THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 8 NO. 2 MAY 1982

American Philosophical Society - Philadelphia Foundation Director and Chairman colonies is pretty well over," wrote role in the cultural life of the Repub­ for the Foundation's 14th Annual Benjamin Franklin in 1743, "and lic for more than two centuries. Meeting, Hal Billian, Paoli, Penn­ there are many in every province in sylvania, has written the editor on circumstances that set them at ease, Following the Society's organiza­ tion in 1743, regular meetings were numerous occasions recounting the and afford leisure to cultivate the fine cooperation he has received finer art, and improve the common suspended. There were fewer men of from the principals of the various stock of knowledge." The scientific education and leisure in the colo­ institutions, societies, and govern­ and literary society for which nies than Franklin imagined. It ment agencies involved with our Franklin appealed was established was in 1769 that the Society achieved a permanent organiza­ August 8-11, 1982 meeting in Phila­ that same year. The American delphia. Foundation President Philosophical Society, held at Phila­ tion. From that time to the present Strode Hinds has echoed these delphia, for Promoting Useful Knowl­ day it has met regularly, except statements in his "President's Mes­ edge - to give its full title - is the when the British occupied Phila­ sage" on page two of this issue of oldest learned society in the United delphia during the American Revo­ lution. We Proceeded On. States. It has played an important Doctors, lawyers, clergymen and All the locations that annual meet­ journals, maps, miscellaneous papers and merchants, joined learned artisans ing registrants visit will have sig­ notebooks, with the Historical Committee of and tradesmen like Franklin, and the American Philosophical Society. See most of the founders of our nation: nificance and will add to a better Donald Jackson, (Editor); Letters of the Lewis understanding of the important and Clark Expedition with Related Docu­ Washington, John Adams, Thomas part Philadelphia had in the Expe­ ments, Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1962. Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, dition, both before and following Second Edition with additional documents Thomas Paine, Charles Thomson, and notes, 1978. Letters and Jackson's notes: Benjamin Rush, James Madison, the exploring enterprise. Most impor­ Clark to Biddle; Biddle to Tilghman; and tant to visitors will be the fact that Vaughan to Biddle; pp. 634·637. While Clark's and John Marshall were members. the original codices (manuscript­ letter to Biddle requested that the Ordway Distinguished foreign friends of the journals) of Captains Lewis and Journal be sent to him, and Biddle's letter to new nation: Lafayette, Steuben, Tilghman states that it was among the papers Kosciusko - European men of Clark and Sergeant Ordway are in and journals delivered to the American "Philo· safe-keeping in the archives of the sophical Society, the Vaughan to Biddle letter­ science and philosophy were proud American Philosophical Society. 1 receipt does not specifically list the Ordway to add the designation "M.A.P.S." Journal. For some reason the Ordway Journal ("Member, American Philosophical "The first drudgery of settling new went to neither Clark nor the Society, but re­ Society") to their names on title­ mained among the Biddle papers until its dis­ covery in the latter part of 1913, by Charles pages of their books. I. Nicholas Biddle completed the two volume Biddle, a grandson of Nicholas Biddle. The In 1780, the Society received a char­ paraphrase or narrative History of the Expe· Ordway Journal, following its discovery, even­ dition Under the Command of Captains Lewis tually was deposited with the Society, and ter from the State of Pennsylvania and Clark ..... in 1814. However, it was not Paul Cutright in A History of the Lewis and which guaranteed that it might cor­ until April of 1818, that at the request of Clark Journals, Univ. of Oklahoma Press, respond with learned men and in- Thomas J efferson and William Clark directed Norman, 1976, provides the details in his foot­ Biddle to deposit the original handwritten note 58, page 143. (continued on page 3)

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the Expedition: - "this rrwming we set out early and proceeded on . . . " Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805. "... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on ... until 6 oCwck ... " Capt. William Clark, May 14, 1805. "... the fog rose thick from the hollars we proceeded on ... " Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1806. "We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes ..." Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. "We set out early proceeded on past a lslOJl.d on the S. Side ..." Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, 1804. ". . . <:Wuded up . . . We proceeded on under a fine breeze .. . " Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 1805. President Hinds' THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Message HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. During the last week in March, Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption Beverly and I had the opportunity Certificate No. 501 (C){3) - Identification No. 51-0187715 to spend three days in Philadelphia with Hal and Jane Billian. We had OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE time to walk to most of the places President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President which are programmed for the Foundation's 14th Annual Meeting, V. Strode Hinds. D.D.S. Hazel Bain, Arlen J. Large August 8-11, 1982. We were staying 3121 Grandview 1950 - 33rd Ave .• Apt. #1 120112 Rumsey Court. S.E. at the Independence Mall Holiday Sioux City. IA 51104 Longview, WA 98632 Washington, D.C. 20003 Inn where our annual meeting Membership Secretary headquarters will be. Our report to you is that we enjoyed ourselves Edrie Lee Vinson. Secretary Hazel Bain. C larence H. Decker. Treasurer immensely and believe that, if you Box 187 1950-33rd Ave,. Apt. #1 P.O. Box. 128 Clancy. MT 59634 Longview. WA 98632 East Alton. IL 62024 attend the meeting in August, you will too. The Holiday Inn was very DIRECTORS comfortable and is undergoing con­ siderable remodeling preparing for Stephen E. Ambrose Mildred Goosman Dan Murphy New Orleans. LA Omaha. NE Santa Fe. NM this summer's visitors. 1982 is the Todd Berens A rchie M . Graber Charles C. Patton 300th Anniversary for Philadelphia Santa Ana. CA Seattle. WA Springfield. IL and it will be a busy city this year. Harold Billian Helen Hetrick Sheila Robinson From the Holiday Inn's front door it Villlanova, PA Coleharbor, ND Glasgow. MT is on e block to the Independence Viola Forrest Gary E. Moulton William P. Sherman Walla Walla. WA Lincoln. NS Portland. OR Mall. The route is past Christ Church cemetery and the grave of Irving W. Anderson, Portland. OR Immediate Pa·st President. is a Foundation Director. Benjamin Franklin on one side of the street, with the United States PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS Mint directly across the street. "Honorary Past President" - E.E. "Boo" MacGilvra (Deceased) Within the next two blocks are th e Liberty Bell Pavilion, Independence Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Robert E. Lange, 1973-1974 Gail M. Stensland. 1977-78 St. Louis. Missouri Square, and Independence Hall. Portland. Oregon Fort Benton, Montana Nearby are the American Philosoph­ E.G. Chuinard, M.D.• 1971 Gary Leppart, 1974-1975 Mitchell Doumit, 1978-79 Tigard, Oregon Lewistown, Montana Cathlamet. Washington ical Society a nd the Second Na­ John Greenslit, 1972 Wilbur P. Werner. 1975-1976 Bob Saindon, 1979- 1980 tional Bank, now converted into Lansing, Michigan Cut Bank. Montana Helena, MT National Park Service Art Center, Lynn Burris. Jr.. 1972-1973 Clarence H. Decker. 1976-77 Irving W. Anderson, 1980-81 where the original Peale portraits of Topeka, Kansas East Alton, Illinois Portland, OR Meriweth er Lewis and William Clark are displayed. ABOUT THE FOUNDATION The con tacts we had at the Nation­

The purpose of the l ewis and C lark Trail Heritage Foundation. Inc .. is to stimulate nationally: public interest al Park Service Administration Of­ in matte rs relating to the l ewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions t o American history made by the fice, at the American Philosophical expedition members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition which are of historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and Society, and at the Pennsylvania supoons activities which enhance the eniovment and understandina of the lewis and Clark storv. The scope of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse. and include involvement in pursuits which, in the Historical Society were cordial and judgment of the Directors are. of historical worth or contemporary social values, and commensurate· with impressive. Hospitality was most the heritage of Lewis and Clark. The activities of the N ational Foundation ar e intended to compliment and supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately gracious, and Bev and I are certain­ recognize and honor individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement in the broad field of Lewis and Clark historicpl research; w riting; or deeds which promote t he general purpose and scope of ly eager to return. activities of the Foundation. Membership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of lewis and C lark enthusiasts inc luding Federal, State. and local government officials, historians. sc holars, and others The weather in August will likely be of wide ranging l ewis and Clark interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The Annual Meeting of the Foundation is traditionally held during August, the birth month of both Meriwether warm and humid. We will be a part Lewis and William Clark. The meeting place is rotated among the States, and tours generally are arranged to of a large number of visitors, but visit sites in the area of the Annual Meeting which have historic association with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. will receive special attention, and added opportunities. There are no WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD. M.D., FOUNDER dress codes for our various Founda­ We Proceeded On is the official publication of the Lewis and C lark Trail Heritage Foundation, tion activities, although some may Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the enjoy the formality of a jacket and collective journals of the famous Expedition. tie for the National Park Service re­ ception on Sunday evening and the PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Annual Banquet on Wednesday Robert E. Lange, Editor and Committee Chairman. 5054 S.W. 26th Place. Portland. OR evening. Please wear some comfort­ 97201 able walking shoes. The areas we will be visiting are all hard sur­ Irving W. Anderson Donald Jackson Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College 3920 Old Stage Road faced, but there will be some uneven Portland. OR 97219 Colorado Springs. CO 80906 pavement of slate or cobblestones. E.G. Chuinard Gary E. Moulton 15537 S.W. Summerfield Lane Love Library - Univ. Nebraska I URGE YOU TO REGISTER Tigard, OR 97223 Lincoln. NB 68588 EARLY! Commitments h ave to be Paul R. Cutright Wilbur P. Werner made for many things, including 312 Summit Avenue P.O. Box 1244 transportation , box lunches and J enkintown, PA 19046 Cut Bank, MT 59427 meals included in the registration fee. Late registrants at the time of

-2- We Proceeded On, May 1982 the meeting or "no-shows" will Philosophical Society able works on many topics. There create problems! (continued on page 1) are also outstanding collections of The historic area includes . many stitutions "of any nation or coun­ manuscripts. The present library eating places from stand-up on the try" on its legitimate bu~iness, at building was erected in 1959, and corner, to those of national renown. all times "whether in peace or war''. stands on the site previously occu­ Philadelphia has many ethnic sec­ In the same year the State deeded a pied by the Library Company of tors, each with its own food special­ part of which is now Independence Philadelphia, within Independence ties. Attendees will be on their own Square to the Society, and Philo­ National Historical Park. for breakfasts and evening meals, sophical Hall was erected during The foregoing has been based on in­ except for the Annual Banquet. the years 1785-1789. Since comple­ formation contained in an excellent tion of the Hall all of the organiza­ What follows is a repeat from my descriptive folder titled: "American tion's meetings have been held in this Philosophical Society" and this previous "messages". Please write structure, and until 1934 the Socie­ to me if you have thoughts or sug­ publication will be induded in meet­ ty's library was there as well. The ing registrants' packets. gestions concerning our Founda­ terms of the Society charter and the tion. I would like to hear from you location of Philosophical Hall only What a treat we have in store for us so that your input may be part of a few steps from Independence Hall when we visit this learned society our board of directors meeting dis­ illustrate how closely the Founding and its unique library. The editor cussions next August. Some of our Fathers joined learning and free­ recalls the great thrill he expe­ committee chairman would appre­ dom. rienced, when, in 1973 in the com­ ciate a word from you related to a pany of Paul Russell Cutright, he specific committee's activities. It may be noted that Thomas J ef­ was privileged to inspect the hand­ ferson served as a president of the Have a good spring and early sum­ written journals of Meriwether Society as well as of the United Lewis, William Clark, and John mer and plan to join us in Philadel­ States, and Meriwether Lewis was phia in August. Ordway. All of this is in store for elected to the Society in 1803, prior those who attend the Foundation's V. Strode Hinds, President to his part in the western explora­ 14th Annual Meeting. tion. 2 2. Meriwether Lewis was elected to the Socie­ The American Philosophical Li­ ty on October 21, 1803, and it is likely that L~ ~ -~~~~ · ~ v. ~ brary has been a principal institu­ Lewis's connection with Jefferson aided the . "':'.· S>:-- :r~ . - -<·,, - . tion in the nation for the study of granting of bis membership. Lewis was ad­ the history of science since 1700. vised of this in a letter dated January 22, 1804, ' from Jefferson. Lewis was in the west at John Vaughan, librarian from Camp Wood (Camp Dubois) or St. Louis. See 1801-1841, and successive librar­ Jackson, Ibid. page 166, text of Jefferson's let­ ians have bought and begged valu- ter and Jackson's note number 4. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Philadelphia as the location of visit the Academy will be interested learned societies and institutions in­ in: the Lewis and Clark Herbarium cludes The Academy of Natural Sci­ which consists of more than 200 ences of Philadelphia, which like dried, preserved plant specimens the American Philosophical Socie­ brought back by the explorers; the ty, shares the wealth of much of Alexander Wilson2 original sketch­ what Foundation member, biolo­ es of Lewis's woodpecker and gist, and historian Paul Russell Cut­ Clark's nutcracker; and the letters right refers to as the". .. Lewis and pertaining to the botany and zoolo­ Clark Booty".1 gy of the Expedition written by Charles Maynard, Witmer Stone,3 The Academy was conceived during and Edward Tuckerman.4 informal discussions among such tions of birds, minerals, fossils, etc., ardent naturalists as John Speak­ are world renowned. Students of the Lewis and Clark man and Dr. Jacob Gilliams as ear­ This oldest institution of its kind in saga are familiar with "The Well ly as 1809, and was fully organized the United· States first occupied a Traveled Plants of the Lewis and in 1812. Other scientists of the time, small coffeehouse on Market Street. Clark Expedition", the title of a such as Dr. Joseph Leidy, John In 1826, Speakman and his asso­ monograph written by Paul Cut­ Shinn, Dr. Camillus MacMahon ciates purchased the Swedenborgi­ right and published in the February Mann, and Thomas Say, joined the an Church on Sansom Street to pro­ 1967 issue of the Academy's maga­ organizational effort. The institu­ vide a place for meetings and exhib­ zine Frontiers. With the permission tion has become one of the most ac­ its, and in 1876, the collections and of the Academy, Cutright's article tive influences in the world of nat­ exhibits were moved to the present was reprinted for Foundation mem­ ural science. The conchological· col­ site at Nineteenth and Race Streets. bers in the February 1978 (Vol. 4, lection started by Thomas Say num­ The present building has seen con­ (continued on page 4) bers more than a million specimens. siderable remodeling and is a clas­ 2. Ibid., pp. 383-385. 3. Ibid., pp. 390-391. Botanical research has resulted in sic structure of red brick with lime­ 4. Ibid., p. 364. Tuckerman was the American the accumulation of another million stone trim. Today's facility includes botanist who purchased the Lewis and Clark specimens in that field. Its callee- an 180,000 volume library, research plant specimens at a London auction in 1842 and returned the collection to this country. 1. Cutright, Paul Russell; Lewis and Clark: laboratories, museum and special The German botanist Frederick Pursh had Pioneering Naturalist, Univ. of Illinois Press, exhibit areas, a 425 seat auditori­ taken the specimens to England during the Urbana, 1969. See: "Chapter Twenty-Two", um, classrooms, and cafeteria. winter of 1811-1812. See also: "The Well Trav­ "The Fate of the Lewis and Clark Booty", pp. eled Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 349-392. Lewis and Clark enthusiasts who By Paul R. Cutright, We Proceeded On, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 6-9.

