIS SPRING/2012 APRIL 23, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..4 Chapter One. George Drouillard, Interpreter and Hunter………………………………..11 Chapter Two. John Colter, Trailblazer of the Fur Trade………………………………...28 Chapter 3. Problems with Second and Firsthand Histories……………………………....44 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….……55 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..58 Introduction The United States underwent a dramatic territorial change during the early part of the nineteenth century, paving the way for rapid exploration and expansion of the American West. On April 30, 1803 France and the United States signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, causing the Louisiana Territory to transfer from French to United States control for the price of fifteen million dollars.1 The territorial acquisition was agreed upon by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the Republic of France, and Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe, both of whom were acting on behalf of the United States. Monroe and Livingston only negotiated for New Orleans and the mouth of the Mississippi, but Napoleon in regard to the territory said “I renounce Louisiana.
  • Filson Club Publications No. 23 in Traditions of the North America

    Filson Club Publications No. 23 in Traditions of the North America

    — “ F I L S O N C L U B P U B L I C AT I O N S N o . 2 3 In T RADITIO N S O F THE N O R T H AM E R I C A Th e F ir st Form e d a nd F irst I nh a b it e d o f t h e Continents BY R E U B E N T . D U R R E T T A . B . , LL . B A . M . , L L . D . President of Th e F ilson Club alhwtrateh LO U L LE KE UCK ISVI , NT Y JOH N P . MORTON COMPAN Y (Incorporated) PRINTE RS T O T m: Pu o n CL U B 1 908 908 CO PY R IG H T , 1 , TH E F I L S O N C L U B All R igh ts R es e rved I N T R O D U C T I O N T the beginning of our Civil War there lived in Louisville an elderly gentleman by the name of ffi Gri n , who , though belonging to neither of the learned professions , had read many books and stored ' s H e his excellent memory with much u eful information . was of Welsh descent , and proud of the long line of Cam I brians he numbered among his ancestors . knew him i a well , and was fond of talking w th him bout the many interesting things that occurred while Louisville was pro gressing from a straggling row of log cabins and ponds n along u paved Main Street , between First and Twelfth , to the mansions of brick and stone along the many paved streets now occupied by wealth and fashion .
  • March 1983, Vol. 9 No. 1

    March 1983, Vol. 9 No. 1

    THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 9 NO. 1 MARCH 1983 A Special Cartographic Issue The Maps of the Lewis & Clark Expedition "The Lewis and Clark Expedition was not only memorable for the distances traveled and the extent of the wilderness explored, but was epoch-making by reason of the influential map1 that resulted." Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540-1861, San Francisco, 1958. Vol. 2, p. 2. "Although the textual materials of the Biddle edition of the Lewis and Clark journals2 did not fulfill expecta­ tions completely, the first official history of the expedition did include an item of superlative craftsmanship and analysis. This was the master map of the American Northwest, drawn in manuscript form by William Clark and copied for engraving and printing by the Philadelphia cartographer Samuel Lewis. :J From the very early stages of the transcontinental trek, Clark had proven himself to be a cartographer of unusual skill, and as he applied his talents to the consolidation of the maps he had drawn during the course of the journey to the Pacific and back, a remarkable cartographic masterpiece began to take form. " John Logan Allen, Passage Through the Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Image of the American North­ west, Illinois Press, Urbana, 1975. p. 375. I. The reference is to Clark's "Manuscript Map'', circa 1809. The original of this map is in the Westem Americana Collection of the Yale University Library. Its cartouche reads: " A Map of Pm·tof the Continen t of North America From Longitude [blank] W.
  • The Lewis and Clark Expedition Part 1