We Proceeded On, May 1982 -3- No. 1) issue of We Proceeded On. In Dr. Schuyler's suggestion, I have will h ave the chance to see the his volume, Lewis and Clark: Pi­ brought together in one place all spec­ plants collected along the Lewis oneering Naturalists, Paul Cutright imens we have been able to locate. and Clark Trail over 175 years ago, Here they have been arranged alpha­ and best of all, Paul Cutright, who tells of his personal and important betically according to genera, and contribution related to the Lewis special folders appropriately marked has examined and written so inter­ and Clark Herbarium: h ave been prepared for each genus. estingly about the herbarium will be with us for the visit. During the summer of 1966, with the As a result, the accredited visitor to a pproval and cooperation of Dr. Sam­ the Academy may henceforth find uel E. Schuyler, present Curator of the collection assembled as a unit Bota ny, I attempted to locate and ex­ and experience little or no difficulty in locating a ny particular plants he COMING TO PHILADELPHIA? amine all existing specimens of this 5 extremely valuable and interesting might wish to examine. collection. The task, not an easy one, Attendees at the Foundation's 14th PLEASE REGISTER EARLY! was made more difficult by the cir­ Annual Meeting will enjoy the visit cumstance that many of the plants MANY THANKS. were scattered throughout the large to this exceptional institution, and Type Collection at the Academy. At 5. Cutright, op. cit., p. 366.

Historic Sites Await Philadelphia Annual Meeting Visitors

(Left) Christ Church. Episcopalians of the "&~oluti-;;~ ~ry period worshipped here and at St. Peter's Church and Old Swede's Church. Christ Church is best known because of th e great number of graves of the signers of the Declaration of Independence in its churchyard. (Center) Carpenter's Hall, now a museum, is part of Independence Historical Park and is only five minutes from annual meeting headquarters (Independence Hall Holiday Inn). It is one of the real gems of the Park, and "The Revolution" really had its start in this building. (Right) Betsy Ross's home is Less than 500 feet from meeting headquarters. In addition to putting the beginning of our American Flag's story in the right perspective, the building is well maintained and reveals how people of the Revolutionary period lived and furnished their dwellings .

., (Left) The Rush Building, Pennsylvania Hospital, where annual meeting attendees will hear about Dr. Benjamin Rush's contribu­ tion to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The building houses a fine museum related to early medicine and nursing. (Right) One of the "Trolley Buses" that meeting visitors will use as they travel to locations in the old historical area.

-4- We Proceeded On, May 1982 ' a::;;::iiiiir Photographs by V. Strode Hinds, March 1982. (Left) St. Peter's Church. The tree not yet leaved-out on the far right is an Osage Orange tree (see also right hand illustration). (Center) Nicholas Biddle's burial place in St. Peter's Church graveyard. Artist Charles Willson Peale is also buried here. (Right) Osage Orange trees (Maclura aur antiaca) in the churchyard have been grown from cuttings collected by Meriwether Lewis in 1804 and sent to President Thomas Jefferson along with other plant and animal specimens via the heelboat that returned from the Mandan (North Dahota) country in the spring of 1805.

14th Annual Meeting Attendees Will Visit Biddle's A ndalusia

Andalusia, originally a farmhouse with several additions built by its earlier owner, came into the Biddle family in 1811. Nicholas Biddle commissioned architect Thomas Walter in 1834 to add two parlors as well as a library and kitchen. The exterior treatment of the building is a copy of the Theseum in Athens. Biddle visited Greece in 1806 and became enamored with classical Greek architecture. Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844) was the first of the Biddies to occupy Andalusia and since his time seven generations of this famous Philadelphia family have made the mansion their home. James Biddle, who recently served as President of the National Trust for Historic Preservation is the present owner of the estate that overlooks the Delaware River thirteen miles north of Philadelphia. Readers will be interested in the recent article with color photographs titled " The Glory of Andalusia", which appeared in the April 1982 issue of House Beautiful magazine (pp. 75-81). Though the Biddies still use the home and grounds to celebrate their own family occasions, the estate is owned and operated by the Andalusia Foundation and is open to visitors through the National Trust for Historic Preservation. This famous and beautiful home with historical overtones relating to Lewis and Clark, will be visited by Foundation members on one of the tours during the 1982 Annual Meeting (s ee We Proceeded On, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 3). For additional information about Andalusia see We Proceeded On, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 9-10, "Andalusia, Country Home of Nicholas Biddle", by Harold B. Billian ad Paul R. Cutright, Biographical information about Nicholas Biddle appears on page 8 in this issue. Among the volumes in the mansion's library is an autographed copy, "Nicholas Biddle, 1814", of the rare (Coues says in his Volume One (p. xci) that only 1417 copies ever existed) two volume edition of the narrative de veloped by Biddle from the Captains' journals and the journals of Sergeant Ordway and Sergeant Gass. The title page of Volume One is shown in this reproduction of a photograph taken in the library at Andalusia. This volume complete with the folding map drawn by Samuel Lewis from the original map of William Clark, and engraved by Samuel Harrison, together with a second volume, were published by Bradford and Inskeep, Philadelphia, 1814. (For additional information regarding the map, see We Proceeded On, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 19.)

We Proceeded On, May 1982 -5- Editor 's note: The change of college presidents at 115 year old Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, is an infrequent occurence. On November 15, 1981, James A. Gardner was inaugurated as Lewis and Clark College's 21st president.

Dr. Gardner attended Harvard College and Yale Law School. After completing his law degree, he returned to Harvard to teach law and the social sciences. Thereafter, he joined the Ford Foundation, the nation's largest philanthropic organization, where he worked for 12 years. Most recently, he was chief executive officer for a ll Ford Foundation programs in Brazil. He succeeds Dr. John R. Howard, who served the educational institution as its presid1:mt from 1960 to his retirement in June of 1981. 1 Dr. Gardner's inaugural address-was of particular interest and a special joy to Foundation members and other Lewis and Clark Expedition enthusiasts who were among those gathered for the ina ugural ceremonies. Titled: "Voyage of Discovery", the 38-year­ old educator-president quoted extensively from the Lewis and Clark journals, emphasizing parallels between the Expedition's experiences and the many challenges confronting the collegE: in the 1980's and beyond. Dr. Gardner referred to the lessons that could be"learned from the vision, priorities, strategy, and realistic objectives, along with the human courage, persistence, tenacity, and teamwork that resulted in the success of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The enthusiasm of the enterprise's leaders toward the exploratory undertaking and President Thomas Jefferson's vision of westward expansion, were referred to frequently. His under­ scoring of the college's relationship to its namesake emerged in his address on several occasions. Feeling that the analogies with respect to the Expedition and the growth and operation of an educational institution such as Lewis and Clark College would be of interest to Foundation members, Dr. Gardner responded in the affirmative to the editor's request to transcribe his inaugural address in this issue of We Proceeded On. The Foundation looks forward to a fine and expanding friendship with Dr. Gardner and Lewis and Clark College. Nearly 2000 state, county, city officials, and college trustees, faculty, students, staff and friends gathered at Lewis and Clark College's Pamplin Center on Sunday, November 15, 1981, at 2:00 P.M., to witness Dr. Gardner's inauguration as college president and to hear his address.

1. Members of the Foundation residing in the Pacific Northwest have enjoyed Dr. John Howard's friendship and interest in the Foundation and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Attendees at the Foundation's Tenth Annual Meeting in Vancouver, Washington, in 1978, will recall his fine introduc· tion of Lewis and Clark and American History scholar, Donald Jackson, who addressed members and guests at the Foundation's Tenth Annua l Banquet. Voyage of Discovery: Lewi_s and Clark Expedition, Lewis and Clark College

By James A. Gardner, President, Lewis and Clark College

I would like to speak to you today over 175 years ago. A year later, not only as a President, but as a when the exploring party headed scholar. When I first went to col­ west along the river from their 1804- lege, I learned what a scholar is. I 1805 winter establishment at Fort was told that if you "lift" ideas from Mandan (North Dakota), Meri­ one person, it is plagiarism. If you wether Lewis, on the day of their "lift'~ ideas from ten, it is research. departure, made the following ob­ And if you "borrow" from hun­ servations concerning their under­ dreds, you are a scholar. So I assure taking along with the realistic as­ you that today, in giving this in­ sessment of the difficult task ahead augural address, I speak not only as - but for the clear tone of excite­ a president, but as a "scholar." ment with the very importance and opportunity of the voyage about to Sometimes in making an adddress, get underway: the speaker chooses a topic . At other times, the topic asserts itself ... this little fleet, altho' not quite so for the speaker. I believe my com­ rispectable as those of Columbus or ments this afternoon will fall into Capt. Cook, was still viewed by us the latter category. For it seems in­ with as much pleasure as those de· cumbent upon me, in my inaugura­ servedly famed adventurers ever be­ - and its meaning for Lewis and held theirs; and I dare say with quite tion as the twenty-first President of as much anxiety for their safety and Lewis and Clark College, to address Clark College. preservation. we are now about to two interrelated themes: the Lewis The Lewis and Clark Expedition set penetrate a country of at least two ,,, and Clark Expedition - which was off up the Missouri River from Wood thousand miles in width, on which called "The Voyage of Discovery" River (Illinois) on May 14, 1804, just the foot of civilized man had never

Lewis and Clark College and Law School is itself an important and dramatic part of Portland's and Orego_n's heritage. Founded by Presbyterian pioneers in the Willamette valley community of Albany in 1867, it was known for 75 years as Albany College. A branch was opened in Portland in 1934 and three years later, the Albany campus was closed and all operations moued to the state's population center. In less than three decades, the· college, which became Lewis and Clark in 1942, grew to become the largest of Oregon's privately funded institutions. The Law School was added in 1965. Today, more than 3200 studerLts attend classes on one of the nation's most beautiful campuses, spread over 130 forested acres of Portland's southwest hills. Charles H. Charnquist2 2. Charles H. Charnquist is Director of Public Information for Lewis and Clark College. The quotation tmnscribed above is an excerpt from Portland: The Magazine of Oregon Business and Life, the publication of the Portland Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Charnquist's article was titled: "In Its 115th Year, Lewis and Clark College Embarks on New 'Voyage of Discovery'." His article reviews the past history of the educational institution, its growth, past leadership, and the inauguration of Dr. Gardner as its 21st president.

-6- We Proceeded On, May 1982 trodden; the good or evil it had in brilliant and demanding written in­ batical - for I suspect the very au­ store for us was for experiment yet to structions to the Lewis and Clark dacity and intellectual ambition of determine, and t hese little vessells Expedition. He bid his explorers the underta king would surely have contained every article by which we make detailed observations on the stunned the recipients of such a pro­ were to expect to subsist or defend ourselves. commercial prospects of the region; posal on both sides of the continent! climate, and its impact on plant and In any event, the underlying intel­ From that day of departure, when animal life; topography and navig­ lectual and human values were the foregoing was written, to their ability; cartography; zoology; pal­ fairly reflected in J efferson's instruc­ return to St. Louis some eighteen eontology; botany; and - perhaps tions to the Expedition. months later, Lewis a nd Clark and in particular - the numbers, rela­ their crew of some 30 persons, trav­ tionships, and ethnography of the These same scholarly and value un­ eled approximately 7000 miles. Indian tribes and nations they derpinnings of the Lewis and Clark They experienced physical danger would encounter. I would pause to Expedition also surfaced - perhaps and remarkable hardship, especial­ quote Jefferson's instructions only even more clearly - on on e particu­ ly in the bitterly difficult initial in the latter point: lar day in the life of the voyage. On crossing of the Rockies, and in the that day, July 31, 1805, the Expedi­ two winters they spent in the wild, Make yourself acquainted with the tion had weathered its first winter na mes of the nations and th eir num­ in the wilderness, with the Mandan the first with the Mandan Indians bers: their relations with other tribes in present-day North Dakota, and Indians, and was pushing toward or nations: their language, tradi­ the initial crossing of the Rocky the second on the Oregon Coast. tions, monuments: their ordinary oc­ The Expedition also experienced cupation s in agriculture, fishing, Mountain s, beyond Three Forks, hunger - and at several points in hunting, war, art, and implements south of Helena and east of Butte in the voyage they survived by eating thereof; their food, clothing, and do­ present-day Montana. In this area, dogs, traded from the Indians. In mestic accommodations: the diseases incidentally, they were very near the process, Lewis and Clark estab­ prevalent among them and the reme­ the spot where Sacagawea had been lished an enduring record as woods­ dies they used ... captured and enslaved by the Hi­ men, explorers, and military lead­ In all your intercourse with the na­ datsa (Minitari) Indians some five ers, and the entire Expedition be­ tives, treat them in the most friendly years before. They were headed up came a vivid history of human cour­ and conciliatory manner in which into the Rockies, toward the head­ age and commitment, and collabo­ their own conduct will admit. Allay waters of a river they had named rative endeavor in a shared' larger all jealousies as to the object of your the "J efferson" . On that particular mission. The Expedition also served journey. Satisfy them on its in­ day they encountered three tribu­ nocence, and make them acquainted taries, flowing into the Jefferson. to establish the American claim to with the position, extent, character, the Oregon Territory and to open The naming of these rivers seems to peaceable, and commercial disposi­ me to be a wonderfully symbolic the West to trappers, settlers, and tion of the U.S., of our wish to be commerce. It was, by a ny standard, neighborly, friendly, and useful to metaphor for the intellectual and one of the more difficult - and suc­ them, and of our disposition to a value underpinnnings of the Lewis cessful - expeditions in the history commercial intercourse with them. and Clark Expedition ... and for of the United States. Lewis and Clark College. Notice the intellectual ambition of The Expedition was much more this assignment. Any one theme, "Jefferson" - The principal river than a tale, even a remarkably in­ such as commerce, or language, or they fo llowed, the Expedition lead­ teresting and important tale, of fron­ art, or implements of agriculture or ers had named the "J efferson," in tier exploration, territorial gain, war, is ample subject for a major Lewis' words, "in honor of that il- and human courage. Indeed, studies study in any one tribe. And on top 1ustrious personage, the author of like Cutright's Lewis and Clark: Pi­ of this - and in addition to crossing our enterprise." Indeed, Jefferson oneering Naturalists have pointed an uncharted continent - Jefferson had for a long time nourished a out that the Lewis and Clark Expe­ instructed his explorers to record clear and unambiguous vision of dition was also a major thrust of their observations in infinite detail: the importance of exploring the J effersonian and enlightenment Your observations are to be ta ken West, and he was ten aciously com­ a nd scientific thinking into an un­ with great pain and accuracy, to be mitted to the practical realization of known wilderness. It was also a re­ entered distinctly and intelligently that vision. On no less than five flection of underlying values con­ for others, as well as yourselves . . . previous occasions, Jefferson had cerned with careful observation, several copies of these, as well as attempted to launch such an expe­ your other notes, should be made at dition west. The first such attempt scholarly production, and personal leisurely times and put into the care service and contribution. In short, of the most trustworthy of your at­ was in 1783 - fully twenty years there are rich and vitally important tendants. before the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ intellectual and huma n values un­ tion, when Jefferson was a Con­ derpinning the voyage of Lewis and Given the difficult and energetic his­ gressm an from Virginia. There Clark. I would speak principally to tory of the Expedition, J efferson's were subsequent endeavors in the these underlying values this after­ instructions that such n otes should 1 780s and 1 790s, one reaching as noon. be made "at leisure times" has an far west as the Mississippi River be­ almost humorous ring, for indeed fore being frustrated by political dis­ In the rich and diverse materials on Jefferson's instructions con stituted putes involving France and Spain, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, what historian, David Hawk, called and turning back. Instructively, the there are many wonderful ways to "the most demanding set of instruc­ vision and commitment was not Jef­ illustrate the assertions I have just tions an y explorer up to then had ferson's alone, for a young man a dvanced. Time constraints will ever been burdened with." At this n amed Meriwether Lewis had at­ confine me to only two examples: (1) juncture, I should note that I am tempted to join this latter expedi­ Jefferson's written instructions to glad President Jefferson was not tion, to no avail. By 1803, however, the Expedition; and (2), one particu­ applying to the Ford Foundation for J efferson was President and Meri­ lar day in the life of the Expedition. a grant for this Expedition, or to wether Lewis was his personal sec- Thus I would turn to Jefferson's Lewis and Clark College for a sab- (contin ued on page 8) We Proceeded On, May 1982 -7- retary, consciously appointed in ics and morals; science and reason; particular their own views of part for his keen powers of observa­ ideology and realism; and relation­ stewardship and service, and empa­ tion and for his knowledge of Indi­ ships between and among these con­ thetic concern for and commitment an and frontier matters. Spain, at cepts. In all of these areas, Koch to others - a very fine sense of the time still in occupation of the concludes, Jefferson reflected a crit­ human charity. This spirit is no­ Louisiana Territory, jealously ical and creative approach to philo­ where more clearly seen than in the guarded its domain, and in fact sophy, and a concern for its every­ following passage from Lewis' Jour­ strongly refused Jefferson's request day human impact and meaning. nal, written on the eve of his 31st for permission to send the Expedi­ She concludes: birthday. I would ask you to tion through this Territory, saying Jefferson was never a person to ac­ imagine Meriwether Lewis, having "such a mission could not fail to cept intellectual beliefs wholesale, just turned 31, seated on a log high give our government umbrage." But without emending them by his own in the Rocky Mountains, with ink Jefferson secured Congressional ap­ reflections and imagination . .. He and eagle feather pen in hand, writ­ proval - and financial support - tried to put (philosophy) into prac­ ing the following words: in any event, and the mission was tice, and throughout his vigorous life underway. His vision and commit­ of ideas, one senses a matrix of im­ This day I completed my thirty first ment was not to be denied. mediacy, a kind of local grain. For year . . . I reflected that I had as yet Jefferson, those ideas were signifi­ done very little, very little indeed, to Jefferson was also, of course, the cant, which related to the needs, the further the hapiness of the human author of the Declaration of Inde­ sweat, and the labor of human life. race, or to advance the information of pendence; President of the country; succeeding generations. I viewed Honesty compels me to acknowl­ with regret the many hours I have mastermind of the Louisiana Pur­ edge that Lewis and Clark were not chase; and founder of the Universi­ spent in indolence, and now soarly themselves refined philosophers. feel the want of that information ty of Virginia. He was an architect, The very Expedition Lewis and which those hours would have given an inventor, and an accomplished Clark led, however, was itself a ma­ me had they been judiciously expend­ musician. He was a lawyer, remark­ jor exploration of this same, com­ ed, but since they are past and can­ ably and refreshingly well in­ plex matrix between philosophy not be recalled, I dash from me the formed on social and political the­ and reality, this same fertile nexus gloomy thought, and resolve in the ory. And he was very much commit­ future to redouble my exertions and between ideas and events. And Lew­ at least indeavour to promote those ted to public service. He was also is and Clark understood - and act­ committed - passionately commit­ two primary objects of human exist­ ed on - a fundamental philosophi­ ence . .. or in [the] future ... to live ted - to ideas, to scientific inquiry cal insight articulated by Voltaire: for mankind, as I have heretofore and scholarship, to free expression, "The discovery of what is true and lived for myself. and to reason and knowledge. (I am the practice of that which is good reminded here of the time John F. are the two most important objects As the newly inaugurated President Kennedy had some 40 Nobel prize­ of philosophy." So again, it seemed of Lewis and Clark College, I must winners to a dinner at the White appropriate that they should name confess to you, in all honesty, that I House and commented on that oc­ this first tributary the river "Philo­ genuinely appreciate the names casion, "I think this is the most ex­ sophy." Lewis and Clark gave these rivers traordinary collection of ... knowl­ on that day in 1805: the Jefferson, edge that has ever been gathered "Wisdom" - The second and third the Philosophy, the Wisdom, and together at the White House - with tributaries they encountered on that the Philanthropy. For again, I the possible exception of when Thom­ day in the Rockies, Lewis and Clark think it tells us a great deal about as Jefferson dined alone.") Jeffer­ named the "Wisdom" and the "Phi­ the intellectual and human under­ son was aware of the dangers of lanthropy," again in Lewis' words: pinnings of the Lewis and Clark those who talk of "democracy" and "In commemoration of the cardinal Expedition. And I must further con­ yet practice a politics of individual­ virtues which have so eminently fess that I would have been hard ized self interest, or a politics of po­ marked that celebrated character pressed, indeed, to squeeze any in­ larization. At the same time, he was (Jefferson) through life." In naming augural address out of the names unambiguously persuaded of the a river "Wisdom," Lewis and Clark our contemporary culture, in its wis­ merits of democracy, and he was a clearly reflected the enlightenment dom, has seen fit to bestow on these forceful and life-long advocate for underpinnings of the Expedition, same rivers: the Beaverhead; the "rule oflaw" and constitutional and and a commitment to ideas and rea­ Big Hole; Willow Creek; and the participatory democracy. So it son and knowledge. Significantly, I Ruby (or, at one point, "The Stink­ seemed altogether appropriate that think, they also reflected a still deep­ ing Water River"). Lewis and Clark, as they headed up er set of human and intellectual .. into the Rocky Mountains on that values, moving beyond these enlight­ I do not wish to offer, even in this day in 1805, should name this prin­ enment concepts - for they did not brief summary, a romanticized or cipal river they followed the "Jef­ name the river "ideas," or "reason," mythical portrait of the Lewis and ferson." or even "knowledge," but "wis­ Clark Expedition. Indeed, the very dom." In this name, I would like to values they -and we - articulate, "Philosophy" - The first tributary think Lewis and Clark reflected the require us to examine the Expedi­ flowing into the Jefferson, Lewis spirit of a favorite line of mine from tion carefully and critically. For ex­ and Clark named "The Philos­ Proverbs: "Wisdom is the principal ample, the Expedition included one ophy," again drawing on the Jeffer­ thing; therefore, get wisdom; and black person, York. He was a slave sonian tradition. There is an excel­ with thy getting, get understand­ and a manservant to William Clark. lent little book on precisely this top­ ing." In my metaphor of the Lewis and ic, The Philosophy of Thomas Jeffer­ Clark Expedition, York stands as a son, by Adrienne Koch. It suggests vivid reminder of historical - and that Jefferson's philosophy reaches "Philanthropy" - The final tribu­ continuing - racial injustice in our well beyond his influential and en­ tary Lewis and Clark encountered society and our community. The Ex­ during ideas on political and social on that day in July of 1805, was pedition also included an Indian theory, to a rich engagement with named the river "Philanthropy." woman, Sacagawea, "The Bird Christianity, and with issues of eth- Here Lewis and Clark reflected in Woman". Sacagawea, a Shoshoni, -8- We Proceeded On, May 1982 born in the Lemhi Valley (east-cen­ Agnes Flanagan Chapel tral Idaho), had been kidnapped and taken to the Mandan Villages (North Dakota), where she was pur­ chased from her captors, the Hidat­ sa Indians, by the French-Canadi­ an fur trader, Toussaint Charbon­ neau, who had joined the exploring enterprise as an interpreter. There has been enormous contemporary interest in Sacagawea, and some popularized suggestions that she guided and led the Expedition across the continent. History does not support that romanticized view. There was, however, a subtle strength and vital importance in Sacagawea's role in and contribu­ tion to the Expedition: as an inter­ preter; in her personal contacts with the crucial Shoshoni Tribe, that helped the exploring party over the Rockies; in her knowledge of certain landmarks in the Beaverhead Val­ ley and the Bitterroot Mountains; and her procurement of native plants for food and medicinal pur­ poses; in h er very presence as a woman, and hence as a walking symbol, to the Indians, that the en­ tire Expedition was peaceful; in her stamina of keeping pace with the men, while she alone carried and cared for a child; in her several re­ corded acts of physical courage - for example, in saving part of the Lewis and Clark Journals in one boating accident, and on another occasion in saving her son from a sudden cloudburst-flood. The Lewis and Clark Journals also reflect Sac· agawea's intellectual curiosity, for example in her determination to see the Pacific Ocean, and h er avid in­ terest in traveling down the coast­ line with part of the Expedition to observe a whale on the beach. So in Sacagawea, too, we have a singu­ Ulustration courtesy Lewis & Clark College Information office. Caption by Irving W. Anderson. larly vivid symbol of historical - and continuing - injustice to wom­ The Lewis and Clark College Chapel takes its unusual design from traditional hats en, and of a very remarkable contri­ made and worn by Clatsop Indians. Cap­ bution, even in the most adverse of tains Lewis and Clark, while passing the circumstances. Finally, intellectual winter of 1805-1806 at Fort Clatsop (Ore­ honesty compells us to recognize gon), noted in their journals: "Maney of the that the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ nativs of the Columbia were hats & most tion, however enlightened its in­ commonly of a conic figure .. . these hats structions, and however reciprocal are made of the bark of Cedar and bear­ and scholarly its own interactions grass wrought with the fingers so closely with the Indian nations, was histor­ that it casts the rain most effectually." ically the forerunner west of the [Captain William Clark, 29 January 1806.] Mississippi of a settlement process The totems commanding the bridged en­ that was to prove coercive, unjust, tryway to the chapel portray a unique di­ and disasterous for native Ameri· mension of Protestant missionary influ­ cans. ------'------ence upon Northwest Indian spiritual be­ liefs. Combining Indian religious symbols with those of New Testament figures, the These (and other) legitimate criti­ totems were cast in concrete from original wood carvings made by Chief Lelooska, an cisms of the Expedition notwith­ internationally acclaimed Kwakiutl Indian artisan. Appropriately, two native Ore­ standing, the fact remains that the gon plants: Oregon Grape, Berberis aquifolium; and Salal, Gaultheria shallon, both Expedition was one of the more re­ credited to Lewis and Clark for priority of botanical discovery, provide landscaping markable in the history of scientific accent to the chapel's entryway, complementing the structure's delight{ul ethno-his­ and human exploration. In addition torical theme. to the major territorial claims rein- The chapel is named for Mrs. Agnes Flanagan, a major sponsor and sustaining force (continued on page 10) behind its creation and construction.