    The Lewis and Clark Expedition Part 1

    History Mini Unit: The Lewis and Clark Expedition NAME___________________________ DATE_______________ THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION PART 1 Thomas Jefferson became the President of the United States in 1801. He had plans for the exploration of what is now the northwestern United States. He wanted to find a route to the Pacific Coast, and believed that the route could be found along the Missouri and Columbia Rivers. Jefferson began to plan an expedition through the Louisiana Territory and the Oregon region. President Jefferson’s plan included gathering scientific information about the regions, and establishing communications with the Native Americans who lived in them. Jefferson looked for explorers to lead this expedition. He chose his private secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to lead the expedition. Lewis chose William Clark, a former United States Army officer, to join him. Preparations for this expedition were soon under way. Lewis and Clark brought with them the skills needed to make a successful expedition. 1 abcteach.com History Mini Unit: The Lewis and Clark Expedition NAME___________________________ DATE_______________ ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION 1. What did Jefferson want to accomplish with this expedition? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. What did Jefferson’s
  • Eastern Field Notes Relating to Weather, Water & Climate

    Eastern Field Notes Relating to Weather, Water & Climate

    Section 1 Eastern Field Notes Relating to Weather, Water & Climate NOAA’s National Weather Service 2003-2006 Lewis & Clark Corps of Discovery Bicentennial 1803 August 31, 1803 to December 31 1803 On August 31, 1803, Meriwether Lewis left Pittsburgh, PA with a small party in a keelboat and canoes. They moved slowly down the Ohio River due to low water conditions brought on by drought. He arrived at the Falls of the Ohio near Clarksville, Indiana / Louisville, Kentucky on October 14 and met William Clark with additional recruits. As award winning author and historian, Stephen Ambrose noted, “When they shook hands, the Lewis and Clark Expedition began.” (Ambrose, 1996, 117) They set out from Louisville on October 26 arriving at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi on November 14 and moved up the Mississippi through early December. Heading up the Mississippi was made difficult by low water and strong currents, and even more burdensome as late Fall cold fronts and accompanying strong northwest winds pushed against the boats. They arrived near St. Louis on December 12 and established winter quarters across from the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers at Camp Dubois near the mouth of the Wood River. The journal entries known as the Eastern Field Notes came to light when Nicholas Biddle’s (the first editor of the Lewis and Clark Journals) grandsons discovered new documents in their grandfathers personal notes. Milo Milton Quaife published these for the first time in 1916. To learn more about the history of the journals the reviewer is directed to (Cutright, 1976) and Moulton, 1986 2: 8-48; and 530-567).
  • Table of Contents (PDF)

    Table of Contents (PDF)

    DM - L & C 10/19/15 6:48 PM Page v Table of Contents Preface . ix How to Use This Book . xiii Research Topics for Defining Moments: The Lewis and Clark Expedition . xv NARRATIVE OVERVIEW Prologue . 3 Chapter 1: The Louisiana Purchase . 7 Chapter 2: The Corps of Discovery . 19 Chapter 3: Up the Missouri River, 1804 . 35 Chapter 4: Across the Continent to the Pacific, 1805 . 51 Chapter 5: The Return Journey, 1806 . 71 Chapter 6: Settlement of the West . 91 Chapter 7: Legacy of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . 105 BIOGRAPHIES Toussaint Charbonneau (c. 1760-1843) . 117 Fur Trader and Translator for the Lewis and Clark Expedition William Clark (1770-1838) . 121 Co-Captain and Primary Mapmaker of the Corps of Discovery John Colter (c. 1774-1813) . 125 Explorer, Trapper, and Member of the Corps of Discovery v DM - L & C 10/19/15 6:48 PM Page vi Defining Moments: The Lewis and Clark Expedition George Drouillard (c. 1774-1810) . 129 Interpreter and Hunter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition Patrick Gass (1771-1870) . 133 Sergeant, Carpenter, and Journal Keeper for the Corps of Discovery Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) . 137 President Who Organized the Lewis and Clark Expedition Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) . 141 Explorer, Naturalist, and Co-Captain of the Corps of Discovery Sacagawea (c. 1788-1812) . 146 Interpreter and Guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition York (c. 1770-c. 1822) . 150 Enslaved African-American Member of the Corps of Discovery PRIMARY SOURCES Alexander Mackenzie Inspires American Exploration . 157 President Thomas Jefferson Asks Congress to Fund an Expedition .
  • Lpl31t Cl1ato 1Io-Ob