We Proceeded On, May 1982 -9- forced by the mission, and in addi­ Lewis and Clark College obviously tious, but realistic set of objectives. tion to the economic opportunities it draws its name from this pioneer­ We are the largest private educa­ secured, the mission made a genu­ ing Expedition. At this point, how­ tional institution in Oregon. With ine and significant contribution to ever, you may be wondering: well the benefit of four decades of effec­ the advancement of knowledge. The and good for the scholarly and val­ tive presidential leadership behind voyage enriched, in detail, the ue underpinnings of the Lewis and us, we have been through forty world's comprehension of a huge Clark Expedition - but what does years of sustained and remarkable and theretofore unknown expanse all of this have to do with Lewis and institutional growth and develop­ of land, and in the process, the Ex­ Clark College in 1981? Or, if you ment . .. I could go on and on, with pedition eradicated for all time the really want to be pointed in your this rationale, but I think the under­ illusion of a commercial "North­ question, you 'might observe that lying point is clear: the institutional west Passage" waterway to the Pa ­ our major daily struggle on this foundation is solid; we are well sit­ cific, an illusion that had been pur­ campus is not an attempt to get an uated, and more than competitive; sued by many explorers since Col­ expedition over the Bitteroot Moun­ the objectives are realistic; and we umbus's voyage, and indeed had tain Range before winter, but the feel the strategy is sound. The qual­ been part of Jefferson's vision of the attempt to find a parking place ev­ itative excellence and national dis­ Lewis and Clark E xpedition. The ery morning, before the spaces on tinction we pursue are realistic, and Expedition replaced this myth with this campus are full! More seriously, within our reach. the several journals and Clark's what is the relationship between Fifth, and vitally important - the well executed maps, which provided the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Lewis and Clark Expedition and a new and realistic perception of and Lewis and Clark College? I Lewis and Clark College share a this vast area. think that there are several impor­ fundamental commonality: the vi­ tant ties, and I will move through The Expedition also collected and tal importance of collaborative and them quickly: sent back to the academic commun­ mutually reinforcing endeavor, in ity, in Washington and Philadel­ First, I think the Lewis and Clark our individual interest, and in the phia, countless artifacts and speci­ Expedition is part of our national interest of our shared enterprise. In mens of flora and fauna. The Expe­ and regional and institutional her­ my estimate, we simply must be­ dition discovered - and carefully itage. As such, it needs to be better come more of a community, even in described, and sometimes illustrat­ understood and articulated. In this our diversity and plurality, with a ed - some 178 plants then un­ process we should not pursue a clear and unambiguous commit­ known to science, and some 102 mythical romanticized view of the ment to those shared objectives, if species of birds and animals, also Expedition. But the Expedition does the objectives are to be realized. unknown to science. It was a mas­ reflect important values: of philo­ Sixth, we will need to draw lessons sive scholarly advance. They discov­ sophy, philanthropy, and wisdom; of tenacity and persistence from the ered some 24 Indian tribes, and of ideas and creativity; of collabora­ Lewis and Clark Expedition. The through their very careful observa­ tive endeavor; of scientific explora­ objectives we have articulated and tion of and interactions with these tion; and careful research and writ­ the strategies we pursue will not be tribes, and their reports on num­ ing - and an underlying view of easy. There will be no " quick fix". bers, relationships, cultures, food, education and knowledge, not as a This is particularly true if one language, and political structure - consumer of resources, but as a gen­ makes realistic assessment of this they not only carried out Jefferson's erator, a wellspring of human and difficult decade, as we must ... Like instructions, but created the forerun­ intellectual and creative and eco­ the Lewis and Clark E xpedition, on­ ner of a major school of social sci­ nomic resources for our entire socie­ ly more so, the "Voyage of Discov­ ence and ethno-graphical scholar­ ty. ery" of Lewis and Clark College will ship. Moreover, the records kept by Second, I think Jefferson's vision be long term. It will require com­ Lewis and Clark - and by at least provides an important lesson for mitment, persistence, and tenacity six other members of the Expedition this College. In Proverbs, it says, of spirit . .. I am reminded here of a - made this what historian Donald "Without vision, the people perish." favorite quotation from John Gard­ Jackson described as"... the writ­ ner, suggesting that few instituions ingest explorers of their time.", and I think the same is true for any mis­ sion, or any institution. In any " ... have excellence thrust upon provided the world with an invalu­ event, the Board, the faculty and them. They achieve. They do not able historical record of the Expedi­ the community at Lewis and Clark achieve unwittingly . .. and they tion and the region (and I should have articulated a clear vision and don't stumble into it ... all excel- note that these publications had mission, and it can be stated with lence requires discipline and tenaci­ major international implications singular simplicity: we aspire to be­ ty of spirit." and were quickly published in come one of the finest liberal arts Finally, and perhaps most impor­ French and German, as well as Eng­ colleges and law schools in the coun­ tant, this college should share with lish, and read throughout the world). try. tlie Expedition a sense of love and appreciation, and the joy and en­ Third, like the Lewis and Clark Ex­ The central point is this: the "Voy­ thusiasm with the importance of pedition, we have a general plan our objectives, and the opportunity age of Discovery" had literally gone and strategy of priorities we would to and beyond the edge of human of our voyage. Even recognizing the like to pursue in this decade. The difficulties of the task, we must not knowledge and understanding. In first of these is comprehensive fi­ the process, the Expedition was a be part of a mood of gloom and nancial health, including tightened doom, and defeat and retrench­ manifestation of rich and impor­ management procedures, reinforced tant collaborative values, and it financial support from the diverse ment, and reduction, that has be­ had a major national and interna­ come all too familiar in American constituencies of this private col­ higher education today. We must not tional impact; and the Expedition lege, and an urgent need to strength­ made a major intellectual and schol­ succumb to the ebb and flow of fads, en our endowment. arly contribution to the advance­ and even of temporary or interme­ ment of knowledge, even to the ad­ Fourth, like the Lewis and Clark diate term demographic and eco­ vancement of wisdom. Expedition, ours is surely an ambi- nomic trends. Instead, we must be

-10- We Proceeded On, May 1982 ambitious in our objectives, if we are to be significant in our growth, and our contribution. This decade will see educational institutions in this country decline and fall. Oth­ ers, including some in the Pacific Northwest, will thrive and grow, in a process of winnowing in and win­ nowing out. Perhaps particularly in this decade, I would argue, there are major opportunities and urgent na­ tional needs for qualitative growth. Moreover, I believe communities and institutions should pursue such qualatative growth, not dogmatical­ ly, but with genuine confidence in their values and vision, and with some joy and humor, and again some enthusiasm for the very im­ portance and opportunity of their undertaking. These will be the insti­ tutions that emerge as the centers of distinction and quality at the turn of this decade, and the turn of this century. Foundation members will be saddened to learn of the death of Edna Mac­ At the beginning of my comments, I Gilvra who was loved by all who knew her and her beloved husband, E.E. quoted Meriwether Lewis's observa­ "Boo",MacGilvra, who passed away in 1980. 1 Edna was taken ill whi~e on a tions as the Expedition set out up vacation and tour in Honolulu, Hawaii, and died at a Honolulu hospital on the Missouri River from Fort Man­ February 17, 1982. dan, and Lewis's mixed sentiments Following "Boo's" death, Edna continued to reside in Butte, Montana,_ and of vision, realism, and risk - and, la8t year in August she joined members and friends at the Foundation's again, his genuine enjoyment with Thirteenth Annual Banquet at Helena. She was born in March 1903 to Jo­ the importance of the voyage, and seph and Valeria Poitras in Missoula, Montana, and attended local grade with his enthusiasm with the op­ schools and the Sacred Heart Academy in Missoula. Her marriage to Mac­ portunity of the undertaking, I Gilvra took place on July 1, 1944, in Butte, where she was employed as a would close with the rest of that secretary for the Butte Chamber of Commerce. A sister, Mrs. Charles (Rita} quotation from Meriwether Lewis, Staples, of Butte, and a nephew, R.E. MacGilvra, Fremont, California, sur­ as a fair (if somewhat flowery) re­ vive. Edna was a member of the St. James Community Hospital auxiliary flection of my own perceptions at (Butte), a worker for the American Cancer Society, and ~ctive in the Monta­ this inauguration: na Historical Society ("Boo" was a trustee of the Society for over twenty . . . as the state of mind in which we years) . are, generally gives the couloring to Among the several bequests provided by Edna's will, which reflects both her events ... the picture which now pre­ sented itself to me was a most pleas­ and "Boo's" interest in the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., ing one. Enterta[in]ing as I do, the is a gift of $10,000. Foundation Treasurer, Clarence Decker has acknowl­ most confident hope of succeeding in edged receiving this from Edna MacGilvra's legal counsel. a voyage which had formed a da[r]­ The illustration above was reproduced from a photograph made in 1976 at Jing project of mine for the last ten years, I could but esteem this mo­ the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Foundation, Great Falls, Montana, and ment of departure as among the most has been provided by Mrs. George (Vi) O'Connor, of Butte. happy of my life. The party are in ex­ J. See We Proceeded Ori, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 3-6. cellent health and sperits, zealously attached to the enterprise, and anx­ ious to proceed ... Anecdote - From The Lewis and Clark that, for so many people, puts it above others? The So, Lewis and Clark College - like Journals and Literature only explanation satisfying this the Expedition it is named for - is About The Expedition writer - and that might conceiva­ off on its own "Voyage of Discov­ We are often asked the question as to bly satisfy others - is that it con­ ery". I hope you will join us on this tains a greater number of allied exciting and important voyage. why the saga of the Lewis and Clark Expedition so intrigues us. For the components t.hat agreeably and On many days as they crossed the answer we had best turn to a para­ compellingly stir the mind. continent, Lewis and Clark began graph in Paul Cutright's book A (1) From the first to last it reflects th eir journals with the comment: Histor.Y of the Lewis and Clark the elaborate - we might say the "We proceeded on". I would close Journals.1 Here are Dr. Cutright's inspired - preparation Jefferson my inaugural comments with a sim­ remarks:2 gave to the Expedition, as is evi­ ilar note: Let's proceed on " ... Or, "But what is it about the story of denced by his discerning choice of more simply, "Let's get on with it!' " leaders, his insistence on multiple 1. Cutright, Paul Russell; A History of the journals, and his clear-cut statement Lewis and Clark Journals, Univ. of Oklahoma of objectives. Press, Norman, 1976. Pages xi-xii. (2) It is a story simply told, written 2. Reformated by t he editor to better empha· with an evident sense of purpose. size the author's seven appraisals of the Lewis and Clark story. (continued on page 12)

We Proceeded On, May 1982 -11- (3) It reveals human character at its best: the magnanimity of Lewis, the official leader, in sharing the com­ mand with Clark, the sympathy and understanding exhibited by both commanders toward the Indians, and the dogged persistence of rank and file - John Ordway, George Drouillard, John Shields, and all the rest - when faced with seemingly insurmountable odds. (4) It exposes to view, far more than ever before, that territorial immen­ sity west of the Mississippi lying be­ tween Canada on the north and Spanish lands on the south, with its diversity of heretofore relatively un­ known and unmapped plains, de­ serts, badlands, mountains, and forests. (5) It is replete with instances of tri­ umph over, or escape from, unfriend­ ly Indians, dangerous animals, dis­ ease, extremes of temperature, sleep­ dispelling insects, hunger, and al­ most every form of hardship known to man. (6) It is surcharged with the excite­ ment of discovery of unknown animals, plants, rivers, waterfalls, and Indians. (7) It contains moments of great ex­ ultation: escape from the hostile, tribute demanding Teton Sioux; finding the elusive Shoshonis, whose horses were so vitally neces­ sary for crossing the Rockies; con­ quering the snow-covered, redoubt­ able Bitterroots; attaining the Pacif­ ic Ocean; and, finally, that extreme moment of exultation, the beaching Courtesy The Daily News, Longview,- Washington of the dugouts at St. Louis on the Foundation Past President Mitchell Doumit, Cathlamet, Washington, re­ completion of the twenty-eight­ tired from active law practice on January 1, 1982. From a feature story month, adventure filled odyssey. captioned "Cathlamet Lawyer: He gave up a great deal to serve his home­ Any way one looks at it, the story is town", We Proceeded On has excerpted a part of the article by Richard Spiro one of universal appeal, a bountiful of the The Daily News, Longview, Washington. chronicle that, as evidence proves, achieves great stature with each After 53 years as an attorney, including a 40-year stint as attorney for the Town of passing year." Cathlamet and a distinguished career of service to the town, the county and the state, it was all coming to an end. Editor's Note: Doumit has since softened that pronouncement to "semiretirement". He explained: Foundation members of record in ''I'll continue to do a little office work - a couple of hours in the morning and February 1982 have probably re­ maybe a couple in the afternoon. But no contested matters - I won't handle ceived the mailing from The Hamil­ anything that goes to court, except probate." ton Collection which describes the Doumit is 76 now, slowed somewhat by a heart attack and a stroke, but nearly "Lewis and Clark Expedition Plate every day he climbs the 21 steps leading to· his law office that overlooks Cath­ Collection" (a series of eight Gor­ lamet's main street. ham China plates) featuring repro­ This is his town, in the sense that he was born here in 1905 and with the exception ductions of John Clymer's eight of six years - four in the [Washington] State Attorney General's Office and two paintings depicting scenes and in­ with the Pierce County prosecutor - has always lived here . . .. For all the other cidents related to the Lewis and years Cathlamet and Wahkiakum County have felt the impact of his forceful per­ Clark Expedition (see, WPO, Vol. 6, sonality. He has been prosecuting attorney, manager of the PUD [Public Utility No. 4, p. 1). Titles are: "Lewis and District], and his 40 years as town attorney is probably a record in the state [of Clark in the Bitterroots" ("Ordeal Washington] . ... in the Bitteroots"); "The Lewis Doumit describes himself as a firm believer in fiscal responsibility. "As PUD man­ Crossing"; "Sacajawea [sic.] at the ager I reduced the rates. And I've consistently opposed a property tax for Cath­ Big Water"; "The Buffalo Gangue" lamet - we don't need it." And to date residents remain free of a city property tax ("A Gangue of Buffalo"); "The Salt levy. Makers"; "Up the Jefferson"; "Ar- Always a strong individual, ready to fight for what he believes is right, socially (con't page 13, column 3) Doumit has a charming personality. And he has multiple interests - it was he who -12- We Proceeded On, May 1982 pushed for formation of a volunteer fire department, then served 40 years as its rival of Sergeant Pryor"; and "Vis­ chief. itors at Fort Clatsop". In several in­ An athlete in his younger days, Doumit reluctantly ended his baseball-playing stances the Hamilton promoters days as a concession to advancing age . ... Doumit was a shortstop at first, then a h ave altered artist Clymer's origi­ pitcher. And in his 60s he pitched three innings of an old-timers game in Cath­ nal titles, and students of the Expe­ lamet .... dition will note an inaccuracy in the text in the brochure regarding the [Pointing out that he had provided legal counsel for clients who did not pay when location where Clark and his party billed for his services, Doumit said:] encountered the "gan gue" (herd) ".... the young lawyers today seem to be better businessmen than we were. Still, I of buffalo. In their text they say cor­ feel people are entitled to be represented, and just because they have no money isn't rectly: "Meriwether Lewis and his justification for depriving them of their rights." men crossed the Clark [Fork] Riv­ As with most older people, Mitchell is saddened as old friends and acquaintances er", but their text should read wh en pass away. "A lot of my closest friends are gone . .. I feel," he said, "like the last of referring to Clark: "William Clark my generation. and his band encountered a herd of buffalo crossing the Yellowstone Mitchell and Mrs. Doumit (Elizabeth) enjoy their beautiful home on the River on August 1, 1806." Lewis's hillside overlooking Cathlamet's business section, Puget Island, and the crossing of the Clark Fork River Columbia River. Two brothers and a sister reside in Cathlamet as well as a was on July 3, 1806. daughter, son-in-law, and their three children (grandchildren). He has sis­ ters in Port Orchard, Washington; St. Helens, Oregon; and Fresno, Califor­ If you did not receive this mailing, nia. Foundation members know of his service as chairman of the Washing­ you may direct a request to The ton (State) Lewis and Clark Trail Committee (1977-1981), and as president of Hamilton Collection, 1 Charter Pla­ the (national) Foundation (1978-1979). Foundation members join the editor za, P.O. Box 2567, Jacksonville, FL with all good wishes for happy retirement days ahead. 32203. Illinois Lewis and Clark Memorial near Wood River Ready For Visitors

STATE OF ILLINOIS STATE OF WASHINGTON

Near this site at the conflu­ ence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, Meri­ Travcling on the S nake wether Lewis and William River, Lewis and Clark en­ Clark spent the winter of tered what is now the s tate 1803-1804 preparing for of Washington near the their journey to the Pacific present town of Clarkston. Coast. President Jefferson In mid-October, 1805, the had commissioned them to expedition reached the con­ explore the newly acquired fluence of the Snake and Louisiana Territory. They Columbia Rivers. And after called their winter quarters traveling three hundred Camp DuBois and their miles down the Columbia party of forty-five men was River, Lewis and Clark known as the Corps of Dis­ reached the Pacific Coast covery. On May 14, 1804, on November 18, 1805. the Corps of Discovery left Camp Dubois.

Texts for two of the eleven plaques

Following last September's dedication of the new Lewis and Clark Memorial at Lewis and Clark State Park, near Wood River and Hartford, Illinois, some additional improvements have been made. The three flag poles, planned for in the original design but not delivered in time for the dedication, have been installed within the memorial's rotunda. They are pictured here with their flags flying in the brisk Illinois breeze. The fifty star "Old Glory" is in the forward position, flanked to the right by the Illinois State Flag, and to the left by a facsimile of the fifteen star-fifteen bar flag carried by the exploring party during the 1803-1806expedition.1 At the time of the dedication the eleven plaques, each mounted on a separate concrete pylon (the pylons form the rotunda), were in place, but photographs of them have not been available. Each of the eleven Trail States is represented on an individual plaque and the text briefly reviews the exploring party's activities as it traveled through the lands now comprising that state. The State of Illinois, the Lewis and Clark Society of America (Wood River, Illinois), and Foundation Past President and Treasurer Clarence Decker (East Alton, Illinois),2 may be proud of this handsome facility that marks a most important location in the saga of Lewis and Clark's Voyage of Discovery.3

1. See WPO, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 22-26: "The Flags of the Lewis and Clark Expedition", by Bob Saindon. 2. Clarence Decher has been a tireless worker and has given a great deal of his time and energy toward the development and completion of the Memorial. 3. For additional information regarding the Memorial see: WPO , Vol. 3, Nu. 1, p. 1, 9; Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1, 3; and Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 3.

We Proceeded On, May 1982 -13- Editor's note: Dr. "Frenchy" Chuinard, Portland, Oregon, provides an interesting interrogation in the title for his by-line contribu­ tion for this issue of We Proceeded On. It is fitting that we reflect on Philadelphia's role in the preparation for, and contributions to, the Lewis and Clark enterprise, and the series of events which took place in Philadelphia provide Dr. Chuinard with a conjecture for determining the "Start of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". It is likely that not all readers will agree, and he and the editor agree that the subject is a controversial one, and in his dissertation the doctor reflects on a number of reasonable alternative claims that deserve valid consideration. "Frenchy" served our Foundation as its second president (1971) and was one of thirteen individuals who met in St. Louis in 1970 at the charter meeting of the organization. Doctor Chuinard is the author of the 444 page volume Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, is a frequent contributor to the pages of We Proceeded On, and serves as Chairman of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee.

Where Did the Lewis and Clark Expedition Start? By E.G. Chuinard, M.D.

In this writer's thinking the Lewis and Clark Expedition started when Lewis's supply wagon pulled out of the Schuykill Arsenal in Philadelphia and started on its meandering course westward to Pittsburgh (this exact date is not recorded). Whatever the legal designation of the Lewis and Clark Trail or the various interesting local claims might be, Lewis knew where he had to start to prepare for and reach his objective. After leaving Philadelphia, all other points were wayside stops in his long journey.