    Lpl31t Cl1ato 1Io-Ob

    LEWISANDCLARK AT LPL31T CL1ATO 1IO-OB -v A FORT CLATSOP 1805-06 WINTER QUARTERS OF LEWIS and CLARK EXPEDITION PUBLISHED BY THE CLATSOP COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Lewis and Clark at Fort Clatsop By LANCASTER POLLARD Oregon Historian Cover by ROLF KLEP (CopyrightClatsop County Historical Society) Published by CLATSOP COUNTY HiSTORICAL SOCIETY Printed by the SEASIDE PUBLISHING CO. Second Edition (RevIsed) 1962 Jntrodisctwn 1,j orerunnersofempire,Captains Meriwether Lewis and 1. William Clark holda unique place in American history and an even more unique place in the history of the Pacific North- west.The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first official United States exploring expedition; perhaps themost important. These were the first American citizens tocross the con- tinent, the first to travel down the Snake and lower Columbia rivers.They were the first Americans to dwell in the only part of the American domain thatwas never the possession of another power.Spain. Russia, and Great Britain contested for its ownership, but the Oregon Countrycame direct to the United States from the Indian inhabitants.The expedition of Lewis and Clark contributed to that end, and helpedto add to the United States an area about halfas large as that of the original Thirteen States, thefirst American land on Pacific shores. Many books, large and small, by historians and novelists, have been published on the expedition, includingacentury after their tripthe original journals of Captains Lewis and Clark.In those books the expedition is viewed in thecourse of our national history, which then still centered on the Atlantic seaboard.In them the events at Fort Clatsop receive but brief treatment, although here was their goal, and, although their journey was only half completed, here theywere at their farthest point.
  • Lewis & Clark Meet the Plains Bison

    Lewis & Clark Meet the Plains Bison

    Museum of the American Indian -- Lisette's Fate -- Sacagawea & Susan B. Anthony Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation I www.lewisandclark.org February 2005 Volume 31, No. 1 LEWIS & CLARK MEET THE PLAINS BISON PLUS: CAPE GIRARDEAU • "SERGEANT" wARFINGTON Contents Letters: Lisette's fa te; Cape Disappointment; John Pernier 2 President's Message: National Museum of the American Indian 4 Bicentennial Council: Where did the L&C Expedition begin? 6 The Corps of Discovery's Forgotten "Sergeant" 10 Lewis and Clark entrusted Richard Warfington with responsibilities far beyond his corporal's rank By Trent Strickland Cape Girardeau and the Corps of Discovery 14 Newly discovered documents detail the post-expedition lives of four veterans of the Lewis and Clark Expedition By Jane Randol Jackson Warfington, p. 11 Great Gangues of Buffalow 22 Lewis and Clark's encounters with the plains bison By Kenneth C. Walcheck Reviews 32 Scenes of Visionary Enchantment; The L ewis and Clark Expedition; An Artist with the Corps of Discovery; Sacajawea's People; The Story of the Bitterroot; "Most Perfect Harmony" L&C Roundup: Lewis and Clark in other journals 39 Trail Notes: Stewardship initiatives 40 From the Library: L&C on the World Wide Web 43 Soundings 44 Cape Girardeau, p. 15 Sacagawea and Susan B. Anthony By Bill Smith On the cover Titled Red Shirt, artist Michael H aynes's painting shows Sergeant John Ordway surprised by a buffalo bull on a rainy September 11, 1804, while the Corps of Discovery was making its way up the Missouri River in today's South Dakota.
  • Lewis & Clark Timeline

    Lewis & Clark Timeline

    LEWIS & CLARK TIMELINE The following time line provides an overview of the incredible journey of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Beginning with preparations for the journey in 1803, it highlights the Expedition’s exploration of the west and concludes with its return to St. Louis in 1806. For a more detailed time line, please see www.monticello.org and follow the Lewis & Clark links. 1803 JANUARY 18, 1803 JULY 6, 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sends a secret letter to Lewis stops in Harpers Ferry (in present-day West Virginia) Congress asking for $2,500 to finance an expedition to and purchases supplies and equipment. explore the Missouri River. The funding is approved JULY–AUGUST, 1803 February 28. Lewis spends over a month in Pittsburgh overseeing APRIL–MAY, 1803 construction of a 55-foot keelboat. He and 11 men head Meriwether Lewis is sent to Philadelphia to be tutored down the Ohio River on August 31. by some of the nation’s leading scientists (including OCTOBER 14, 1803 Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Smith Barton, Robert Patterson, and Caspar Wistar). He also purchases supplies that will Lewis arrives at Clarksville, across the Ohio River from be needed on the journey. present-day Louisville, Kentucky, and soon meets up with William Clark. Clark’s African-American slave York JULY 4, 1803 and nine men from Kentucky are added to the party. The United States’s purchase of the 820,000-square mile DECEMBER 8–9, 1803 Louisiana territory from France for $15 million is announced. Lewis leaves Washington the next day. Lewis and Clark arrive in St.
  • Goshen (1796 – 1809)