Almost all accounts of the history of Wood River, Illinois Territory, Where did the Lewis and Clark Ex­ the Lewis and Clark Expedition re­ where Lewis and Clark spent the pedition Start? A full reading of the fer to St. Louis and/ or its neighbor­ winter of 1803-1804 gathering their saga of the Voyage of Discovery ing areas, Wood River ("Camp supplies and crew, and training of suggests that the St. Louis area Wood" or "Camp Dubois") or St. the latter, has much justification for may be considered the mid-point in Charles, as the location from which its claim as the starting point of the the progress of the great explora­ Lewis and Clark started their Expedition. Except for Captain Le­ tion: it was the end, the objective, of Voyage of Discovery. There is a wis, essentially none of the men vis­ the first leg of the trans-continental reasonableness to the designation ited St. Louis. When Congress journey - just as Fort Mandan of each place because the St. Louis passed Public Law 95-625 creating (North Dakota)7 and Fort Clatsop area was recognized early as the the category of "National Historic (Oregon) were stop-over resting and "Gateway to the West". Trails" in 1978,5 it provided for the preparing areas for the next stage Lewis and Clark National Historic of the journey. As historians' vista In his detailed instructions to Lewis Trail " . .. extending from Wood and contemplation of the whole dated June 20, 1803, President Jef­ River, Illinois, to the mouth of the complex performance of the explo­ ferson uses such phrases as "The Columbia River, in Oregon." By in­ ration has widened and deepened, object of your mission is to explore ference, this indicates the scope of the propriety and necessity of in­ the Missouri river & such principal the Lewis and Clark Expedition. cluding the preparations for the un­ stream of it, as, by it's course and dertaking, and Lewis's keel-boat communication with the water of 2 When the Expedition left Camp trip with supplies down the Ohio the Pacific Ocean . ..", and "Be­ Dubois (Illinois) on May 14, 1804, it River, become more obvious. In­ ginning at the mouth of the Missou­ 3 was under the command of Captain deed, Dr. Gary Moulton, who is now ri ..." Jefferson makes no refer­ Clark during its initial short run to editing the new edition of the Lewis ence to exploratory pursuits or St. Charles (Missouri), some 20 and Clark Journals to be published objectives of the Expedition prior to miles upriver. Here Clark anchored by the University of Nebraska leaving the St. Louis area. to await the arrival of Captain Press,8 is including Lewis's journal In his confidential message of Jan­ Lewis from St. Louis. When the of his Ohio River voyage as the Ex­ uary 18, 1803, to the "Gentlemen of Corps of Discovery departed from pedition's Eastern Journal. Dr. the Senate and House of Represen­ St. Charles on May 21, it was truly Moulton begins this Eastern Jour­ tatives", Jefferson discussed the unified and complete as the Lewis nal with Lewis's departure from problems of "The Indian tribes re­ and Clark Expedition. Pittsburgh on August 30, 1803.9 siding within the limits of the U.S. ...", but he switched to what was And so the city of St. Charles, 7. In fact, Fort Mandan, near present-day clearly his main concern: obtaining which has with pride kept alive and Washburn, North Dakota, could well lay claim restored much of its historical asso­ to be the starting point of the Permanent from Congress permission and Party of the Expedition. Touissant Charbon­ funding for an exploration of the ciation with the Expedition, has neau, his wife, Sacagawea, and their son, trans-Mississippi west " .. . for the merit in advancing its claim to Baptiste, and Francois Labiche joined the ex­ interests of commerce ... " and to being the departure point of the Ex­ ploring party that headed westward into an pedition that has for 175 years expansive domain never before visited by " ... incidentally advance the ge­ white man. They left Fort Mandan in their ography of our own continent . .." 4 borne the names of both Captain pirogues and dugout canoes on April 7, 1805. Lewis and Captain Clark.6 The same day the keel-boat under the com­ l. Chuinard, E.G.; Only One Man Died:. The mand of Corporal Warfington started back to Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Ex­ St. Louis with the voyageurs who helped to pedition, The Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, 5. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 13. bring it up the Missouri. CA, 1979. 6. Doris Crozier, Archivist of the St. Charles 8. Moulton, Gary E.; "The Journals of the 2. Jackson, Donald (Editor); Letters of the Historical Society, St. Charles, MO, writes in Lewis and Clark Expedition: Beginning Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related a personal communication: "Yes, indeed, we Again", in We Proceeded On, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. Documents, 1783-1854, Univ. Illinois Press, in St. Charles lay claim to the fact that the 14-16. Urbana, 1962. Second Edition, 1978. Page 61. Expedition did start from here, because it was at St. Charles that they [the Captains) finally 9. Lewis gives his departure date from Pitts­ 3. Ibid. joined together." See also: We Proceeded On, burgh as August 30, 1803. See: Quaife, Milo M. 4. Ibid., pp. 10-14. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 10-11. (Editm); The Journals of Captain Meriwether -14- We Proceeded On, May 1982 Consistent with Dr. Moulton's con­ country. It was the initial move to­ Where did the Lewis and Clark Ex­ cept that Lewis's journey down the ward the opening of the Far West to pedition Start? Lewis dutifully Ohio is a part of the Lewis and the waiting East. And although the made his daily journal notes as he Clark Expedition, there would seem true value of the expedition is still descended the Ohio River until he being assayed by historians, Pitts­ to be considerable justification in burgh's part in this dramatic en­ skipped some weeks, which includ­ Pittsburgh's claim to the distinction deavor has been'mostly forgotton. 11 ed the time when he met Clark at of being the starting point of the Louisville (Kentucky) and took him Expedition. Indeed, Lewis himself Lewis arrived in Pittsburgh on July aboard. The two captains spent called Pittsburgh " ... the intended 15, 1803, 12 and here he received the some time in Louisville, renewing point of embarcation . . . "when he supplies brought overland from their friendship and discussing wrote to William Clark on June 19, Philadelphia by a waggoner en­ plans and personnel for the Expedi­ 1803, proposing that Clark accom- . gaged by Mr. William Linnard,13 a tion. It is most regrettable that Lew­ pany him on the voyage because of military agent of this city. Lewis is was not making journal entries at " ... the long and uninterupted expected his keel-boat to be ready this time, to record in the felicitous friendship and confidence which language in their exchange of let­ 1 for loading, but a sloven and drunk­ has subsisted between us . . . " 0 en boat-builder delayed his depar· ters the great exuberance they must have felt on meeting again.19 James C. King, Professor of Social ture until August 31.14 During his Studies at Clarion College, Clarion, six weeks' delay Lewis's spirits It is not unexpected that Louisville PA, puts forth Pittsburgh's claim in were raised by receiving Clark's would lay claim to the starting an article titled: "Pittsburgh: Gate­ eager acceptance of Lewis's invita­ point of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ way To The Far West In 1803": tion to join him in leading the Ex­ dition, for it was in Louisville that pedition, 15 and in fraternizing with the two captains met and combined On a Pittsburgh wharf in the gray, a Dr. Hugh Scott, the town's army their efforts to "proceed on". And so early dawn of August 31, 1803, stood 16 Atmy Captain Meriwether Lewis. At physician-postmaster. Jefferson we find in the Filson Club History heel was Scannon, his Newfound­ had given Lewis specific instruc­ Quarterly, a little vingette titled land dog .. . Soon would begin the tions that he a nd other members of "The Lewis and Clark Expedition greatest adventure of their lives. the party should keep journals. The - Where Did it Start", prepared by Soon both man and dog would start a fact that Lewis started his journal Richard H. Hill, wherein are repro· journey that would take them to the notes on August 30, 1803,17 the day duced as illustration s portions of Pacific and back. And now at 7:00 of "embarcation" from Pittsburgh, pages from two Kentucky Gazette A.M., in the early morning light, a may be accepted as added evidence and General Advertiser newspa­ keelboat splashed into the Monon· that Lewis considered Pittsburgh to gahela. The Captain's long wait was pers. The texts from the newspaper over, and he watched intently as the be where the Expedition started. stories relating to Lewis and Clark boat took the water. If Clark had not accepted Lewis's were identified and transcribed as follows: Now a keelboat launching was a fre· invitation, the exploration might quent sight in the Pittsburgh of that have become the Lewis and Hooke The Kentucky Gazette and General day and time, but this occasion Expedition. Lewis had tentatively Advertiser, Tuesday, November 1, would prove to be different. At 10:00 offered Lieutenent Moses Hook18 of 1803, published by Daniel Bradford A.M., after three hours of brisk, or· Pittsburgh the co-command if he of Lexington, Kentucky, on the sec· derly loading, Captain Lewis, with did not receive an affirmative an­ ond page, Vol. XVII - No. 894, con­ his dog and a crew of eleven men, swer from Clark. Hooke was willing tained the following news-item from headed the boat down the Ohio River to join Lewis, and if Clark had re­ Louisville, dated October 15: - the beginning of the greatest transcontinental exploration ever fused, Pittsburgh would have had a LOUISVILLE, October 15. undertaken by the United States. firmer claim that the Lewis and Captain Lewis arrived at this port on Few people were there to witness the Hooke Expedition started there. Friday last. We are informed that he departure, and later fewer still would has brought barges &c. on a n ew remember that the Lewis and Clark construction, that can be taken in 11. King, J ames C.; "Pittsburgh: Gateway To pieces, fo r the purpose of passing Expedition under the auspices of The Far West In 1803", in Westem Pennsyl­ Thomas Jefferson actually started uania Historical Magazine (Historical Society carrying-places [obviously a descrip­ from Pittsburgh in a Pittsburgh-built of Western Pennsylvania). Vol. 50, No. 4, Oct. tion of Lewis's "Iron Boat"); and that keelboat ..... 1967, pp. 301-303. he and Captain Clark will start in a 12. Jackson, op. cit., p. 110. "Pittsburgh, July fe w days on their expedition to the The Ohio River journey, however, did 15, 1803", Lewis wrote J efferson: "I arrived Westward. serve as a shakedown cruise for the here ..." The Kentucky Gazette and General eleven-man crew. And eventually the 13. Ibid., pp. 53·54. keelboat made a 3000 mile round-trip Advertiser, Tuesday, November 8, up the Missouri and back to St. Louis. 14. Ibid., Lewis writes to J efferson in detail (continued on page 16) The boat served the expedition for about his troubles with the boat-builder: " ...shamef ully detained by the unpardonable 19. Louisville, Kentucky, is a n important city better than 4000 miles of river travel, negligence of my boat-builder." in the Clark family history, but it is more a and it was indispensable to the as· George Rogers Clark city than a William cent cf the Missouri and to the suc· 15. Ibid., pp. 110-111. Clark city. It was George Rogers (l 752-1818), cess of the expedition. 16. Chuinard, E.G.; "A Medical Mystery at 18 years older than William, and the second of Fort Cla tsop", We Proceeded 011, Vol. 3, No. 2, five Clark brothers, who saved the Old The Lewis and Clark Expedition pp. 8-9. Northwest Territory for the United States dur· probed deep into the heart of the con· ing the Revolutionary War. He died in Louis· tinent and then beyond to the Pacific 17. See Fn. 9, ante. ville in the home of his brother-in·law, Major Ocean. It gave the United States a 18. J ackson; op. cit., pp. 113-115. Letter, Lewis William Croghan (pronounced Crawn), in substantial claim to the Oregon to J efferson, and Letter, Secretary of War 1818. The home, Locust Hill, is restored and is Dearborn to Moses Hooke. Dearborn's letter open to visitors as a shrine to George Rogers. (fn. 9, continued) gives Lieutenent Hooke contingent authority The attractively restored Ohio River water· Lewis and Sergeant John Ordway, The State to accompany Lewis under his (Lewis's) com· Cron tin Louisville features a life-size statute of Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, mand (italics mine). Although Clark's com· George Rogers Clark. How appropriate it 1916. Page 31. There is confusion concerning mission was for only a second lieutenancy, it would be to have also a statue of his younger this date. The probable correct date was Au­ did not specify that he was under Lewis's brother William extendin g his hand in greet· gust 31, 1803. See: Jackson, op. cit., p.120, note command; their ranks would indicate SO, but ing to Meriwether Lewis - the better to por· 1. Lewis assured Clark that he would have equal tray Louisville's claim to being the starting 10. Jackson, op. cit., p. 57. status. point for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. We Proceeded On, May 1982 ·15· 1803, on the third page, Vol. XVII - ed, and Lewis spent much of May miles of the Voyage of Discovery, No. 895, contained the following and June 1803 assembling his sup­ especially when the party was di­ news-item from Louisville, dated Oc­ plies, and receipted for them to Is­ vided on the return journey, when tober 29: rael Whelan, purveyor at the Schuyl­ Lewis went north to explore the LOUISVILLE, October 29. kill Arsenal, for "Transportation of sources of the Marias River, and Capt. Clark and Mr. Lewis left this public stores from Philadelphia to then returned via the Missouri Riv­ place on Wednesday last, on the ex­ Indian D. [Depol] Pittsburgh". 22 er, while Clark traveled to the Three pedition to the Westward. We have Lewis engaged a Mr. William Lin­ Forks of the Missouri and then de­ not been able to ascertain what nard to employ a waggoner " . .. to scended the Yellowstone River? length this rout will extend, as when transport the articles forming my Perhaps the designation of the it was first set on foot by the Presi­ 2 dent, the Louisiana country was not outfit... " :i along the dusty roads to Lewis and Clark Expedition more ceded to the United States and it is Harper's Ferry (Maryland, West Vir­ appropriately belongs to the time likely it will be considerably extended ginia, Virginia) where Lewis expect­ when Clark accepted Lewis's invi­ - they are to receive further instruc­ ed the waggoner " . .. to take the tation to join him, or when Clark re­ tions at Kahokia. It is, however, cer­ whole ofthe articles that had been ceived his commission.26 tain that they will ascend the main p1·epared for me· at this place [Har­ branch of the Mississippi as far as per's Ferry] .. . " (guns, knives, Where Did the Lewis and Clark Ex­ pedition Start? In the chronology in possible: and it is probable they will tomahawks, and his unassembled Only One Man Died . . . ,21 I listed then direct their course to the Mis­ iron boat). souri, and ascend it ....About 60 the starting time and place so far as men will complete the party.2° Lewis had warned Linnard about Lewis was concerned as July 5, The purpose of Mr. Hill's vignette, the necessity " ... of providing a 1803. This date is based on J effer­ though without further comment, is strong and effective team for the son's let.ter to Thomas Mann Ran­ to imply that the Lewis and Clark transportation of public stores un­ dolph dated July 5, 1803, in which Expedition had its beginning at der my charge destined for Pitts­ he wrote: "Capt. .Lewis sets out on 2 8 Louisville, Kentucky. burgh;"24 (italics mine) Hc~ wever, his journey today . .. " and on Jef­ the waggoner was convinced he ferson's July 13, 1803, letter to Cae­ Where Did the Lewis and Clark Ex­ could not take on any more load at sar A. Rodney, which stated: "Capt. pedition Start? The Lewis and Harper's Ferry, and Lewis was put Lewis left this [place - Washing­ Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, to considerable inconvenience and ton, D.C.] on the 5th on his journey Inc., is holding its 14th Annual annoyance to arrange for addition­ up the Mississippi".29 Lewis had Meeting in Philadelphia, August 8 al conveyance. Lewis wrote to Jef­ been premature in writing to his to 11, this year, because of its inter­ ferson from Harper's Ferry on July mother on July 2, 1803 (or had mis­ est in many things which indicate 8, 1803, about all of this trouble, and dated his letter), wherein he stated: that the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ added that he was taking the route "The day after tomorrow I shall set tion had vital preparatory origins from Harper's Ferry " . .. via out for the Western Country; ... " ao in Philadelphia. Philadelphia was Charlestown, Frankfort, Union­ Did the Expedition start with the seat of erudition in the colonies, town, Redstone old fort to Pitts­ Lewis's departure from Washing­ the Continental Congress met here, burgh. . ." 25 Presumably the wag­ ton, or when he and his supplies the Declaration of Independence ons followed the same route. came together? If the latter, Har­ was signed here, and the develop­ per's Ferry could be considered the ment of the Constitution centered Wasn't the Expedition underway starting point. here - all of this bringing together when Lewis's waggoner started to the various leaders to whom Presi­ transport the Expedition's supplies Perhaps it is just as well to let the dent Jefferson looked for advice and from the Schuylkill Arsenal toward answer be as history heretofore has support, and to whom he sent Lewis the west? As. noted above, Lewis designated it: that "The Lewis and for instruction during the planning wrote of the " . .. public stores un- Clark Expedition Started Here" - prelude to the Lewis and Clark Ex­ der my charge ... " - he was in "here" being the area of St. Louis, pedition. command. Must these supplies be Missouri, more specifically Wood trapsferred to the keel-boat, or final­ River, Illinois. What occurred before The orchestra conductor's score is ly deposited at Wood River, to be in the dreaming, planning, and not the performance of the sympho­ part of the Expedition? Must Lewis preparation, and the travel and tra­ ny, the general's battle plans are be sitting beside the waggoner to vail from Philadelphia to Wood not the battle - and the accumula­ urge the horses along; or, more to River, will remain like the yardage tion of information and material the point, urging the waggoner? covered by a football team's tail­ that Lewis assembled in Philadel­ Pittsburgh's claim to be the starting back before he crosses the line of phia do not constitute the Expedi­ point of the exploring enterprise scrimmage: that yardage doesn't tion. It is often observed that the would seem to rest on Lewis and his count. Expedition began with the formula­ 21 supplies being "embarced" on the But· to the professional historian tion of ideas in Jefferson's mind; keel-boat. but if these ideas had remained un­ and history buff, the calling of the generated, if the materials Lewis And Louisville's claim would seem play and the momentum generated assembled from the Schuylkill Ar­ to rest on the two captains being to­ before reaching the line of scrim­ senal had remained in storage, gether. But if the two commanders mage, does count very much. Sim­ there would have been no Lewis and must be together to be considered ilar sporadic previous attempts to Clark Expedition. the Lewis and Clark Expedition, get an expedition up to the line of then what of the many miles they scrimmage had failed because there But Jefferson's ideas were activat- were separated during the 8000 plus 26. Ibid., pp. 172-173. 20. Hill, Richard H.; "The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Where Did it Start?", in the Filson 22. Ibid., pp. 69-99. Lewis receipted for the list 27. Chuinard, op. cit., unnumbered page 14. Club Quarterly, Louisville, KY, Vol. 42, April of supplies on page 99. 28. Jackson, op. cit., p. 106, note to "Letter 1968, pp. 182-184. 23. Ibid., p. 106. 67". 21. jackson, op. cit., p. lll. Clark wrote of Jef­ 29. Ibid., p. 14, note to " letter 8". ferson being " .... the mainspring of its [the 24. Ibid., p. 53. Expedition's] action." 25. Ibid., p. 106. 30. Ibid., p. 100.