    Goshen (1796 – 1809)

    Goshen (1796 – 1809) Now with access to the Mississippi River and threats from Indians lessened, Anglo-American settlements in the American Bottom expanded. Many migrated out from the forts and blockhouses to establish homesteads and farms. In 1802 two settlements were established to the north of previous settlements in what would become St. Clair and Madison Counties: Ridge Prairie and the Goshen Settlement.1 Further ties were also established with the growing port city of St. Louis. With the Mississippi now open to American traffic, Captain James Piggot established the first American ferry to St. Louis This map shows the settlements in the St. Louis region in 1809, as well as the bluff line for the American Bottom, across the Mississippi in 1795. Economic and social frontier-era landcover, and county borders in 1809. The ties cemented further with the Louisiana Purchase in Whitesides had settled further north than most settlements at the time. 1803, with St. Louis becoming an American city. The purchase also altered the American Bottom’s relative location, which became centrally located as an access point to the west.2 For instance, the Lewis and Clark expedition spent the winter of 1803 and 1804 training at Camp Dubois in what would become Madison County before beginning their expedition west on the Missouri River.3 The federal government acquired another territory in 1803: the Saline Creek salt springs near Shawneetown in eastern Illinois. Though not as grand as the Louisiana Territory, the salt works attracted further settlement into Illinois. Shawneetown acted as a gateway into the more remote territory of Illinois, with some settlers The Indiana Territory was established in 1801, and the remainder of the Northwest Territory became the state of Ohio in 1803.
  • Selections from the State Librarian with Comments Fall 2003 Through Summer 2008

    Selections from the State Librarian with Comments Fall 2003 Through Summer 2008

    Selections from the State Librarian With comments Fall 2003 through Summer 2008 Each season for the past five years Jan Walsh, Washington State Librarian, has chosen a theme and then selected at least one adult, one young adult, and one children‟s book to fit her topic. The following list is a compilation of her choices with her comments. The season in which each title was selected is listed in parentheses following its citation. Her themes were: Artists of Washington—spring 2004 Beach Reads—summer 2008 The Columbia River through Washington History—fall 2004 Courage—summer 2005 Disasters—fall 2007 Diversity—winter 2006 Exploring Washington—spring 2008 Geology of Washington State—fall 2005 Hidden People—spring 2007 Lewis, Clark, and Seaman—winter 2004 Life in Washington Territory—fall 2003 Mount St. Helens—spring 2005 Mysteries of Washington—fall 2006 Of Beaches and the Sea—winter 2008 The Olympic Peninsula—winter 2007 The Oregon Trail—spring 2006 Spokane and the Inland Empire—summer 2007 Tastes of Washington—summer 2006 Washington through the Photographer‟s Lens—summer 2004 Washington‟s Native People—winter 2005 NW prefixed books are available for check out and interlibrary loan. RARE, R (Reference), and GWA (Governor‟s Writers Award) prefixed books are available to be viewed only at the State Library. All books were in print at the time of Ms. Walsh‟s selection. January 23, 2009 1 Washington Reads 5 year compilation with Jan‟s comments Adult selections Alexie, Sherman. Reservation Blues. Grove Press, 1995. 306 p. (Summer 2007) NW 813.54 ALEXIE 1995; R 813.54 ALEXIE 1995 “The novel, which won the American Book Award in 1996, is a poignant look at the rise and fall of an Indian rock band, Coyote Springs, and the people and spirits that surround it.