-16- We Proceeded On, May 1982 was missing the adequate and ma­ son, and Bob Lange, were special dition. A special treat was the op­ ture planning that Jefferson, and guests. Marcus Ware, Lewiston, Ida­ portunity to see the original oil the precise leadership that Lewis, ho, a past-director and officer of the painting titled: "Visitors at Fort brought to the game of exploring national Lewis and Clark Trail Her­ Clatsop". Sherman called attention the western country in 1803. itage Foundation, Inc., also attend­ to the fact that eight of Clymer's ed the meeting. Lewis and Clark paintings are be­ In this writer's thinking the Lewis ing reproduced on lO 'Vs inch Gor­ and Clark Expedition started when Earlier, a sub-committee for the ham china plates (the Hamilton Col­ Lewis's supply wagon pulled out of 1983 national Foundation Annual lection's "Lewis and Clark Expedi­ the Schuylkill Arsenal in Philadel­ Meeting, headed by Chairman Rob­ tion Plate Collection"). phia and started on its meandering ert C. Carriker, met at 10:30 A.M. at course westward to Pittsburgh (this the Doumit residence to discuss pre­ Erna Rose's topic was "Recent Lew­ exact date is not recorded). Whatev­ liminary plans for the August 1983 is and Clark Related Books". Her er the legal designation of the Lewis Annual Meeting to be held in the primary review was of Donald Jack­ and Clark Trail or the various in­ Tri-cities area in southeast Wash­ son's recent book Thomas Jefferson teresting local claims might be, ington State. Chairman Carriker re­ and the Stony Mountains: Explor­ Lewis knew where he had to start to ported on this sub-committee meet­ ing the West From Monticello.' prepare for and reach his objective. ing at the afternoon session. There were two papers presented After leaving Philadelphia, all Carol Wilson, the new committee during the evening. President other points were wayside stops in member from Whitman County Shores prepared a paper titled: "The his long journey. (southeast Washington State) was Expedition's Deserters: Liberte and Perhaps, someday, history and le­ introduced. Chairman Graber re­ Moses B. Reed". Robert Lange's galities will coalesce in recognizing ported on the public school map pro­ presentation related to a member of the entire transcontinental Trail of ject and the activity related to the the exploring party and was titled: the Expedition. It is fitting that the renaming of the dams (Jefferson, "Private George Shannon: "The Ex­ journals the captains kept of their Lewis, Clark, and Gass) on the pedition's Youngest Member - magnificent exploration are in safe Sn ake River in southeast Washing­ 1785? or 1787? - 1836". keeping at the American Philoso­ ton State. Hazel Bain, who is the President Shores announced that phical Society, and also that many Washington committee's representa­ the board of directors have set July of the specimens of flora they col­ tive for the May 1, 1982 Oregon­ 17, 1982, to be the date for the or­ lected are carefully preserved at the Washington Ninth Annual Lewis ganization's outing and picnic. The Academy of Natural Sciences of and Clark Symposium (hosted this event will be at Washington State's Philadelphia,31 in the city of Phila­ year by the Oregon committee), re­ Beacon Rock State Park, thirty-five delphia where the Expedition start­ ported on the symposium plans. Clif­ miles east of Portland in the ed. ford Imsland announced that the Columbia River Gorge. Following new and permanent Lewis and the picnic luncheon, interpretive We know a great deal about the Clark Expedition exhibit at the many abilities of Meriwether Lewis, talks related to the landmark will be Washington Historical Society Mu­ a feature, together with an illustrat­ but we do not know if he could sing. seum, Tacoma, was receiving favor­ Otherwise, in spite of his frustrat­ ed commentary related to the plants able comment by both museum discovered and collected by Meri­ ing efforts toward getting his expe­ staff and by visitors. lmsla nd ex­ dition under way, and ifhe had had wether Lewis, presented by Mrs. hibited photographs taken at the Ruth Strong.2 among his supplies a tape recorder January 16th dedication of the ex­ and used it, we might hear him hibit. singing something similar to the 1. Reviewed in We Proceeded On, by Arlen J. words made popular in a later-day Following the business meeting Large. See Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 7·8. musica l production "Sound of Mu­ members and guests viewed a short 2. See We Proceeded On, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 4-6. motion picture film related to the sic". * * * ••••••••••• Lewis and Clark Expedition that "Let us start at the beginning, was supplied by committee member On Saturday, March 27, 1982, the Which is a very good place to Barbara Kubik. OREGON LEWIS AND CLARK Start." ********** TRAIL COMMITTEE, met for a The OREGON LEWIS AND quarterly meeting at Portland's 31. Cutright, Paul R.; Lewis and Clark: Pio­ Washington Park Zoo. The meeting neering Naturalists, Univ. Illinois Press, Ur­ CLARK HERITAGE FOUNDA­ bana, 1969. "Appendix C", pp. 448-456. TION is a study-club organization was held in conjunction with the sponsored by the Oregon Lewis and dedication program for a small Lew­ Clark Trail Committee, and is affil­ is and Clark Garden recently de­ iated with the Oregon Historical So­ veloped within the zoo grounds. The Recent Meetings ciety, and the national Lewis and garden features plants described by Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, the explorers, and a sculpture of The WASHINGTON (STATE) Inc. March 31, 1982, was the date "The Sleeping Badger" done by LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL COM­ for the organization's first 1982 Portland artist Tom Hardy. Dr. MITTEE held its fifty-first quarter­ quarterly meeting at the Oregon James A. Gardner, President, Lewis ly meeting on Saturday, April 3, Historical Center, Portland. Follow­ and Clark College, was a special 1982, at Cathlamet, Washington. ing introduction of his fellow offi­ guest at the ceremony and spoke Mitchell Doumit arranged for a cers and the directors for 1982, Pres­ briefly about several incidents of in­ luncheon at the picturesque Pierre's ident Donald Shores introduced the terest regarding the saga of Lewis Restaurant. Committee Chairman evening's speakers. and Clark. Warren Iliff, Zoo Direc­ Archie Graber convened the meet­ tor, and Cherie Williams, President ing, attended by fifteen members of William P. Sherman, a personal of the Friends of the Zoo, arranged the committee, at 1:30 P.M. Mem­ friend of artist John Clymer, spoke the program and spoke briefly. bers of the Oregon Lewis and Clark briefly about Clymer's paintings Trail Committee: Chairman, E.G. that depict scenes and incidents re­ Following the dedication ceremo- "Frenchy" Chuinard, Irving Ander- lated to the Lewis and Clark Expe- (continued on page 18) We Proceeded On, May 1982 -17- nies, committee Chairman Chuinard "The Lewis and Clark Experience News Note called the meeting to order at 11:00 as Seen by the Nez Perce Indians" Given an evening or two, you can A.M. at the Zoo Meeting Center. was the title of Walla Walla histori­ now join the Expedition's "head Eighteen committee members were an and author, Bill Gulick, who.was carpenter" and "construction super­ present. Attending from the Wash­ the speaker for the evening. Gul­ intendent", Sergeant Patrick Gass, ington Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ ick's recently published book Chief and the men of the exploring party, mittee were Chairman Archie Grab­ Joseph Country: Land of the Nez in the construction of their winter er, Mitchell Doumit, and Hazel Perce has been receiving favorable establishments for 1803-1804, 1804- Bain. Special guest was Shirley A. reviews.1 Discussing the Lewis and 1805, and 1805-1806! Woodrow, assistant to Oregon Gov­ Clark Expedition's encounter with ernor Victor Atiyeh for Commission these Indians,' who resided in the A unique publication recently pro­ and Committee Appointments, who area that is now north-central duced by Foundation Past Presi­ introduced new members of the Ore­ Idaho and southeast Washington, dent Bob Saindon, Helena, Monta­ gon committee: Dr. Stephen Beck­ Gulick pointed out that the friend­ na, is an eight page, nine by twelve ham, Evelyn Black, Michael Bor­ ship and helpfulness of the Nez inch booklet, printed on heavy card deau, Rudy Clements, and Shirley Perce toward the Lewis and Clark stock. In reality, the booklet con­ Tanzer. Expedition was vital to the success tains authentic cutout models of the of the exploring enterprise. three historic forts (Wood River Dr. Gordon Dodds, sub-committee Camp, Fort Mandan, and Fort chairman for the May 1, 1982, Special guests at the meeting were: Clatsop) of the Lewis and Clark Ninth Annual Oregon-Washington John and Ruth Caylor, Boise, Ida­ Expedition. Detailed instructions Lewis and Clark Symposium, an­ ho; Marcus and Helen Ware, Lewis­ are included for assembling the nounced and discussed plans for ton, Idaho; Ted Little, Clarkston, three-dimensional models. As­ this forthcoming event. Mr. Jimmie Washington; Barbara and Rennie sembled models are illustrated on L. Dunning, Regional Director of Kubik, Pasco, Washington; and the booklet's cover along with the the Midwest Region, National Park Mrs. Bill (Jeanne) Gulick. Jeanne following statement from Bob Service, Omaha, Nebraska, will be Gulick assisted her husband re­ Saindon: the evening banquet speaker. The searching and editing his recent NPS Omaha Regional Office is mak­ book. "An easy project for ages ten to ing the study for the development of adult._ These cutouts are drawn at the Lewis and Clark National His­ Barbara Kubik, Interpretive As­ 1/ 10 inch equals one foot, and toric Trail, and Mr. Dunning will sistant at Sacajawea Museum at make attractive pieces for den, discuss this activity. Dr. Dodds and Washington State's Sacajawea office, scouts, museums, and his colleagues Dr. Richard Thoms, State Park2 near Pasco, Washing­ play, as well as handsome center Dr.John Eliot Allen, and Dr. Victor ton, announced that the museum pieces for historical meetings C. Dahl, all faculty members at Port­ will be open from April 16 through and banquets. All that is needed land State University, will present September 15, 1982. Limited fund­ to complete the forts are a scis­ papers and lead discussions during ing for State Park administration sors, a dull knife and glue.... " this year has shortened the summer the afternoon program, which re­ The back cover of the booklet in­ late to the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ season at all Washington State Parks. cludes brief descriptions of Wood tion. An added feature will be pre­ River Camp, Fort Mandan, and sented by Virginia C. Holmgren, A special treat for meeting atten­ Fort Clatsop, and an introductory Audubon Society, who will discuss dees was the exhibit of a color print text reads: "Birding with Lewis and Clark". of the original painting by David This year the Portland State Uni­ Manuel which appears on the dust "The cutouts in this booklet have versity Departments of History and jacket of Bill Gulick's book. A limit­ been designed from information Earth Sciences are joining the Ore­ ed number of these are available. found in the journals of five dif­ gon Lewis and Clark Trail Commit­ For additional information write to ferent members of the Lewis and tee as hosts for this Ninth annual Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho Clark Expedition, and the jour­ symposium. The afternoon program 83605, or to The Shootists, 1_616 nal of a clerk of the Northwest will be held in Room 75, Portland Plaza Way, Walla Walla, Washing­ Fur Company who visited Lewis State University's Lincoln Hall, ton 99362. and Clark while they were at and the evening event will be in the Fort Mandan." Viking Room at the University's 1. See book review, page 20, this issue of We Smith Memorial Center. Proceeded On. 2. Readers who question the several spellings Chairman Chuinard provided a of the Indian Woman's name in connection briefreport concerning the progress with this Interpretive Center are informed in hand-out literature d istributed at the center and development of the Lewis and that the park and building now housing the Clark Nature Trail at Lewis and Center date to 1939 and earlier, when "Saca­ Clark State Park, east of Portland. jawea" was the accepted spelling. The recent Prior to adjourning the meeting, scholarly research which has developed the preferred spelling "Sacagawea", has led to the June 5, 1982, was tentatively set for use of this spelling in the displays, hand-out the committee's next meeting date. literature, and interpretive activities at the * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Twenty-two members of the BLUE MOUNTAIN CHAPTER OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HER­ ITAGE FOUNDATION attended a March 6, 1982, meeting at the Community Room of the Cascade Natural Gas Company, Walla Wal­ la, Washington. -18- We Proceeded On, May 1982 Updating Lewis & Clark head Indian country (near today's Manuscripts of the Lewis and Clark Missoula) to the Great Falls of the Expedition", by Beverly D. Bishop; In Recent Periodicals Missouri, in 1806 on the return j our­ "Books From An Expedition: A Students of the story of the Expedi­ ney. Publications History of the Lewis tion will recall the explorers' meet­ and Clark Journals", by Deborah Readers of We Proceeded On will be ing with a party of fur trappers and W. Bolas; " Lewis and Clark In The intrigued by this fascinating inves­ Museum Collections Of The Mis­ a trading party on September 17, tigation into a previous ly little 1806. As Lewis and Clark were de­ souri Historical Society", by Jan known saga of the first extensive Snow; and " After The Journey Was scending the Missouri, only six penetration into Lewis and Clark days away from their return to their Over: The St. Louis Years of Lewis country and the Montana Rockies 1803-1804 winter encampment at and Clark" , by Glen E. Holt.2 This by a mysterious frontiersman and is a variety of subjects, each pro­ Wood River (Illinois) and their Sep­ his party. You may order your copy tember 23, 1806 arrival at St. Louis, fusely illustrated in color. The of Harry M. Major's monogra ph con­ 81/2xll inch size of the magazine the trapping and trading party was cerning John McClellan by remit­ moving up the river. The party was provides for an attractive design ting $4.00 (includes postage and headed by a former army captain and format of texts and illustra­ handling) to Northwest Discovery, (1798-1806), John McClellan, who tions. had resigned his army commission Northwest Press, P.O. Box 2248, Seattle, WA 98111. Northwest Dis­ Lewis and Clark enthusiasts will in 1806, and, secretly financed and covery is published on an irregular want this issue for their library and supported by Briga dier-General basis and the subscription rate is reference files. If you are not a James Wilkenson, was to establish $10.00 for four consecutive issues. member of the Society and do not a trading post at the mouth of the regularly receive this fine periodi­ Platte River. Plans were that the cal, you may obtain this issue by following spring McClellan's party ********** remitting $5. 75 (includes postage would travel to the southwest with and h andling) to Gateway Heri­ their trading goods to make contact Since 1944, the Bulletin, the quar­ terly publication of the Missouri tage, Missouri Historical Society, with Spanish traders just across the Forest Park, St. Louis, MO 63112. mountains from Santa Fe to carry Historical Society has contributed on trade for silver and gold. Readers to the periodical literature about the 2. In the November 1980 issue of We Pro· of "John McClellan in the Montana westward movement of our nation. ceeded On (Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 20) the editor pre­ Rockies in 1807: The First Ameri­ Many of the articles have dealt di­ pared a little vingette (picture story) concern­ rectly with the history and heritage ing statues of Captains Lewis and Clark that cans after Lewis and Clark", by were in place on the grounds of the Lewis and Harry M. Majors, Northwest Dis­ of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland, Ore­ covery, Volume 2, No. 9, November­ and have been written by recog­ gon, in 1905. Describing the statues and their December 1981, will learn that Mc­ nized scholars of the epic explora­ sculptors, the article went on to say that after tion. The Bulletin continues to be a the close of the Exposition the statuary disap· Clellan's meeting with Lewis and peared. The editor also included a suspicion Clark influenced him to change the valuable source of information for th at the statues might have originally been on 1 plans. students of the Expedition. the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Expo­ sition, in St. Louis.the year previous (1904) to Thoroughly researched and anno­ In the summer of 1980, a new publi­ the Portland Exposition. Indeed they were, tated, Harry Major's investigations cation Gateway H eritage: The and they are illustrated along with Dr. Glen E. Quarterly Journal of the Missouri Holt's article concerning the "St. Louis Years reveal and probably solve the mys­ of Lewis and Clark". tery that has confounded historians Historical Society succeeded the concerning the McClellan party's familiar Bulletin. Foundation ********** disappearance on the lower Missou­ members were introduced to the ri River, and the new appearance in new publication in August 1980, at "The Suicide of Meriwether Lewis: western Montana of a party of trap­ Omaha, Nebraska, at the Founda­ A Psychoanalytic Inquiry", is the per-traders led by a "Zachary tion's 12th Annual Meeting, when title of an eighteen page monograph Perch" or "Jeremy Pinch" (pseudo­ the Society's Assistant Director for by Howard I. Kushner, Department nyms of J ohn McClellan). Author Library and Archives, Anthony R. of History, San Diego State Univer­ Major adds some interesting infor­ Crawford, attended the meeting sity, California, published in The mation for Lewis and Clark Expedi­ and presented each attendee with a William and Mary Quarterly, July tion followers - he surmises that copy of Volume 1, No. 1 of the at­ 1981 (Vol. XXXVIII, No. 3). McClella n spent the winter of 1807 tractive new publication. The author presents a review of the at Loisel's Fort at the Big Bend of More recently the Fall Issue, Vol­ cir c um s tances of Meriwether the Missouri in present-day south­ ume 2, No. 2, ma de its a ppearance, Lewis's death and what has been east South Dakota, and that it was and since the publication date was written about the tragedy at Grind­ likely that following their 1806 dis­ commensurate with the 175th anni­ er's Stand, near present-day Hoh­ charge from the Lewis and Clark versary of the September 23, 1806 enwald (Natchez Trace Parkway), Expedition, Joseph Field and John arrival a nd completion of the Lewis Tennessee.· His conclusion that Thompson (and possibly Pierre Cru­ and Clark Expedition at St. Louis Lewis's death was a suicide follows zatte), returned up-river to Loisel's the entire edition is devoted to sub­ that of scholars Jackson, Cutright, Fort to join McClellan's party. Maj­ jects related to the Expedition. Fea­ Phelps, and others determinations, or observes: "Fields [sic] and Thomp­ ture articles are titled as follows, and he adds psychological and psy­ son both knew the Lewis and Clark "The Meaning of Lewis and Clark", choanalitical approaches of his own route across the continent, as well by Wayne D. Fields; "Exploring the relating to Meriwether Lewis's life­ as the fur resources a nd Indians of Wilderness: The Lewis and Clark time and attitudes toward living. the Montana Rockies, and their ex­ Expedition", by Anthony R. Craw­ periences would have commanded a ford; "The Writingest Explorers: We Proceeded On readers interested premium." He points out that both in acquiring a copy of this disserta­ Field and Thompson crossed the 1. The Society published earlier periodicals tion may order from The William beginning about the turn of the century. These and Mary Quarterly, Institute of mountains with Captain Lewis were titled: Missouri Historical Collections from Clarks Fork (River) and Flat- and Missouri Historical Glimpses of the Past. (continued on page 20)

We Proceeded On, May 1982 -19- Early American History and Cul­ ings of some twenty institutions The illustration on page 226 is a t ure, Williamsburg, VA 23185. Spec­ from coast to coast, some of which photographic reproduction of three ify "Third Series, Vol. XXXVIII, dated back to the 1850s. Indian adults and a child, and the caption reads: " Lucy Clark, the No. 3, July 1981", and remit $4.00 About the book, Gulick observes: (includes postage and h andling). great-granddaughter of Capt. Clark "As in all epic dramas, forces were with her father and mother. at work as the Nez Perces and the Book Review whites confronted one another , Being intrigued by these illustra­ tions and not familiar with the fact 1 driving them toward a fate n either By Mitchel Doumit one of them could foresee. Here," he that they had been written about says, "I have recorded that confron­ prior to author Gulick's book [see CHIEF JOSEPH COUNTRY: tation from the Indian point of Editor's note 2], I wrote Bill Gulick, LAND OF THE NEZ PERCE, by view." who graciously responded provid­ Bill Gulick, Caxton Printers, Ltd., ing material verbatim that he had Caldwell, Idaho, 1981, pp. xiv-316, The volume is interestingly ar­ come across in his research. Gulick Index, Bibliography, illustrations. ranged and contain s forty chapters, added that: "Since the publication $29.95. which include such interesting ti­ of [his] Chief Joseph Country ... , tles as: "The Nez Perces Choos several Nez Perce, versed in tribal The author of this fine volume, Bill Peace"; "Six Million Dollar Indian Gulick, has made his h ome in Walla history, have talked or written me War"; "Whose Side is the Army about the book, correcting minor er­ Walla, Washington for the past 30 On"; "The Steal Treaty"; " Battle of years. One of his major projects rors, but as yet no one h as ques­ the Big Hole"; etc., and concluding tioned the William Clark son claim. along with his writing and produc­ with "The Nez Perces Today". tion of outdoor dramas, has been In June, I will be in Oklahoma for a his work with Indians of the west, Chapter Four, "Lewis a nd Clark: week, a nd I'll check the records the Nez Perce, Umatillas, Walla 1805-1806", will be of special inter­ there." Wallas, Cayuses, and Yakimas. The est to students and en thusiasts of This reviewer will be assisting with purpose of a number of these pro­ the Expedition. In thirteen pages the arrangements and speakers for jects has been to bring about a bet­ with pertinent excerpts from the ex­ the Foundation's 1983, 15th Annual ter understanding of India n land, ploring party's journals (Thwaites Meeting, in Pasco, Washington, in water, fishing, a nd sovereignty Edition), author Gulick deals with the lands of the Indians Bill Gulick rights. the relationship and activities be­ h as written about. Good fortune tween the Nez Perces and the Expe­ The relationship between westering may allow us the pleasure of having dition on their 1805 westward jour­ him on our program. In the mean­ Americans a nd the Nez Perce Indi­ ney a nd on their return in 1806. He ans, who mainly resided in the time readers interested in Lewis includes wh at h e refers to as and Clark and the Indians they met north-central regions of the present "grandfather tales" that add to the state of Idaho, covers a time-span of on their historic journey will enjoy story, and further emph asize the reading author Gulick's fine book. one hundred years, from the time of friendly association and valuable the meeting with the Lewis and help they gave to the explorers, and 2. Editor's note: A reproduction of the photo­ Clark party in 1805, to the death of in discussing future traverses of the graph and the caption included in Gulick's their Chief Joseph. book appeared along with additional text in a Lolo Trail concludes by saying: two-page "picture story" in the July 1955, Vol. In his quarto-size volume, Bill Gul­ "But over it [the Lolo Trail] and 5, No. 3, issue of Montana, The Magazine of ick lets the participants in the de­ other difficult trails, in time to Western History. The feature was titled: come, would travel a number of "What are the Facts? Did Captain Clark veloping drama tell the story in Leave Indian Decendents?" their own words by excerpting from white men from the east - not all of journals, diaries, letters and state­ whom would be as friendly and un­ ments made in contemporary ac­ derstanding as Captain Meriwether Foundation Gift counts. If there is a bias in this Lewis and Captain William Clark." Memberships book, Gulick says that: " .. . it is Of passing interest to this reviewer that I have given more credence to are t he illustrations reproduced If you have someon e on your statements made by Indians than from photographs dating to 1866 or gift list who is interested in to words written by white men. 1867 and to 1870. The one on page American history and the Time and time again in my research 225 bears the caption: contribution of the Lewis and I have come across references to the Clark Expedition to our na­ importance the Indians placed in Tzi-kaJ-tza - son of Captain William tion's westward expansion, a telling the plain, simple truth, when Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ membership in the Founda­ relating to any event in which he tion ... The date of this man's birth tion, which includes the quar­ was involved. To the contrary, time was either June 1806, or March 1807. terly issues of We Proceeded Probably he was born about the lat­ and again, I have found statements ter date, for the reason that the Lewis On, would be an appreciated made by white leaders so con tradic­ and Clark expedition camped for a gift. tory and at variance with the truth, few days only with the Chopunnish The Foundation has an attrac­ that I began to question everything or Nez Perce tribe of Indians in the tive gift membership card they wrote." latter part of September, 1805, while on its return in 1806 it made camp which will list you as the In selecting the many historical with those Indians from May 14 to sponsor of a membership. photographs, sketches, and excel­ June 10, enjoying a comfortable peri­ Send your gift membersh ip fee lent m a ps used to illustrate h is od of rest and refreshment. He was together with the name of the book, the auth or examined the hold- engaged in the Nez Perce Indian War gift recipient and the occasion in Idaho a nd Montana, and was (friendship, birthday, gradua­ 1. Mitchell Doumit, Cathlamet Washington, made prisoner with Chief Joseph at tion, or holiday) you wish to see also page 12, this issue ofWPO, served the the Battle of the Bear Paw Moun­ Foundation as its tenth president (1978-1979). honor to the Membership sec­ From 1977 to 1981, "Mitch" was chairman of tains [Montana], and was sent with retary whose address appears Joseph and other prisoners to Indian the Washington (State) Lewis and Clark Trail on page two. Committee. Additional biographical material Territory, where he died in 1878 or will be found in WPO, Vol. 4, No. 4, p. 3. 1879, aged about 72 years.2 -20- We Proceeded On, May 1982